ޟἴኂᓳ⥝ߣ↵ᅚหෳ↹ޠ ࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓ
㨪ἴኂᓳ⥝ߦ↵ᅚหෳ↹ߩⷞὐࠍ㨪
ᐕ㧢 ᣣ㧔㧕 㨪 ᣣᧄቇⴚળ⼏⻠ၴ㐿⿰ᣦ
᧲ᣣᧄᄢ㔡ἴ߆ࠄ㧟߆߇ㆊ߉ߡ߽ޔ㜞㦂⠪㧔ߥ߆ߢ߽ᅚᕈ㧕߿ሶߤ߽ࠍᛴ߃ߚ
Უⷫޔ∛ੱޔ㓚߇⠪ޔᄖ࿖☋ߩ⇐⠪ߥߤޔ࿎㔍ߥ⁁ᴫߦ߅߆ࠇ߿ߔੱޘ߇ޔ
ㆱ㔍ᚲߥߤߩ↢ᵴߢޔଐὼߣߒߡਇ⥄↱ࠍᒝࠄࠇߡࠆޕ
2008 ᐕߦታᣉߐࠇߚ
ో࿖⍮ળߩޟᅚᕈၞ᳃߆ࠄߺߚ㒐ἴᣉ╷ߩࠅᣇߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺞ᩏޠߩ⚿ᨐ߆
ࠄ߽ޔ ᔨߐࠇߡߚᘒߢࠆޕ
ᤓᐕ
12 ߦ㑑⼏ቯߐࠇߚ╙ਃᰴ↵ᅚหෳ↹ၮᧄ⸘↹ߢߪޔ╙ 14 ಽ㊁ޟၞޔ
㒐ἴⅣႺߘߩઁߩಽ㊁ߦ߅ߌࠆ↵ᅚหෳ↹ߩផㅴޠߣߒߡޔ╙ੑᰴ⸘↹ࠃࠅ߽
ขࠅ⚵ߺ߇లߐࠇߚޕ
ߒ߆ߒޔߎߩ⸘↹߇ታⴕߦ⒖ߐࠇࠆ⍫వߦޔᧂᦦߩ᧲ᣣᧄᄢ㔡ἴ߇ߎߞߚޕ
ᧄࠪࡦࡐߢߪޔߩႎ๔ࠍߡᅚᕈ࿅ߣኾ㐷ኅ߇⍮ࠍ឵ߒޔ⁁ࠍಽ
ᨆߒߡޔᓳ⥝߳ߩ╷⊛ࠗࡦࡊࠤ࡚ࠪࡦࠍᓧࠆޕ
ਥ㧦
ᣣᧄቇⴚળ⼏
ޟἴኂᓳ⥝ߣ↵ᅚหෳ↹
6.11 ࠪࡦࡐޠታⴕᆔຬળ㧔ᆔຬ㐳㧦ၴᧄᥙሶ㧕
㧦
ᣣᧄቇⴚળ⼏ੱ㑆ߩో㓚ߣࠫࠚࡦ࠳ᆔຬળ㧔ᆔຬ㐳㧦ⁿญ㇌ሶ㧕
᧲ർᄢቇ
GCOE ࡊࡠࠣࡓޟࠣࡠࡃ࡞ᤨઍߩ↵ᅚหෳ↹ߣᄙᢥൻ↢ޠ㧔
ὐ࠳㧦ㄞߺࠃሶ㧕
ᐔᚑ
22㨪24 ᐕᐲ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥ⾌ഥ㊄ၮ⋚⎇ⓥ㧔㧮㧕㧔ᶏᄖቇⴚ⺞ᩏ㧕ޟࠫࠚࡦ࠳
ߣἴኂᓳ⥝
ʊᐲ⸳⸘ߣ↢ᵴౣᑪࠍߋࠆ⺖㗴ߦ㑐ߔࠆ࿖㓙Ყセ⎇ⓥޠ㧔⎇
ⓥઍ⠪㧦ጊਭ⟤ሶ㧕
ᓟេ㧦ࠫࠚࡦ࠳ᴺቇળ
ii ⊓ს⠪ࡊࡠࡈࠖ࡞㧔⊓ს㗅㧕 ε ਥᓟេߩ⚵❱ߩ⚫㧔74.㧕 θ Σ ඦ೨ߩㇱ 㧝 Σ㧙㧝 㐿ળߣᜦ 㧝 ၴᧄᥙሶ 㧝 ⁿญ㇌ሶ 㧞 Σ㧙㧞 ၮ⺞⻠Ṷ 㧠 㧝㧕ޟ᧲ᣣᧄᄢ㔡ἴࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆߢߩࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߣ↵ᅚหෳ↹ߩⷞὐߢߚ⺖㗴ޠ 㧠 ᄢේ⟤ 㧞㧕ޟἴኂߣ↵ᅚหෳ↹ࠍߋࠆ࿖㓙⊛ầᵹޠ ᳰ↰ᕺሶ Σ㧙㧟 ႎ๔ 㧝㧕 ᅏጊᕺ⟤ሶ㧔บᏒ㐳㧕(ࡆ࠺ࠝ) 㧞㧕 ዊᨋᷡ⟤㧔ጊᏒᇚੱ࿅ද⼏ળળ㐳㧕 㧟㧕 ጊᧄሶ㧔ᐶ⋵┙ᄢቇၞࠤࠕ㐿⊒⎇ⓥᚲᚲ㐳㧛ᢎ㧕 Σ㧙㧠 ඦ೨ߩㇱߩ⾰⇼ᔕ╵ Τ ඦᓟߩㇱ Τ㧙㧝 ࠻ࠢ 㧝㧕႐߆ࠄ㧦⑳ߪ⸷߃ߚ દ⮮ࠛࡒሶ㧔ጤᚻ⋵↵ᅚหෳ↹ࠨࡐ࠲㧕 ቬ ᕺ⟤ሶ㧔ࠗࠦ࡞ࡀ࠶࠻บ㧕 ዊች߭ࠈߺ㧔ፉ⋵┙ක⑼ᄢቇᕈᏅක≮ࡦ࠲㧕 㧞㧕᧲ᣣᧄᄢ㔡ἴߣᅚᕈߩᵴേ ⒌ ᅢሶ 㧔,((9㧛ࠫࡖࡄࡦࡈࠔࠗࠕࡈࠔࠗ࠹ࠖࡦࠣ࠙ࠖࡒࡦ࠭ࠢࡉ㧕 ᧼ᧄᵗሶ㧔ᣣᧄ㕍ᐕ㙚 ⚿ᇕ⋧⺣ᚲ㧕 Τ㧙㧞 ࡄࡀ࡞࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦޟᓳ⥝ߣ↵ᅚหෳ↹ޠ 1㧕ޟἴኂᓳ⥝ߦ߅ߌࠆᐲ⸳⸘ߣ↢ᵴౣᑪࠍߋࠆࠫࠚࡦ࠳⺖㗴ޠጊਭ⟤ሶ 2㧕ޟᚢᓟᣣᧄဳߩ⚻ᷣ㐿⊒߇ἴኂߦ⣀␠ળࠍߞߚޠᄢᴛ⌀ℂ 3) ޟᓳ⥝ߦะߌߚ⑼ቇᛛⴚߩࠅᣇ̆ⅣႺ߮ࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߩⷞὐࠍਛᔃߣߒߡ̆ޠ ᓟ⮮ବᄦ 4) ޟᅚᕈߩᡰេᵴേ߆ࠄᓳ⥝ߦะߌߚឭ⸒ޠ↰┵㊀ሶ Τ㧙㧟 ඦᓟߩㇱߩ⾰⇼ᔕ╵ Τ㧙㧠 ឭ⸒ߦะߌߡߩ߹ߣ Τ㧙5 㐽ળߩㄉ ㄞߺࠃሶ
iii ᄢቇ㕖Ᏹൕ⻠Ꮷ㧔ᣧⒷ↰ᄢቇޔ┙ᢎᄢቇઁ㧕ޕ␠ળቇޔࠛࠬࡁࡔ࠰࠼ࡠࠫޔࠫࠚࡦ࠳⎇ⓥࠍኾ㐷 ߣߔࠆޕᣣᧄ␠ળቇℂ⺰ቇળኾ㐷ᆔຬ㧔2006㨪2009㧕ޕㄭ⪺㧦ޟ⋧ⴕὑߣᕈ⽎̆ࠛࠬࡁࡔ࠰࠼ࡠ ࠫ߆ࠄߩࠕࡊࡠ࠴ޠޡ⋧ⴕὑߩ␠ળᔃℂቇޢ㧔2002㧕ޔޟ↵ᅚหෳ↹╷ߪߤߎߦࠆߩ ߆ޠޡᅚᕈቇޢvol.16㧔2009㧕ޔޟᚑߒㆀߍࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩߣߒߡߩޛᅚޜ̆␠ળቇߩ৻ߟߩᣇޠޡ┙ ᢎᄢቇࠫࠚࡦ࠳ࡈࠜࡓᐕႎޢ╙㧣ภ㧔2006㧕ޔޟᅚᕈᏅ᠗ᑄᆔຬળᦨ⚳⸃ㆬᛯ⼏ቯᦠ ࠍ ߋߞߡޠޡቄೀࠢࠪࡘࠕ࠹ࠖޢ46 ภ㧔2010㧕 ᄢᴛ⌀ℂޣඦ೨ߩㇱมળޔࡄࡀ࡞࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦ㧞ޤ ᧲੩ᄢቇ␠ળ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲᢎޕᣣᧄቇⴚળ⼏ੱ㑆ߩో㓚ߣࠫࠚࡦ࠳ᆔຬળᐙޕࡌ࡞ࡦ⥄↱ ᄢቇޔࡏ࠶ࡈࡓᄢቇޔࠕࠫࠕᎿ⑼ᄢቇ㒮ߥߤߢቴຬࠍോࠆޕ᧲੩ᄢቇ␠ળ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲోᚲ⊛ࡊࡠࠫ ࠚࠢ࠻⎇ⓥޟࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬࠍ⋥ߔޠ࠳ޕ⒢⺞ᩏળኾ㐷ኅᆔຬળᆔຬ㐳ઍℂޕㄭ⪺㧦Gendering the Knowledge Economy, Comparative Perspectives, co-edited with Sylvia Walby, Heidi Gottfried, Karin Gottschall, Palgrave Macmillan㧔2007㧕ޔޡઍᣣᧄߩ↢ᵴ㓚ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ ᐳᮡߣࠁߊ߃ޢጤᵄᦠᐫ㧔2007㧕ޔ Social Security in Contemporary Japan, A Comparative Analysis, Routledge/University of Tokyo Series (2011) ⁿญ㇌ሶޣਥ⠪ᜦޤ
ෳ⼏㒮⼏ຬޔᣣᧄቇⴚળ⼏ੱ㑆ߩో㓚ߣࠫࠚࡦ࠳ᆔຬળᆔຬ㐳ޔరౝ㑑ᐭ․ᜂᒰᄢ⤿㧔ዋሶ ൻ↵ᅚหෳ↹㧕(2005㨪2006)ޔరァ❗ળ⼏ᣣᧄᐭઍㇱ․ోᮭᄢ㧔ࠫࡘࡀࡉ㧕(2002 㨪2004)ޔరᥓᄢቇᢎ㧔࿖㓙ᴦቇ㧕ޔర↵ᅚหෳ↹ળ⼏⼏ຬޕฃ⾨ᱧ㧦1972 ᐕᢥㇱᄢ⤿⾨ޔ 1989 ᐕศ㊁ㅧ⾨ޔ2003 ᐕࠛࠗࡏࡦᅚᕈᄢ⾨ޕਥߥ⎇ⓥᬺ❣㧦ޡᚢߣᐔޢ᧲੩ᄢቇ ળ㧔1989㧕ޔ ޡᚢ⇛⊛ᐔᕁ⠨ޢNTT 㧔2004㧕ޔ“Women in Development and Economic Crisis: Gender Security, Gender Mainstreaming, and Democratization" (99/WLNM/018) APEC Women Leader's Network Meeting, Wellington, New Zealand, 20-23 June, 1999.
ၴᧄᥙሶޣਥ⠪ᜦޤ TBS ႎዪ⸥⠪ޔ࠺ࠖࠢ࠲ߣߒߡ 1980 ᐕޡࡌࡆࡎ࠹࡞ࠠࡖࡦࡍࡦޢߢᣣᧄᣂ⡞දળ⾨߶ ߆ฃ⾨ޕෳ⼏㒮⼏ຬ㧔1989㨪2001㧕ߣߒߡޔ↵ᅚหෳ↹␠ળၮᧄᴺޔⅣႺၮᧄᴺޔ㧰㨂㒐ᱛᴺޔఽ ┬⾈ᤐ㒐ᱛᴺޔNPO ᴺߥߤߩቯߦ㑐ਈޕGLOBE(࿖㓙ⅣႺ⼏ຬㅪ⋖)ߩᣣᧄ✚ⵙޔ⇇✚ⵙޔIUCN( ⇇⥄ὼ⼔ㅪว)ࠕࠫࠕၞℂߥࠄ߮ߦળ㐳ޕ1997 ᐕޔUNEP㧔࿖ㅪⅣႺ⸘↹㧕ߩޡⅣႺߦ⽸₂ ߒߚ25 ੱߩᅚᕈ࠳ޢߦㆬ߫ࠇࠆޕජ⪲⋵⍮㧔2001㨪09㧕ߣߒߡޔ⋵᳃ෳടߩ⋵ࠍゲߦ ᣇ᳃ਥਥ⟵ߩ⏕┙ࠍ⋡ᜰߔޕNPO ┙⋵߿↵ᅚหෳ↹╷ޔ㓚ኂ⠪᧦ޔ↢‛ᄙ᭽ᕈߜ߫ᚢ⇛ߩ ቯߥߤߦജࠍᵈߛޕ2004 ᐕߦᕈᏅක≮᥉ߩഞ❣ߦࠃࠅࠦࡠࡦࡆࠕᄢቇ߆ࠄ࿖㓙ࠕ࠹ࡀ⾨ޕ ᄢේ⟤ޣၮ⺞⻠Ṷ㧝ޤ 2000 ᐕޔ᧲੩ᄢቇᎿቇㇱᧁᎿቇ⑼තᬺޕ2005 ᐕߦ᧲੩ᄢቇࠃࠅඳ჻㧔Ꮏቇ㧕ࠍਈޕ᧲੩ᄢቇ↢ ↥ᛛⴚ⎇ⓥᚲㇺᏒၮ⋚ోᎿቇ࿖㓙⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ഥᚻഥᢎࠍ⚻ߡޔ2008 ᐕ 4 ߆ࠄಎᢎߦዞછޕ 2008 ᐕ 6 ߆ࠄߪ᧲੩ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ᖱႎቇⅣ ✚ว㒐ἴᖱႎ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ಎᢎ߽ോߒߡࠆޕኾ㐷 ߪޔㇺᏒ㒐ἴ⸘↹ޔ᳃ߩἴኂᗧ⼂ޔ㒐ἴᢎ⢒ߥߤޕ೨ߩ㒐ἴ⸘↹߿㒐ἴᖱႎߩലᨐ⊛ߥᵴ↪ߦࠃ ࠅޔ᧪ࠆߴ߈ἴኂⵍኂߩᦨዊൻࠍ⋡ᜰߔ⎇ⓥࠍⴕߞߡࠆޕ
iv
Asia, 17 (1) : 65-78. (British Association for South Asian Studies㧔2009㧕ޔޟࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߩⷞὐࠍขࠅㄟࠎ ߛἴኂ⣀ᒙᕈߩಽᨆ㧦ࡃࡦࠣ࠺ࠪࡘߩ߆ࠄޠޡ㕒ጟᄢቇᢎ⢒ቇㇱ⎇ⓥႎ๔ੱᢥ␠ળ⑼ቇ▻ޢ 60㧦1-16㧔2010㧕ޕ ᅏጊᕺ⟤ሶޣႎ๔㧝ޤ บᏒ㐳ޕ1975 ᐕߦบᏒ⡯ຬߦណ↪ޔ1993 ᐕ߆ࠄᏒ᳃ዪ↢ᵴᢥൻㇱᅚᕈડ↹⺖㐳ߣߒߡ↵ᅚห ෳ↹ࠍផㅴޕ2001 ᐕᢎ⢒ዪ↢ᶦቇ⠌ㇱෳ㧔⽷࿅ᴺੱบ߭ߣ߹ߜᵹ⽷࿅ࡔ࠺ࠖࠕ࠹ࠢ㙚㐳㧕 ࠍ⚻ߡޔ2003 ᐕߦᏒ᳃ዪᰴ㐳ޔ2005 ᐕߦบᏒᢎ⢒ᆔຬળᢎ⢒㐳ޔ2007 ᐕߦบᏒᏒ㐳㧔㨪2009 ᐕ3 㧕ޕ2009 ᐕ 8 ߆ࠄ⡯ޕޔ↵ᅚหෳ↹ળ⼏⋙ⷞኾ㐷⺞ᩏળᆔຬ߽ോࠆޕ ዊᨋᷡ⟤ޣႎ๔㧞ޤ 1963 ᐕጊᅚሶᄢቇ⍴ᦼᄢቇㇱኅ⑼㘩‛ᩕ㙃ቇኾතᬺޔ2003 ᐕ㧠ጊᇚੱ࿅ද⼏ળળ㐳ޔ ᐔᚑ2003 ᐕ 12 ᣣᧄ࡚ࠢࠪࡦࠗࡦࠬ࠻ࠢ࠲ޔ2011 ᐕ 5 ፉ⋵ᇚੱ࿅ㅪวળળ㐳ޕ ጊᧄሶޣႎ๔3ޤ ᐶ⋵┙ᄢቇᢎޕ߹ߚหᄢၞࠤࠕ㐿⊒⎇ⓥᚲޟἴኂߣஜᐽෂᯏ▤ℂߦ㑐ߔࠆ㨃㧴㧻⋴⼔දജࡦ ࠲ޠᚲ㐳ޕᣣᧄቇⴚળ⼏ੱ㑆ߩో㓚ߣࠫࠚࡦ࠳ᆔຬળᆔຬޕ㒋᷆〝ᄢ㔡ἴᓟޔᣣᧄἴኂ ⋴⼔ቇળ⸳┙(1998)ߦ㑐ࠊࠅޔ⇇ἴኂ⋴⼔ቇળߩ⸳┙ߦ߽㑐ਈ㧔2008㧕ޔหቇળℂ㐳ޕ2005 ᐕࠃࠅหᄢ⋴⼔ቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟ߦ߅ߡޔἴኂ⋴⼔ኾ㗔ၞߩᢎ⢒ࠍ⇇ߦవ㚟ߌߡ㐿ᆎޕ 㕍ᧁሶޣ࠻ࠢมળޤ 㧺㧼㧻ᴺੱో࿖ᅚᕈળ㙚ද⼏ળᏱછℂޔశᄢቇ߅ࠃ߮ࡈࠚࠬᅚቇ㒮ᄢቇߦߡ㕖Ᏹൕ⻠Ꮷޔ࿖┙ ᅚᕈᢎ⢒ળ㙚ቴຬ⎇ⓥຬޕ2000 ᐕ߹ߢ᧲੩࠙ࠖࡔࡦ࠭ࡊࠩᖱႎᜂᒰଥਥછኾ㐷ຬޔ⼱Ꮢ↵ᅚห ෳ↹ᡰេࡦ࠲ᚲ㐳㧔2001㨪06㧕ޔၯ₹⋵↵ᅚหෳ↹ផㅴࡦ࠲ᬺࠦ࠺ࠖࡀ࠲㧔2006 㨪09㧕㧕ޕ દ⮮ࠛࡒሶޣ࠻ࠢ ႐߆ࠄ㧦⑳ߪ⸷߃ߚ1ޤ ጤᚻ⋵ችฎᏒ↢߹ࠇޔหᏒޕᣣᧄ㒐ἴᯏ᭴ቯ㒐ἴ჻ޕ2001 ᐕᐲޔጤᚻ⋵↵ᅚหෳ↹ࠨࡐ࠲ 㙃ᚑ⻠ᐳୃੌޕ2001 ᐕ㨪2006 ᐕᐲߦห⻠ᐳࠍୃੌߒߚᔒߣߣ߽ߦޔ↵ᅚหෳ↹ߩቇ߮วߣ ᖱႎ឵ޔၞ߳ߩ⊒ାࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߚޟߓߐߩળޠࠍ⚿ᚑޕߓߐߩળߢߪޔ2007 ᐕߣ⠉ 2008 ᐕߦ㒐ἴߣᅚᕈࠍ࠹ࡑߦࡈࠜࡓࠍ㐿ޕ⚂28 ᐕߦࠊߚࠅ᳓↥‛ዊᄁᬺߩ⡯႐ߢធቴࠍᜂᒰޕ ቬ ᕺ⟤ሶޣ࠻ࠢ ႐߆ࠄ㧦⑳ߪ⸷߃ߚ2ޤ ․ቯ㕖༡ᵴേᴺੱࠗࠦ࡞ࡀ࠶࠻บ ઍℂޕ↵ᅚᐔ╬ࠍ࠹ࡑߦᐢߊขࠅ⚵ߣߣ߽ߦޔ ↵ᅚᐔ╬ࠍᩭߣߒߚࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢᒻᚑࠍ⋡ᜰߒޔࡒ࠽ޔ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥޔࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊߥߤߩᵴേࠍ ⴕߞߡࠆޕบᏒ↵ᅚหෳ↹ផㅴࡦ࠲ ࠛ࡞ࡄࠢบ Ꮢ᳃ᵴേࠬࡍࠬߩ▤ℂㆇ༡ࠍ ᜂᒰޕ2008 ᐕޔบᏒౝዬߩᅚᕈ╬ࠍኻ⽎ߦޟἴኂᤨߦ߅ߌࠆᅚᕈߩ࠾࠭⺞ᩏޠࠍታᣉߒޔޟᅚ ᕈߩⷞὐ߆ࠄߺࠆ㒐ἴἴኂᓳ⥝ߦ㑐ߔࠆឭ⸒ޠࠍ߹ߣߚޕ2010 ᐕ 4 ࠃࠅޔਛᄩ㒐ἴળ⼏ᣇ ㇺᏒ╬ߦ߅ߌࠆ㔡㒐ἴߩࠅᣇߦ㑐ߔࠆኾ㐷⺞ᩏળᆔຬࠍോࠆޕ࿁ߩ㔡ἴ⊒↢ߦ㧔⽷㧕ߖ ࠎߛ↵ᅚหෳ↹⽷࿅ߣදജߒޔޟߖࠎߚߊࡀ࠶࠻ޠࠍ┙ߜߍޔⵍἴᅚᕈߩ࠾࠭ࠍជࠅߎߒᡰ
