展示飼育下のアカキツネにおける繁殖成績の向上に関する研究

Title 展示飼育下のアカキツネにおける繁殖成績の向上に関する_{研究( 本文(Fulltext) )} Author(s) 谷津, 實 Report No.(Doctoral Degree) 博士(獣医学) 乙第164号 Issue Date 2019-03-13 Type 博士論文 Version ETD URL http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12099/77980 ※この資料の著作権は、各資料の著者・学協会・出版社等に帰属します。

ᒎ♧㣫⫱ୗࡢ࢔࢝࢟ࢶࢿ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⦾Ṫᡂ⦼ࡢྥୖ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲

2018 ᖺ

ᒱ㜧኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔㐃ྜ⋇་Ꮫ◊✲⛉

ᒎ

ᒎ♧㣫⫱ୗࡢ࢔࢝࢟ࢶࢿ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⦾Ṫᡂ⦼ࡢྥୖ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲

i ┠ ┠  ḟ Abbreviation ⥴ㄽ                                1 ➨ 1 ❶ ᒎ♧㣫⫱ୗࡢ೺ᗣ࢔࢝࢟ࢶࢿ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣂ࢖ࢱࣝࢧ࢖ࣥ࡜⮫ᗋ᳨ᰝ್ࡢ ᇶ‽⠊ᅖ 1. ᗎㄽ                                6 2. ᮦᩱཬࡧ᪉ἲ                         7 2-1 ౪ヨື≀࡜㣫⫱᮲௳                       7 2-2 ಖᐃ㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 8  2-3 ᥇⾑                             8  2-4 ᳨ᰝ                             8 2-5 ⤫ィゎᯒ                            10 3. ⤖ᯝ                                10 4. ⪃ᐹ                              11 5. ᑠᣓ 13 ᅗ⾲                              14 ➨2 ❶ 㞤࢔࢝࢟ࢶࢿࡢཷ⫾⬟࡟ᑐࡍࡿᏊᐑ㢕⟶⢓ᾮ㟁Ẽ᢬ᢠ㸦VER㸧್࡜஺ᑿ  ᣢ⥆᫬㛫ࡢᙳ㡪 1. ᗎㄽ                               17 2. ᮦᩱཬࡧ᪉ἲ                        18 2-1 ౪ヨື≀࡜᳨ウෆᐜ                      18 2-2 VER ್ࡢ ᐃ                        19

ii 2-3 ⤫ィゎᯒ                            20 3㸬⤖ᯝ                             20 3-1 Ⓨ᝟ᚩೃ䛸 VER ್䛸䛾㛵ಀ                    20 3-2 ཷ⫾ࡢ᭷↓࡜ VER ࡢࣆ࣮ࢡ್࡜ࡢ㛵㐃ᛶ           20 3-3 VER 㧗್䜢♧䛩㞤ಶయ䛻䛚䛡䜛஺ᑿᣢ⥆᫬㛫࡜ཷ⫾⋡ࡢ㛵ಀ 21 4㸬⪃ᐹ 21 5. ᑠᣓ 23 ᅗ⾲ 24 ➨ 3 ❶ ࢔࢝࢟ࢶࢿ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⢭ᾮ᥇ྲྀ࡜ேᕤᤵ⢭ἲࡢ᳨ウ 1. ᗎㄽ 27 2㸬ᮦᩱཬࡧ᪉ἲ 28 2-1 ౪ヨື≀ 28 2-2 ⢭ᾮࡢ᥇ྲྀ 28 2-3 ∵⏝⢭ᾮᕼ㔘ᾮ 29 2-4 ⢭ᾮࡢᕼ㔘ㄪᩚ࡜෾⤖ಖᏑ 29 2-5 ⢭ᾮὀධჾ 30 2-6 ேᕤᤵ⢭ 30 2-7 ⤫ィゎᯒ 30 3㸬⤖ᯝ 31 3-1 㟁Ẽ่⃭ᑕ⢭ࡢ㟁ᅽ࡜᥇⢭⋡ 31 3-2 ᥇ྲྀࡋࡓ⢭ᾮࡢᛶ≧ 31 3-3 3~4 V ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᥇ྲྀ᫬ࡢ⢭ᾮ㔞㸪⢭Ꮚᩘཬࡧ⢭Ꮚ⏕Ꮡᣦᩘ 31 3-4 ෾⤖⼥ゎ᫬ࡢ⢭Ꮚ⏕Ꮡᣦᩘ 32 3-5 ேᕤᤵ⢭࡟࠾ࡅࡿཷ⫾⋡ 32 4㸬⪃ᐹ 32

iii 5㸬ᑠᣓ 34 ᅗ⾲ 35 ➨ 4 ❶ ࢔࢝࢟ࢶࢿࡢ⮬↛஺㓄࡜ேᕤᤵ⢭࡟࠾ࡅࡿཷ⫾ࣉࣟࣇ࢓࢖ࣝ 1. ᗎㄽ 40 2㸬ᮦᩱཬࡧ᪉ἲ 41 2-1 ౪ヨື≀                         41 2-2 ⮬↛஺㓄 41 2-3 ேᕤᤵ⢭                         42 2-4 ⮬↛஺㓄࡜ேᕤᤵ⢭ࡢཷ⫾⋡㸪ዷፎᮇ㛫ཬࡧ⏘Ꮚᩘ 42 2-5 ึ⏘࡜⤒⏘㛫ࡢ⤫ィゎᯒ 42 2-6 ⤫ィゎᯒ 43 3㸬⤖ᯝ 43 3-1 ⮬↛஺㓄࡜ேᕤᤵ⢭ࡢཷ⫾⋡㸪ዷፎᮇ㛫ཬࡧ⏘Ꮚᩘ 43 3-2 ึ⏘࡜⤒⏘࡟࠾ࡅࡿཷ⫾⋡㸪ዷፎᮇ㛫ཬࡧ⏘Ꮚᩘ 43 4㸬⪃ᐹ 44 5㸬ᑠᣓ 45 ᅗ⾲ 46 ⥲ᣓ 48 ㅰ㎡ 52 Ꮫ఩ㄽᩥࡢᇶ࡟࡞ࡗࡓᢞ✏ㄽᩥ 53 ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ 54

iv Abbreviation

ELISA Enzyme-linked immuno- sorbent assay 㓝⣲⤖ྜච␿྾╔ἲ

LH Luteinizing hormone 㯤యᙧᡂ࣍ࣝࣔࣥ

Ω Ohm ࣮࣒࢜

SD Standard deviation ᶆ‽೫ᕪ

SEM Standard error of the mean ᶆ‽ㄗᕪ

V Voltage 㟁ᅽ

VEC Vaginal electrical conductivity Ꮚᐑ㢕⟶⢓ᾮ㟁Ẽఏᑟᗘ VER Vaginal electrical resistance Ꮚᐑ㢕⟶⢓ᾮ㟁Ẽ᢬ᢠ

1 ⥴ ⥴    ㄽ ᡃ䛜ᅜ䛻䛚䛔䛶䜻䝒䝛䛿ྛᆅ䛾Ẹヰ䛻Ⓩሙ䛧䠈ྂ᮶䜘䜚✄Ⲵ᫂⚄䛾䛚౑䛔䠄䛚௙䛘䠅䛸䛧 䛶䠈䛒䜛䛔䛿 “䜻䝒䝛ⅆ” 䜔 “䜻䝒䝛㞵”㻌 䛾⮬↛⌧㇟䛻౛䛘䜙䜜䜛䜋䛹䠈ᗈ䛟ே䚻䛾⏕ά䛻 ᐦ╔䛧䛯Ꮡᅾ䛷䛒䛳䛯 [30]䚹཯㠃䠈≾⊶䛷ᦶヅ୙ᛮ㆟䛺⬟ຊ䜢ᣢ䛴䛸䛾ゝ䛔ఏ䛘䜒䛒䜚䠈 ㌟㏆䛻䛔䜛๭䛻䛿ㅦ䜑䛔䛯㒊ศ䛾䛒䜛ື≀䛷䛒䜛䚹 䜻䝒䝛䛾⿕ẟ䛿㛗ẟ䛷ಖ ຊ䛻ඃ䜜ගἑ䛜䛒䜛䛣䛸䛛䜙䠈໭Ḣ䛷䛿ྂ䛟䛛䜙⾰᭹䛸䛧䛶㔜 ᐆ䛥䜜䛶䛝䛯䚹ᡃ䛜ᅜ䛷䛿䠈Ụᡞᚋᮇ䜎䛷⚍஦䛻౑⏝䛥䜜䜛⛬ᗘ䛷⾰᭹䛸䛧䛶䛾㟂せ䛿Ṥ 䛹䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹䛭䛾⌮⏤䛸䛧䛶䠈Ẽೃ䛜 㡰䛷ẟ⓶䛿≉䛻ᚲせ䛜䛺䛛䛳䛯䛣䛸䠈‵Ẽ䛜㧗䛔⎔ ቃୗ䛷䛿ಖ⟶⥔ᣢ䛜㞴䛧䛛䛳䛯䛣䛸䠈ẅ⏕䜢ዲ䜎䛺䛔㎰⪔Ẹ᪘䛷䛒䛳䛯䛣䛸䠈㎰స≀䛻⿕ ᐖ䜢୚䛘䜛㔝䝛䝈䝭䜔᪻⹸䛛䜙Ᏺ䛳䛶䛟䜜䜛᭷┈䛺ື≀䛸䛧䛶ඹᏑ䛧䛶䛝䛯䛣䛸䛜ᣲ䛢䜙䜜䜛䚹 䛧䛛䛧䠈᫂἞䛻ධ䜛䛸㌷㟂⏝ẟ⓶䛸䛧䛶ぢ┤䛥䜜䠈㔝⏕䜻䝒䝛䛾⊁⊟䛜┒䜣䛸䛺䜚䠈୍᫬ᮇ 㔜せ䛺㍺ฟရ䛸䛺䛳䛶䛔䛯䚹኱ṇึᮇ䛻ᡃ䛜ᅜ䛷ึ䜑䛶䠈ᶟኴ䛷䜻䝒䝛䛾㣴Ṫ䛜ጞ䜎䜚䠈 ᫛࿴䛻䛺䜛䛸䠈㌷㟂⏝䛾௚䛻፬ே⏝⿦㣭䛻䜻䝒䝛䛾ẟ⓶䛜⌋㔜䛥䜜䠈㣴Ṫ䛻ᢿ㌴䛜䛛䛛䛳 䛯䚹ᡓᚋ䜒㣴Ṫ⏘ᴗ䛸䛧䛶ᡂ㛗䛧䛶䛝䛯䛜䠈1980 ᖺ௦༙䜀䛛䜙෇㧗䛻క䛖㍺ฟ䛾ῶᑡ䛸䛸䜒 䛻ᾏእ䛛䜙Ᏻ౯䛺ẟ⓶䛜኱㔞䛻ὶධ䛧䠈᪥ᮏ⏘ẟ⓶䛿኱ᭀⴠ䛧䛯䚹䛥䜙䛻㣵⫗䛸䛧䛶⏝䛔 䛶䛔䛯䜽䝆䝷䛜 1988 ᖺ䛛䜙ᤕ⋓⚗Ṇ䛸䛺䜚ධᡭ䛷䛝䛺䛟䛺䛳䛯䛣䛸䛛䜙䠈 1990 ᖺ༙䜀䛻䛿 ẟ⓶⏝㣴Ṫሙ䛿ᅜෆ䛛䜙䜋䜌ᾘ⁛䛧䛯䚹䛧䛛䛧䠈໭ᾏ㐨䜔ᐑᇛ┴䛷䛿୍㒊ほග⏝䠄౛䛘䜀 “䜅䜜䛒䛔䜻䝒䝛ᮧ”䠅䛸䛧䛶⌧ᅾ䜒㣫⫱䛜⥆䛡䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺Ṕྐⓗ⤒⦋䛛䜙䠈䜻䝒 䝛䛻㛵䛩䜛⦾Ṫ◊✲䛿໭Ḣ䜢୰ᚰ䛻Ⓨᒎ [7-9, 11-15] 䛧䛶䛝䛯䚹ᡃ䛜ᅜ䛷䛿◊✲䛾ᑐ㇟ 䛸䛿䜏䛺䛥䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䛯䜑䛛䠈䜶䜻䝜䝁䝑䜽䝇ឤᰁ䜔㥑㝖䛾䜘䛖䛺䝈䞊䝜䞊䝅䝇䛾ほⅬ [5, 24, 39, 50] 䛒䜛䛔䛿䜻䝒䝛䛾ศᕸ䞉⏕ែ䛻㛵䛩䜛◊✲ [53, 54, 57] 䜢㝖䛝䠈⋇་ᏛⓗどⅬ䛷䛾 ⦾ṪᏛ䜢ྵ䜑䜻䝒䝛䜢ᑐ㇟䛸䛧䛯◊✲䛿ᴟ䜑䛶ᑡ䛺䛔䚹㻌