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ቇ㒝ዻ∛㒮ᢎ㧔කቇㇱಎᢎ㧕ޕኾ㐷ߪ↥ᇚੱ⑼ޔ↢ᱺౝಽᴲޕࡌࠗක⑼ᄢቇ⇐ቇᓟޔፉ⋵ ┙ක⑼ᄢቇߦൕോޔߪᕈᏅකቇ߆ࠄߺߚᅚᕈක≮ஜᐽᡰេߦᓥߒߡࠆޕၮ␆⎇ⓥߩઍ⊛ ߥ⺰ᢥߪޔ“In situ localization of messenger ribonucleic acid for an oviduct specific glycoprotein during various conditions in the golden hamster,” Biol Reprod 5 (1996)㧚 “Partially redundant functions of SRC-1 and TIF2 in postnatal survival and male reproduction,” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 (2004)㧚
⒌ᅢሶޣ࠻ࠢ ᧲ᣣᧄᄢ㔡ἴߣᅚᕈߩᵴേ㧝ޤ 㒐ἴࠕ࠼ࡃࠗࠩ㓸࿅ޟ㒐ἴߩ⒳߹߈ᧄ⥩ޠᐫਥޔ೨ౝ㑑ᐭ㒐ἴߣࡏࡦ࠹ࠖࠕᬌ⸛ળᆔຬޔቛ㒐 Ἣ㒐ἴ⎇ⓥળޠᐙޔ␠ળ⽸₂ቇળℂޔరᮮᵿᏒ⡯ຬޕߩ߹ߜߠߊࠅᜂᒰ⺖㐳ޕᶖ㒐ዪᶖ㒐 ⋙ޔᮮᵿᏒޟߩ߹ߜߠߊࠅ᧦ޠޔޟᮮᵿᏒၞ㒐ἴ⸘↹ዪ✬ޠࠍᚲ▤ޕද߮↵ᅚห ෳ↹ߩⷞὐࠍᤋޕᶖ㒐ᬺോߦ߅ߌࠆ↵ᅚหෳ↹ߩⷞὐ߆ࠄ✭߿߆ߥࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢJFFW㧔ࠫࡖࡄ ࡦࡈࠔࠗࡗࡈࠔࠗ࠹ࡦࠣ ࠙ࠗࡒࡦ࠭ ࠢࡉ㧕ࠍഃ⸳ޕ2005 ᐕߦ✚ോ⋭ᶖ㒐ᐡ✚ോ⺖㐳ㅢ⍮ߦ ࠃࠅ₪ᓧޕ࠾ࡘ࡛ࠢ࠹ࡠἴኂᤨޔFDNY ᡰេࠍⴕ߁ޕ㒋᷆〝ᄢ㔡ἴᡰេߩᢎ⸠߆ࠄޔⴕ ડᬺᏒ᳃߇දߢⵍἴᡰេࠍዷ㐿ߔࠆޟᮮᵿἴኂࡏࡦ࠹ࠖࠕࡃࠬߩળޠഃ⸳ޕਛ㔡ޔਃ᧦ Ꮢ᳓ኂޔጤᚻችၔౝ㒽㔡ߢߪޔߩߜߦነࠅᷝ߁ⵍἴᡰេޕޔ᭽ޘߥ࿅ߣදߒޔޟⵍ ἴߩሶߤ߽ࠍᡰេߔࠆᄹᎹᏒ᳃ߩળޠߣߒߡ᧲ᣣᧄᄢ㔡ἴ᳇ᴧᡰេᵴേࠍዷ㐿ਛޕᎿቇ㒮ᄢቇ ߣߦޔᣂኋ㚞ญ৻Ꮺߩᷫἴࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߦข⚵ޕ⪺ᦠ㧔⪺㧕ޡ߿ߞ߬ࠅ߿ࠄߥ߈߾ ⠴㔡 ࡈࠜࡓޢ⚻ᷣ⺞ᩏળ(2006㧕ޔઁޕ ᧼ᧄᵗሶޣ࠻ࠢ ᧲ᣣᧄᄢ㔡ἴߣᅚᕈߩᵴേ㧞ޤ ⨙ၔ⋵ᣣ┙Ꮢ↢߹ࠇޕ1969 ᐕޔᣣᧄ㕍ᐕ࿅ද⼏ળ߳ൕോޕോዪຬߣߒߡ㕍ᐕ࿅ᵴേߦᓥޕో࿖ฦ ߩ⧯⠪㗴ߦ㑐ࠊࠆޕ1980 ᐕޔᣣᧄ㕍ᐕ㙚ᬺߩ৻ߟߣߒߡ⚿ᇕ⋧⺣ᚲ⸳┙ߣหᤨߦኾછߣߥࠆޕ 1984 ᐕޔ⚿ᇕ⋧⺣ᚲᚲ㐳ߣߥࠆޕ2008 ᐕޔ⚿ᇕ⋧⺣ᚲ㐳ࠍㅌછޔޟኾ㐷⋧⺣ຬޠߣߒߡ⚿ᇕ⋧⺣ ᬺߦ㑐ࠊࠆޕ⋵Ꮢ↸ᅚᕈ࿅ㄘᬺ࿅ഭ⚵ว㕍ᐕ࿅ߥߤߢޟၞ⧯⠪ኅᣖᅚ ᕈ⚿ᇕޠࠍ࠹ࡑߦ⻠Ṷޔޟળ߿ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦޠߩࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊޔ㑐ㅪᬺߩડ↹߿ ࠦ࠺ࠖࡀ࠲ࠍߟߣࠆޕ⪺ᦠ㧦ޡ⧎ᇣቇᩞɆ↵ߦߥࠆߚߩ 10 ┨ޢ(⪺)ਃ⋭ၴ㧔1990㧕ޔ ޡㅊߞߡㅊࠊࠇߡ⚿ᇕតߒޢᣂᣣᧄ ␠㧔2005㧕ޔઁޕ ේ߭ࠈሶޣࡄࡀ࡞࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦมળޤ ၔ࿖㓙ᄢቇቴຬᢎޔ߅⨥ߩ᳓ᅚሶᄢቇฬᢎޕᅚᕈߣஜᐽࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢઍޔ JAWW㧔ᣣ ᧄᅚᕈ⋙ⷞᯏ᭴㧕㘈ޔAPWW㧔Asia Pacific Women's Watch) ࠕ࠼ࡧࠔࠗࠩޔࠕࠫࠕᅚᕈᵹ⎇ ⓥࡈࠜࡓ㘈ޔᣣᧄቇⴚળ⼏ੱ㑆ߩో㓚ߣࠫࠚࡦ࠳ᆔຬળᆔຬޕరౝ㑑ᐭ↵ᅚหෳ↹ળ ⼏⼏ຬޕ⪺ᦠޡࡋࠕࠗࡦ࠺ࠖࠕࡦߣߘߩ⇇ޢᐔಠ␠㧔1989㧕ޔޡሶߤ߽ߩᢥൻੱ㘃ቇޢ᥏ᢥ␠ 㧔1979 એ᧪⛯ೀਛ㧕ޔޡ↵ᅚหෳ↹ߣ↵ᕈ↵ఽߩᓎഀޢ㧔ㄭᳯ⟤ፉᵤ⟤ሶߣߩ✬⪺㧕 ⍹ᦠᐫ㧔2007㧕ߥߤޕ ጊਭ⟤ሶޣࡄࡀ࡞࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦ㧝ޤ 㑐ቇ㒮ᄢቇἴኂᓳ⥝ᐲ⎇ⓥᚲ⎇ⓥຬޔNPO ᴺੱᚭ߹ߜߠߊࠅ⎇ⓥᚲℂ㐳ޕᚭቇ㒮ᄢቇ ቴຬᢎޔ㑐ቇ㒮ᄢቇಎᢎ╬ࠍ⚻ߡ⡯ޕኾ㐷ߪኅᣖ␠ળቇޔ࿖ኅ⺰ޕࡂࡢࠗᄢቇ␠ળቇ⑼ තᬺޔᚭᄢቇᄢቇ㒮✚วੱ㑆⑼ቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟නขᓧㅌቇޕ2010 ᐕࠃࠅ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥ⾌ഥ㊄
vi ኂᓳ⥝⎇ⓥޢ3 ภ㧔2011㧕6 ⊒ⴕ੍ቯޔ╬ ᓟ⮮ବᄦޣࡄࡀ࡞࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦ3ޤ ᣣᧄቇⴚળ⼏ળຬ╙ਃㇱㇱ㐳ੱ㑆ߩో㓚ߣࠫࠚࡦ࠳ᆔຬળᆔຬ㐳ޕฬฎደᄢቇᎿቇ⎇ ⓥ⑼ඳ჻⺖⒟ୃੌޔฬฎደᄢቇᎿቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ᢎޔᎿቇ⎇ⓥ⑼㐳ޔ✚㐳╬ࠍ⚻ߡޔਛㇱᄢቇቇ 㐳ޕᔕ↪‛ℂቇળળ㐳ᤨ߆ࠄ↵ᅚหෳ↹ᵴേߦ߽㑐ਈޕኾ㐷ߪశ㊂ሶᎿቇޕ⺰ᢥ╬㧦“Insight into sticking of radicals on surfaces for smart plasma nano-processing”, Applied Surface Science, 253 (2007) 6657; “Ultrafast all optical switching using pulse trapping in birefringent fibers”, OPTICS EXPRESS, 13 (2005) 8128.
↰┵㊀ሶޣࡄࡀ࡞࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦ4ޤ 1944 ᐕ↢߹ࠇޕ1993 ᐕࡈࠚࡒ࠾ࠬ࠻ࠞ࠙ࡦࡦࠣ⎇ⓥㅪ⛊ળ㧔 NPO ᴺੱᣣᧄࡈࠚࡒ࠾ࠬ࠻ࠞ ࠙ࡦࡦࠣቇળ㧕ߩ⸳┙ߦ߆߆ࠊࠅޔㆇ༡ᆔຬ߮ℂߣߒߡෳ↹ޔߦ⥋ࠆޕ1955 ᐕർ੩ળ⼏ޔ 2000 ᐕ࿖ㅪᅚᕈળ⼏㧔࠾ࡘ࡛ࠢ㧕ෳടޕ߽ࠅ߅߆ᅚᕈࡦ࠲ᑪ⸳ޔDV ᴺ߮╙ 1 ᰴ╙ 2 ᰴ ᡷᱜ╬ߦ߆߆ࠊࠆޕNPO ᴺੱෳ↹ࡊࡦ࠾ࡦࠣࠊߡ⸳┙ߦ߆߆ࠊࠅޔ߽ࠅ߅߆ᅚᕈࡦ࠲ᜰ ቯ▤ℂࠍฃ⸤ޔ▤ℂㆇ༡ߦߚࠅߦ⥋ࠆޕNPO ᴺੱෳ↹ࡊࡦ࠾ࡦࠣࠊߡℂ㐳 ോዪ㐳ޔ߽ࠅ߅߆ᅚᕈࡦ࠲ ࡦ࠲㐳ޔౝ㑑ᐭޟ㈩⠪߆ࠄߩജⵍኂ⠪ࠕ࠼ࡃࠗࠩᵷ㆜ ᬺޠࠕ࠼ࡃࠗࠩޔ⋓ጟᏒߩฦ⒳ᆔຬࠍฬޕ⪺ᦠ㧦ޡ߅ࠎߥ ᧼ᯅߦ↢߈ߡ̆↢ᵴผ̆ޢ㧔⪺㧕ࠪ ࡖࠝ㧔1990㧕ޔޡᅚߚߜ߇ᅚᕈࡦ࠲ߩㆇ༡ߦਸ਼ࠅߒߚ㧍ޢ(⪺) NPO ᴺੱ࡙࠶ࠢ⥢㧔2006㧕ޕ ㄞߺࠃሶޣ㐽ળߩㄉޤ ᧲ർᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ᴺቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ᢎޕᣣᧄቇⴚળ⼏ળຬޕኾߪޔᙗᴺቇᲧセᙗᴺቇࠫࠚࡦ࠳ᴺቇޕ ᴺቇඳ჻ޕࠫࠚࡦ࠳ᴺቇળℂ㐳ޔౝ㑑ᐭ↵ᅚหෳ↹ળ⼏⼏ຬޕࠣࡠࡃ࡞COEޟࠣࡠࡃ࡞ᤨ ઍߩ↵ᅚหෳ↹ߣᄙᢥൻ↢ޠὐ࠳ޕㄭ⪺㧦ޡᙗᴺߣࠫࠚࡦ࠳ޢ㑑㧔2009㧕㧔╙㧞 ࿁ᤘᅚሶᄢቇᅚᕈᢥൻ┨ฃ⾨㧕ޔޡࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߣᴺ㨇╙ੑ 㨉ޢਇ⏴ᦠᚱ㧔2010㧕ޔޡოࠍ߃ࠆޢ ࠫࠚࡦ࠳␠ળ⑼ቇߩน⢻ᕈ╙3Ꮞ㧔ㄞ✬㧕ጤᵄᦠᐫ㧔2011㧕ޔޡᙗᴺ߆ࠄ⇇ࠍ⸻ࠆ̆ੱᮭ ᐔࠫࠚࡦ࠳̆㨇⻠Ṷ㍳㨉ޢᴺᓞᢥൻ␠㧔2011㧕ޔޡᲧセᙗᴺ㧔ᣂ 㧕ޢጤᵄᦠᐫ㧔2011㧕ޔGender
Equality in Asia㧦policies and political participation㧘Eds.㧘Tohoku University Press㧔2011㧕ޕ
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ᣣᧄቇⴚળ⼏ http://www.scj.go.jp/ ޟἴኂᓳ⥝ߣ↵ᅚหෳ↹6.11 ࠪࡦࡐޠታⴕᆔຬળ㧦ࠊ߇࿖ߩἴኂᓳ⥝╷߇↵ᅚหෳ↹ߩⷞ ὐ߆ࠄ┙᩺ታᣉߐࠇࠆߎߣࠍ㗿ޔⴕേߔࠆ࿅ߣੱ߆ࠄߥࠆᆔຬળޕ6 10 ᣣޔ࿅ 129ੱ 87 ฬޕ8 15 ᣣޔ࿅ 133ੱ 107 ฬޕ㧔ታⴕᆔຬળߩ⿰ᗧᦠડ↹ᦠ߅ࠃ߮ ࡔࡦࡃࠬ࠻ߪޔᧄႎ๔ᦠ⾗ᢱ✬ߦ㍳㧕 ᧲ർᄢቇGCOEޟࠣࡠࡃ࡞ᤨઍߩ↵ᅚหෳ↹ߣᄙᢥൻ↢ޠhttp://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/gcoe/ ᐔᚑ22㨪24 ᐕᐲ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥ⾌ഥ㊄ၮ⋚⎇ⓥ㧔㧮㧕㧔ᶏᄖቇⴚ⺞ᩏ㧕ޟࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߣἴኂᓳ⥝̆ᐲ⸳ ⸘ߣ↢ᵴౣᑪࠍߋࠆ⺖㗴ߦ㑐ߔࠆ࿖㓙Ყセ⎇ⓥޠhttp://www.genderdisaster.net/ ࠫࠚࡦ࠳ᴺቇળ http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/genderlaw/310 Ꮸࠆᣣᧄቇⴚળ⼏ ߩ⻠ၴ߇ޔቯೞߦḩຬߢߔޕ ⊝᭽߇߆ߦߎߩ㗴ߦ 㑐ᔃࠍ߅ᜬߜ߆߇␜ߐࠇ ߡࠆࠃ߁ߥ᳇߇ߒ߹ߔޕ ⊝᭽߅ߪࠃ߁ߏߑ߹ ߔޕቯೞߩ10 ᤨߣߥࠅ߹ ߒߚߩߢޟἴኂᓳ⥝ߣ↵ ᅚหෳ↹ޠ6.11 ࠪࡦࡐࠫ ࠙ࡓޠࠍᆎߚߣᕁ߹ ߔޕߎߩડ↹ߩࠕࠗ࠺ࠕ ߇߹ߒߚߩߪޔ㔡ἴ⋥ ᓟߩ㧟ਅᣨߢߒߚޕ㐿ߩ㊀ⷐᕈ߇ߤࠎߤࠎ⥄ ⷡߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥᘒߦߥࠅޔታⴕᆔຬળࠍ⚵❱ߒޔ ߐ߹ߑ߹ߥḰࠍ⚻ߡᧄᣣࠍㄫ߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ ߒߚޕᣣᧄቇⴚળ⼏ോዪߩ߅ߢߪޔߎߩࠪࡦ ࡐࠫ࠙ࡓߩ↳ߒㄟߺ⁁ᴫߪޔߏ⚻㛎ᦨ߽ᄙߣ ߁ߎߣߢޔߎߩ࠹ࡑߩ㊀ⷐᕈࠍ‛⺆ࠆ߽ߩߣޔ ᬺ࠴ࡓ৻หޔᗧࠍᒝߊߒߡࠆߣߎࠈߢߔޕ ⵍἴߩᣇޘࠍ߹ߒߡ㆙ᣇ߆ࠄ߅ߒߩᣇ߽ ᄙߊޔᷓߊᗵ⻢↳ߒߍ߹ߔޕ 3.11 ߆ࠄߜࠂ߁ߤ㧟ࠞߦߥࠅ߹ߔޕ߹ߛ ߩᓳ⥝ߪㆃޘߣߒߡㅴࠎߢ߅ࠄߕㆱ㔍ᚲߦ߅ࠄࠇ ࠆᣇ߽ᄙਛߢޔᣣߩࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓࠍᜬߚߖߡ ߚߛߊߎߣߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚޕ ⑳ߪ3.11એ᧪ޔᣣ㑆߽࠹ࡆߦ߆ߓࠅߟߡޔ ἴኂ႐ߩႎࠍ⛯ߌ߹ߒߚޕ߹ࠅߩᖤᗌߐ ߦᔃ∩ߺ߹ߒߚ߇ޔ․ߦ᳇ߦߥߞߚߩ߇ㆱ㔍ᚲߢ ߁ߕߊ߹ߞߡࠆ㜞㦂⠪߿ᐜఽࠍㅪࠇߚᲣⷫޔ ߘߒߡ∛ੱ߿㓚ኂ⠪ߩᆫߢߒߚޕ ᅚᕈߚߜ߇᭽ޘߥᒻߢ࿎㔍ߦ⋥㕙ߒߡ߹ߔޕ ߒ߆ߒޔߎࠇߪ᧲ᣣᧄᄢ㔡ἴߦᆎ߹ߞߚߎߣߢߪ ࠅ߹ߖࠎޕ ↳ߒㆃࠇ߹ߒߚޕ⊝Ꮉḩኼ⟤ߣ↳ߒ߹ߔޕ㕖Ᏹ ൕ⻠Ꮷߣߒߡᄢቇߢᢎ߃ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔޕᧄᣣߩ✚ว มળࠍോߐߖߡߚߛ߈߹ߔߩߢޔࠃࠈߒߊ߅ 㗿↳ߒߍ߹ߔޕ 1995 ᐕߩ㒋᷆〝ᄢ㔡ἴߩߣ߈ߦ߽หߓࠃ߁ ߦᅚᕈߚߜ߇࿎㔍ߦㆣㆄߒޔᄢ߈ߥ㗴ߦߥࠅ߹ ߒߚޕޟᅚᕈߩ߅ᐕነࠅ߇ᦨ߽ᄙߊߊߥࠄࠇߚޠ ߎߣߦ␜ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦޔᅚᕈߪ᭽ޘߥᏅߦ⋥㕙 ߒޔޟ㔡ߩំࠇߪᐔ╬ߦ߈ߚߣߒߡ߽ޔ⚿ᨐߪ ᐔ╬ߢߪߥ߆ߞߚޠ(ᅚߚߜ߇⺆ࠆ㒋ᄢ㔡ἴ 1996)ߣޔ㒋᷆〝ᄢ㔡ἴࠍ⚻㛎ߒߚᄙߊߩᅚᕈ ߚߜ߇⸷߃߹ߒߚޕ 㐳ᤨ㑆ߩࡊࡠࠣࡓߣߥࠅ߹ߔ߇ޔ⊝᭽ߣߣ߽ ߦᗧ⟵ߥ႐ࠍߟߊߞߡ߹ࠅߚߣᕁ߹ߔޕ ߏදജࠍࠃࠈߒߊ߅㗿ߒ߹ߔޕ ᣣᧄቇⴚળ⼏ਥߣߥߞߡࠆߎߩࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ ࡓߪޔታ⾰⊛ߦߪޔߎߩࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓߩታⴕᆔຬ ળߣᣣᧄቇⴚળ⼏ߩੱ㑆ߩో㓚ߣࠫࠚࡦ࠳ ᆔຬળߣߩਥߢߏߑ߹ߔޕߘࠇ߆ࠄޔ᧲ർᄢ ቇ㧳㧯㧻㧱ࡊࡠࠣࡓޟࠣࡠࡃ࡞ᤨઍߩ↵ᅚ หෳ↹ߣᄙᢥൻ↢ޠޔ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥ⾌ഥ㊄ၮ⋚⎇ ⓥ㧔㧮㧕ޟࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߣἴኂᓳ⥝ޠߩޔ߅ࠃ߮ ࠫࠚࡦ࠳ᴺቇળ߆ࠄߏᓟេࠍߚߛߡ߅ࠅ߹ ߔޕߘࠇߢߪޔਥ⠪ࠍઍߒߡၴᧄᥙሶታⴕᆔ ຬ㐳ޔⁿญ㇌ሶᆔຬ㐳߆ࠄߏᜦ↳ߒߍ߹ߔޕ ࠃࠈߒߊ߅㗿ߒ߹ߔޕ ߒ߆ߒޔᣂẟ⋵ਛ㔡ߩߣ߈ߦޔ߹ߚหߓ 㗴߇߈߹ߒߚޕᅚᕈ߇ᄢᄌߦਇଢࠍᒝࠄࠇޔ ࠆߪ߽ߞߣㄆߎߣߦࠢࡂ߿ᅚᕈߦኻߒ ߡߩജ߇ࠆޔߣႎ๔ߐࠇ߹ߒߚޕᒰᤨޔ⑳߇ ⍮ࠍߒߡߚජ⪲⋵߆ࠄ߽ᅚᕈ⼊ኤቭ10 ੱࠍ ᣂẟ⋵߳ᡰេߦㅍߞߚߩߢߔ߇ޔ႐ߢߪޟᅚᕈ ߚߜߩࡊࠗࡃࠪ߇ࠄࠇߡߥ߆ߞߚޠޔޟⵍ ἴߒߚᅚᕈߚߜ߆ࠄᅚᕈߦߒ߆ߢ߈ߥ⋧⺣ࠍฃ ߌߚޠߣޔᏫߞߡ߈ߡ߆ࠄႎ๔ࠍฃߌ߹ߒߚޕ
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ਛߦ߽㒐ἴߩ㗴߇⋓ࠅㄟ߹ࠇޔᐕ㧔2010 ᐕ㧕 12 ߦ⊒ߐࠇߚ╙㧟ᰴ↵ᅚหෳ↹⸘↹ߢߪޔ ╙14 ಽ㊁ߣߒߡޟၞޔ㒐ἴⅣႺߘߩઁߩಽ㊁ ߦ߅ߌࠆ↵ᅚหෳ↹ߩផㅴޠ߇㊀ⷐ⺖㗴ߩ৻ߟ ߣߒߡ⟎ߠߌࠄࠇ߹ߒߚޕߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕޔ᧲ ᣣᧄᄢ㔡ἴᓳ⥝᭴ᗐળ⼏(એਅޔᓳ⥝᭴ᗐળ⼏)߇ ⸳⟎ߐࠇࠆߣޔߘߩᆔຬ15 ੱߩ߁ߜᅚᕈߪߚߞߚ 㧝ੱߢߒߚޕ⊝ߐࠎޔߎࠇߢߩߢߒࠂ߁߆ޕ ޟߛޠߣⁿญߐࠎ߇߅ߞߒ߾ߞߡ߹ߔ㧔╉㧕ޕ
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⚻ᷣߦゲ⿷ࠍ⟎ߚᓳ⥝⸘↹߇↵ᕈਥዉߢߤࠎ ߤࠎㅴࠎߢ߹ߔޕ20 ♿߇⚻ᷣਛᔃߩᤨઍߛߣ ߔࠇ߫ޔ21 ♿ߪੱߩ↢ᵴ㊀ⷞޔੱ㑆ߩో 㓚߇ਥᵹߦߥࠆᤨઍߣ⸒ࠊࠇߡ߹ߔޕㇺᏒ⸘↹ ࠍᦨఝవߒޔޟၞߠߊࠅޠߢߊߊࠆߩߢߪߥߊޔ ⵍἴ⠪৻ੱ߭ߣࠅߩ↢ᵴߩᓳ⥝ࠍ⋡ᜰߔߴ߈ߢ ࠅޔޔஜᐽޔᢎ⢒ޔⅣႺߥߤߩⷞὐࠍ〯߹߃ ߚᓳ⥝⸘↹ࠍ┙ߡࠆߴ߈ߢߔޕߘߩߚߦߪ↢ᵴ ߩ႐ߦㄭᅚᕈߩෳ↹ߣޟ↵ᅚหෳ↹ޠߩⷞὐ ߇㊀ⷐߢߔޕ․ߦⵍἴߢߪ↢ᵴᓳ⥝ࠍఝవߒޔ ߘࠇࠍᩭߣߒߡࠅߦޔߘߩၞߩ↢ᵴታᘒߦ วߞߚᑪ‛ࠍ┙ߡޔޟ߹ߜߠߊࠅޠࠍߔࠇ߫ ߩߢߪߥߢߒࠂ߁߆ޕ ජ⪲⋵ߩ⍮ᤨઍߦ⑳ߪޔో࿖⍮ળߢޟᅚᕈ ၞ᳃߆ࠄߺߚ㒐ἴᣉ╷ߩࠅᣇ⺞ᩏ̆㒐ἴಽ ㊁ߦ߅ߌࠆ↵ᅚหෳ↹ߩข⚵ߦߟߡޠ㧔2009 ᐕ㧕ࠍ47 ㇺᐭ⋵ޔో࿖ߩᏒ↸ࠍኻ⽎ߦⴕ߹ ߒߚޕ⚿ᨐࠍߡ㛳ߚߩߪޔ㒐ἴળ⼏ߥߤᗧᕁ ቯߩ႐ߦᅚᕈߩෳ↹߇ᭂ┵ߦዋߥߎߣߢߔޕ ߒ߆߽ޔㆱ㔍ᚲߩ⫾ຠࠍᅚᕈߩ⊒᩺ߢㆬࠎߢ ࠆㇺᐭ⋵ߪޔජ⪲⋵ࠍᒰᤨߪࡠߢߒߚޕ ᅚᕈ߿㜞㦂⠪ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚ㒐ἴജߩᒝൻ߇ⴕࠊࠇ ߡߥ⁁ᴫ߽ࠄ߆ߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚޕᅧ↥ᇚ߿ ᐜఽࠍᜬߞߚᅚᕈߩߚߩ⻠⠌ળ߿㒐ἴ⸠✵ࠍⴕ ߥߞߡࠆ⥄ᴦߪࠊߕ߆2.5㧑ޔ㓚ኂ⠪ߦߟߡ ࠃࠆ␠ળ⊛ᱡߺ߇㓸⚂⊛ߦ㗼ൻߒ߹ߒߚޕ߹ߚ ߽߿ⵍἴߩᅚᕈߚߜߪᚒᘟࠍᒝࠄࠇߡ߹ߔޕ ߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕޔ႐ߩಾታߥⷐ᳞߿⸷߃ߪ࿖ߦޔ ਛᄩߩᜂᒰ⠪ߦߥ߆ߥ߆ዯ߈߹ߖࠎޕో࿖ߩᅚᕈ ߚߜߪߘߩߎߣߦෂᯏᗵࠍᛴ߈ޔἴኂ߆ࠄ㧟߆ ⋡ߦᒰߚࠆᣣޔ6 11 ᣣߦޟἴኂߣᓳ⥝ߣ↵ᅚ หෳ↹611 ࠪࡦࡐޠࠍ㐿ߊߎߣࠍ߹ߒߚޕ ታⴕᆔຬળߦߪർᶏ߆ࠄᴒ✽߹ߢޔ47 ㇺᐭ⋵ ߆ࠄᅚᕈ࿅߿ੱ߇ෳടߒߡ߹ߔ㧔ᜉᚻ㧕ޕ ⁿญ㇌ሶ ᧄᣣߪࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ ߹ߔޕᣣᧄቇⴚળ⼏╙ 㧝ㇱળຬޔᴦቇߩⁿญ ㇌ሶߢߏߑ߹ߔޕᣣᧄ ቇⴚળ⼏ߩ⺖㗴ᆔຬળ ߢࠆੱ㑆ߩో㓚ߣ ࠫࠚࡦ࠳ᆔຬળߩᆔຬ㐳ࠍോߡ߅ࠅޔᄢ ᴛ⌀ℂవ↢ߣߣ߽ߦޔߎߩᆔຬળߩផㅴࠍ৻↢ ߿ߞߡ߹ࠅ߹ߒߚޕᧄᣣߪၴᧄవ↢߇ߎߩࠪ ࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓߩታⴕᆔຬ㐳ࠍോߡߊߛߐ߹ߒߡޔ ߏ৻✜ߦߎ߁ߒߡડ↹ߐߖߡߚߛ߈߹ߔߎߣࠍ ᧄᒰߦࠅ߇ߚߣᕁ߹ߔޕ᧲ർᄢቇߢߪㄞ వ↢ߪߓ㑐ଥߩవ↢ᣇ߇ᾲᔃߦޔ21 ♿㧯㧻㧱 ߆ࠄ㧳㧯㧻㧱ߣޔࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߣߘߩᓎഀߦߟߡ ⎇ⓥߒߡ߅ࠄࠇ߹ߔߩߢޔߘߩജ߽ᓧߡޔ߹ߚጊ ਭ⟤ሶవ↢ߩ⑼⎇⾌ߩ⎇ⓥ߆ࠄ߽ޔߎߎߢᚑᨐ ࠍቇ߫ߖߡߚߛߌࠆߎߣߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚޕ ߎߩߚ߮ߩߔߴߡߩ‶†ߣߥࠄࠇ߹ߒߚᣇޘߩ ߏࠍ߅ࠅ↳ߒߍޔⵍἴ⠪ߢࠆߔߴߡߩ ᣇޘߦ߅⥰↳ߒߍߚߊᕁ߹ߔޕᧄᒰߦജ ࠍ⚿㓸ߒߡ࿁ᓳޔర᳇ࠍขࠅᚯߒߡᓳ⥝ߦะ߆ ߚߣ߁ߣߎࠈߢߔޕߘߩਛߢޔᅚᕈߩⷞὐߣ ߁ߎߣࠍ㊀ⷞߒߚޕ ⑳ߪೋઍߩኾછߩ↵ᅚหෳ↹ᜂᒰᄢ⤿ࠍോ3
╙12 ಽ㊁ߦ․╩ߒߡޔߘߎߢ․ߦᅚᕈߩᐙㇱ ↪߇ᦸ߹ࠇࠆߣ߁ಽ㊁ߣߒߡޔ⑼ቇᛛⴚޔ㒐ἴ 㑐ଥޔ߹ߜ߅ߎߒޔⷰశޔⅣႺߦߟߡᦠ߈ࠇ ߚߎߣࠍᕁߒ߹ߔޕ㧟ᰴ⸘↹ߦ߅ߡߪޔߐ ࠄߦ৻ጀߒߊᦠ߈ㄟߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚޕዪ㐳߇ ࠄߞߒ߾߹ߔߌࠇߤ߽ޔᧄᒰߦࠅ߇ߚߎߣ ߣᕁ߹ߔޕᴺᓞ߽ߘ߁ߢߔ߇ޔᴺߩ♖߇ߞ ߡޔᴺᓞ߇ߞߡ߽ޔߘߩᴺߩ␠ળቇߣ߁ߎߣ ߇߁߹ߊ߆ߥߣޔߘߩലᨐ߇ߥߣ߁ߎߣ ߦߥࠅ߹ߔߩߢޔၮᧄᴺ߇ߞߡ࿖ߪၮᧄ⸘↹ࠍ ┙ߡޔ㗄⋡ߏߣߦ੍▚ࠍߟߌࠆߣ߁ߎߣࠍ߿ߞ ߡࠆߌࠇߤ߽ޔᧄᒰߦߘߎࠍߐࠄߦ㊀ⷞߒߡ ߚߛ߈ߚߣᕁߞߡ߹ߔޕ ⑳ߪޔᐞߟ߆ࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߣἴኂߦߟߡ⠨߃ࠆ ߣߎࠈ߇ࠅ߹ߔޕᣣᧄ߇ᄢ㔡ἴࠍฃߌࠆ೨ޔࡂ ࠗ࠴ޔ߶߆ߩၞߢ߽㔡ޔᵤᵄߩⵍኂ߇ߚߊߐ ࠎࠅ߹ߒߚޕߘߩߣ߈ߩᢎ⸠߇߽ߞߣᣧߊ↢߆ ߐࠇߡߚࠄ㒐ߍߚᖤ߽ߞߚ߆ߣᕁ߹ߔޕ ⑳ߚߜߩ⎇ⓥળߢߘߩ⎇ⓥࠍߒߡߚᣇ߆ࠄޔᅚ ᕈߪߘ߁߁ෂᯏߦ߅ߡޔ⥄ಽߩ␠ળ⊛ᓎഀಽ ᜂࠍᕁߒߡޔߘࠇߦᱵߓߡߊߥߞߡߊޔ ߘ߁߁႐ว߇ߚߊߐࠎࠆࠎߢߔࠃߣ߁ᜰ៰ ࠍฃߌߚࠎߢߔޕߛ߆ࠄޔ․ߦߘߩߎߣߦᵈᗧ ߒߡޔߘߩᓎഀಽᜂࠍᝥߡߡߢߔߣ⸒ࠊߥ ߣ߇ഥ߆ࠄߥޔߣ⸒ࠊࠇߚߎߣࠍᕁߒ߹ ߔޕߘߩࡔ࠶ࠫ߇3.11 ߦ㑆ߦวߞߡߥ߆ߞ ߚߩߢߪߥ߆ߣᕁ߹ߔޕ ౕ⊛ߦߪޔ߹ߕᵤᵄߣ߁ߩߪ㧞ᤨ㑆ޔ㧟ᤨ 㑆߽߆߆ߞߡ᧪ࠆ႐ว߇ࠅ߹ߔޕ㔡ߩߣ߈ߦ ৻ᣤㆱ㔍ߔࠆߩߢߔ߇ޔ㧞ᤨ㑆߽ߘߎߦࠆࠊߌ ߦ߆ߥߣޕߘࠇߢ⚿ዪޔ߃߫ࠟࠬߥߤ߽ ഀࠇߡߡޔኅᣖ߇ᚯߞߡ߈ߚࠄߌ߇ߔࠆߣߌ ߥ߆ࠄ⥄ಽ߇వߦㆱ㔍ᚲࠍߞߡޔኅߦᚯߞߡޔ ߘࠇߢ㧞ᤨ㑆ᓟߦᵤᵄ߇᧪ߡޔߘࠇߢਥᇚߛߌ߇ ߊߥߞߡߊߣ߁႐ว߇ࠅ߹ߔޕ߿ߪࠅᅚ ߋᣇᴺࠍ߹ߚ․ߦ⠨߃ߥߌࠇ߫ߌ߹ߖࠎޕ ߘࠇ߆ࠄޔ↢߈ᑧ߮ߚሶߤ߽ߚߜޔ․ߦᅚߩሶ ߚߜޕ߽ߜࠈࠎࠄࠁࠆജ߆ࠄߪቢోߦࠄࠇ ߡޔ߆ߟߡߥⷙᮨߩ⇇߆ࠄߩᡰេ߇⥄ಽߩޔ 㓸⪭ߦዯߚࠊߌߢߔޕߢߔ߆ࠄޔ⇇ߦะ߆ߞ ߡ߆᳞ߡᚑ㐳ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߣ߁ߎߣࠍᕁ߹ ߔޕ⑳ߪFacebook ߢޔᣣᧄߦኻߒߡ⇇߇ߢ߈ ࠆߎߣߣߞߡޔߎߩሶߚߜ߇ᢙᐕᓟޔߘߩ࿖ߦ ⇐ቇߒߚߣᕁߞߚࠄᒁ߈ฃߌߡߊߛߐߣ߁ ߎߣࠍᦠߚࠄޔޡ࠾ࡘ࡛ࠢ࠲ࠗࡓ࠭ޢߦ タߞߡޔએ᧪ߚߊߐࠎߩⷐᦸ߇᧪ߡ߹ߔޕᱜᑼ ߦߪࠝࠬ࠻ࠕ߆ࠄޔⵍἴりߩሶߤ߽ߚ ߜࠍఝవߒߡޔߔߴߡߩ⾌↪ࠍឭଏߒߡ⇐ቇߐߖ ࠆߣ߆ޔࠄࠁࠆߣߎࠈ߆ࠄߚߊߐࠎ᧪ߡࠆࠎ ߢߔޕߘߎߢޔᅚߩሶߚߜߩᏗᦸߣ߁ߎߣ߽߅ 㗿ߒߚߢߔޕ ౝ㑑ᐭ߽৻↢ ᅚᕈߦ․ߩᡰេ‛⾗ߩᔅⷐ ᕈࠆߪᅚߩੱߩోߥ࠻ࠗߢࠆߣ߆ ቶߢࠆߣ߆ޔᦝቶߢࠆߣ߆ޔߘ߁߁ߎߣ ߽߿ߞߡߊߛߐߞߡ߹ߔߩߢޔߐࠄߦ⠨߃ࠍᷓ ߡߊߣߣᕁ߹ߔޕ ᦨᓟߦޔ⑳ߪජ⪲⋵ᣩᏒࠍߚࠎߢߔ߇ޔ㓚ኂ ࠍᜬߟሶߤ߽ࠍᜬߞߡࠆㆱ㔍ᚲߩ߅Უߐࠎ߇ޔ ৻⇟ᦨೋߦ⡯႐ߦᚯࠇߚߩߪ⥄ಽߩᕷሶߛߣ⸒ߞ ߡߊࠇ߹ߒߚޕߘߩჿࠍ⡞ߚߣ߈ߦޔߎߩ␠ળ ߩ㆐ὐߣ߁߽ߩࠍޔᗵߓ߹ߒߚޕߔߴߡߩ႐ วߪߘ߁ߢߪߥ߆߽ߒࠇߥߌࠇߤ߽ޔߘ߁ ߁ᦨ߽ᒙੱߚߜߩ␠ળᓳᏫޔ↵ᅚߩߥߊߘ ߁߁ߎߣߩ㊀ὐൻ߽ߐࠇߡࠆߩߢߪߥ߆ߣޕ ᣣߪޔߐࠄߦ⠨߃ࠍᷓࠆࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓߦߒߡ ߚߛߌࠇ߫ਥ⠪ߩ৻ੱߣߒߡᄢᄌࠅ߇ߚߊ ᕁ߹ߔޕߤ߁߽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ߹ߔ㧔ᜉᚻ㧕ޕ ⊝Ꮉ ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ߹ߒߚޕߘࠇߢߪޔඦ೨ ߩࡊࡠࠣࡓΣߩၮ⺞⻠Ṷߦࠅߚߣᕁ߹ߔޕ ඦ೨ߩㇱߩมળࠍᄢᴛ⌀ℂߐࠎߦ߅ᷰߒߒ߹ߔޕ߅ߪࠃ߁ߏߑ߹ߔޕมળ ⠪߿⊓ს⠪ߩࡊࡠࡈࠖ࡞ ߦߟߡߪ⾗ᢱ㓸ࠍߏⷩߊ ߛߐޕၮ⺞⻠Ṷߩ㧝⇟⋡ ߣߒߡᄢේ⟤ߐࠎ߆ࠄߏ ႎ๔ࠍߚߛ߈߹ߔޕ 㧝㧕᧲ᣣᧄᄢ㔡ἴࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆ߁߃ߢߩࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߣ ↵ᅚหෳ↹ߩⷞὐߢߚ⺖㗴