2

䜻䝒䝛䛿့ங⥘䝛䝁┠䠄㣗⫗┠䠅䜲䝚⛉䜲䝚ள⛉䜻䝒䝛ᒓ䛻ศ㢮䛥䜜䠈໭䜰䝯䝸䜹䛛䜙䝴䞊 䝷䝅䜰ཬ䜃໭䜰䝣䝸䜹䛻䛛䛡䛶䛾໭༙⌫䛷䛿䠈䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛ᒓ䠄Vulpes spp䠊䠅䛸䝩䝑䜻䝵䜽䜻䝒䝛

ᒓ䠄Alopex spp䠊䠅䛾 2 ⣔⤫䛜ᗈ䛟ศᕸ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹ᡃ䛜ᅜ䛷䛿䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛ᒓ䛾ள✀䛷䛒䜛䜻䝍

䜻䝒䝛䠄Vulpes vulpes schrencki䠅䛸䝩䞁䝗䜻䝒䝛䠄Vulpes vulpes japonica䠅䛾 2 ✀䛾䜏䛜᳇ᜥ䛧䠈

䜻䝍䜻䝒䝛䛿୺䛸䛧䛶໭ᾏ㐨䛻䠈䝩䞁䝗䜻䝒䝛䛿ᮏᕞ䠈஑ᕞཬ䜃ᅄᅜᆅᇦ䛻ศᕸ䛧䛶䛔䜛 [53, 54]䚹䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛾⿕ẟ䛿✺↛ኚ␗䛻䜘䜚㑇ఏⓗከᆺ䛜Ꮡᅾ䛧 [11]䠈䜻䝍䜻䝒䝛䜔䝩䞁䝗 䜻䝒䝛䛾䜘䛖䛺䛂䛝䛴䛽Ⰽ䛃䛾௚䛻䠈㖟䜻䝒䝛䠄silver fox䠅䠈䝥䝷䝏䝘䜻䝒䝛䠄platinum fox䠅, Ⲕ 䝥䝷䜻䝒䝛䠄gold platinum fox䠅䜔༑Ꮠ䜻䝒䝛䠄cross fox䠅䛸࿧䜀䜜䜛⿕ẟ䛾䜒䛾䜒䛔䜛䚹

䜻䝒䝛䛿ゎ๗Ꮫⓗ䠈⏕⌮Ꮫⓗཬ䜃⾜ືᏛⓗ≉ᚩ䛛䜙“⊧䛾䜘䛖䛺≟⛉”䛸⛠䛥䜜䜛䛣䛸䛜䛒 䜛䚹≟䛸䛾㢮ఝⅬ䛸䛧䛶䠈ṑ䛾ᮏᩘ䠄Ọஂṑ 42 ᮏ䠅䠈༢Ⓨ᝟ື≀䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䠈㝜ⱼ㦵䜔ட㢌 ⌫䜢᭷䛩䜛䛣䛸䠄஺ᑿ᫬䛻䝁䜲䝍䝹䝻䝑䜽 coital lock 䛜䛛䛛䜛䠅䠈୍᪉䠈⊧䛸䛾㢮ఝⅬ䛸䛧䛶䠈 ▖Ꮝ䛜⦪㛗䛷ኪ㛫䛻䛚䛔䛶どຊ䛜䜘䛟฼䛟䛣䛸䠈ᅄ⫥䛾∎䛜ฟ䛧ධ䜜䛷䛝䜛䛣䛸䠈ṑ䛸∎䛜 ⣽䛟ඛ➃䛜㗦䛔䛣䛸䠈ᮌ䛻Ⓩ䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䛣䛸䠈㧨䛜㛗䛟ゐぬ䛸䛧䛶䛾ᶵ⬟䛜䛒䜛䛣䛸䠈䠈య䛜 ᰂ䜙䛛䛟䛧䛺䜔䛛䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䠈䠈Ⓨ᝟᫬䛾ኌⰍ䛜䛒䜛䚹≟䛸⊧䛾୧✀䛸┦㐪䛩䜛Ⅼ䛸䛧䛶䠈ዷፎ ᮇ㛫䠄᤼༸䛛䜙≟䞉⊧䛷䛿 63 ᪥๓ᚋ䠈䜻䝒䝛䛷䛿 53 ᪥๓ᚋ䠅䛜䛒䜛 [7, 10, 14]䚹㣫⫱ୗ䛷 䛾䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛾ᑑ࿨䛿⣙ 10 ᖺ䛷䛒䜛䛜䚸Ṛஸཎᅉ䛾ከ䛟䛿䜻䝒䝛ྠኈ䛾㜚த [19] 䛻䜘䜛 䜒䛾䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹 㔝⏕䛒䜛䛔䛿㔝⏕䛻㏆䛔⩌㣫䛔䛾䜻䝒䝛䛻䛚䛔䛶ྛ✀᳨ᰝ䜢⾜䛖ሙྜ䠈↓㯞㓉ୗ䛷䛾 ಖᐃ䛜ᴟ䜑䛶㔜せ䛸䛺䜛䚹⩌㣫䛔䜻䝒䝛䜢ಖᐃ䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻䛿䠈䜎䛪ᶆⓗ䛸䛩䜛䜻䝒䝛䜢㣵⫗ 䛒䜛䛔䛿䝃䝷䝭䝋䞊䝉䞊䝆䛷ಖᐃྍ⬟䛺⊃䛔ሙᡤ䛻ㄏᑟ䛧䠈䝍䜲䝭䞁䜾䜢ぢィ䛔䝬䝆䝑䜽䝝䞁 䝗ᆺ䛾ಖᐃල䠄Fig. 1䠅䛷䜻䝒䝛䛾㢕⫼㒊䜢ಖᣢ䛩䜛䠄Fig. 2䠅䚹䛣䛾᪉ἲ䛷䛿Ẽ⟶䜔㢕㒊⾑⟶ 䜢ᅽ㏕䛩䜛䛣䛸䛺䛟䠈ಖᐃ⪅䛸⾡⪅䛾 2 ே䛷䠈䜋䜌඲䛶䛾ᡭᢏ䠄䝞䜲䝍䝹䝃䜲䞁 ᐃ䠈ゐデ䠈 ᥇⾑䠈ᢞ୚䛒䜛䛔䛿ேᕤᤵ⢭䠅䛜ᐇ᪋ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛䚹

3 ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿ⶶ⋤䜻䝒䝛ᮧ䠄ⓑ▼䠈ᐑᇛ䠅䛷㣫㣴䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䜢◊✲ᑐ㇟䛸䛧䛯䚹 ⶶ⋤䜻䝒䝛ᮧ䛿䜻䝒䝛ᑓ㛛䛾ほගື≀ᅬ䛷1985 ᖺ䛾㛤ᅬ௨᮶䠈䜻䝒䝛䛜㔝⏕䛻㏆䛔≧ែ 䛷⮬⏤䛻άື䛷䛝䜛䜘䛖⣙ 0.5 ha 䛾ᩜᆅ䛷ᒇእᒎ♧⩌㣫䛔䠄⣙ 100 㢌䠅䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹䛣䛾௚ 䛻䜒䠈⦾Ṫ⏝㞤㞝䜻䝒䝛ཬ䜃᪂⏕Ꮚ䜻䝒䝛䠄ᖺ㛫100䡚120 㢌䠅䜢ྵ䜑ᅬෆ䛻䛿ィ 400 㢌๓ ᚋ䛜㣫⫱䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹ⶶ⋤䜻䝒䝛ᮧ 䠄໭⦋ 38°02'14"䠈ᮾ⤒ 140°32'02"䠅 䛿ᶆ㧗䛜㧗䛔 䠄700 m䠅 䛯䜑ᖺ㛫ᖹᆒẼ  11.9°C䠈12 ᭶䛛䜙 3 ᭶䛻䛛䛡䛶䛿✚㞷 䠄⣙ 1 m ๓ᚋ䠈ᖺ㛫㞵 㔞㻌 ⣙ 1,100 mm䠅 䛜䜏䜙䜜䜛䚹䜻䝒䝛䛾ಶయ㆑ู䛿㢕⫼㒊䛻ᇙ䜑㎸䜎䜜䛯䝬䜲䜽䝻䝏䝑䝥 䠄11 mm x 2.2 mm䠅䛷⾜䛔䠈ẖᖺィ⏬ⓗ䛻㥑⹸๣䠄୺䛸䛧䛶⥺⹸䠈䜶䜻䝜䝁䝑䜽䝇ྵ䜐᮲⹸ཬ 䜃እ㒊⠇㊊ື≀䠅䛾ண㜵ⓗᢞ୚䛜⾜䛺䜟䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹 ⶶ⋤䜻䝒䝛ᮧ䛷䛾⦾Ṫ䛿䠈2000 ᖺึ㢌䜎䛷䛿ᅬෆ䛷㣫⫱䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛㞤㞝䜻䝒䝛䜢⏝䛔䛶 ⮬↛஺㓄䛜⾜䜟䜜䛶䛔䛯䛜䠈Ⓨ᝟䞉஺㓄㐺ᮇ䛾ぢ㏨䛧䜔㏆ぶ஺㓄䛻䜘䜚䠈᪂⏕Ꮚᩘ䛜⃭ῶ 䠄ᖺ㛫 3䡚10 㢌䠅 䛧䛯䛯䜑䠈Ᏻᐃ䛧䛯⦾Ṫ䜢┠ᣦ䛧䛯ᇶ♏ⓗ䛺䝕䞊䝍䛾⵳✚䛸ᑐᛂ䛜ᚲせ 䛸䛺䛳䛯䚹 ᮏ◊✲䛾┠ⓗ䛿ᒇእᒎ♧ୗ䛻䛒䜛⩌㣫䛔䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛾⦾Ṫ䝕䞊䝍䜢཰㞟䛧䠈⦾Ṫ䛻ᙳ 㡪䛩䜛⫼ᬒ䜔せᅉ䜢᫂䜙䛛䛻䛧䛶䠈㑇ఏⓗከᵝᛶ䛾⥔ᣢ䛸⦾Ṫᡂ⦼䛾ྥୖ䜢┠ᣦ䛩䜒䛾䛷 䛒䜛䚹௨ୗ䠈䛭䛾᳨ウෆᐜ䜢 4 ❶䛻䜟䛯䜚ㄽ㏙䛩䜛䚹䛺䛚䠈ᮏㄽᩥ䛷䛿ྠ⣔⤫䛾㑇ఏᏊከ ᆺ [11] 䛷䛒䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛㖟䜻䝒䝛䠈䝥䝷䝏䝘䜻䝒䝛, Ⲕ䝥䝷䜻䝒䝛䛸༑Ꮠ䜻䝒䝛ཬ䜃䛭䛾 ஺㞧✀䜢“䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛”䛸ᐃ⩏䛧䛯䚹㻌 ➨ 1 ❶䛷䛿◊✲䛻౪䛩䜛䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛜⮫ᗋᏛⓗ䛻೺ᗣ䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䜢ド᫂䛧䛶䛚䛟䛯䜑䛻䠈 㞤㞝ᡂ⇍䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛾ྛ✀ᇶ‽್䠄䝞䜲䝍䝹䝃䜲䞁䠈⾑ᾮ᳨ᰝ䠈⾑ᾮจᅛ᳨ᰝཬ䜃⾑Ύ⏕ ໬Ꮫ᳨ᰝ䠅䜢ㄪ䜉タᐃ䛧䛯䚹 ➨ 2 ❶䛷䛿Ꮚᐑ㢕⟶⢓ᾮ㟁Ẽ᢬ᢠ 䠄VER䠅 䛻╔┠䛧䠈ⶶ⋤䜻䝒䝛ᮧ䛻䛚䛡䜛㞤䜰䜹䜻 䝒䝛䛾Ⓨ᝟ᚩೃ䛸஺㓄㐺ᮇ䜢☜ㄆ䛧䛯䚹䛭䛾ᚋ䠈ཷ⫾䛾᭷↓䜢ᇶ䛻VER 䛾䝢䞊䜽್䜢ศ㢮 䛧䠈ཷ⫾⋡䛸䛾㛵㐃ᛶ䜢ㄪ䜉䛯䚹䛥䜙䛻VER 㧗್䜢♧䛩㞤䜻䝒䝛䛻䛚䛡䜛஺ᑿᣢ⥆᫬㛫䠄䝁 䜲䝍䝹䝻䝑䜽䠅䛸ཷ⫾⋡䛾㛵ಀ䜢᳨ウ䛧䠈䛣䜜䜙஦㇟䛛䜙஺ᑿ┤ᚋ䛻ཷ⫾ண 䛜⾜䛘䜛䛛ゎ

4 ᯒ䛧䛯䚹 ➨ 3 ❶䛷䛿䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛻䛚䛡䜛⢭ᾮ᥇ྲྀ䛸ேᕤᤵ⢭ἲ䛾᳨ウ䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹䜎䛪㞝䜻䝒䝛䛛 䜙㟁Ẽ่⃭ᑕ⢭ჾ䜢⏝䛔䛶⢭ᾮ᥇ྲྀ᮲௳䜢タᐃ䛧䠈䛭䛾ᚋ∵⏝⢭ᾮᕼ㔘ᾮ䛜䜻䝒䝛⢭ᾮ 䛾ᕼ㔘ቑ㔞䞉෾⤖ಖᏑᾮ䛸䛧䛶ᛂ⏝䛷䛝䜛䛛᳨ウ䛧䛯䚹 ➨4 ❶䛷䛿⮬↛஺㓄䠄ྠ୍㞝䜻䝒䝛䛷᭱኱ 3 ᅇ஺ᑿ䠅䛸ୖ㏙䛾ேᕤᤵ⢭ἲ䛻䛚䛡䜛ཷ⫾ ⋡䠈ዷፎᮇ㛫ཬ䜃⏘Ꮚᩘ䛾ཷ⫾䝥䝻䝣䜯䜲䝹䜢⵳✚䝕䞊䝍䛛䜙ᅇ㢳ⓗ䛻ẚ㍑䛩䜛䛸䛸䜒䛻䠈 ึ⏘䛸⤒⏘䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛾㛫䛻ᕪ␗䛜䛒䜛䛛ゎᯒ䛧䛯䚹 ௨ୖ䛾᳨ウ䛻䜘䜚䠈ᒎ♧㣫⫱ୗ䛾⩌㣫䛔䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛻䛚䛡䜛Ᏻᐃ䛧䛯⦾Ṫᡂ⦼䛾⥔ᣢ䛸 ྥୖ䜢ヨ䜏䛯䚹

5

Fig . 1. A restraining tong for the fox 㻌

6 ➨ ➨ 1 ❶㻌 㻌 ᒎ♧㣫⫱ୗ䛾೺ᗣ䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛻䛚䛡䜛䝞䜲䝍䝹䝃䜲䞁䛸⮫ᗋ᳨ᰝ್䛾ᇶ‽⠊ᅖ 1. ᗎㄽ 䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛾⦾Ṫ◊✲䛻䛒䛯䜚䠈ᒇእᒎ♧㣫⫱ୗ䛾⩌㣫䛔䜻䝒䝛䛜 “⮫ᗋᏛⓗ䛻೺ᗣ䛷 䛒䜛” 䛣䛸䜢ண䜑☜ㄆ䛧䛶䛚䛟䛣䛸䛿ᴟ䜑䛶㔜せ䛷䛒䜛䚹⋇་Ꮫୖ䠈“೺ᗣ䛷䛒䜛” 䛣䛸䜢ド᫂ 䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻䛿䠈㏻ᖖ䠈୍⯡ほᐹ䠈ᒀ䞉⣅౽᳨ᰝ䠈⏕⌮Ꮫⓗ䛺䝞䜲䝍䝹䝃䜲䞁䛸䛸䜒䛻ྛ✀⮫ ᗋ᳨ᰝ್䜢᪤▱ཧ⪃್䛸ẚ㍑䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷⾜䜟䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹 ୍⯡ⓗ䛻ཧ⪃್䛿䠈ᙜヱື≀✀䛾⭾኱䛺᪤▱⵳✚䝕䞊䝍䜢ᇶ䛻タᐃ䛥䜜䜛䚹䛧䛛䛧䠈䜰 䜹䜻䝒䝛ᒓ䛷䛾ཧ⪃್䛿ẟ⓶⏝䛻䜽䝻䞊䝈䝗䝁䝻䝙䞊 䠄5 ᖺ௨ୖ௚䛛䜙䛾㑇ఏᏊ⛣ධ䛜⾜ 䜟䜜䛪䠈୍ᐃ䛾㞟ᅋෆ䛷䛾䜏䛷⥔ᣢ䛥䜜䛯⣔⤫䠅 䛷㣫⫱䛥䜜䛯ሗ࿌ [1, 57, 59, 60] 䛜ᩓ Ⓨⓗ䛻䛒䜛䛻㐣䛞䛪䠈ᒎ♧㣫⫱ୗ䛾⩌㣫䛔䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛾ཧ⪃್䛿ぢᙜ䛯䜙䛺䛔䚹 ⥴ㄽ䛷䜒㏙䜉䛯䜘䛖䛻䠈䜻䝒䝛䛿≟䛒䜛䛔䛿⊧䛸䛿⏕⌮Ꮫⓗ䠈⾜ືᏛⓗ䠈⦾ṪᏛⓗ䛻㢮 ఝⅬ䛸┦㐪Ⅼ䛜䛒䜛䚹୍᪉䠈⮫ᗋᏛⓗ䛻೺ᗣ䛺≟䛸⊧䛾㛫䛷䛿䠈⮫ᗋ᳨ᰝ್䛻㛵䛧䛶䛿㞤 㞝䠈⣔⤫䠈ᖺ㱋䠈య㔜䠈㣗㣵䠈ヨᩱ䛾᥇ྲྀ᫬㛫䠈Ꮨ⠇䜔㣫⫱⎔ቃ䛻䜘䜚ኚື䛿䛒䜛䜒䛾䛾ᴫ 䛽୍⮴䛧䛶䛔䜛 [26, 49]䚹 䛭䛣䛷䠈ᮏ❶䛾┠ⓗ䜢ⶶ⋤䜻䝒䝛ᮧ䛻ᒎ♧㣫⫱䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛㞤㞝ᡂ⇍䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛾䝞䜲䝍 䝹䝃䜲䞁䠈⾑ᾮ᳨ᰝ䠈⾑ᾮจᅛ᳨ᰝཬ䜃⾑Ύ⏕໬Ꮫ᳨ᰝ್䛾ᇶ‽್䠄⠊ᅖ䠅䛾タᐃ䛸䛧䛯䚹 䜎䛪䠈୍⯡ほᐹ䜢୍ᐃᮇ㛫⾜䛔䠈ᒀ䞉⣅౽᳨ᰝ䛷␗ᖖ䛾䛺䛔ᡂ⇍㞤㞝ಶయ䜢㑅ู䛧䛶䠈䝞 䜲䝍䝹䝃䜲䞁䛾ほᐹ䛸ྛ✀⮫ᗋ᳨ᰝ䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䚹䛭䛾ᚋ䠈ᚓ䜙䜜䛯䝕䞊䝍䜢ྲྀ䜚⧳䜑䠈ᖹᆒ ್䛸ᶆ‽ㄗᕪ䠈ṇつศᕸ䛾ᡂྰཬ䜃እ䜜್䜢ồ䜑䠈ᇶ‽್䜢タᐃ䛧䛯䚹ḟ䛻䠈䛣䜜䜙䜻䝒䝛 䛾ᇶ‽್䜢⵳✚䝕䞊䝍䛾ከ䛔≟䛾ཧ⪃್ [26, 34, 40, 41, 49] 䛸ẚ㍑䛧䛯䚹ẚ㍑䛾ᡭἲ䛸䛧 䛶䠈㞤㞝䜻䝒䝛䛾ᖹᆒᇶ‽್䛜≟䛾ཧ⪃್䠄⠊ᅖ䠅䛛䜙㐓⬺䛧䛯ሙྜ䛾䜏䜢䛂㧗್䞉ప್䛃䛸 ⾲⌧䛧䠈≟䛸䛿␗䛺䜛䜻䝒䝛䛾⏕⌮ⓗ䛺཯ᛂᛶ䜢⪃ᐹ䛩䜛䛣䛸䜢ヨ䜏䛯䚹 䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛾ཧ⪃್䛿⋇་⒪䜔◊✲䛾⌧ሙ䛻䛚䛔䛶䠈೺ᗣ≧ែ䛾ᢕᥱ䜔⑌ᝈ䛾㢮⑕㚷 ู䠈἞⒪䛒䜛䛔䛿ண㜵䜢⾜䛖ୖ䛷䜒᭷⏝䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹

7 䛺䛚䠈ᮏᩥ䛷⏝䛔䛯䛂ᇶ‽್䠄⠊ᅖ䠅䛃䛾⏝ㄒ䛿䠈㝈ᐃ䛥䜜䛯᮲௳ୗཬ䜃㢌ᩘ䛷ᐇ᪋䛧䛶 ᚓ䜙䜜䛯್䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䜢ព࿡䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䜎䛯䠈䜻䝒䝛䛒䜛䛔䛿≟䛻䛚䛡䜛᪤ሗ䛷䛾್䛿ከ䛟䛾 タᐃ᮲௳䛜␗䛺䜛䛯䜑䛂ཧ⪃್䛃䛸䛧䛶༊ู䛧䛯䚹 ᐇ㦂䛿 1䡚3 ᭶䛾䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛾Ⓨ᝟ᮇ [7, 14] 䛻䛚䛡䜛ᛶ䝩䝹䝰䞁䜔㣗ḧపୗ䛾ᙳ㡪䜢 㑊䛡䜛䛯䜑䠈㠀Ⓨ᝟ᮇ䛾11 ᭶䛻ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䚹 2. ᮦᩱཬ䜃᪉ἲ 2-1 ౪ヨື≀䛸㣫⫱᮲௳ ᐇ㦂䛻䛿ⶶ⋤䜻䝒䝛ᮧ䠄ⓑ▼䠈ᐑᇛ䠅䛷ᒇእ⩌㣫䛔䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䜢⏝䛔䛯䚹ᐇ㦂 㛤ጞ⣙ 3 㐌㛫๓䛛䜙ணഛ㑅ᢤ䛸䛧䛶㞤㞝ྛ 15 㢌䠄ィ 30 㢌䠅䜢㑅䜃䠈ಶู䝽䜲䝲䞊䜿䞊䝆 䠄90 cm x 120 cm x 60 cm䠅䛻⛣䛧䠈እㇺ䠈⿕ẟ䠈ືస䠈Ṍᵝ䠈㣗ḧ䠈㣧Ỉ䜔⣅䞉ᒀ䛾≧ែ䜢 1 ᪥ 1 ᅇẖ᪥ほᐹ䛧䠈䛣䛾䛖䛱⮫ᗋୖ␗ᖖ䛜䜏䜙䜜䛺䛔 24 㢌䠄㞝 12 㢌䠈㞤 12 㢌䠅䜢ᐇ㦂䛻 ౪䛧䛯䚹ᐇ㦂㛤ጞ᫬䛾ᖺ㱋䛿㞤㞝䛸䜒 19䡚91 䞄᭶㱋䛾ᡂ⇍ಶయ䛷䠈య㔜䛿㞝䛷 9.1䡚11.8 kg䠈㞤䛷 8.4䡚10.2 kg 䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹య㛗䠄㰯䛛䜙ᑿ➃䜎䛷䠅䛿㞤㞝䛸䜒 100䡚130 cm 䛾⠊ᅖ䛻 䛒䜚䠈య㛗䛾䛖䛱ᑿ䛾㛗䛥䛜 30% ๓ᚋ䜢༨䜑䛶䛔䛯䚹ಶయ㆑ู䛿ᕥ⫪㒊⓶ୗ䛻⿦╔䛧䛯䝬 䜲䜽䝻䝏䝑䝥䠄11 mm x 2.2 mm䠈Trovan ♫䠈Köln䠈䝗䜲䝒䠅䛷⾜䛳䛯䚹䜻䝒䝛䛻䛿 1 ᪥ 1 ᅇ䠈䝗 䝑䜽䝣䞊䝗䛸㨶⫗䠈㤿⫗䛸∵⫗䜢ΰ䛬ྜ䜟䛫䛯㣵䜢⣙ 400 g䠄⥲䜶䝛䝹䜼䞊㔞 150 kcal/100 g䠅୚䛘䠈Ỉ㐨Ỉ䜢⮬⏤䛻ᦤྲྀ䛥䛫䛯䚹 ⶶ⋤䜻䝒䝛ᮧ䛷䛿≟⣒≧⹸ឤᰁண㜵䛾䛯䜑ẖᖺ 5䡚10 ᭶䛾ᮇ㛫䠈䜲䝧䝹䝯䜽䝏䞁〇๣ 䠄䜲䝧䝹䝯䝑䜽ᩓ0.6䠂䠈䝣䝆䝍〇⸆䠈ᮾி䠅䜢ᐃᮇⓗ䛻ΰ㣵⤥୚䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹௒ᅇᐇ㦂䛻౪䛧䛯 ඲䛶䛾ಶయ䛷䝭䜽䝻䝣䜱䝷䝸䜰䛿㝜ᛶ䠄䝭䜽䝻䝦䝬䝖䜽䝸䝑䝖ἲ䠅䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹䜶䜻䝜䝁䝑䜽䝇ឤᰁ [5, 23, 38, 49] 䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䛿↓సⅭ䛻㑅ู䛧䛯ಶయ䜘䜚⣅౽䜢᥇ྲྀ䛧䠈ᐃᮇⓗ䛻᳨ᰝ䠄ELISA 䛸 ⣅౽㙾᳨䠅䜢⾜䛔䠄⎔ቃື≀䝣䜷䞊䝷䝮䠈ᮐᖠ䠅䠈䛛䛴ண㜵ฎ⨨䛸䛧䛶䝥䝷䝆䜽䜰䞁䝔䝹〇๣ 䠄䝗䝻䞁䝍䞊䝹䝥䝷䝇㘄䠈䝞䜲䜶䝹䠈ᮾி䠅䜢ΰ㣵⤥୚䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䛣䜜䜎䛷䛾᳨ᰝ䛷䜶䜻䝜䝁䝑 䜽䝇䛿඲䛶㝜ᛶ䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹䛺䛚䠈ணഛ㑅ᢤᮇ㛫ཬ䜃ᐇ㦂ᮇ㛫୰䠈ᐤ⏕⹸ண㜵⸆䜢ྵ䜐⸆≀ ฎ⨨䛿୍ษ⾜䛳䛶䛔䛺䛔䚹

8

䛩䜉䛶䛾ᐇ㦂䛿ᐑᇛⶶ⋤䜻䝒䝛ᮧ䛾㣫⫱䚸⟶⌮ཬ䜃౑⏝つᐃཬ䜃ᒾᡭ኱Ꮫື≀ᐇ㦂 ጤဨ఍䛾チྍ䠄チྍ␒ྕ㻌 A201736䠅䛾䜒䛸䛻ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䚹

2-2 ಖᐃ

⩌㣫䛔୰䛾䜻䝒䝛䜢ᤕ⋓䛩䜛䛻䛿䝬䝆䝑䜽䝝䞁䝗ᆺ䛾ಖᐃල䠄Fox neck tong 75mm black, Granlunds Farmtillbehör ♫䠈Nykarleby䠈䝣䜲䞁䝷䞁䝗䠅䜢⏝䛔䠈䜻䝒䝛䛾㢕⫼㒊䜢ಖᣢ䛩䜛䛸 䛸䜒䛻ᑿ䜢ᚋ᪉䛻ᘬ䛝䛺䛜䜙ᣲୖ䛧䛯䠄Fig. 3䠅䚹 2-3 ᥇⾑ ಖᐃ⪅䛸⾡⪅䛾2 ே䛷ᕥ䜎䛯䛿ྑᚋ⫥䛾እഃఅᅾ㟼⬦䜘䜚 25G 㔪௜䛾 5 mL ὀᑕ⟄䛷 ඲⾑⣙4.5 mL 䜢↓㯞㓉ୗ䛻᥇⾑䛧䛯䚹 2-4 ᳨ᰝ 2-4-1 ᒀ᳨ᰝཬ䜃⣅౽᳨ᰝ ᥇⾑1-2 㐌㛫๓䛻䜿䞊䝆䛾ୗ䛻ᒀ䞉⣅ศ㞳⏝ᮌ〇䝞䝑䝖䜢タ⨨䛧䠈2 ᪥㛫㐃⥆䛧䛶ᒀ䛸⣅ ౽䜢᥇ྲྀ䛧䛯䚹ᒀ㔞䛸⣅㔞䜢 ᐃᚋ䠈ᒀ᳨ᰝ䠄pH䠈⢾䠈₯⾑䠈䜿䝖䞁య䛸⺮ⓑ㉁䠗䝻䝅䝳䝎䜲䜰 䜾䝜䝇䝔䜱䝑䜽䝇䠈ᮾி䠅ཬ䜃⣅౽᳨ᰝ䠄┤᥋ἲ䠅䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹 2-4-2 䝞䜲䝍䝹䝃䜲䞁 ୖグಖᐃୗ䛻䠈┤⭠ 䠄T䠅䠈⬦ᢿᩘ䠄P䠅䛸࿧྾ᩘ䠄R䠅䜢 ᐃ䛧䛯䚹㏣ຍᐇ㦂䛸䛧䛶䠈䝞䜲䝍 䝹䝃䜲䞁䛻ᑐ䛩䜛䠄䝝䞁䝗䝸䞁䜾䜢ྵ䜐䠅ಖᐃ䛾ᙳ㡪䜢ㄪ䜉䜛䛯䜑䛻䠈ู㏵⏝ព䛧䛯೺ᗣ䛺㞤 䜻䝒䝛 3 㢌䠄ᖺ㱋䞉య㔜䛿ୖ㏙䛾ᮏᐇ㦂䛷グ㏙䛧䛯⠊ᅖෆ䠅䛻㙠㟼䞉୙ື໬స⏝䜢᭷䛩䜛䜰 䝗䝺䝘䝸䞁 α2ཷᐜయసື⸆䠄ሷ㓟䝯䝕䝖䝭䝆䞁䠈20 μg/kg䠅䜢➽⫗ෆᢞ୚䛧䠈ᢞ୚๓䛸ᢞ୚ 20 ศᚋ䛾䝞䜲䝍䝹䝃䜲䞁䜢ほᐹ䞉 ᐃ䛧䛯䚹㻌 2-4-3 ⾑ᾮ᳨ᰝ