4
ᄢේ⟤ ߚߛ߹ߏ⚫ߚߛ ߈߹ߒߚ᧲੩ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮 ᖱႎቇⅣ ✚ว㒐ἴᖱႎ⎇ ⓥࡦ࠲ߩᄢේ⟤ߣ ↳ߒ߹ߔޕ㔡Ꮏቇ߿㒐 ἴ⸘↹ࠍኾ㐷ߣߒߡ߹ ߔޕᧄᣣߪޔ߹ߕೋߦ㔡ߩ⊒↢ࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓߣ ⵍኂ⁁ᴫߦߟߡ߅ࠍߒޔᓟඨߪ↵ᅚหෳ↹ ߩⷞὐ߆ࠄߚᐞߟ߆ߩ⺖㗴ࠍߍߡޔᓟඨߩ⼏ ⺰ߦߟߥߍߡ߈ߚߣ⠨߃ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔޕ 㧝㧚ࡊ࠻ߣ㔡 ⊝᭽ߏሽߓߩߣ߅ࠅ2011 ᐕ㧟11 ᣣඦᓟ14 ᤨ 46ಽޔࡑࠣ࠾࠴ࡘ࠼9.0ߩ㔡߇⊒↢ߒޔ68 ᣣߢᱫ⠪15,391 ੱޔⴕᣇਇ⠪ 8,171 ੱߣ ߁ᄙᄢߥࠆⵍኂ߇↢ߓߡ߹ߔޕ߹ߕᦨೋߦޔ 㔡ߩ⊒↢ࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓ߆ࠄ⚫ߒ߹ߔޕᚒ߇࿖ߪ྾ ߟߩࡊ࠻ߦ࿐߹ࠇߡࠆ․⇣ߥℂ⊛ⅣႺߦ ࠅ߹ߔޕᣣᧄፉߪ࡙ࠪࠕࡊ࠻ߣർ☨ ࡊ࠻ߩߦࠅޔߘߩਅߦ߽ߋࠅߎᒻߢᄥ ᐔᵗࡊ࠻ߣࡈࠖࡇࡦᶏࡊ࠻߇ᣣޘേ ߡ߹ߔޕ࿁ߩ㔡ߪޔ߹ߐߦߎߩࡊ࠻ߩ Ⴚ⇇㕙ߢ⊒↢ߒ߹ߒߚޕߎߩࡊ࠻ߩႺ⇇ߩߎ ߩᵴᢿጀߢ⊒↢ߒߡ߹ߔߩߢޔ࿁ߩ㔡ߣߪ ⊒↢ࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓ߇⇣ߥࠅ߹ߔޕർ☨ࡊ࠻ߩਅ ߦᄥᐔᵗࡊ࠻߇ẜࠅㄟߺޔߎߎߦߪ㐳ᐕߩ㑆 ߦ߭ߕߺ߇⫾Ⓧߐࠇ߹ߔޕ࿁ߎࠇ߇ᕆỗߦߪ߇ ࠇࠆߎߣߢ㔡߇⊒↢ߒޔߎࠇߦ߁ᶏᐩ㕙ߩߪ ߨ߇ࠅߦࠃࠅᶏ᳓߇ਅߦ⒖േߒޔߘߩᶏ᳓߇ 㒽߳ߒነߖࠆߎߣߢᵤᵄߦߟߥ߇ࠅ߹ߒߚޕ ࿁ߩ㔡ߪ㕖Ᏹߦⷙᮨ߇ᄢ߈߆ߞߚߩߢޔ ߽ߥ߅㔡߇ߚߊߐࠎ⛯ߡ߹ߔޕࡊ࠻Ⴚ ⇇ߩഀࠇᱷࠅߩߚࠅ߇ᢿ⛯⊛ߦഀࠇߡ㔡ࠍᒁ ߈ߎߔߣߣ߽ߦޔࡊ࠻ߩਛ߮ߎߜࠄߩ㒽 ߩࡊ࠻ߩ߶߁ߦ߽ޔᒁߞᒛࠅജߥߤߦ࿃ߒ ߚ⺃⊒㔡߇⊒↢ߒޔߢߪᣣᧄฦߢ㔡ޔ ⺃⊒㔡߇ߎߞߡࠆߣ߁⁁ᴫߢߔޕ ߎ߁ߞߚᶏḴဳ㔡ߪޔታߪᱧผ⊛ߦߡቯ ᦼ⊛ߦߎߞߡࠆ߽ߩߢߔޕߣ߁ߩ߽ޔࡊ ࠻߇Ᏹߦേߡ߹ߔߩߢޔᤄߩฎᢥᦠߣ߆ ⾰⺞ᩏࠍߒ߹ߔߣޔߟޔߤߩࠃ߁ߥⷙᮨߩᄢ 㔡߇ߎߞߚ߆߇ࠊ߆ࠆࠊߌߢߔޕᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ 㔡⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥផㅴᧄㇱߢߪޔᶏḴဳ㔡ߩ㐳ᦼ⹏ଔ ࠍⴕޔᲤᐕ㧝ߦ⊒ߒߡ߹ߔޕߎࠇߪ㔡 ೨ߩ⚿ᨐߢߔ߇ޔችၔ⋵ᴒ㔡߇ࡑࠣ࠾࠴ࡘ࠼ 7.5 ೨ᓟߢߎࠆ⏕₸ߪ30 ᐕએౝߦ99㧑ߣߥߞߡ ߅ࠅ߹ߔޕߣ߁ߎߣߢޔኾ㐷ኅߩ㑆ߢߪޔችၔ ⋵ᴒߢߪߘߩ߁ߜᄢ߈ߥ㔡߇᧪ࠆߣ߁ߩߪᗐ ቯߐࠇߡ߹ߒߚޕࡊ࠻߇ߕࠇࠆ㗔ၞߪߎߩ ߊࠄߣᗐቯߐࠇߡ߹ߒߚ߇ޔ࿁ߪᒰೋ⠨߃ ߡߥ߆ߞߚⷙᮨߩ㗔ၞ߇ߕࠇേ߈ޔࡑࠣ࠾࠴ࡘ ࠼ߪ7.5ߢߪߥߊߡ9.0ߣ߁ㅜᣇ߽ߥ㔡ߦ ߥࠅ߹ߒߚޕ㔡ߩ⊒↢ࠬࠢߦߟߡߪޔࠆ ⒟ᐲᗐቯߪߒߡ߹ߒߚ߇ޔⷙᮨߦߟߡߪᗐቯ ᄖߢߞߚߣ߁ߎߣߢߔޕ5
߹ߒߚޕ߹ߕߪޔᗐቯࠍ߃ࠆ㔡ᵤᵄⵍኂߢ ߔޕᏒ↸ߏߣߩᱫ⠪ޔⴕᣇਇ⠪ࠍࡊࡠ࠶࠻ߒ ߹ߒߚߣߎࠈޔߡߩߣ߅ࠅᴪጯㇱಽߦᵤᵄⵍኂ ߇㓸ਛߒޔⵍኂߩၞᩰᏅ߇↢ߓߡࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ ߆ࠅ߹ߔޕ࿁ߩ㔡േߪዊೞߺߥំࠇߢޔ᭴ㅧ ‛ࠍუߔ࠲ࠗࡊߩំࠇߢߪߥ߆ߞߚߎߣ߆ࠄޔౝ 㒽ߦߪ߶ߣࠎߤⵍኂ߇↢ߓߡ߹ߖࠎޕߚߛߒޔ บᏒߥߤߦ㑐ߒߡߪޔㅧᚑߢⵍኂ߇ߎߞߚ ࠅޔࠗࡈࠗࡦ߇ᢿ⛘ߒߚࠅߥߤޔㇺᏒဳἴኂ ߩ⽎߽ࠄࠇߡ߹ߔޕ߹ߚޔ⊝ߐࠎߏሽߓߩ ߣ߅ࠅፉ⋵ߩේሶജ⊒㔚ᚲⵍኂߦࠃࠅ߽ߥ߅ ␠ળ⊛ᓇ㗀߇⊒↢ߒߡ߹ߔߒޔ㚂ㇺߩၞ߽ 㔚ജෂᯏߦࠃࠆᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌ߹ߒߚޕ߹ߚޔ4 7 ᣣ߿411ᣣߦߎߞߚ㔡ߢⵍኂ߇ᄢߒߚ ၞ߽ࠅ߹ߔߒޔฦߢߩ⺃⊒㔡ߦࠃࠅዪᚲ⊛ ߥⵍኂ߽⊒↢ߒߡ߹ߔޕߎ߁ߞߚᐢၞߦࠊ ߚࠆ㔡ἴኂ߇᧲ᣣᧄోၞߦᓇ㗀ࠍ߷ߒޔో࿖ ⷙᮨߩᡰេ߇ዷ㐿ߐࠇߡࠆߣ߁ߩ߇࿁ߩ᧲ ᣣᧄᄢ㔡ἴߩ․ᓽ߆ߣᕁ߹ߔޕ ߐߡޔߎߎߢޔߩⵍኂߦߟߡߡߺߚ ߣᕁ߹ߔޕ߹ߕߪบᏒߢߔ߇ޔ৻⥸⊛ߦᵤᵄ ἴኂߦ㑐ߒߡߪޟᵤᵄࡂࠩ࠼ࡑ࠶ࡊޠ߇╷ቯߐ ࠇߡ᳃ߦ㈩ࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔޕบᏒߩᵤᵄࡂࠩ ࠼ࡑ࠶ࡊ㧝㧕ࠍ߹ߔߣޔบᏒᴪጯߢᵤᵄ⼊ᚓ ߇ᔅⷐߥၞߪᶏጯ߆ࠄ㧝ࠠࡠ⒟ᐲߣ࿑␜ߐࠇߡ ߅ࠅޔߎߎߦ㧝ࡔ࠻࡞ߋࠄߩᵤᵄ߇᧪ࠆߎߣ ߇ᗐቯߐࠇߡ߹ߒߚޕߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄޔ࿁ߪᶏ ጯ߆ࠄ㧟ࠠࡠߦࠊߚࠆ▸࿐ߦᵤᵄ߇ߒነߖߡ ߡޔߎࠇ߽ᗐቯᄖߩⷙᮨߣ⸒߃ࠆ߆ߣᕁ߹ߔޕ ᶏጯ߆ࠄ㧟ࠠࡠ⒟ᐲߩߣߎࠈߦบ᧲ㇱᢱ〝 ߣ߁ߩ߇ࠆߩߢߔ߇ޔߎߩᢱ〝ߩߣߎࠈ ߆ࠄᶏጯ✢߹ߢߩⵍኂ⁁ᴫߦߟߡേ↹ߢߡߺ ߚߣᕁ߹ߔޕᢱ〝ߩᚻ೨ߢߪޔߡߩߣ ߅ࠅᑪ‛ߪᱷߞߡ߅ࠅޔ߶ߣࠎߤⵍኂ߇ߥߎߣ ߇ࠊ߆ࠅ߹ߔޕบ᧲ㇱᢱ〝ㄝߢ߽ޔᑪ‛ ߣ߁ߩ߇ࠊ߆ࠆߣᕁ߹ߔޕบ᧲ㇱᢱ 〝ࠍ߃ߡߐࠄߦᶏጯ✢ㄭߊߦㅴߺ߹ߔߣޔ߹ߛ ᵤᵄߩ᳓߇ᱷߞߡ߹ߔޕᵤᵄߦࠃࠅߥ߉ୟߐࠇ ߡᵹࠇߡ߈ߚ㒐ầᨋߩ᧻߇ߜߎߜߦᢔੂߒߡ ߹ߔ߇ޔⅽ␕ߪߘࠎߥߦࠅ߹ߖࠎޕߐࠄߦᶏጯ ✢ㄭߊߦㅴࠎߢߺ߹ߔߣޔኅߩ㧞㓏ㇱಽ߇ᵹߐࠇ ߡ߈ߡߚࠅޔゞ߽ォ߇ߞߡߚࠅߥߤޔⅽ␕߽ ৻㕙ߦṫ⌕ߒߡࠆߣ߁⁁ᴫߢߔޕߎߎߪᶏጯ ✢߆ࠄ1 ࠠࡠ⒟ᐲߩὐߢޔరޘߪቛⴝ߇ᐢ߇ ߞߡ߹ߒߚޕߡߺ߹ߔߣ㧝㓏ߪᵤᵄ߇᧪ߡ ߹ߔ߇ޔ㧞㓏ߪⵍኂ߇ߥߊޔ⓹߽ࠟࠬᱷߞߡ ߹ߔޕߎࠇ߆ࠄޔߎߩὐߢߩᵤᵄߩ㜞ߐߪᄢޔ イਅޔߔߥࠊߜ㧟ࡔ࠻࡞ߋࠄߛߞߚߢࠈ߁ ߣࠊ߆ࠅ߹ߔޕߣ߁ߎߣߢޔߡߚߛ߈߹ ߒߚㅢࠅޔᵤᵄ߇᧪ߚߣߎࠈޔ᧪ߡߥߣߎࠈ ߢޟߣᥧޠ߇㕖Ᏹߦߪߞ߈ࠅߒߡࠆߣ߁ߎ ߣ߇࿁ߩἴኂߦ․ᓽߢࠅޔᓟߩᓳ⥝ㆊ⒟ߦ ߅ߡ߽ߘ߁ߞߚၞߩࠕࡦࡃࡦࠬߦࠃࠆᓇ 㗀߇ࠆߩߢߪߥ߆ߣᕁߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔޕ ߹ߚޔᰴߩⵍἴߣߒߡጤᚻ⋵ችฎᏒ↰⠧ ࠍߡߺ߹ߔޕ↰⠧ߪ࠹ࡆߥߤߦ߽ߡ ߹ߔ߇ޔᴦਃ㒽ᵤᵄߢᄢⵍኂࠍฃߌ߹ߒߡޔ 10 ࡔ࠻࡞ࠍ߃ࠆᏂᄢ㒐ầႇ߇ᑪ⸳ߐࠇ߹ߒ ߚޕߎߩ↰⠧ߪ⇇⊛ߦ߽ฬߥᵤᵄ㒐ἴߩ ↸ߛߞߚߩߢޔ⑳߽ቇߦⴕߞߚߎߣ߇ࠅ߹ߒ ߚޕ30 ᐕએౝߦ 99㧑ߣᗐቯߐࠇߡߚችၔ⋵ᴒ 㔡߇⊒↢ߒߚ႐วޔᵤᵄ㜞ߐߪ4.2 ࡔ࠻࡞ߣ ᗐቯߐࠇߡ߹ߒߚޕߎࠇ߇ᒰߚߞߡࠇ߫㒐ầ ႇߪ߃ߥ߆ߞߚߪߕߥߩߢߔ߇ޔ⚿ᨐ⊛ߦߪᵤ ᵄ߇㒐ầႇࠍ߃ߡ᧪ⷅߒޔኅደߪ߶ߣࠎߤუṌ ߒ߹ߒߚޕᵤᵄ߇᧪ߚ႐วޔ㜞บߦ⸳ቯߐࠇߚㆱ 㔍႐ᚲߦㆱ㔍ߒ߹ߔޕ↰⠧ߪ㐳ᐕߦᷰࠅᵤᵄ ኻ╷ࠍⴕߞߡ߈ߚߢߒߚ߆ࠄޔ㜞บߦ⥋ࠆࠕ ࠢࠬߦߪߎߩࠃ߁ߥᵤᵄㆱ㔍〝ߩ㓏Ბ߇ᢛߐ ࠇޔᵤᵄㆱ㔍ߩ߇ᢛߐࠇߡ߹ߒߚޕߚޕߒ߆ߒޔ㜞㦂⠪ߦߣߞߡߪޔ⍴ᤨ㑆ߢ㜞บ߹ ߢ⒖േߔࠆߣ߁ߩߪ㉃ߥ⁁ᴫߢߔޕጤᚻޔችၔޔ ፉ㧟⋵⼊߇411ᣣ߹ߢߦᐕ㦂ࠍ⏕ߒߚᱫ⠪ 㧝ਁ1108 ੱߩ߁ߜޔ65.2㧑߇ 60 ᱦએߛߞߚߣ ႎ๔ߐࠇߡ߹ߔޕ․ߦޔㆊ⇹ൻ߇ㅴࠎߛᴪጯ ၞߢߪޔ㜞㦂ൻ₸߇㜞ߦޔᣣਛߩ㜞㦂⠪ߩ ቛ₸߽㜞ߊޔㆱ㔍ߩᚻഥߌࠍߔࠆੱ߇ዋߥߚ ߦᵤᵄㆱ㔍߇࿎㔍ߢߞߚߣᗐቯߐࠇ߹ߔޕἴኂ ߦᐕ㦂߿ᕈߪ㑐ଥࠅ߹ߖࠎޕⴕ߇ἴኂߩ⍍ 㑆ߦഥߌߡߊࠇࠆࠊߌߢߪߥߊޔ⥄ഥദജߢ↢߈ ᱷࠄߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠅ߹ߖࠎޕ․ߦޔᣣਛߪᅚᕈߩᣇ ߇㜞㦂⠪߿ᐜఽߥߤߩἴኂᤨⷐេ⼔⠪ߣߣ߽ߦ ᤨ㑆ࠍㆊߏߒߡࠆน⢻ᕈ߇㜞ߢߔ߆ࠄޔၞ ߢἴኂᤨⷐេ⼔⠪ࠍᐔᏱᤨ߆ࠄᡰ߃ࠆᅚᕈߩജߣ ߁ߩߪ㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷐߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇ߹ߔޕⵍἴߢߪޔ ᵤᵄ᧪ⷅᤨޔᄙߊߩᅚᕈ߇࿐ߩੱࠍࠆߚߦ ⴕേߐࠇߚߣᕁ߹ߔޕⵍἴᄖߦࠆ⑳ߚߜ߽ޔ ᐔ⚛߆ࠄἴኂᤨߩኻᔕߪ⥄ಽߩ㗴ߢࠆߣ߁ ߎߣࠍ⼂ߒߡޔ㒐ἴ⸠✵ߥߤࠍㅢߒߡἴኂᤨߩ ኻᔕࠍ⠨߃ߡ߅ߊߎߣߪ㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷐߢߔޕ ࿑1 ἴኂࠨࠗࠢ࡞ ⵍἴߪޔᓳᣥᵴേ߇᧤ߒߟߟࠅޔᰴߥ ࠆᓳ⥝ߩࡈࠚ࠭ߦࠈ߁ߣߒߡ߹ߔޕߪޔ ᓳ⥝⸘↹ߩ╷ቯࠍⴕ߁㊀ⷐߥᤨᦼߢࠅޔᅚᕈߩ ⷞὐ߽⠨ᘦߒߚ⸘↹ߠߊࠅ߇᳞ࠄࠇ߹ߔޕ߹ߚޔ ᓳᣥᓳ⥝ߦ߅ߡߪޔනߦၞࠍరߦᚯߔޟ ⁁ᓳᏫޠߛߌߢߥߊޔᰴߩἴኂߦ߃ߡ㧞ޔ㧟 ߣᒝ߹ߜࠍ⋡ᜰߒߚ⸘↹ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߇㊀ⷐߢ ߔޕἴኂࠨࠗࠢ࡞ߩ⠨߃ߪޔⵍἴᄖߦࠆ⑳ߚ ߜߦߣߞߡ߽㊀ⷐߢߔޕ⑳ߚߜ߽ޔߎߩ᧲ᣣᧄᄢ 㔡ἴ߆ࠄቇ߮ޔᰴߥࠆἴኂߦ߃ߡޔⵍኂ⊒↢ߘ ߩ߽ߩࠍᷫࠄߔߚߩⵍኂᛥᱛ╷߿ޔⵍኂ⊒↢ᓟ ߩ␠ળ⊛ᓇ㗀ࠍシᷫߔࠆߚߩⵍኂシᷫ╷ߦޔข ࠅ⚵ᔅⷐ߇ࠅ߹ߔޕ 㧟㧚ἴኂࠨࠗࠢ࡞ 㒐ἴߩಽ㊁ߢߪޔࠃߊޔޟἴኂࠨࠗࠢ࡞ޠߣ ߁࿑ࠍ↪߹ߔ㧔࿑㧝㧕ޕἴኂ߇⊒↢ߔࠆߣޔ ⋥ᓟߦߪⵍኂ⹏ଔߣἴኂኻᔕ߇ⴕࠊࠇޔߘߩᓟߪޔ ၞߦᔅⷐߥᯏ⢻ࠍขࠅᚯߔߚߩᓳᣥᵴേޔ ၞࠍరߩ⁁ᴫߦᚯߔߚߩᓳ⥝ߣ⛯߈߹ߔޕᓳ⥝ ࠍ⚻ߡޔၞߪ߹ߚᐔᏱᤨߩ⁁ᴫߦᚯࠅޔᰴߥࠆ ἴኂߦ߃߹ߔޕࠃߞߡޔἴኂ߳ߩኻᔕߪᓴⅣߒ ߡ߅ࠅޔߎߩࠃ߁ߦࠨࠗࠢ࡞ߢߐࠇ߹ߔޕ 㧠㧚ᅚᕈߩⷞὐ߆ࠄ㊀ⷐߥߎߣ ߐߡޔⵍἴߢߩᓳᣥᓳ⥝ߦ߅ߡޔᅚᕈߩ ⷞὐ߆ࠄߡ㊀ⷐߥὐߦߟߡ߅ߒߚߣᕁ ߹ߔޕߎߜࠄߩ౮⌀ߪޔవ߶ߤ⚫ߒߚบᏒ⧯ ᨋ⨹ᵿߩㆱ㔍ᚲߩ㧟ᧃߩ᭽ሶߢߔ߇ޔㆱ㔍ᚲ ౝߪ߶ߣࠎߤಾࠅ߇ࠅ߹ߖࠎޕߎߎࠍ߹ߔ ߣޔ⧯߅Უߐࠎߣ߅ሶߐࠎߩߔߋㄭߊߦޔㄭᚲ ߩ߅ߓߐࠎ㧞ੱ߇ᐳࠅࠍߒߡࠆߩ߇ࠊ߆ࠅ߹ ߔޕߎߩࠃ߁ߦޔㄭᚲห჻ߣߪ⸒߃ޔߥ߆ߥ߆ࡊ
6
ߣ߁ߎߣߢ┙ߜ߇ࠆࠊߌߢߔ߇ޔߤࠎߤࠎ⁁ ᴫߦᔕߓߡᯏ⢻ࠍᄌ߃ߡߊᔅⷐ߇ࠅ߹ߔޕ৻ ㇱߩㆱ㔍ᚲߢߪޔᓢޘߦᲑࡏ࡞╬ߢಾࠅࠍ ߞߚࠅߒߡ⁁ᴫࠍᡷༀߒߡ߹ߔ߇ޔోߡߩㆱ㔍 ᚲߢᡷༀߐࠇߡࠆࠊߌߢߪࠅ߹ߖࠎޕᄙߊߩ ㆱ㔍ᚲߢߪޔ↵ᕈ߇࠳ߦߥߞߡ⥄ਥㆇ༡ߐ ࠇߡ߅ࠅޔᅚᕈߩⷞὐ߆ࠄࠆߣᡷༀߔࠆᔅⷐᕈ ߇ߞߡ߽ޔߥ߆ߥ߆࠾࠭߇ࠆߎߣࠍ⸒ ߖߥߣ߁⁁ᴫ߽ᄙߢߔޕ߹ߚޔ৻࿁┙ߜ ߇ߞߚ߽ߩࠍᄌ߃ߡߊߣ߁ߎߣߪ㕖Ᏹߦ㔍ߒ ߣ⸒߃߹ߔޕⷞኤߒߚㆱ㔍ᚲߢߪޔἺ߈ߒ ࠳ߪᅚᕈߢߒߚ߇ޔ߿ߪࠅޟᢱℂޠߣ߁ߣ ޟᅚᕈޠߣ߹ߞߡߒ߹߁ߩ߆ޔ⥄り߽ⵍἴ⠪ߢ ࠆߘߩᅚᕈߦߪㆊᄢߥ⽶ᜂ߇߆߆ߞߡ߹ߒߚޕ ⥄りߩኅߩౣᑪ߽ⴕߥ߇ࠄޔᲤᣣචੱಽ߽Ἲ ߈ߒࠍߔࠆᲤᣣ߇㐳ᦼߦᷰࠅ⛯ߡࠆߣ߁ ⁁ᴫߪޔ߿ߪࠅ㕖Ᏹߦㆊ㉃ߢࠆߣᕁࠊࠇ߹ߒ ߚޕ
7
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦޔἴኂኻᔕᤨߩᅚᕈߩ࠾࠭ࠍ⚵ࠎ ߛࠨࡆࠬࠍឭଏߔࠆߦߪޔ߿ߪࠅ೨ߩ⸘↹ߣޔ ㅜਛㅜਛߦ߅ߌࠆ࠾࠭ߦᾖࠄߒวࠊߖߚ゠ୃ ᱜ߇ᔅⷐߢߔޕో࿖⍮ળߢߪޔᐔᚑ20 ᐕߦޟᅚ ᕈၞ᳃߆ࠄߺߚ㒐ἴᣉ╷ߩࠅᣇߦ㑐ߔࠆ ⺞ᩏޠ㧞㧕ࠍⴕޔ47 ోߡߩㇺᐭ⋵ߣ 1,747 ߩᏒ ↸㧔ో1,809 Ꮢ↸ߩ 96.6㧑㧕ߦ߅ߌࠆ㒐ἴᣉ ╷ߩ⁁ᴫࠍ⺞ᩏߒ߹ߒߚޕ⑳⥄り߇ߎߩ⺞ᩏߩ ᚑࠍ߅ᚻવߔࠆߣ߁┙႐ߛߞߚߩߢޔߎߩ ⚿ᨐࠍߏ⚫ߒߚߣᕁ߹ߔޕ ㆱ㔍ᚲㆇ༡ߦ㑐ߒߡޔᄙߊߩᏒ↸ߢߪㆱ㔍ᚲ ㆇ༡ࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ߣ߁߽ߩࠍᚑߒޔㆱ㔍ᚲߦߪ ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ⸳ࠍ߃ࠆߴ߈߆ޔߤߩࠃ߁ߥࠨ ࡆࠬࠍⴕ߁ߴ߈ߢࠆ߆ޔߣ߁ࠃ߁ߥᚻ㗅ࠍ⸥ ㅀߒߡ߹ߔޕో࿖⍮ળ⺞ᩏߢߪޔߎߩㆱ㔍ᚲ ㆇ༡ࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ߦޔታ㓙ߦᅚᕈߩ࠾࠭ߦᴪ߁ࠃ ߁ߥ⸥ㅀ߇ࠆ߆ޔ߹ߚ⥄ᴦᜂᒰ⠪߇ߎ߁ߞ ߦ㊀ⷐޠߛߣ⠨߃ࠆഀวࠍ⿒⦡ޔታ㓙ߦࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ ࡞ߦ⸥ㅀߐࠇߡࠆഀวࠍ᳓⦡ߢ࿑␜ߒߚ߽ߩߢ ߔޕో⥸⊛ߦ⿒ߩഀว߇ᄢ߈ߊޔ㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷐߛߣ ᕁߞߡߡ߽ޔታ㓙ߦߪࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ߦឝタߐࠇߡ ߥߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠅ߹ߔޕቶޔᦝቶߥߤߪ 80㧑߇㊀ⷐߛߣ࿁╵ߒߡ߹ߔ߇ޔታ㓙ߦ⸥ㅀߐ ࠇߡࠆߩߪ20㧑ߢߔޕ ታ㓙ߩἴኂᤨߦߪޔࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ߦឝタߐࠇߡ ߡ߽ޔ⥄ᴦ⡯ຬ߇ߡࠎ߿ࠊࠎ߿ߢᚻ߇߫ߕޔ ታ㓙ߦታⴕߐࠇࠆഀวߪߐࠄߦૐߊߥࠆน⢻ᕈ߇ ࠅ߹ߔޕߎࠇࠍ⠨߃ࠆߣޔᅚᕈߩ࠾࠭ߦ㈩ᘦ ߒߚࠨࡆࠬ߿ᣉ⸳ߪޔࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ߦ⸥タߐࠇߡ ࠆഀว߽ૐߊޔߐࠄߦታⴕߐࠇࠆน⢻ᕈ߽ૐ ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇ߹ߔޕߎߎߢޔ․ߦ㊀ⷐߥߩߪޔޟㆱ 㔍ᚲㆇ༡ߩᅚᕈߩෳ↹ޠߢߔޕᒰೋޔߎࠇࠄߩᣉ ⸳߿ࠨࡆࠬ߇⏕ߐࠇߥߊߡ߽ޔㆱ㔍ᚲㆇ༡⥄ ߦᅚᕈ߇ෳ↹ߒߡߌ߫ޔㅜਛߢ࠾࠭ࠍ⚵ࠎ ߛᡷༀ߇ߒ߿ߔ߆ࠄߢߔޕߒ߆ߒޔޟㆱ㔍ᚲㆇ ༡ߩᅚᕈߩෳ↹ޠߣ߁㗄⋡⥄߇ޔ㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷐ ߢࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆഀว߇60㧑ߣૐߊޔߐࠄߦࡑ࠾ ࡘࠕ࡞ߦ⸥ㅀߐࠇߡࠆഀว߽ᄢᄌૐޔߣ߁ ⁁ᴫߢߔޕ ࿑2 Ꮢ↸ߩㆱ㔍ᚲࠨࡆࠬߦኻߔࠆࡑ࠾ࡘ ࠕ࡞⸥ㅀ⁁ᴫߣ⥄ᴦᜂᒰ⠪ߩᗧ⼂ ⵍἴߩㆱ㔍ᚲߦ߅ߡޔᒁ߈⛯߈⁁ᴫᡷༀߩ8
߁ߩ߽ޔߎߩㆱ㔍ᚲㆇ༡ࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ࠍ ᚑߒߡࠆㇺᐭ⋵ߪ32㧔68.1㧑㧕ޔᏒ↸ ߪ458㧔26.2㧑㧕ߣ߹ߛ৻ㇱߦ㒢ࠄࠇߡ ߹ߔޕ࿁ߩ㔡ἴࠍᯏߦޔㆱ㔍ᚲㆇ༡ ࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ࠍᣂߚߦᚑߒߚࠅޔㆱ㔍ᚲ ߦ㑐ߔࠆᬌ⸛ߦ⌕ᚻߒߡࠆ⥄ᴦ߇ᄙ ᢙࠅ߹ߔޕߎࠇࠄߩ⥄ᴦߦ߅ߡޔ ᓟߩἴኂߦ߃ࠆ㓙ߦᅚᕈߩⷞὐࠍච ಽߦ⠨ᘦߒߚ⸘↹ߠߊࠅࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߇ޔ ᧪߳ߩἴኂኻ╷ߣߒߡ㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷐߢ ࠆߣ⠨߃߹ߔޕ ⫾ߦ㑐ߒߡ߽ห᭽ߦޔᅚᕈߩⷞὐ߆ࠄߡච ಽߥ⫾߇ߐࠇߡࠆ⁁ᴫߢߪࠅ߹ߖࠎޕ೨ㅀ ߩో࿖⍮ળ⺞ᩏߢߪޔᏒ↸ߩ⫾ຠ⋡ߣᏒ↸ ߩᜂᒰ⠪߇ޟ⫾ߩᔅⷐ߇ࠆޠ⠨߃ࠆຠ⋡ࠍ ⺞ᩏߒߡ߹ߔ㧝㧕ޕߎߜࠄߩ࿑ߪޔฦ⒳ߩ⫾ຠ ߦߟߡᏒ↸ߩᜂᒰ⠪߇ᔅⷐߢࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆഀ วࠍ⿒⦡ޔታ㓙ߦ⫾ߐࠇߡࠆഀวࠍ᳓⦡ߢ࿑ ␜ߒߚ߽ߩߢߔޕਥ㘩߿㘶ᢱ᳓ޔᲫᏓޔࡉ࡞ࠪ ࠻ߪ㧤ഀࠍ߃ࠆ⥄ᴦߢᏱᤨ⫾ߒߡ߹ߔ ߇ޔ㔌㘩ޔዊఽ↪߅ߟޔᚑੱ↪߅ߟߥߤ․ ߥ࠾࠭ߦ㈩ᘦߒߡ↪ᗧߔࠆຠߦߟߡߪޔᔅ ⷐᕈߩ⼂߽ૐߊޔ߹ߚ⫾߽ߐࠇߡߥߣ ߁⁁ᴫߢߔޕ⫾ຠߩㆬቯߦ߅ߡޔᒰ⠪ߩᗧ ࠍෳ⠨ߦߒߚᏒ↸ߩഀวߪ4.2㧑ߢࠅޔ ⫾ຠࠍቯߔࠆ㓙ߦᒰᤨ⠪ߩᗧ߽߹ࠅᤋߐ ࠇߡ߹ߖࠎޕ ߢߪޔߤ߁߁⠨߃ߢ⫾ߒߡࠆ߆ࠍ⡞ߡ ߺ߹ߔߣޔᲫᏓ߿◲ᤃ࠻ࠗޔਥ㘩ߥߤߪᏱᤨ ⫾ߒߡࠆࠤࠬ߇ᄙߢߔ߇ޔᚑੱ∛ኻᔕ㘩߿ ⼔㘩ߩࠃ߁ߦ⾨ᦼ㒢ߩࠆ߽ߩޔ߹ߚࡌࡆ ࡃࠬߩࠃ߁ߦ․ߥ࠾࠭ߩࠆ߽ߩߪޔදቯߦ ࠃߞߡડᬺ߆ࠄ⺞㆐ߔࠆߣ߁ޟᵹㅢ⫾ޠߩᣇ ᑼࠍขߞߡࠆࠤࠬ߇ᄙߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠅ߹ߒߚޕ ߔߥࠊߜޔ㔡⋥ᓟߦߪ⫾ୖᐶߦࠅ߹ߖࠎ߇ޔ ࿑3 Ꮢ↸ߩ⫾⁁ᴫߣ⥄ᴦᜂᒰ⠪ߩᗧ⼂ ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄޔ࿁ߩ㔡ἴߩࠃ߁ߦ〝߇ᐢ▸ ࿐ߦᷰࠅኸᢿߐࠇߚࠅޔේ⊒ߩᓇ㗀ߢ‛ᵹ߇ṛߞ ߚࠅߒߚ⁁ᴫߢߪޔೋേᦼߦ߅ߡᵹㅢ⫾߇ᯏ ⢻ߖߕޔᔅⷐߥ‛ຠ߇ᔅⷐߥੱߩᚻరߦⴕ߈ᷰࠄ ߥ߆ߞߚน⢻ᕈ߇㕖Ᏹߦ㜞ߢߔޕߎࠇࠄߩታᘒ ߦߟߡߪㅊߞߡ⺞ᩏߩᔅⷐ߇ࠆߣ⠨߃߹ߔ߇ޔ ᧪⊛ߥᐢၞἴኂߩ⊒↢ࠍᔨ㗡ߦ⟎߈߹ߔߣޔ ᵹㅢ⫾߇ታⴕߢ߈ߥน⢻ᕈ߽⠨߃ߡޔᔅⷐߥ ߽ߩߪࠆ⒟ᐲߩ㊂ࠍ೨ߦၞౝߦ⏕ߒߡ߅ ߊߣ߁⠨߃߇ᔅⷐߢߪߥ߆ߣᕁࠊࠇ߹ߒߚޕ వ߶ߤ߽↳ߒ߹ߒߚㅢࠅޔⵍἴߢߪᓳ⥝ߩࡈ ࠚ࠭ߦࠅߟߟࠅޔᔕᕆ⸳ቛߩᑪ⸳߇ᆎ ߹ߞߡ߹ߔޕߎߜࠄߪ1995 ᐕᐶ⋵ධㇱ㔡 ߢߩᔕᕆ⸳ቛᢙߩផ⒖ࠍ␜ߒߚ࿑ߢޔ㕍✢߇ ᑪ⸳ߐࠇߚᢙޔࠣࡈ߇᠗ߐࠇߚᢙࠍ␜ߒߡ ߹ߔޕߎࠇࠍ߹ߔߣޔᔕᕆ⸳ቛߪ߅߅ ߨ㧝ᐕએౝߦ৻ᢧߦᑪ⸳ߐࠇࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠅ߹ߔޕ ἴኂᢇഥᴺߦࠃࠇ߫ޔᔕᕆ⸳ቛߩዬᦼ㑆ߪ 㧞ᐕߢߔ߇ޔ㒋᷆〝ᄢ㔡ἴߩ႐วߪ㧝ᐕᑧ㐳 ߒߡ㧟ᐕߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚޕ⚿ᨐ⊛ߦߪߔߋߦߪ᠗ ߢ߈ߥߊߡޔోߡߩ᠗߹ߢߦ㧡ᐕߋࠄ߆߆ࠅ ߹ߒߚޕߣ߁ߎߣߪޔޔ⸳ቛ߇ᑪߜᆎ ߹ߒߚ߇ޔ᧲ᣣᧄᄢ㔡ἴߩ↢ᵴౣᑪߪᆎ߹ߞߚ߫࠭ࠍᤋߐߖߡߊߎߣ߇⢄ⷐߣ⠨߃߹ߔޕ
9
㧡㧚᧪ߩᶏḴဳ㔡ߦ߃ߡ ᧲ᣣᧄᄢ㔡ἴߪᣣᧄߩἴኂผޔᧂᦥߩⷙᮨ ߩⵍኂࠍᒁ߈ߎߒ߹ߒߚޕ߇ޔᚒ߇࿖ߢߪޔ ᧪⊛ߦߐࠄߦߊߟ߆ߩᶏḴဳ㔡ߩ⊒↢߇ෂᗋ ߐࠇߡ߹ߔޕ᧲ᶏ㔡ޔ᧲ධᶏ㔡ޔධᶏ㔡ޔ 㚂ㇺ⋥ਅ㔡ߥߤߢߔޕ․ߦޔ᧲ᶏ᧲ධᶏධ ᶏ㔡ߪޔߎࠇࠄߩⶄᢙ߇ㅪേߒߡ⊒↢ߒߚ႐วޔ ᧲ᣣᧄᄢ㔡ἴߣห᭽ߦ↟ᄢߥⵍኂࠍᒁ߈ߎߔߎ ߣ߇ ᔨߐࠇߡ߹ߔޕ వ߶ߤޔޟἴኂࠨࠗࠢ࡞ޠߩ࿑ߢ⺑ߒ߹ߒߚ ㅢࠅޔⵍἴᄖߩၞߦ߅ߡ߽ޔ᧲ᣣᧄᄢ㔡ἴ ߩᢎ⸠߆ࠄቇ߮ޔᰴߥࠆἴኂߦ߃ࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠅ ߹ߔޕ࿁ߩ㔡ἴએ㒠ޔో࿖ฦߩㇺᐭ⋵Ꮢ ↸ߢၞ㒐ἴ⸘↹߿㒐ἴࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ߩ⋥ߒ߇ ㅴࠎߢ߹ߔޕవ߶ߤޔㆱ㔍ᚲㆇ༡ࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ࠍ ᚑߒߡࠆㇺᐭ⋵ߪ32㧔68.1㧑㧕ޔᏒ↸ߪ 458㧔26.2㧑㧕ߢࠅޔ৻ㇱߩ⥄ᴦߦ㒢ࠄࠇߡ ࠆὐࠍ⺑ߒ߹ߒߚޕห᭽ߦޔⷐេ⼔⠪ㆱ㔍⸘↹ ߩࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞߽ޔᚑߒߡࠆߩߪ38 ㇺᐭ⋵ 㧔80.9㧑㧕ޔ720 Ꮢ↸㧔41.2㧑㧕ߩߺߢߔ㧞㧕ޕᧂ ᚑߩᄙߊߩ⥄ᴦߦ߅ߡޔᣂߚߥࡑ࠾ࡘ ࠕ࡞ߩᬌ⸛߇ㅴࠎߢࠆ߽ߩߣᕁ߹ߔޕߎࠇࠄ ߩࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ߩᣂⷙᚑ߅ࠃ߮⋥ߒߩ㓙ߦߪޔ ࿁ߩ㔡ἴߩᢎ⸠ࠍ〯߹߃ߡޔᅚᕈ╬ߩⷞὐ߆ࠄ ߚౝኈߩㅊട߿ᦝᣂ߇ߥߐࠇࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆߣᕁ ߹ߔޕ ၞ㒐ἴ⸘↹߿㒐ἴࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ߩ⋥ߒ߿ᦝᣂ ߦ㓙ߒߡߪޔㇺᐭ⋵Ꮢ↸ߩ㒐ἴળ⼏ߢߩ⼏ ⺰ࠍ⚻ߡޔቯ߇ߥߐࠇ߹ߔޕ࿑㧠ߪޔㇺᐭ ⋵߅ࠃ߮Ꮢ↸ߩ㒐ἴળ⼏ߢߩᅚᕈᆔຬᢙࠍ␜ߒ ߚ߽ߩߢߔ㧞㧕ޕో࿖⍮ળ⺞ᩏߩ࿁╵ߢߔߩߢޔ ᐔᚑ20 ᐕᐲߩ࠺࠲ߢߔޕㇺᐭ⋵ߩ 21.3㧑ޔ ࿑4 ㇺᐭ⋵߅ࠃ߮Ꮢ↸ߩ㒐ἴળ⼏ߩᅚ ᕈᆔຬᲧ₸㧔H20㧕 ߩ⋥ߒ߿ᦝᣂߦ㓙ߒߡᅚᕈߩⷞὐࠍ⠨ᘦߔࠆᔅ ⷐ߇ࠅ߹ߔ߇ޔߘ߽ߘ߽ߎࠇࠄߩᗧᕁቯࠍⴕ ߁ᯏ㑐ߦᅚᕈ߇ෳ↹ߒߡߥߩߢࠅޔ㗴ߢ ߔޕߎࠇࠄߩℂ↱ߣߒߡߪޔޟᆔຬߩㆬߦ߅ ߡ⡯ᜰቯ߇ࠆߚޔᅚᕈᆔຬࠍㆬߴߥޠޔޟੱ ᧚߇ਇ⿷ߒߡࠆޠޔޟᖱႎ߇ਇ⿷ߒߡࠆޠߥ ߤߩᗧ߇߇ߞߡ߹ߔޕ೨ߩ⸘↹ߦᅚᕈߩ ⷞὐࠍ⠨ᘦߒߡߊߚߦߪޔߘ߽ߘ߽ᅚᕈߩ⊒ ⸒ࠍขࠅࠇࠆߚߩࠅ߆ࠄᡷༀߔࠆᔅⷐ ߇ࠆߣ⸒߃߹ߔޕ ᧄᣣߪޔ೨ඨߦߪ㔡ߩ⊒↢ࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓߣⵍ ኂ⁁ᴫߦߟߡ߅ࠍߒޔᓟඨߦߪ↵ᅚหෳ↹ ߩⷞὐ߆ࠄߚᐞߟ߆ߩ⺖㗴ࠍߍߐߖߡߚߛ ߈߹ߒߚޕⵍἴౝᄖߢ߹ߛ߹ߛ߿ࠆߎߣ߇ߚߊ ߐࠎࠆߣ߁⁁ᴫߢߔߩߢޔߩਛ߇⦟ᣇะ ߦㅴࠃ߁ߦ⊝᭽ߣജࠍวࠊߖߡᵴേߒߡߌߚ ࠄߣᕁ߹ߔޕࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ߹ߒߚ㧔ᜉᚻ㧕ޕ ෳ⠨ᢥ₂ 㧕 บ Ꮢ 㧦 ᵤ ᵄ ࡂ ࠩ ࠼ ࡑ ࠶ ࡊ ޔ http://www.city.sendai.jp/s-map/kiyaku2.ht ml 㧞㧕ో࿖⍮ળ㧦ᅚᕈၞ᳃߆ࠄߺߚ㒐ἴᣉ ╷ ߩ ࠅ ᣇ ߦ 㑐 ߔ ࠆ ⺞ ᩏ ⚿ ᨐ ޔ JVVR YYYPICITLRPGYURQUVJV ONޔᐔᚑ ᐕ ᣣޕ㧞㧕ἴኂߣ↵ᅚหෳ↹ࠍߋࠆ࿖㓙⊛ầᵹ ᳰ↰ᕺሶ 㧝㧚⇇ฦߩⵍἴ߆ࠄ ἴኂߣ↵ᅚหෳ↹㧛 ࠫࠚࡦ࠳ᐔ╬ࠍߋࠆ ࿖㓙⊛ߥầᵹߦߟߡޔ ⎇ⓥߣ╷⊛ታ〣ߩਔᣇ߆ࠄ⺑ߒޔᰴߢ╷ ߇႐ߢᣉ╷ߣߒߡታᣉߐࠇߚౕࠍᶏᄖߩ ߆ࠄ⚫ߒ߹ߔޕ߹ߕޔἴኂߣࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߦߟ ߡޔ⇇ฦߩⵍἴߦ߅ߌࠆታ⸽⊛ߥ⎇ⓥߩ ⫾Ⓧ߆ࠄࠄ߆ߦߐࠇߡ߈ߚߎߣࠍ߅␜ߒߒ߹ ߔޕ