9 EDTA-2Na ຍ඲⾑䜢⏝䛔䛶䠈㉥⾑⌫ᩘ䠄RBC䠅䠈䝦䝰䜾䝻䝡䞁⃰ᗘ䠄Hb䠅䠈ᖹᆒ㉥⾑⌫ᐜ ✚䠄MCV䠅䠈ᖹᆒ㉥⾑⌫䝦䝰䜾䝻䝡䞁㔞䠄MCH䠅䠈ᖹᆒ㉥⾑⌫䝦䝰䜾䝻䝡䞁⃰ᗘ䠄MCHC䠅䠈 ⥲ⓑ⾑⌫ᩘ䠄WBC䠅ཬ䜃⾑ᑠᯈᩘ䠄PLT䠅䜢 CBC ከ㡯┠⮬ື⾑⌫ィ⟬⿦⨨䠄poCH-100ivDiff䠈䝅䝇䝯䝑䜽䝇䠈 ⚄ᡞ䠅䛷 ᐃ䞉⟬ฟ䛧䛯䚹䝦䝬䝖䜽䝸䝑䝖್䠄Ht䠅䛿ୖグ䝭䜽䝻䝣䜱䝷䝸 䜰᳨ᰝ䛸ྠ᫬䛻⾜䛖䛯䜑䛻ẟ⣽⟶㐲ᚰ⟶ἲ䜢⏝䛔䛯䚹ⓑ⾑ᩘศ⏬䛿ሬ᢯ᶆᮏ䠄䜼䝮䝄ᰁⰍ䠅 䜢㙾᳨䛧䠈䝸䞁䝟⌫䠄Lym䠅䠈ዲ୰⌫䠄Neu䠅䠈༢⌫䠄Mon䠅䠈ዲ㓟⌫䠄Eos䠅ཬ䜃ዲሷᇶ⌫䠄Bas䠅 䛻ศ㢮䛧䠈WBC 䛻஌䛨䛶⣽⬊ᩘ䛷⾲䛧䛯䚹 2-4-4㻌 ⾑ᾮจᅛ᳨ᰝ 3.8% 䜽䜶䞁㓟䝘䝖䝸䜴䝮ຍ⾑ᾮ䜢㐲ᚰᚋ䠈ᚓ䛯⾑₢䜢⏝䛔䛶䠈䝥䝻䝖䝻䞁䝡䞁᫬㛫䠄PT䠅ཬ 䜃䝣䜲䝤䝸䝜䞊䝀䞁⃰ᗘ䠄Fib䠅䜢඲⮬ືจᅛ⣔ ᐃ⿦⨨䠄䝗䝷䜲䝦䝬䝖 COAG1䠈࿴ග⣧⸆䠈 ኱㜰䠅䛷 ᐃ䛧䛯䚹䜎䛯䠈C ཯ᛂᛶ⺮ⓑ⃰ᗘ䠄CRP䠅䜢 Laser CRP-2䠄䜰䝻䞊䝈䠈ᮾி䠅䛷 ᐃ 䛧䛯䚹 2-4-5 ⾑Ύ⏕໬Ꮫ᳨ᰝ ⾑Ύ䜢⏝䛔䛶䠈䜰䝇䝟䝷䜼䞁㓟䜰䝭䝜ᇶ㌿⛣㓝⣲άᛶ䠄AST䠅䠈䜰䝷䝙䞁䜰䝭䝜ᇶ㌿⛣㓝⣲ άᛶ䠄ALT䠅䠈䜰䝹䜹䝸䝩䝇䝣䜯䝍䞊䝊άᛶ䠄ALP䠅䠈ங㓟⬺Ỉ⣲㓝⣲άᛶ䠄LDH䠅䠈γ-䜾䝹䝍䝭 䝹䝖䝷䞁䝇䝨䝥䝏䝎䞊䝊άᛶ䠄GGT䠅䠈䜽䝺䜰䝏䞁䜻䝘䞊䝊άᛶ䠄CK䠅䠈䜾䝹䝁䞊䝇⃰ᗘ䠄Glu䠅䠈 ⥲䝡䝸䝹䝡䞁⃰ᗘ䠄T-Bil䠅䠈⥲䝁䝺䝇䝔䝻䞊䝹⃰ᗘ䠄T-Cho䠅䠈䝖䝸䜾䝸䝉䝸䝗⃰ᗘ䠄TG䠅䠈⥲䝍䞁䝟 䜽㉁⃰ᗘ䠄TP䠅䠈䜰䝹䝤䝭䞁⃰ᗘ䠄Alb䠅䠈䜰䝹䝤䝭䞁/䜾䝻䝤䝸䞁䠄A/G䠅ẚ䠈䜽䝺䜰䝏䝙䞁⃰ᗘ 䠄Cre䠅䠈ᒀ⣲❅⣲⃰ᗘ䠄UN䠅䠈䜹䝹䝅䜴䝮⃰ᗘ䠄Ca䠅䠈↓ᶵ䝸䞁⃰ᗘ䠄IP䠅ཬ䜃䝬䜾䝛䝅䜴䝮⃰ ᗘ䠄Mg䠅䜢䝕䜱䝇䜽䝸䞊䝖᪉ᘧ⮫ᗋ໬Ꮫ⮬ືศᯒ⿦⨨䠄AccuteTBA-40FR䠈ᮾⰪ䝯䝕䜱䜹䝹䝅 䝇䝔䝮䝈䠈኱⏣ཎ䠈ᰣᮌ䠅䛷 ᐃ䛧䛯䚹䝘䝖䝸䜴䝮⃰ᗘ䠄Na䠅䠈䜹䝸䜴䝮⃰ᗘ䠄K䠅ཬ䜃䜽䝻䞊䝹⃰ ᗘ䠄Cl䠅䛿ᐩኈ䝗䝷䜲䜿䝮 800V䠄ᐩኈ䝣䜲䝹䝮䠈ᮾி䠅䛷 ᐃ䛧䛯䚹䜎䛯䠈䝤䝏䝸䝹䝁䝸䞁䜶䝇䝔 䝷䞊䝊άᛶ䠄ButChE, 䝤䝏䝹䝏䜸䝁䝸䞁ἲ䠅䠈⏥≧⭢่⃭䝩䝹䝰䞁⃰ᗘ䠄TSH, ELISA ἲ䠅ཬ 䜃㐟㞳䝃䜲䝻䜻䝅䞁⃰ᗘ䠄FT4䠈ELISA ἲ䠅䛿ᐩኈ䝣䜲䝹䝮䝰䝜䝸䝇䠄ㄪᕸ䠈ᮾி䠅䛷 ᐃ䛧䛯䚹

10 2-5 ⤫ィゎᯒ  ᐃ್䛿㞝㞤ู䚻䛻ᖹᆒ್ ± ᶆ‽ㄗᕪ䠄SEM䠅䜢⟬ฟ䛧䛯䚹㞤㞝ᕪ䛿 2 ⩌㛫᳨ᐃ䛧䠄F ᳨ᐃ䛻䜘䜛ศᩓ䜢☜ㄆ䛧䠈ศᩓ䛜➼䛧䛔ሙྜ䛿 Student’s 䛾 t-᳨ᐃ䠈ศᩓ䛜➼䛧䛟䛺䛔ሙྜ 䛿 Welch’s 䛾 t-᳨ᐃ䠅䠈᭷ពᕪ䠄P < 0.05䠅䛾᭷↓䜢ㄪ䜉䛯䚹㞤㞝㛫䛻᭷ពᕪ䛜䛺䛔ሙྜ䛻 䛿㞝㞤䜻䝒䝛䛾ྛ್䜢ྜ⟬䠄n = 24䠅䛧䠈ᖹᆒ್ ± 2 x ᶆ‽೫ᕪ䠄2SD䠅[49] 䜢䜻䝒䝛䛾ᇶ‽ ⠊ᅖ䛸䛧䛯䚹䛺䛚䠈ṇつᛶ䛾☜ㄆ䛿 Shapiro-Wilk ᳨ᐃ䛷⾜䛺䛔䠈“䛿䛪䜜್” 䛿⟽䝠䝀䜾䝷 䝣䜢ᇶ䛻㝖እ䛧䛯䚹ṇつศᕸ䛧䛺䛛䛳䛯㡯┠䠄RBC, WBC, ALT, CK, TSH 䛸 CRP䠅䛿 Box-Cox ኚ᥮ᚋ䛻ᖹᆒ್ ± 2SD 䜢ồ䜑䛯 [3]䚹ᇶ‽⠊ᅖ䛻䛚䛡䜛እ䜜್䛿 1䡚2 㢌䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹 3.㻌 ⤖ᯝ 3-1 ᒀ᳨ᰝཬ䜃⣅౽᳨ᰝ ᒀ㔞䛿㞤㞝䛸䜒 1.3䡚18.7 ml/kg/᪥䠈᤼⣅㔞䛿 0.5䡚3.4 g/kg/᪥䛷䛒䜚䠈ᒀ᳨ᰝᡤぢཬ䜃 ⣅౽᳨ᰝᡤぢ䛻␗ᖖ䛿䜏䜙䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹 3-2 䝞䜲䝍䝹䝃䜲䞁䠄Table 1䠅 ≟䛾ཧ⪃್䛻ẚ䜉┤⭠ 䠄38.8䡚40.1°C䠅䛜㧗್䜢♧䛧䛯䛜䠈⬦ᢿᩘ䛸࿧྾ᩘ䛿≟䛾ཧ ⪃್ෆ䛻䛒䛳䛯䚹඲䛶䛾᳨ᰝ㡯┠䛷㞤㞝ᕪ䛿䜏䜙䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹 ㏣ຍᐇ㦂䛸䛧䛶䠈䝯䝕䝖䝭䝆䞁ᢞ୚๓ᚋ䛾䝞䜲䝍䝹䝃䜲䞁䜢 ᐃほᐹ䛧䛯䛸䛣䜝䠈3 㢌䛸䜒⬦ ᢿᩘ䛾పୗ䠄ᢞ୚๓䛾ᖹᆒ್䠖109 ᅇ/ศ䠈ᢞ୚ᚋ䛾ᖹᆒ್䠖52 ᅇ/ศ䠅䛸ὸ࿧྾䜢♧䛧䛯䚹 䛧䛛䛧䠈┤⭠ 䛿㧗 䠄39.5䡚40°C䠅䛾䜎䜎᥎⛣䛧ኚື䛿䜏䜙䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹 3-3㻌 ⾑ᾮ᳨ᰝ䠄Table 2䠅 ≟䛾ཧ⪃್䛻ẚ䜉㉥⾑⌫ᩘ䠄890䡚943 x104_{/μL䠅ཬ䜃ዲ㓟⌫ᩘ䠄3.0䡚21.4 x 10}2_/μL䠅䛜 㧗್䜢䠈MCV䠄45䡚51 fL䠅ཬ䜃 MCH䠄15䡚17 pg䠅䛜ప್䜢♧䛧䛯䚹඲䛶䛾᳨ᰝ㡯┠䛷㞤㞝 ᕪ䛿䜏䜙䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹

11 3-4 ⾑ᾮจᅛ᳨ᰝ䠄Table 3䠅 ≟䛾ཧ⪃್䛻ẚ䜉ᕪ㐪䛿ぢ䜙䜜䛪䠈㞤㞝ᕪ䜒䜏䜙䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹 3-5 ⾑Ύ⏕໬Ꮫ᳨ᰝ䠄Table 4䠅 ≟䛾ཧ⪃್䛻ẚ䜉⾑Ύ䜰䝹䝤䝭䞁⃰ᗘ䠄3.3䡚4.2 g/dL䠅䠈A/G ẚ䠄0.90䡚2.14䠅䠈䜾䝹䝁䞊 䝇䠄112䡚169 mg/dL䠅ཬ䜃ᒀ⣲❅⣲⃰ᗘ䠄19䡚44 mg/dL䠅䛜㧗್䜢䠈䝤䝏䝸䝹䝁䝸䞁䜶䝇䝔䝷 䞊䝊άᛶ䠄596䡚1,015 IU/L䠅䛜ప್䜢♧䛧䛯䚹඲䛶䛾᳨ᰝ㡯┠䛷㞤㞝ᕪ䛿䜏䜙䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹 4.㻌 ⪃ᐹ ᒇእ⩌㣫⫱ୗ䛷䛾䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛾⫼ᬒᇶ‽್䜢ᢕᥱ䛩䜛┠ⓗ䛷䠈㞤㞝ᡂ⇍䜻䝒䝛䜢⏝䛔 䛶䠈㠀Ⓨ᝟ᮇ䛻䛚䛡䜛䝞䜲䝍䝹䝃䜲䞁䠈⾑ᾮ䠈จᅛཬ䜃⾑Ύ⏕໬Ꮫ್䜢≟䛾ཧ⪃್⠊ᅖ [25, 33, 39, 40, 48] 䜢ᑐ↷䛸䛧䛶ẚ㍑䛧䛯䚹 䝞䜲䝍䝹䝃䜲䞁䛾䛖䛱┤⭠ 䠄య 䠅䛷㧗್䠄38.8䡚40.1°C䠅䛜䜏䜙䜜䛯䛣䛸䛛䜙䠈ᙜึಖᐃ 䝇䝖䝺䝇䜢␲䛳䛯䚹㏣ຍᐇ㦂䛸䛧䛶䠈䜰䝗䝺䝘䝸䞁 α2 ཷᐜయసື⸆䜢➽ὀ䛧䛶㙠㟼䞉୙ື໬䛧䠈 ᢞ୚๓ᚋ䛾䝞䜲䝍䝹䝃䜲䞁䜢 ᐃほᐹ䛧䛯䚹䛭䛾⤖ᯝ䠈⬦ᢿᩘ䛾పୗ䛸ὸ࿧྾䛜ぢ䜙䜜䜛䜒 䛾䛾䠈┤⭠ 䛿㧗 䠄39.5䡚40°C䠅䛾䜎䜎᥎⛣䛧ኚື䛿䜏䜙䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹ᚑ䛳䛶䠈య 䛾㧗 ್䛿ಖᐃ䝇䝖䝺䝇䛜ཎᅉ䛸䛿⪃䛘䜙䜜䛪䠈䜐䛧䜝ኟẟ䛛䜙෤ẟ䜈䛾᥮ẟᮇ䠄᳨ᰝ䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛯 11 ᭶䛾ᙜᆅ䛾᭱పẼ  3.6°C䠈▷⿕ẟ䛜⏕䛘ᥞ䛖᫬ᮇ䠅䛸䛾㛵㐃䛜␲䜟䜜䛯䚹 ⾑ᾮ᳨ᰝ䠈⾑ᾮจᅛ᳨ᰝཬ䜃⾑Ύ⏕໬Ꮫ᳨ᰝ䛷䛿≟䛾ཧ⪃್䛻ẚ䜉㉥⾑⌫ᩘ䠈ዲ㓟 ⌫ᩘ, ⾑Ύ䜰䝹䝤䝭䞁⃰ᗘ䠈A/G ẚ䠈䜾䝹䝁䞊䝇ཬ䜃ᒀ⣲❅⣲⃰ᗘ䛜㧗್䠈MCV䠈MCH ཬ 䜃⾑Ύ䝤䝏䝸䝹䝁䝸䞁䜶䝇䝔䝷䞊䝊άᛶ䛜ప್䜢♧䛧䛯䚹 ㉥⾑⌫ᩘ䛾㧗್䛻䛿䝦䝬䝖䜽䝸䝑䝖್䜔䝦䝰䜾䝻䝡䞁⃰ᗘ䛾㧗್䜢క䜟䛪䠈㉥⾑⌫ᜏᩘ MCV 䛸 MCH 䛾పୗᡤぢ䛸⪃䛘ྜ䜟䛫䜛䛸䠈Mainka [31] 䛜ᣦ᦬䛧䛶䛔䜛䜘䛖䛻䠈䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛 䛾㉥⾑⌫䛿≟䛻ẚ䜉ᑠ⌫ᛶ䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䛯䚹䝩䞁䝗䜻䝒䝛 [57] 䛷䜒㉥⾑⌫ᩘ䛾㧗್ഴྥ䛸 MCV ཬ䜃 MCH 䛾పୗഴྥ䛜ሗ࿌䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹 ୍⯡ⓗ䛻ዲ㓟⌫ᩘ䛾㧗್䛿ᐤ⏕⹸ឤᰁ䜔䜰䝺䝹䜼䞊䛜␲䜟䜜䜛䛜䠈⣅୰䛻ᐤ⏕⹸䠈⿕

12 ẟ䜔⓶⭵䛾⬺ẟ䠈ᥙ⑛䛿ほᐹ䛥䜜䛺䛔䛣䛸䛛䜙䠈䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺⑓ែ䛸䛿㛵㐃䛧䛺䛔䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䛯䚹 䜻䝒䝛ᒓ [27, 31, 33, 56] 䛒䜛䛔䛿䝭䞁䜽 [18] 䛷䛿ᛴ⃭䛺䝇䝖䝺䝇㈇Ⲵ䛜䛛䛛䜛䛸䠈ዲ㓟⌫ ᩘ䛻ኚື䛜䜏䜙䜜䜛䛣䛸䛜ሗ࿌䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹䛩䛺䜟䛱䠈䝇䝖䝺䝇䛻䜘䜚๪⭈⓶㉁䛛䜙䛾䝁䝹䝏 䝌䞊䝹ศἪ䛜ஹ㐍䛧䠈ዲ㓟⌫䛿ึᮇ䛻䛿ⴭ䛧䛟పୗ䛩䜛䛜䠈䛭䛾ᚋ䛿㏫䛻ቑຍ䛩䜛䛸䛔䛖䚹 ୖ㏙䛾䛤䛸䛟䠈⩌㣫䛔䛛䜙ಶู䛻㣫⫱᪉ἲ䜢ኚ䛘䛯䛜䠈䛣䛾⎔ቃ䛻㥆໬䛷䛝䛺䛔ಶయ䛻ᣢ ⥆ⓗ䛺䝇䝖䝺䝇䛜⏕䛨ዲ㓟⌫ᩘ䛾㧗್䛻⧅䛜䛳䛯䛸᥎ 䛥䜜䛯䚹䛺䛚䠈ᙉ䛔ᣊ᮰䝇䝖䝺䝇㈇ Ⲵ䛾ሙྜ䛻䛿䠈➽⫗⏤᮶䛾⾑Ύ㓝⣲άᛶ䠄AST, LDH 䜔 CK䠅䛾ୖ᪼䜢క䛖䛸䛾ሗ࿌ [27, 56] 䜒䛒䜛䛜䠈ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䛭䛾䜘䛖䛺ኚ໬䛿䜏䜙䜜䛶䛔䛺䛔䚹 ඲⾑䜔⾑₢୰䝤䝏䝸䝹䝁䝸䞁䜶䝇䝔䝷䞊䝊䜔䜰䝉䝏䝹䝁䝸䞁䜶䝇䝔䝷䞊䝊䛻䛿䠈ᇶ㉁䜈䛾 ཯ᛂᛶ䜔ẚ⋡䛻ື≀✀ᕪ [32, 52] 䛾䛒䜛䛣䛸䛜▱䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹䜻䝒䝛䛷䛾䝤䝏䝸䝹䝁䝸䞁䜶 䝇䝔䝷䞊䝊άᛶ䛾పୗ䛿≟䛸䛿␗䛺䜛཯ᛂᛶ䛜᥎ᐹ䛥䜜䛯䚹 ⾑Ύ䜾䝹䝁䞊䝇⃰ᗘ䠈䜰䝹䝤䝭䞁⃰ᗘ䛸ᒀ⣲❅⣲⃰ᗘ䛾㧗್䛻䛴䛔䛶䠈⢾௦ㅰ䜔⭈⮚ᶵ ⬟䛻㛵㐃䛩䜛ᒀ᳨ᰝ䠄⺮ⓑ㉁䠈⢾䠈䜿䝖䞁య䛸₯⾑཯ᛂ䛿㝜ᛶ䠅䜔⾑Ύ䜽䝺䜰䝏䝙䞁⃰ᗘ䛜 ≟䛾ཧ⪃್䜔୍⯡䛾᳨ᰝ್䛻ẚ䜉㐓⬺䛧䛶䛔䛺䛔䛣䛸䠈⬺Ỉ᫬䛻ୖ᪼䛩䜛䝦䝬䝖䜽䝸䝑䝖್ 䛻ኚ໬䛜䜏䜙䜜䛺䛔䛣䛸䛛䜙䠈⫗୺య䛾㧗⺮ⓑ㣗䛾ᙳ㡪䛜⪃䛘䜙䜜䛯䚹A/G ẚ䛾㧗್䛿⾑ Ύ䜰䝹䝤䝭䞁⃰ᗘ䛾㧗್䜢཯ᫎ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䛯䚹䛺䛚䠈䜻䝒䝛䛾⾑Ύ䜾䝹䝁䞊䝇⃰ᗘ 䛾㧗್ഴྥ䛿ዲ㓟⌫ྠᵝ䚸䝇䝖䝺䝇䛾ᙳ㡪䛸䛾ሗ࿌㻌 [60] 䜒䛒䜛䚹 ௒ᚋ䠈≟䛸䛿␗䛺䜛䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛾⾑ᾮ䞉⾑Ύ⏕໬Ꮫⓗ≉ᛶ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿ู㏵ヲ⣽䛺◊✲䛜 ᚲせ䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹