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ἴኂߩ␠ળ⑼ቇ⊛⎇ⓥߦ߅ߡޔࠫࠚࡦ࠳ ߿ࠛࠬ࠾ࠪ࠹ࠖߣߞߚ␠ળጀ߇ᧄᩰ⊛ߥ࠹ࡑ ߣߒߡขࠅߍࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚߩߪ1990 ᐕ ઍએ㒠ߢߔޕἴኂߩ␠ળ⑼ቇ⊛⎇ⓥߦೋߡ൮ ⊛ߦࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߩⷞὐࠍዉߒߚEnarson ߣ Morrow㧔1998㧕ߪޔࠫࠚࡦ࠳ቇޔ␠ળቇޔੱ㘃 ቇߥߤᄙ᭽ߥࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߦࠃࠅޔࠫࠚࡦ࠳ൻߐ ࠇߚ⣀ᒙᕈߩ᭴▽ߣ⛽ᜬޔ㒐ἴ⸘↹߿Ꮺ㨯⚵❱ ߩἴኂኻᔕⴕേߩㆬᛯߣࠫࠚࡦ࠳ⷙ▸ߩ㑐ଥޔ ἴኂᤨߩᅚᕈ߳ߩജߣߞߚᐢ⺖㗴ࠍᛒޔ ߎߩ⎇ⓥታ〣㗔ၞࠍᜏ߈߹ߒߚޕߎࠇ߹ߢޟἴኂ ߣࠫࠚࡦ࠳ޠ⎇ⓥ߇ޔవㅴ࿖ㅜ࿖ࠍࠊߕޔ ⇇ߩⵍἴߢࠄ߆ߦߒߡ߈ߚਥⷐߥⷰὐࠍޔ એਅߩ㧠ὐߦᢛℂߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߔޕ ╙৻ߦޔੱ⊛ⵍኂߘߩ߽ߩߦ↵ᅚᏅ߇ࠅޔ ᅚᕈ߇ࠃࠅᄙߊ‶†ߦߥߞߡ߹ߔޕ߃߫ 2004 ᐕߩࠗࡦ࠼ᵗᄢᵤᵄߢߪޔࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕߩ ർࠕ࠴ࠚ⋵ߩ‶†⠪ߩ77㧑ࠍᅚᕈ߇භࠆߥߤ ⵍኂߦᄢ߈ߥᏅ߇ࠅ߹ߒߚޕหߓߊࠕ࠴ࠚߩࠕ ߩ‶†⠪߇1.5 ߢߒߚ㧔Oxfam 2005㧕ޕࠊ߇࿖ ߦ߅ߡ߽ޔ㒋᷆〝ᄢ㔡ἴ㧔1995 ᐕ㧕ߩ‶†⠪ 6,402 ੱߩ߁ߜޔ↵ᕈ 2,713 ੱߦኻߒߡᅚᕈ 3,680 ੱ㧔ਇ9 ੱ㧕ߣޔᅚᕈ߇↵ᕈࠃࠅ⚂ 1,000 ੱᄙ ߊޔ↵ᅚߩᩰᏅߪ60 ᱦએߩ㜞㦂⠪ߢ㗼⪺ߢߒ ߚ㧔ෘ↢⋭ 1996㧕ޕߎࠇࠄߩߪޔߒߡቅ┙ ߒߚ߽ߩߢߪߥߊޔో⇇⊛ะߣߒߡࠄࠇࠆ ߽ߩߢߔޕ1981 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2002 ᐕ߹ߢߦ⊒↢ߒߚ 4,605 ઙߩἴኂ㧔141 ࠞ࿖ߢ⊒↢㧕ࠍಽᨆߒߚࡁࠗ ࡑࠗࡗࠄߪޔἴኂߦࠃࠅᅚᕈ߇↵ᕈࠃࠅᄙߊᱫ ߒߡ߅ࠅޔᄢἴኂ߶ߤ‶†⠪ᢙߩ↵ᅚᏅ߇ᄢ߈ ߊޔᅚᕈߩ␠ળ⚻ᷣ⊛㧝㧕߇㜞࿖߶ߤἴኂߩ ‶†⠪ᢙߩ↵ᅚᏅߪዊߐߣ⚿⺰ઃߌߡ߹ߔ 㧔Neumayer & Plümper 2007㧕ޕ╙ੑߦޔἴኂᤨߦߪࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߦၮߠߊᓎഀ ಽᜂ߇ᒝൻߐࠇࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅޔᅚᕈߩഭ⽶ᜂ߇ Ⴧടߒޔ߹ߚᓳ⥝⾗Ḯ߳ߩࠕࠢࠬ߇ᅚᕈߦਇ ߦߥࠅ߹ߔޕᐔᏱᤨ߆ࠄᅚᕈ߇ኅ߿ኅᣖߩ ߩߚߦ⾌߿ߔᤨ㑆ߪ↵ᕈࠃࠅ߽㐳ะߦࠅޔ ߣࠅࠊߌ㐿⊒ㅜ࿖ߢߪ㘶ᢱ᳓߿Ἲ↪ߩΆᢱߣ ߥࠆ⮌ߩ⏕ߩߚߦᅚᕈߪᄙߊߩᤨ㑆ࠍ⾌߿ߒ ߡ߹ߔ߇ޔἴኂᤨߦߪ㘶ᢱ᳓߿Άᢱߩ⏕߇࿎ 㔍ߣߥࠅޔ߹ߚᐜఽ߿㜞㦂⠪ߩ߽ᤨ㑆߇߆ ߆ࠆ߽ߩߣߥࠅ߹ߔޕߘࠇߦࠃࠅޔἴኂᤨߦߪᅚ ᕈߩኅഭᤨ㑆߇ߐࠄߦჇᄢߔࠆߎߣ߇ႎ๔ߐ ࠇߡ߹ߔ㧔Lovecamp 2003ޔᳰ↰2005㧕ޕ ἴኂᓟߦᅚᕈഭ⠪߇↵ᕈഭ⠪ࠃࠅ߽ᄙߊ ⸃㓹ߐࠇޔ↵ᕈ߇ᣧߊ⡯႐ߦᓳᏫߔࠆߩߦኻߒߡ ᅚᕈߪߥ߆ߥ߆⡯႐ᓳᏫߢ߈ߕޔߘߩߚߦᅚᕈ ߪⵍἴᓟߩ߇ਇቯߦߥࠅޔᓳ⥝ౣᑪߩߚ ߩ⚻ᷣ⊛⾗Ḯ߳ߩࠕࠢࠬ߇࿎㔍ߦߥࠅ߿ߔߣ ߁㗴߇ޔࠗࡦ࠼ߩࠣࠫࡖ࠻ᣫ㝭㧔2001㧙 2001 ᐕ㧕߿ࡎࡦࠫࡘࠬߩࡂࠤࡦ㧔1998 ᐕ㧕 ߩ߆ࠄႎ๔ߐࠇߡ߹ߔ㧔Delaney & Shrader. 2000ޔBradshaw 2001㧕ޕ߹ߚޔ↵ᕈ߇ⵍἴࠍ㔌
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᧪ࠍฃߌߚࡎࡦࠫࡘࠬߢߪޔㆱ㔍ᣉ⸳ߩዬ⠪ ߩ㧠ഀߪᚑੱ↵ᕈ߇ߥᏪߢߞߚߘ߁ߢߔ 㧔Delaney & Shrader 2000㧕ޕ↢ℂߥߤᅚᕈ․ߩ࠾࠭߳ߩኻᔕߦߟߡ ߪޔ߆ߥࠅℂ⸃߇ㅴࠎߢ߈ߡ߹ߔ߇ޔߥߗἴኂ ᤨߩ࿎㔍߿⽶ᜂ߇ᅚᕈߦߒࠊነߖߐࠇࠆߩ߆ߣ ߁᭴ㅧ⊛ߥ⚵ߺߩ⸃ߪߎࠇ߆ࠄߩ⺖㗴ߢߔޕ ╙ਃߦޔἴኂᓟߦߪޔᅚᕈ߳ߩജ߇Ⴧടߔ ࠆߥߤੱᮭ߇ࠄࠇߦߊߊߥࠅ߹ߔޕἴኂᓟߩᅚ ᕈ߳ߩᕈജ߿࠼ࡔࠬ࠹ࠖ࠶ࠢࡃࠗࠝࡦࠬߩ Ⴧടߣ߁㗴ߪޔ2004 ᐕߦ࠾ࡘࠝࡦ࠭ࠍ ⷅߞߚࡂࠤࡦࠞ࠻࠽߿หᐕᧃߩࠗࡦ࠼ ᵗᄢᵤᵄߩߢ৻べᵈ⋡ߐࠇࠆߎߣߣߥࠅ߹ߒ ߚ߇ޔታ㓙ߦߪ߶ߣࠎߤߩᄢἴኂߢߎߞߡ߹ ߔ㧔Fisher 2010㧕ޕἴኂቅఽߩੱりᄁ⾈߿ޔἴኂ ߢ࿎┆ߒߚⷫ߇ᇕᆪᐕ㦂ߦ㆐ߒߥᐜᆷࠍᇾ߇ ߖߡߒ߹߁ߎߣ߽ޔࠗࡦ࠼ᵗᄢᵤᵄ߿ࠗࡦ࠼ࠣ ࠫࡖ࠻Ꮊߩ㔡ޔࠝ࠶ࠨᎺߩࠨࠗࠢࡠࡦߩ 㓙ߥߤߦ㗴ߣߥࠅ߹ߒߚޕ ╙྾ߪޔᅚᕈ߇ἴኂࠬࠢࠍシᷫߔࠆߚߦ ᄙߊߩᓎഀࠍᜂޔ࿁ᓳജࠍᜬߞߡࠆߣ߁ߎ ߣߢߔޕᅚᕈߪἴኂ߳ߩ߃ߣᓳ⥝ߦ߅ߡ․ቯ ߩᓎഀࠍᜂޔࠊ߫ἴኂ⁁ᴫࠍಾࠅᛮߌࠆߚ ߩߩ⍮ᕺࠍᜬߞߡ߹ߔޕᵩ᳓೨ߩΆᢱ߿㘩 ᢱߩ⏕ޔࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢࠍᵴ↪ߒ ߚ✕ᕆᤨߩ㘩ᢱ㘶ᢱ᳓ㆱ㔍႐ᚲߩⲢㅢߣ⋧ ᛔഥߪޔᅚᕈߦࠃߞߡᜂࠊࠇࠆߎߣ߇ᄙߩߢߔޕ ߘߩ৻ᣇߢޔ⊛ߥ㒐ἴ⚵❱߿✕ᕆᢇេߩ⚵❱ߩ ਛᔃ⊛ᜂᚻߪ↵ᕈߢࠅޔᅚᕈߪឃ㒰ߐࠇࠆ ะߦࠅ߹ߒߚ㧔Begum 1993㧕ޕ ߒ߆ߒޔἴኂߩ✕ᕆᡰេ߿ᓳ⥝ߦᅚᕈ߇ਥ ߣߒߡෳടߔࠆᆫߪޔࠗࡦ࠼ᵗᄢᵤᵄߩⵍኂࠍฃ ߌߚࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕޔࠬࡦࠞ߿࠲ࠗࠍᆎޔ ߹߿⇇ฦߢࠄࠇᆎߡ߹ߔ㧔Enarson & Chakrabarti 2009ޔISDR 2007㧕ޕ ࠆㇱಽ߇ᄙߎߣߦᡷߡ㛳߆ߐࠇ߹ߔޕޔ ᣣᧄߩⵍἴߢᅚᕈߚߜ߇⚻㛎ߒߡࠆ࿎㔍ߥ⁁ ᴫߩᄙߊߪޔ߭ߣࠅᣣᧄߢ↢ߓߚߩߢߪߥߊޔ ⇇ߩᄢἴኂߦ߅ߡᄙߊߩ࿖ߢ⚻㛎ߐࠇߡ߈ߚߎ ߣߢߔޕ㊀ⷐߥߩߪޔࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߩ⛔⸘߇ߥ ߥߤ㗴ߪࠆ߽ߩߩޔ⇇ߩᄢἴኂ߇ࠫࠚࡦ࠳ ߩⷞὐ߆ࠄታ⸽⊛ߦ⸥㍳ޔಽᨆߐࠇޔߘߩᖱႎ ߇ᄙߊߩ࿖ޘߢ╷ߦᤋߐࠇߡᡷༀߦ⚿߮ߟ ߡ߈ߡࠆߎߣߢߔޕ 㧞㧚࿖㓙⊛ầᵹ㧦㧟ߟߩࡐࠗࡦ࠻ ࿖㓙␠ળ߇ἴኂ߹ߚߪ㒐ἴࠍ⊛ߥ⺖㗴ߣ ߒߡ⼂ߒޔද⺞ⴕേࠍᮨ⚝ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ߈ ߞ߆ߌߪޔ1990 ᐕߦᆎ߹ߞߚޟ࿖ㅪ㒐ἴߩ10 ᐕޠ ߢߒߚ㧔ᓟឝߩ࿑㧝㧕ޕߘࠇએ᧪ޔ㧞࿁ߩ࿖ㅪ 㒐ἴ⇇ળ⼏㧔1994 ᐕ㧦ᮮᵿᏒޔ2005 ᐕ㧦ᚭ Ꮢ㧕߿ޔ╙46 ࿁࿖ㅪᇚੱߩᆔຬળޟࡄࡀ࡞ 㧞㧦ⅣႺ▤ℂߣ㒐ἴߦ߅ߌࠆࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߩⷞὐޠ 㧔2002 ᐕ㧕ߥߤߩ㊀ⷐߥ࿖㓙ળ⼏ࠍ⚻ߡޔἴኂߦ ┙ߜะ߆߁ߚߩ࿖㓙⊛ߥᨒ⚵ߺ߇ߐࠇߟߟ ࠅ߹ߔޕߎࠇࠄߩ࿖㓙⊛ߥขࠅ⚵ߺߪޔἴኂߩ ⵍኂ߇㐿⊒ㅜ࿖ߦߒߡࠆߣ߁ታ߆ࠄޔ ․ߦ㐿⊒ㅜ࿖ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡ⼏⺰ߐࠇߡ߹ߔ߇ޔ ℂ⺰⊛ᨒ⚵ߺ߿ߘࠇߦၮߠߚⴕേⷐ㗔ߪߤߩ ࿖ၞߦߢ߽ㆡᔕน⢻ߥ߽ߩߢߔޕ ἴኂߣ↵ᅚหෳ↹ߦ㑐ߔࠆ࿖㓙⊛േะࠍℂ ⸃ߔࠆࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߪ3 ὐࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇ߹ߔޕߘࠇ ࠄߪޔ㧝㧕ἴኂࠬࠢᷫߣ߁ᔨ⊛ᨒ⚵ߺߩ ⊓႐ޔ㧞㧕ἴኂࠬࠢᷫߣࠫࠚࡦ࠳ᐔ╬ߩਔ ᣇࠍ㐿⊒╷㧔వㅴ࿖ߩ႐วߪ␠ળ╷⚻ᷣ ╷㧕ߦਥᵹൻߔࠆߎߣߩ㊀ⷞޔ㧟㧕ᅚᕈߩἴኂᤨ 㧔ᓟ㧕ߩ࠾࠭ࠃࠅੱᮭࠍ㊀ⷞߔࠆะߢߔޕ 㧞࿁ߩ࿖ㅪ㒐ἴ⇇ળ⼏㧔1994 ᐕ㧦ᮮᵿᏒޔ 2005 ᐕ㧦ᚭᏒ㧕ࠍ⚻ߡޔἴኂኻ╷ߩὶὐߪޟᎿ
ᚢ⇛㨪ࠃࠅోߥ⇇ߦะߌߡޠߢߪޔᜬ⛯น⢻ ߥᚑ㐳ߩߚߦߪޟἴኂߦᒝ␠ળߩ᭴▽ޠߣޟ㒐 ἴߦࠃࠆⵍኂシᷫޠ߇ਇนᰳߢࠆߣߩၮᧄ⼂ ߇␜ߐࠇ߹ߒߚޕἴኂࠬࠢᷫߣ߁⸒⪲ߪޔ ᜬ⛯น⢻ߥ㐿⊒ߩᐢᢥ⣂ߩਛߢޔ␠ળߦሽߔ ࠆ⣀ᒙᕈ߿ἴኂࠬࠢࠍᦨዊ㒢ߦߔࠆ߆ޔࠆ ߪࡂࠩ࠼㧔ἴኂࠍᒁ߈ߎߔ⥄ὼߩ⎕უജ㧕ߩ ᓇ㗀ࠍㆱߌ㧔㒐߉㧕ޔ߹ߚߪ㒢ቯ⊛ߥ߽ߩߣߔࠆ ߚߩᵴേ߿ᐲߥߤࠍᜰߒ߹ߔޕ
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࿑㧞 ἴኂᔨ㧔ࡢࠗ࠭࠽ࠄߦࠃࠆ㧕ᚲ㧦Wisner B. et al, 1994=2004, At Risk: Natural
Hazards, People's Vulnerability and Disasters. .Routledge. ࿑㧞ߢ␜ߒߚࠃ߁ߦޔห৻ၞౝࠆߪ Ꮺౝߢߐ߃ⵍኂߦᏅ߇↢ߓࠆߩߪޔ␠ળࠍ᭴ᚑ ߔࠆ㓸࿅߿ੱߩ㑆ߢἴኂ⣀ᒙᕈߣᓳర㧩࿁ᓳജ 㧔ࠫࠛࡦࠬ㧕߇⇣ߥࠆ߆ࠄߢߔ㧔9KUPGTGVCN 㧕ޕᓥ᧪ߩޟᎿቇ⊛ߥࡂࠩ࠼ߩᓮ㧗 ⵍἴᓟߩᄢ㊂ߩੱᡰេޠࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߪޔਥߣߒ ߡࡂࠩ࠼ߦ߈߆ߌࠆ߽ߩߢࠅޔ␠ળ߇ౝ൮ ߔࠆ⣀ᒙᕈߘߩ߽ߩ߿ޔ␠ળ⊛ߥਇᐔ╬߿ᴦ߿ ⚻ᷣߩࠅᣇߦߪᗧ࿑⊛ߦߪߒߥߩߢޔ⚿ ߆ߌࠆߎߣߦߥࠅ߹ߔޕ 㒐ἴߩታോኅ߇ࠫࠚࡦ࠳⺖㗴ࠍ⠨ᘦߔࠆ߈ ߞ߆ߌߣߥߞߚߩ߽ޔ߹ߚޟᮮᵿᚢ⇛㨪ࠃࠅో ߥ⇇ߦะߌߡޠߢߒߚޕߘߩਛߢᅚᕈߪޔ㒐ἴ ߩ⍮⼂ࠍ߃ޔၞ߿Ꮺߦ߅ߡἴኂ߳ߩ߃ ߣኻᔕޔ࿁ᓳߦਛᔃ⊛ߥᓎഀࠍᨐߚߔਥߣߒߡ ᆎߡ⸒ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ㧔Enarson 㧒 Morrow 1998㧕ޕ ߘߩᓟޔ㒐ἴߩታോ⠪ߣ⎇ⓥ⠪ߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢൻ ߇⇇ၞනߢᕆㅦߦㅴߺޔ߃߫ධࠕࠫࠕޔ ධࠕࡈࠞޔࠞࡉᶏߥߤߩ⻉ၞߢ ߪޔၞ㒐ἴߩ⸘↹߿ታᣉߦࠫࠚࡦ࠳ ಽᨆ߇ขࠅࠇࠄࠇޔࠫࠚࡦ࠳⺖ 㗴ࠍᣉ╷ߦ⋓ࠅㄟࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦ߽ᢛ ߐࠇ߹ߒߚޕἴኂಽ㊁ߢߩࠫࠚࡦ࠳ ⛔⸘ߩᢛߪㆃࠇߡ߹ߔ߇ޔߘ ߩᔅⷐᕈ߽⍮ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ߹ߒ ߚޕ ἴኂಽ㊁ߦ߅ߌࠆࠫࠚࡦ࠳ਥᵹൻ ߦᄢ߈ߊࠍ㐿ߚߩߪޔ╙46 ࿁࿖ㅪ ᇚੱߩᆔຬળޟࡄࡀ࡞㧞㧦ⅣႺ▤ ℂߣ㒐ἴߦ߅ߌࠆࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߩⷞὐޠ 㧔2002 ᐕ㧕ߢߔޕߎߎߢߪޔ㐿⊒ߦἴ ኂࠬࠢᷫߣࠫࠚࡦ࠳ᐔ╬ࠍ⛔วߔࠆߎߣ߇ ឭ໒ߐࠇ߹ߒߚޕೋߡޔἴኂߦ߅ߌࠆࠫࠚࡦ࠳ ⺖㗴ࠍࠃࠅᐢᣣᏱ⊛ߥ⺖㗴߿ਇᐔ╬ߩⷰὐ߆ ࠄ⺰ߓࠆߴ߈ߢࠆߎߣ߇␜ߐࠇߚߩߢߔ㧔ISDR 2002㧕ޕ ࿑㧞ߢ⚫ߒߚࡢࠗ࠭࠽ࠄߦࠃࠆἴኂ ᔨߩᨒ⚵ߺ㧔Wisner et al eds. 2004㧦51㧕ࠍ↪ߡޔ ⻉╷ߦἴኂࠬࠢᷫߣࠫࠚࡦ࠳ᐔ╬ࠍਥᵹ ൻߔࠆߣߪߤ߁߁ߎߣ߆ࠍ⺑ߢ߈߹ߔޕ߹ߕޔ Ꮺౝߢ↵ᅚߦ⣀ᒙᕈ߇ಽ㈩ߐࠇࠆ᭽ሶࠍ࿑ߩ ⍫ශߩะ߈ߦᓥߞߡ߹ߒࠂ߁ޕၞ߿Ꮺߩౝ ㇱߢᐲൻߐࠇߡ߈ߚᘠ⠌ޔᮭജ㈩ಽޔ⾗Ḯ㈩ಽ ߩࠅᣇ߇ᅚᕈߦߣߞߡਇߢࠆߣ߁ᄢ⁁ᴫ
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ߔߥࠊߜޔἴኂ⣀ᒙᕈߣᓳర㧩࿁ᓳജߪޔၞ␠ ળߢࠫࠚࡦ࠳ൻߐࠇߡ᭴▽ߐࠇ߹ߔޕหᤨߦޔ ↵ᅚߦ᥉ㆉ⊛߹ߚߪᧄ⾰⊛ߥἴኂ⣀ᒙᕈ߽ሽߒ ߥߩߢߔޕ․ቯߩᅚᕈ㓸࿅ߦࠆᤨὐߢࠄࠇ ࠆ⣀ᒙᕈߪޔᔅߕߒ߽⛮⛯ߒ߹ߖࠎޕ⣀ᒙᕈߣᓳ ర㧩࿁ᓳജߪޔฦ㓸࿅߿ੱߩ߅߆ࠇߚ⁁ᴫʊࠫ ࠚࡦ࠳ޔᐕ㦂ޔஜᐽ⁁ᘒޔ㓚߇ߩήޔ㓏⚖ޔ ࠛࠬ࠾ࠪ࠹ࠖޔ࿖▤ℂߩߥߤᄙ᭽ߥⷐ ࿃ߦᓇ㗀ߐࠇޔἴኂߩ⒳㘃ߣၞ␠ળߩᢥ⣂ߢ ߹ࠆ߆ࠄߢߔ㧔Wisner et al eds. 2004㧦11-13㧕ޕᰴ ߦޔ࿑ߩ⍫ශߩㅒᣇะߦޔᅚᕈߩ⣀ᒙᕈߩ⁁߆ ࠄߐ߆ߩ߷ߞߡޔߘࠇࠍ⸃ᶖߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆߥࠄޔ ߘߩࠃ߁ߥ⣀ᒙᕈࠍ↢ߺߒߡࠆ␠ળ⚻ᷣ㕙ߢ ߩ⻉╷ࠍ⋥ߒޔ߭ߡߪ⾗Ḯ߿ᯏળ߳ߩࠕࠢ ࠬߣࠦࡦ࠻ࡠ࡞ߩਇᐔ╬߿ࠫࠚࡦ࠳ⷙ▸ߩ ࠅᣇߥߤߦ߹ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠅ߹ߖࠎޕ⻉╷ߦ ἴኂࠬࠢᷫߣࠫࠚࡦ࠳ᐔ╬ࠍਥᵹൻߔࠆߣ ߪޔߘߩࠃ߁ߥޔᣣᏱᕈߦẜἴኂ⣀ᒙᕈߩⷐ࿃ ߦⓍᭂ⊛ߦߒޔ৻ߟ߭ߣߟୃᱜߔࠆᬺߦઁ ߥࠄߥߩߢߔޕ ߎߩၮᧄ⼂ߪޔ2005 ᐕߦౣ߮㐿ߐࠇߚ╙2 ࿁࿖ㅪ㒐ἴ⇇ળ⼏㧔ᚭᏒ㧕ߢណᛯߐࠇߚޟ ᐶⴕേᨒ⚵ߺޠߣޟᐶⴕേᨒ⚵ߺఝవⴕേޠߦ ฃߌ⛮߇ࠇߡ߹ߔޕࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߩⷞὐ߆ࠄߩ╙ ৻ߩఝవ⺖㗴ߣߒߡޔߔߴߡߩ㒐ἴ╷߿⸘↹ߩ ᚑቯߦᅚᕈ߇ෳ↹ߒޔᅚᕈߩⷞὐࠍዉߔ ࠆߎߣ߇ឭ໒ߐࠇ߹ߒߚޕ ߹ߚޔޟੱᙗ┨ߣἴኂេഥߦ㑐ߔࠆᦨૐၮ Ḱޠ㧔ࠬࡈࠖࠕࠬ࠲ࡦ࠳࠼㧕ߦઍߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ ߦޔੱᯏ㑐߇ἴኂߩ✕ᕆេഥ߿ᓳ⥝㐿⊒ߦ߅ ߡㆩߔߴ߈ၮḰ߇⸳ቯߐࠇߡ߹ߔޕ✕ᕆᤨߦ ᓟ࿁ߒߦߐࠇ߇ߜߥࠫࠚࡦ࠳߿ࡑࠗࡁ࠹ࠖߩ ⷞὐࠍޔੱᮭࠍၮᧄߦߒߡ㓚ߒߡߊേ߈ߢߔޕ ᄙߊߩ࿖ㅪᯏ㑐߿࿖㓙⊛ߥ㧺㧳㧻ߪޔਇߥ┙႐ ߦࠆੱޘߩੱᮭࠍ㓚ߒޔࠛࡦࡄࡢࡔࡦ࠻ࠍⓥ⠪ߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߢࠆGender and Disaster Network ߇ᚑߒߚࡄࡦࡈ࠶࠻ޟἴኂߦ߅ߌࠆ ࠫࠚࡦ࠳ᐔ╬㧦ᢇេߣἴኂᓳ⥝ߦ߅ߌࠆ㧢ߟߩ ේೣޠ㧔Gender Equality in Disasters: Six Principles for Engendered Relief and Reconstructionޔ㇌⸶:࿖㓙ㅪ วၞ㐿⊒ࡦ࠲㒐ἴ⸘↹ᐶോᚲ㧕ߦߪޔ ἴኂߣࠫࠚࡦ࠳ࠍߋࠆ࿖㓙⊛ߥᣉ╷ߩ㛽ሶ߇ ◲ẖߦ߹ߣࠄࠇߡ߹ߔ㧔Gender Disaster Network 2011㧕ޕߘߩ╙৻ߩේೣߦޟࠫࠚࡦ࠳ ᐔ╬ߣἴኂࠬࠢシᷫߩේೣߪޔἴኂߦࠃࠆᓇ㗀 ߩシᷫޔኻᔕޔߘߒߡᓳ⥝߹ߢߩߔߴߡߩㆊ⒟ࠍ వዉߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥޕޠߣࠅ߹ߔޕߪޔ ╷߿ᐲߦᄌൻࠍ߽ߚࠄߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޟ࠴ࡖ ࡦࠬߩ⓹ޠ߇㐿ߡࠆ⁁ᴫߢߔޕߎߘ߇ޔ࿖ 㓙⊛ߥἴኂኻ╷ߩầᵹߦࠄࠇࠆࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߩⷞ ὐߩขࠅㄟߺࠍෳᾖߦߒߟߟޔ╷߿ᐲߩឭ⸒ ࠍⴕ߁ߣ߈ߣ⠨߃߹ߔޕ 㧟㧚ౕ⊛ߥᣉ╷ߩ ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ࿖㓙⊛ߥầᵹ߇ޔౕൻߐࠇߚ႐ ߢߩᣉ╷ߩࠍޔ╩⠪߇⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߣߒߡࠆࡃ ࡦࠣ࠺ࠪࡘߩㄘㇱ߆ࠄ⚫ߒ߹ߒࠂ߁ޕᣣᧄ ߣਗ߱ࠕࠫࠕߩἴኂᄙ⊒࿖ߢࠆࡃࡦࠣ࠺ࠪࡘ ߢߪޔᣣޔᵩ᳓߿ࠨࠗࠢࡠࡦߩᏱⷅߢၞߦ ࠄߔᅚᕈߚߜ߇↵ᕈߣߦἴኂࠬࠢࠍシᷫߔ ࠆߚߩ㐿⊒ᬺ߿㒐ἴᵴേޔἴኂᓟߩᢇេᵴേ ߦᓥߔࠆᆫࠍᄙߊ⋡ߦߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߔޕߒ ߆ߒޔἴኂߦ㑐ㅪߒߚᵴേߦᅚᕈ߇ᵴ⊒ߦෳടߔ ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚߩߪᣂߒߊޔ1990 ᐕઍߩᓟඨએ 㒠ߩߎߣߢߔޕࡓࠬࡓ߇ੱญߩ9 ഀࠍභࠆ␠ ળߦߞߡޔᅚᕈ߇Ꮺᄖߩ⊛ߥᵴേߦᓥߔ ࠆߎߣ߇ᅑബߐࠇߥਛߢ߽ޔἴኂ㑐ㅪߩᵴേߦ ߪᅚᕈߚߜ߇⏕ታߦෳടߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ߈߹ߒ ߚޕߘߒߡޔᅚᕈߚߜߩෳടߪ⏕ߥᚑᨐࠍߍ
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ߩᐕ㦂ጀߢᅚᕈߩᣇ߇ᱫ₸߇㜞ߊޔ20㧙49 ᱦ ߢᅚᕈߩᱫ₸ߪ↵ᕈߩ4㧙5 ߦ㆐ߒ߹ߒߚ㧔ᳰ ↰ޔ1996㧦127-128㧕ޕᒰᤨޔ⊛ߥ㒐ἴ⚵❱߿✕ ᕆᢇេߩ⚵❱ߩਛᔃ⊛ᜂᚻߪ↵ᕈߢޔᅚᕈߪឃ 㒰ߐࠇࠆะߦࠅޔᅚᕈߦዯߊᡰេࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ ߩ㒢⇇߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ߹ߒߚ㧔Begum 1993㧕ޕߒ ߆ߒޔ2007 ᐕߦหߓ⒟ᐲߩജࠍᜬߟࠨࠗࠢࡠ ࡦ߇ⷅ᧪ߒߚ㓙ߦߪޔᱫ⠪ⴕᣇਇ⠪ᢙࠍ⚂ 4,200 ੱߦߣߤࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߒߚޕᕈߩ‶ †⠪⛔⸘ߪᓧࠄࠇߥ߽ߩߩޔ↵ᅚߩᱫ₸ߩᩰ Ꮕߪᡷༀߐࠇߚߎߣ߇␜ໂߐࠇޔἴኂߦ߅ߌࠆ↵ ᅚߩ⣀ᒙᕈߩᩰᏅ߇⸃ᶖߐࠇࠆᣇะߢࠫࠚࡦ࠳ ⷙ▸߿ᅚᕈߩᓎഀ߇ᄌൻߒߟߟࠆߩߢߪߥ߆ ߣ⼏⺰ߐࠇߡ߹ߔ㧔Paul 2009; 2010㧕ޕ 1991 ᐕߩࠨࠗࠢࡠࡦᓟߦ╩⠪߇ⵍἴࠍ⸰ࠇ ߚᤨߦߪޔ✕ᕆᢇេ߿ᓳ⥝ߦᅚᕈߩᆫߪోߊߥߊޔ ᅚᕈ᳃߇ᵴ⊒ߦᗧࠍ⸒߁ߎߣߪ߶ߣࠎߤࠅ ߹ߖࠎߢߒߚ߇ޔ2007 ᐕߩࠨࠗࠢࡠࡦᓟߦหߓ ⵍἴࠍ⸰ߨߚ㓙ߦߪޔᄙߊߩᅚᕈ߇ᵴべߔࠆᆫ ߇ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ߹ߒߚޕⵍἴߣᓳ⥝ߩ ㆊ⒟ߦ߅ߌࠆ↵ᅚߩ⚻㛎ߩ㆑߿ޔ㓹↪߿ቛߥ ߤᓳ⥝ߩߚߦᔅⷐߥ⾗Ḯ߳ߩࠕࠢࠬߩਇᐔ╬ ߦ㑐ߒߡޔଐὼߣߒߡ⺖㗴ߪᄙ߽ߩߩޔࡃࡦࠣ ࠺ࠪࡘߩᅚᕈߚߜߪޔ⏕ታߦἴኂߦ┙ߜะ߆߁ ജࠍߟߌߡ߹ߔޕ 㧨㒐ἴߩⴕ㨯⥄ᴦ⚵❱ߩᢛߣᅚᕈߩෳട㧪 ࡃࡦࠣ࠺ࠪࡘߢߪޔ㒐ἴߩⴕ⊛ขࠅ⚵ߺ ߇⪭߆ࠄ࿖ኅߩࡌ࡞߹ߢᢛߐࠇޔᵩ᳓߿ࠨ ࠗࠢࡠࡦߩᏱⷅၞߦߪޔⴕߛߌߢߪߥߊᄙߊ ߩNGO ߽㒐ἴ᳃⚵❱ߩ⚿ᚑࠍଦߒޔⶄᢙߩ㒐 ἴ᳃⚵❱߇ሽߒߡ߹ߔޕߎࠇࠄߩ⚵❱ߪޔ ⋡⊛߽⼊ႎવ㆐ߣ✕ᕆᢇេߩߺࠍⴕ߁߽ߩ߆ࠄޔ ㄘ㐿⊒ߩᄢ߈ߥᨒ⚵ߺߩਛߢἴኂࠬࠢᷫࠍ ታߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ߽ߩ߹ߢޔᄙ᭽ߢߔޕ1997 ᐕߩ ຬ㧔12 ⼏Ꮸਛ3 ⼏Ꮸ߇ᅚᕈߦ⇐㧕ߒ߆ᅚᕈ߇ ߹ߖࠎߢߒߚޕߒ߆ߒޔߢߪၞߢᵴേߔࠆ NGO ࡢࠞ߿ᐭ⋭ᐡߩ᥉ຬ߽߹ࠇޔ߅ ߅ߨ3 ಽߩ㧝⒟ᐲߪᅚᕈ߇භߡ߹ߔޕ৻ᣇޔ NGO ߩᡰេߦࠃࠆ㒐ἴᆔຬળߦߪޔߘߩ᭴ᚑຬ ߩ40㧑ࠍᅚᕈߣߔࠆޔ߹ߚߪ↵ᅚᲧࠍඨޘߦߔ ࠆߥߤߩⷙቯ߇ࠅޔᄢታⴕߐࠇߡ߹ߔ㧔ᳰ ↰ 2011㧕ޕ ᅚᕈߚߜ߇㒐ἴߩᆔຬળߦෳടߒߡࠆߎߣ ߪ㕖Ᏹߦᄢ߈ߥᗧࠍᜬߜ߹ߔޕ㒐ἴᆔຬળߩ㊀ ⷐߥߩ৻ㇱߪㆱ㔍ߩ⺃ዉߣㆱ㔍ᚲߩ▤ℂߢߔ ߇ޔᅚᕈ߇ㆱ㔍ࠍଦߖ߫ᅚᕈߪㆱ㔍ߒ߿ߔߒޔ ㆱ㔍ᚲߦ↥ᇎ߇Ᏹ㚢ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߒߚߢߪޔᅧ↥ ᇚߩߩߺߥࠄߕޔ↥ᇎ߇ᅚᕈߩߐ߹ߑ߹ߥ⋧ ⺣ߦਸ਼ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߒߚޕ߹ߚޔἴኂࠬࠢ ᷫ߇ࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߩⷞὐࠍᜬߞߡⴕࠊࠇࠆߚߦߪޔ ⣀ᒙᕈߩಽᨆޔ㒐ἴ⸘↹ߩᗧᕁቯ߿ታᣉߦᅚᕈ ߇↵ᕈߣߣ߽ߦਥ⊛ߦෳടߔࠆߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߢߔޕ ၞߦ߅ߡ㒐ἴ⸘↹ߩᗧᕁቯ߿⾗Ḯ㈩ಽ߇ⴕ ࠊࠇࠆਥⷐߥࡊࡠࠬ߿⼏㗴⸳ቯߘߩ߽ߩߦᅚᕈ ߇ᐔ╬ߦෳടߒޔ߈߆ߌߥ㒢ࠅޔᄌൻࠍ߽ߚ ࠄߔߎߣߪߢ߈߹ߖࠎޕ 㧨ࠫࠚࡦ࠳ⷞὐߦࠃࠆ⣀ᒙᕈߣ࿁ᓳജߩಽᨆ㧪 ἴኂࠬࠢᷫߩಽᨆᬺߣ⸘↹┙᩺ߪޔ ੱ߆ߩ㒐ἴߦᓥߔࠆ࠳⊛ߥᅚᕈߛߌ߇ෳ ടߔࠆߩߢߪਇචಽߢߔޕἴኂࠬࠢᷫߩಽᨆ ߪޔἴኂߩ੍㒐ߛߌߢߪߥߊޔᓳ⥝߿ᣂߚߥἴኂ ߦ߃ࠆߚߦ╷߿りߩ࿁ࠅߩᬺࠍ⋥ߔ㓙 ߥߤߦ߽ᔅⷐߢߔ߇ޔߘߩ㓙ߦ↵ᅚߩ৻⥸᳃߇ ෳടߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦᎿᄦߐࠇߡ߹ߔޕ߃߫ᔅߕ ᅚᕈߛߌߩ㓸ળࠍⴕߞߡޔᅚᕈߩᗧࠍᤋߢ߈ ࠆࠃ߁ߦߔࠆߎߣޔ⸘↹╷ቯߩߚߩఝవ㗅ઃ ߌߥߤߢ߽ᅚᕈߩᗧ߇ᓟ࿁ߒߦߐࠇߥࠃ߁ߦ ᚻ㗅ߦᎿᄦ߇ߥߐࠇߡ߹ߔޕ15