13 5. ᑠᣓ ᒇእᒎ♧㣫⫱䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛೺ᗣ䛺㞤㞝ᡂ⇍䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛾㠀Ⓨ᝟ᮇ䛻䛚䛡䜛䝞䜲䝍䝹䝃䜲䞁 ཬ䜃⮫ᗋ᳨ᰝ䛾ᇶ‽⠊ᅖ䛾タᐃ䜢ヨ䜏䛯䚹඲䛶䛾㡯┠䛷㞤㞝ᕪ䛿ㄆ䜑䜙䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹≟ 䛾ཧ⪃್䛻ẚ䜉䠈┤⭠ 䠈㉥⾑⌫ᩘ䠈ዲ㓟⌫ᩘ䠈⾑Ύ䜾䝹䝁䞊䝇䠈䜰䝹䝤䝭䞁ཬ䜃ᒀ⣲❅ ⣲⃰ᗘ䛿㧗್䠈㏫䛻⾑Ύ䝤䝏䝸䝹䝁䝸䞁䜶䝇䝔䝷䞊䝊άᛶ䛿ప್䜢♧䛧䛯䚹䛣䜜䜙ᡤぢ䛿ኟ ẟ䛛䜙෤ẟ䜈䛾᥮ẟᮇ䛾ᙳ㡪䠄య ୖ᪼䠅䠈ᑠ⌫ᛶ㉥⾑⌫䠄㉥⾑⌫ᜏᩘMCV 䛸 MCH 䛾ప ್䜢క䛖㉥⾑⌫ᩘ䛾㧗್䠅䠈⩌㣫䛔䛛䜙ಶู䜿䞊䝆䜈䛾⛣ື䝇䝖䝺䝇䠄ዲ㓟⌫ᩘ䛾㧗್䠅䠈⫗ 㣗୰ᚰ䛾㣗㣵䠄⾑Ύ䜾䝹䝁䞊䝇䠈䜰䝹䝤䝭䞁䛸ᒀ⣲❅⣲⃰ᗘ䛾㧗್䠅䛻䜘䜛䛸᥎ 䛥䜜䛯䚹䜎 䛯䠈≟䛻౑⏝䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛⮫ᗋ᳨ᰝヨ⸆䛿䜋䜌䜻䝒䝛䛻ᛂ⏝ྍ⬟䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䛯䚹௨ୖ䠈ᚓ䜙䜜 䛯䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛾ᇶ‽್䛿⋇་⒪䜔◊✲⌧ሙ䛷฼⏝䛷䛝䜛䛸ุ᩿䛧䛯䚹

14

15

Item Unit

T °C 39.4 ± 0.1a) 39.3 ± 0.2 38.8 㹼 40.1 38.0 㹼 39.2

P beats/min 114 ± 4 119 ± 6 86 㹼 151 80 㹼 140

R breathes/min 31 ± 1 30 ± 1 21 㹼 40 20 㹼 35

a) _{Mean ± SEM,} b) _{Mean ± 2SD,} c) _{Reference No. 34}

Table 1. Basal values of vital signs in clinically healthy red foxes

Male (n = 12) Female (n = 12) Basal rangeb) (n = 24) Reference range in dogsc) Item Unit RBC x104/μL 910 ± 22a) 894 ± 38 890 㹼 943 550 㹼 850 Ht % 44 ± 1 43 ± 2 38 㹼 51 37 㹼 55 Hb g/dL 14.6 ± 0.4 14.2 ± 0.6 13 㹼 17 12 㹼 18 MCV fL 48 ± 1 48 ± 1 45 㹼 51 60 㹼 77 MCH pg 16 ± 0 16 ± 0 15 㹼 17 20 㹼 25 MCHC g/dL 33 ± 0 33 ± 0 32 㹼 34 32 㹼 36 WBC x102/μL 79 ± 8 91 ± 12 67 㹼 92 60 㹼 170 Net x102/μL 46 ± 7 54 ± 9 6 㹼 87 30 㹼 115 Lym x102/μL 15 ± 2 19 ± 2 8 㹼 31 10 㹼 48 Mon x102/μL 1.7 ± 0.4 1.8 ± 0.2 0.1 㹼 3.2 1.5 㹼 13.5 Eos x102/μL 15 ± 2 16 ± 3 3.0 㹼 21.4 1 㹼 12.5 Bas x102/μL 0 0 0 0 PLT x104/μL 35 ± 6 42 ± 6 8 㹼 72 20 㹼 50 䚷rare

Table 2. Basal values of hematology in clinically healthy red foxes

Male (n = 12) Female (n = 12) Basal rangesb) (n = 22-24) Reference range in dogsc) rare

a) _{Mean ± SEM,} b) _{Mean ± 2SD,} c) _{Reference No. 26}

Item Unit

PT sec 8.9 ± 0.2a) 8.9 ± 0.2 8 㹼 10 9 㹼 14

Fib mg/dL 213 ± 31 212 ± 18 104 㹼 348 200 㹼 400

a) _{Mean ± SEM,} b) _{Mean ± 2SD,} c) _{Reference No. 26}

Table 3. Basal values of coagulation in clinically healthy red foxes Male

(n = 12)

Female (n = 12)

Basal rengeb)

16 Item Unit AST IU/L 51.5 ± 7.4a) _{49.2 ± 4.5 28 㹼 62 23 㹼 66} ALT IU/L 83.7 ± 18.3 60.4 ± 6.4 54 㹼 71 21 㹼 106 ALP IU/L 76.2 ± 21.0 58.7 ± 5.1 35 㹼 81 20 㹼 156 LDH IU/L 100 ± 9 121 ± 15 30 㹼 174 45 㹼 233 GGT IU/L 2.0 ± 0.4 1.8 ± 0.2 0.2 㹼 3.6 1.2 㹼 6.4 CK IU/L 156 ± 30 139 ± 32 119 㹼 121 19 㹼 473 ButChE IU/L 783 ± 23 858 ± 41 596 㹼 1015 1210 㹼 3020 Glu mg/dL 148 ± 8 134 ± 5 112 㹼 169 65 㹼 118 T-Bil mg/dL 0.53 ± 0.06 0.28 ± 0.03 0.06 㹼 0.76 0.10 㹼 0.50 T-Cho mg/dL 176 ± 10 147 ± 6 101 㹼 217 135 㹼 270 TG mg/dL 46.3 ± 7.2 39.6 ± 4.3 6 㹼 71 20 㹼 112 TP g/dL 6.5 ± 0.1 6.3 ± 0.1 5.6 㹼 7.0 5.4 㹼 7.1 Alb g/dL 3.7 ± 0.1 3.7 ± 0.1 3.3 㹼 4.2 2.6 㹼 3.3 A/G 1.40 ± 0.12 1.55 ± 0.11 0.90 㹼 2.14 0.59 㹼 1.11 Cre mg/dL 0.70 ± 0.04 0.55 ± 0.00 0.35 㹼 0.86 0.5 㹼 1.5 UN mg/dL 30 ± 2 32 ± 2 19 㹼 44 10 㹼 28 Ca mg/dL 9.8 ± 0.2 9.2 ± 0.1 8.5 㹼 10.3 9.0 㹼 11.3 IP mg/dL 3.3 ± 0.2 3.7 ± 0.1 2.8 㹼 4.8 2.6 㹼 6.2 Mg mg/dL 2.4 ± 0.1 2.3 ± 0.0 2.1 㹼 2.5 1.8 㹼 2.4 Na mEq/L 151 ± 2.6d) 148 ± 2.5e) 135 㹼 159 141 㹼 152 K mEq/L 4.8 ± 0.1 5.1 ± 0.1 2.6 㹼 6.9 4.4 㹼 5.4 Cl mEq/L 112 ± 2 109 ± 1 101 㹼 118 105 㹼 115 TSH ng/mL 0.38 ± 0.10 0.34 ± 0.05 0.02 㹼 0.60 <0.53 FT4 ng/dL 2.01 ± 0.14 2.01 ± 0.17 1.3 㹼 2.6 0.5 㹼 2.7 CRPf) mg/dL 0.3 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.0 0 㹼 0.6 <1.0

a) _{Mean ± SEM,} b) _{Mean ± 2SD,} c) _{Reference Nos. 26, 40, and 41,} d) _{n = 9,} e) _{n = 10,} f) _Plasma

concentration

Table 4. Basal values of serum biochemistry in clinically healthy red foxes

Male (n = 12) Female (n = 12) Basal rangeb) (n = 17-24) Reference range in dogsc)

17 ➨ ➨2 ❶ 㞤䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛾ཷ⫾⬟䛻ᑐ䛩䜛Ꮚᐑ㢕⟶⢓ᾮ㟁Ẽ᢬ᢠ䠄VER䠅್䛸஺ᑿᣢ⥆ ᫬㛫䛾ᙳ㡪 㻌 1. ᗎㄽ 㞤䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛾Ⓨ᝟ᮇ䛿᪥㛗᫬㛫䛜ᘏ㛗䛧ጞ䜑䜛1 ᭶䛛䜙 3 ᭶ [2, 7, 35] 䛷䠈䛭䛾ᣢ⥆ 䛿2䡚3 ᪥㛫 [7] 䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䛛䜙䠈䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛿Ꮨ⠇⦾Ṫ䞉༢Ⓨ᝟ື≀ [2, 7, 12, 13] 䛻ศ 㢮䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹ⶶ⋤䜻䝒䝛ᮧ䛷䛿㠀⦾Ṫᮇ䛿䜻䝒䝛䛜⮬⏤䛻άື䛷䛝䜛䜘䛖㞤㞝䛸䜒䛻ᒇእ 䛷⩌㣫䛔䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹Ⓨ᝟ᮇ䛾2䡚3 䞄᭶๓䛻䛺䜛䛸䠈2䡚3 㢌䛾㞝䜻䝒䝛䛸 10 㢌๓ᚋ䛾㞤 䜻䝒䝛䜢ྠᒃ䛥䛫䠈㞝䜻䝒䝛䛜㞤䜻䝒䝛䜢㏣䛔ጞ䜑䛯᫬Ⅼ䛷㞤䜢ᤕ⋓䛧䠈⾑⤫䜔ẟⰍ䜢⪃ ៖䛧䛶㞤㞝䜢䝨䜰䛸䛧䛶⤌䜏ྜ䜟䛫䠈㝸㞳䛧䛶⮬↛஺㓄䜢2000 ᖺ௦ึ㢌䜎䛷⾜䛳䛶䛔䛯䚹 䛧䛛䛧䠈㞤䜻䝒䝛䛾୰䛻䛿Ⓨ᝟ᚩೃ䛜୙᫂░䛺ಶయ䠈Ⓨ᝟䛧䛶䛔䜛䛻䜒㛵䜟䜙䛪㞝䛛䜙㏨㑊 䛩䜛ಶయ䛒䜛䛔䛿஺ᑿ䛧䛯䛜ཷ⫾䛧䛺䛔ಶయ䛜ᩓぢ䛥䜜䠈㞤䜻䝒䝛䛾ཷ⫾䛾᭷↓䛜䜻䝒䝛 ᮧ䛾Ꮡ⥆䞉⥔ᣢ䛻኱䛝䛟ᙳ㡪䛧䛶䛔䛯䚹 㞤䜻䝒䝛䛾Ⓨ᝟ᚩೃ䠈஺ᑿ᫬ᮇ䠄㐺ᮇ䠅䜔ཷ⫾䛾ホ౯䛻䛿䠈㏻ᖖእ㝜㒊䛾‵₶⭘⬽䠈⭐ ⢓⭷䝇䝯䜰䞊䠈⭡㒊䛾ゐデ䠈㉸㡢Ἴ䜔䜶䝑䜽䝇⥺䛻䜘䜛᳨ᰝ䛒䜛䛔䛿⾑ᾮ䞉⣅౽୰䛾䜶䝇䝖䝻 䝀䞁⃰ᗘ䠈㯤యᙧᡂ䝩䝹䝰䞁䠄LH䠅⃰ᗘ䜔䝥䝻䝀䝇䝔䝻䞁⃰ᗘ䛾 ᐃ [22, 37, 48] 䛜⾜䜟 䜜䛶䛝䛯䚹䛧䛛䛧䠈䛣䜜䜙䛿᳨ᰝẖ䛻䜻䝒䝛䛾ᣊ᮰䛸䛸䜒䛻㛫Ḵⓗ䛛䛴ᣢ⥆ⓗ䛺䝰䝙䝍䞊䛜 ᚲせ䛷䠈⩌㣫䛔䛧䛶䛔䜛⌧ሙ䛷䛾㐺⏝䛿ᴟ䜑䛶㞴䛧䛔≧ែ䛻䛒䛳䛯䚹 䛭䛣䛷䠈⭐䜢௓䛧䛶Ꮚᐑෆ⢓ᾮ䛾᢬ᢠ್䜢 ᐃ䛩䜛Ꮚᐑ㢕⟶⢓ᾮ㟁Ẽ᢬ᢠ䠄vaginal

electrical resistance; VER䠅䛻╔┠䛧䛯䚹VER  ᐃ䛻䜘䜛Ⓨ᝟㐺ᮇ䛾ホ౯䛿໭Ḣ䛷 1970 ᖺ ௦䛻☜❧䛥䜜䛯ᡭἲ䛷䠈䜻䝒䝛䛾Ⓨ᝟㐺ᮇ䛾☜ㄆ䛾“gold standard 䠄ᶆ‽ᇶ‽䠅”䛸䛥䜜䛶䛔 䜛 [2, 7-9, 14, 21]䚹VER 䛿㢕⟶⢓ᾮ䛾ᛶ≧䛸ᐦ᥋䛻㛵㐃䛧䠈⢓⛻ᗘ䛜㧗䜎䜛䛸್䛜ቑຍ䛧䠈 䜻䝒䝛䛷䛿᤼༸ᮇ䛻᭱኱䝢䞊䜽䛻㐩䛧䠈䛭䛾ᚋపୗ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜▱䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛 [2, 7-9, 35]䚹䛭 䛣䛷䠈ⶶ⋤䜻䝒䝛ᮧ䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒VER  ᐃჾ䜢ᑟධ䛧䠈Ⓨ᝟㐺ᮇ䛾ᢕᥱ䜢ヨ䜏䛯䚹䜎䛯䠈ᚓ䜙 䜜䛯ཷ⫾⋡䝕䞊䝍䜢ᇶ䛻VER 䛾䝢䞊䜽್䛸䛾㛵㐃ᛶ䜢ゎᯒ䛧䛯䚹 ୍᪉䠈䛣䜜䜙୍㐃䛾◊✲䜢ᐇ᪋୰䠈஺ᑿᣢ⥆᫬㛫 䠄copulation tie: 䝁䜲䝍䝹䝻䝑䜽䛜᥃䛛

18 䛳䛯᫬㛫䠅䛜㛗䛔㞤䜻䝒䝛䛷䛿ཷ⫾䛧᫆䛔ഴྥ䛻䛒䜛䛣䛸䛻Ẽ䛵䛔䛯䚹䝁䜲䝍䝹䝻䝑䜽䛸䛿≟ ᒓ䜔䜻䝒䝛ᒓ䛻䜏䜙䜜䠈஺ᑿᚋ䛻㞤䛾⭐➽䠄vulvae muscle䠅䛾཰⦰䛸ෆᅽ䛾ஹ㐍䛜┦ಗ䛳 䛶䠈㞝䛾ட㢌⌫䠄bulbus glandis䠅䛜⭘኱䛧䠈䛥䜙䛻཯㌿䛧䛯య఩䛻䜘䜚䠈ட㢌⌫㟼⬦䛻 180 ᗘ ๓ᚋ䛾᤬䛨䜜䛜⏕䛨䛶䛖䛳⾑≧ែ䛻䛺䜛䛯䜑䛻㉳䛣䜛≧ែ䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䜜䛻䜘䜚஺ᑿᣢ⥆᫬㛫 䛜ಶయ䛻䜘䜚5䡚45 ศ䛻䜒䛺䜛 [25, 42, 44]䚹 ᮏ❶䛾┠ⓗ䛿䠈ⶶ⋤䜻䝒䝛ᮧ䛻䛚䛡䜛㞤䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛾Ⓨ᝟ᚩೃ䛸Ⓨ᝟㐺ᮇ䜢 VER ್䛸 䛾㛵ಀ䛛䜙ホ౯䛧䠈䛥䜙䛻ཷ⫾䛾᭷↓䛸 VER 䛾䝢䞊䜽್䛸䛾㛵㐃ᛶ䜢᫂䜙䛛䛻䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䛒 䜛䚹䜎䛯䠈VER 㧗್䜢♧䛩㞤ಶయ䛻䛚䛡䜛஺ᑿᣢ⥆᫬㛫䛸ཷ⫾⋡䛾㛵ಀ䜢ㄪ䜉䠈䛣䜜䜙䛛 䜙஺ᑿ┤ᚋ䛻ཷ⫾ண 䛜ฟ᮶䜛䛛᳨ウ䛧䛯䚹஺㓄┤ᚋ䛻ᤵ⢭䠄ཷ⫾䠅䛾᭷↓䛜ุᐃ䛷䛝䜜 䜀䠈஺ᑿᚋ䛾㠀ཷ⫾ಶయ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛㣫⫱⟶⌮ປຊ䜢኱ᖜ䛻๐ῶ䛷䛝䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜䛒䜛䚹 2. ᮦᩱཬ䜃᪉ἲ 2-1㻌 ౪ヨື≀䛸᳨ウෆᐜ 䜻䝒䝛䛾㣫⫱᮲௳䛿“➨ 1 ❶ 2-1”䛸ྠᵝ䛷䛒䜛䚹㻌 ᐇ㦂䛿ື≀ᐇ㦂䛻㛵䛩䜛ᣦ㔪 [38] 䜢ᇶ䛻ᐑᇛⶶ⋤䜻䝒䝛ᮧ䛾㣫⫱䚸⟶⌮ཬ䜃౑⏝つᐃ䛻ᚑ䛔ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䚹 㻌 2-1-1 Ⓨ᝟ᚩೃ䛸 VER ್䛸䛾㛵ಀ ⶶ⋤䜻䝒䝛ᮧ䛻㣫㣴䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛㞤䜻䝒䝛䛾Ⓨ᝟ᚩೃ䛸஺㓄㐺ᮇ䜢☜ㄆ䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻䠈೺ᗣ 䛺㞤䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛4 㢌 䠄ື≀ Nos. 1䡚4䠈ᖺ㱋 22䡚23 䜹᭶㱋䠈య㔜 8䡚10 kg䠅䜢⏝䛔䛯䚹䜻䝒 䝛䛾እ㝜㒊䛾⭘⬽䠄እ㝜㒊䛜‵₶䛸䛺䜚䠈Ⰽㄪ䛜㉥䛛䜙䜔䜔㯮䛪䜏䠈⭐⢓ᾮ䛾⢓⛻ᗘ䛾ቑ ຍ䛜ほᐹ䛥䜜䜛䠅䛿㠀⦾Ṫᮇ 䠄4䡚12 ᭶䠅䜢䛸䛚䛧䛶ほᐹ䛧䠈㞤㞝䜢ྠᒃ䛥䛫䛯⦾Ṫᮇ 䠄1䡚 3 ᭶䠅䛻䛿䠈VER 䜢㝸᪥䛻 ᐃ䛧䛯䠄2008 ᖺ䛻ᐇ᪋, “First study” 䛸䛧䛯䠅䚹㻌 㻌 㻌

2-1-2 ཷ⫾䛾᭷↓䛸 VER ್䛸䛾㛵㐃ᛶ

ཷ⫾䛾᭷↓䛸 VER 䛾䝢䞊䜽್䛸䛾㛵㐃䜢᫂䜙䛛䛻䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻䠈䜎䛪ศፔ䛧䛯㞤䜻䝒䝛䛻

19 䛧䛯䠅䚹ᐇ㦂䛻䛿⦾Ṫ⏝㞤䜻䝒䝛䜢 32 㢌 䠄Nos. 5䡚36䠈ᖺ㱋 23䡚24 䜿᭶㱋䠈య㔜 8䡚10 kg䠅 䛸㞝䜻䝒䝛 19 㢌 䠄ᖺ㱋 34䡚59 䜿᭶㱋䠈య㔜 9䡚11 kg䠅 䜢⏝䛔䛯䚹㞤䜻䝒䝛䛾 VER 䛿Ⓨ᝟ᚩೃ䜢☜ㄆᚋ䛻 ᐃ䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹㞝䜻䝒䝛䛿䝜䝹䜴䜵䞊䛛䜙㍺ධ䛧䛯✀㞝䛛䛭䛾➨୍ ୡ௦䛷యᆺ䜔ẟⰍ䛛䜙㑅ᢤ䛧䛯䚹䛣䜜䜙䛾㞝䛿㐣ཤ䛻⦾Ṫ䛾ᐇ⦼䛜䛒䜛ಶయ䛷䠈஦๓䛻㟁 Ẽᑕ⢭ჾ 䠄ᐩኈᖹᕤᴗ㻌 ᮾி䠈“➨ 3 ❶ 2-2”ཧ↷䠅䜢⏝䛔䛶⢭ᾮ䜢᥇ྲྀ䛧䠈⢭Ꮚᩘ䛸⢭Ꮚ ⏕Ꮡᣦᩘ䠄➨3 ❶ 2-2 ཧ↷䠅䜢 ᐃ䛧䛶ᤵ⢭⬟ຊ [23] 䜢☜ㄆ䛧䛶✀㞝䠄stud males䠅䛸䛧䛯䚹 VER 䛾 ᐃ䛿እ㝜㒊䛾⭘⬽䛸⭐⢓ᾮ䛾⢓⛻ᗘ䠄⢓䜚Ẽ䠅䛾ቑຍ䛜ほᐹ䛥䜜䛯ᚋ 3 ᪥㛫㐃 ⥆䛧䛶⾜䛔䠈 basal VER ್䠄140 units ๓ᚋ䠅䜢㉸䛘䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䜢☜ㄆ䛧䛯᫬Ⅼ䛷䠈㞤䜻䝒䝛 䜢㞝䜻䝒䝛䛜ධ䛳䛯䝽䜲䝲䞊䜿䞊䝆 䠄120 cm x 120 cm x 60 cm䠅 䛻⛣䛧䠈䝡䝕䜸䜹䝯䝷 䠄DCR-TRV950,㻌 䝋䝙䞊䠈ᮾி䠅䛷⣙ 1 ᫬㛫஺ᑿ⾜ື䜢䝰䝙䝍䞊䛧䛯䚹஺ᑿ䛜☜ㄆ䛥䜜䛯㞤 䜻䝒䝛䛿䠈ศፔ⯋ 䠄4 m × 15 m x 3 m