ࠖࠕߦᅚᕈࠍჇ߿ߔߎߣߢߔޕ߃߫ࡃࡦࠣ࠺ ࠪࡘߩ⼊ႎવ㆐ㆱ㔍⺃ዉࡏࡦ࠹ࠖࠕ㧟㧕ߪޔ1972 ᐕߦ1 ࡙࠾࠶࠻↵ᕈ 5 ੱ㧔⼊ႎવ㆐ޔㆱ㔍⺃ዉޔ ᢇഥޔᔕᕆᚻᒰޔᢇេ‛⾗㈩Ꮣߩᓎഀࠍಽᜂ㧕ߛ ߌߢࠬ࠲࠻ߒ߹ߒߚ߇ޔ1980ᐕߦ2ੱߩᅚᕈࡏ ࡦ࠹ࠖࠕ߇ᔕᕆᚻᒰߣ⼊ႎવ㆐ߩᓎഀߢടࠊࠅ ߹ߒߚޕ2006 ᐕߦ 1 ࡙࠾࠶࠻↵ᕈ 10 ੱߣᅚᕈ 5 ੱࠍណ↪ߔࠆᣇ㊎߇ᛂߜߐࠇ߹ߒߚޕ 㧨ᡰេ⚵❱߳ߩࠫࠚࡦ࠳ⷞὐߩዉ㧪 ᐭ᳃㑆ࠍࠊߕޔ߹ߚ✕ᕆᢇេᓳ⥝ߥߤ ᡰេߩౝኈࠍࠊߕޔᡰេ࿅߇ㅢߒߡផߒㅴ ࠆߴ߈ࠫࠚࡦ࠳ਥᵹൻߩࠬ࠹࠶ࡊࠍޔਥⷐߥ ᡰេ࿅߇ߒߡޔἴኂߦ㑐ߔࠆᡰេᵴേ߳ߩ ࠫࠚࡦ࠳ਥᵹൻߩㅴ⁁ᴫࠍ⹏ଔߒޔႎ๔ߔࠆ ᵴേߥߤ߇ࠄࠇ߹ߔޕ߃߫ޔࡃࡦࠣ࠺ࠪࡘ ߩ࠼࠽ળวߩἴኂኻ╷ㇱળޟࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߣ ἴኂޠࠨࡉㇱળߢߪޔ࠴ࠚ࠶ࠢࠬ࠻ߩࡈࠜࡑ ࠶࠻ࠍᚑߒߡޔㇱળߦෳടߒߡࠆᡰេ࿅ߦ ႎ๔ߔࠆࠃ߁ផᅑߒߡ߹ߔ㧔DER Working Group on Gender and Diversity in Disasters 2006㧕ޕ㧠㧚߅ࠊࠅߦ 㧙building back better
1991ᐕߩᄢࠨࠗࠢࡠࡦߩᤨޔ㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 ߌᣇޔ㜞ầߩ᳓߇ᒁ߈ᆎߚ㗃ߦߪሶߤ ߽ߚߜߪ᳇ࠍᄬߞߡߚޕరߩࠃ߁ߦ↢ ᵴߢ߈ࠆߩ߆ޔᗐ߽ߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚޕኅ ߦᚯߞߡߺࠆߣޔኅ߇ߥ߆ߞߚޕ㍿߽⋁ ߽ޔ〔ᒻ߽ߥ߆ߞߚޕ㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯ߎߩߢ ජߣ߁ੱ߇ᱫࠎߛޕ߽ߒޔหߓᄢ߈ ߐߩࠨࠗࠢࡠࡦ߇᧪ߡ߽ޔ⑳ߚߜߪᤄߩ ࠃ߁ߦߪᱫߥߥޕ⑳ߚߜߪߚߊߐࠎቇ ࠎߛޕߚߊߐࠎ⍮⼂ࠍᓧߡޔ⥄ା߽ߢ߈ ߚޕ ߎߩᒁ↪ߪޔ➅ࠅߒࠨࠗࠢࡠࡦߩ㜞ầἴኂ ߦⷅࠊࠇߡ߈ߚࡃࡦࠣ࠺ࠪࡘߩᴪጯၞߢޔ㓸 ⪭ߩ㒐ἴᆔຬߣߒߡᵴേߔࠆᅚᕈ߇2008 ᐕߦ╩ ⠪ߦ⺆ߞߚ⸒⪲ߢߔޕᐕ߆චᐕ߆ᓟߦޔ⑳ߚ ߜ߇2011 ᐕ㧟 11 ᣣࠍᝄࠅࠆߣ߈ޔߎߩࡃࡦ ࠣ࠺ࠪࡘᅚᕈߩࠃ߁ߦ⥄ାߦḩߜߡ⺆ࠇࠆࠃ߁ ߦߥߞߡߚߣᒝߊ㗿߹ߔޕᣣᧄ߇ࡎࠬ࠻࿖ ߣߥߞߡⴕࠊࠇߚ2 ࿁ߩ࿖ㅪ⇇㒐ἴળ⼏ߦ⊒ߒ ߡ⇇ฦߩⵍἴߩᅚᕈߚߜߦᄌൻࠍ߽ߚࠄߒ ߡ߈ߚޔἴኂߣ↵ᅚหෳ↹ߩ࿖㓙⊛ầᵹ߆ࠄޔ ᣣᧄߩ⑳ߚߜ⥄り߇ቇ߱ߴ߈ߎߣߪᄙߩߢߔޕ ᓳ⥝ߩ㓙ߦࠃߊ⺆ࠄࠇࠆࠠࡢ࠼ߣߒߡ ‘Building Back Better’߇ࠅ߹ߔޕἴኂߩ೨ߦߞ ߚ␠ળࠃࠅ߽ޔ⦟␠ળࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡᓳ⥝ߒࠃ߁ޔ ߣ߁ᗧߢߔޕᓳ⥝ߔࠆߣ߁ߎߣ߇ޔἴኂએ ೨ߩరㅢࠅߩʊἴኂߦ⣀ᒙߥʊ␠ળߦᚯࠆߣ ߁ᗧߢߞߡߪߥࠅ߹ߖࠎޕࠫࠚࡦ࠳߿᭽ޘ ߥ␠ળ⊛ዻᕈߦၮߠߊਇᐔ╬߿Ꮕࠍ߽రㅢࠅߦ ᓳరߒߡߒ߹ߞߡߪޔหߓࠃ߁ߥἴኂ߇߈ࠇ߫ޔ ߹ߚหߓࠃ߁ߥ⺖㗴߇┙ߜࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆߢߒ ࠂ߁ޕἴኂߣࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߣ߁ಽ㊁ߪޔޔഭ ޔዬޔⴝߠߊࠅޔജߥߤᄙᢙߩಽ㊁ߣࠫࠚ ࡦ࠳ߣἴኂߩᏅゲ߆ࠄߥࠅ߹ߔޕᣣᏱߦẜ ἴኂ⣀ᒙᕈࠍലᨐ⊛ߦᡷༀߔࠆߦߪޔၞߦሽ ߒߡࠆᣣᏱߩࠫࠚࡦ࠳⺖㗴ߩߥ߆ߦἴኂࠬ ࠢࠍߒߞ߆ࠅߣ⟎ߠߌߡᛠីߒޔߘࠇࠍ߃ࠆ ᒻߢᜰ៰ߒߡߊദജ߇ᔅⷐߢߔޕ ᒁ↪ᢥ₂ ᳰ↰ᕺሶ㧔2011㧕ޟࡠࠞ࡞ߥ㐿⊒ࠛࠫࠚࡦ࠻ޠ ߪ㐿⊒ߣࠫࠚࡦ࠳ࠍᜂ߃ࠆ߆ 㧙ࡃࡦࠣ࠺ ࠪࡘߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㒐ἴޠޡ2006㧙2008 ᐕᐲ⑼ ቇ⎇ⓥ⾌ഥ㊄㨇ၮ⋚⎇ⓥB]ࡠࠞ࡞ࡦࠪ ࠹ࠖࡉߥޟ㐿⊒ߣࠫࠚࡦ࠳ޠ⎇ⓥߩ᭴▽ࠍ⋡ ᜰߒߡޢ㧔⎇ⓥઍ⠪ ᾢ⼱⍮㧕pp.111-128
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࠺ࠪࡘߩࠨࠗࠢࡠࡦኻ╷ʊޠ㑐ሶᧁᧄ༑⟤ ሶ✬ޡࠫࠚࡦ࠳߆ࠄ⇇ࠍ⺒ޢ⍹ᦠᐫ㧘 121-147㧚 ෘ↢⋭㧔1995㧕ޡ࿖᳃ⴡ↢ߩേะ1995ޢෘ↢⛔⸘ දળBegum, Rashseda. (1993). Women in environmental disasters: the 1991 cyclone in Bangladesh. Focus on Gender 1 (1): pp. 34-39.
Bradshaw, Sarah (2001). Reconstructing Roles and Relations: Women’s Participation in Reconstruction in Post-Mitch Nicaragua.” Gender and Development 9/3.
Delaney, Patricia and Elizabeth Shrader. (2000). Gender and Post-Disaster Reconstruction: The Case of Hurricane Mitch in Honduras and Nicaragua. Report prepared for the World Bank. Available on- line:
http://www.gdnonline.org/sourcebook/chapt/doc_vie w.php?id=7&docid=646㧔2011 ᐕ 6 1 ᣣᦨ⚳ࠕ ࠢࠬ㧕.
DER Working Group on Gender and Diversity in Disasters (Local Consultative Ggroup, Bangladesh), (2006) Disaster and Emergency Response (DER) Group Gender and Diversity Checklist for Disaster and Emergency Response. LCG Bangladesh. Enarson, Elaine. (2001) ‘We want work”: Rural Women
in the Gujarat Drought and Earthquake. Quick Response Report #135, Natural Hazards Center, University of Colorado. Available on-line: http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/research/qr/qr135/q r135.html 㧔2011 ᐕ6 1 ᣣᦨ⚳ࠕࠢࠬ㧕 Enarson, Elaine & P.G. Dhar Chakrabarti (2009) Women,
Gender and Disaster: Global Issues and Initiatives, SAGE
Enarson, E., & B. Morrow eds, (1998) The Gendered Terrain of Disaster: Through Women’s Eyes. Praeger.
Fisher, Sarah (2010) Violence Against Women and Natural Disasters: Findings From Post-Tsunami Sri Lanka, Violence Against Women, 16(8):902-918
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Lovekamp, William (2003) Gender and Disaster: a Synthesis of Flood Research in Bangladesh. In Brenda Phillips and Betty Hearn Morrow (eds.), Women and Disasters. Exlibris publication. Neumayer, Eric, and Thomas Plümper (2007) The
Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic Events on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy, 1981–2002. Annals of the American Association of Geographers 97 (3) : 551–66. Oxfam (2005) The Tsunami’s Impact on Women,
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Wisner B. et al, (1994=2004), At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability and Disasters. .Routledge.
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ᮡߪޔ⾓㊄ޔዞഭ⡯ᬺㆬᛯޔ⸃㓹ޔࠢ ࡂޔ⼊ኤァߥߤߦ߅ߌࠆᅚᕈᲧޔ␠ળ ⊛ߩᜰᮡߪޔ⋧⛯ޔᇕᆪޔ⽷↥ᮭޔ⒖ േᣏⴕޔᢎ⢒ޔࡊࡠ࠳ࠢ࠹ࠖࡉࡋ࡞ࠬ㧛 ࠗ࠷ߢࠆޕ 㧞㧕 1991 ᐕ㧠ߦࡃࡦࠣ࠺ࠪࡘߩ࠴࠶࠲ࠧࡦ ᣇࠍⷅߞߚࠨࠗࠢࡠࡦߦࠃࠆ㜞ầἴኂߪ㧘 ⵍἴߩ৻ㇱߩߺߦ㑐ߒߡߢߪࠆ߇㧘ᕈ ᐕ㦂ߩ‶†⠪⛔⸘߇ᓧࠄࠇࠆᏗዋߥἴ ኂߢࠆޕἴኂߩ↵ᅚⵍኂ⠪⛔⸘ߪ㧘 ߣࠅࠊߌ㐿⊒ㅜ࿖ၞߦ߅ߡߪᓧࠄ ࠇߦߊޕ2007 ᐕ11 ߩࠨࠗࠢࡠࡦࠪ࠼ ࡞ߦ㑐ߔࠆᑼߥᕈߩ‶†⠪⛔⸘ߪ▤ ߩ㒢ࠅᒰߚࠄߥޕ㧟㧕CPP㧔Cyclone Preparedness Program㧕ߣ߫ࠇޔ 32ߩ274࡙࠾ࠝࡦߢ⚿ᚑߐࠇߡࠆޕᵴേ නߢࠆ࡙࠾࠶࠻ߪ2845 ࠆ 㧔Bangladesh Red Crescent Society ޔ 2007 ޔ Cyclone Preparedness Program.㧕ޕ
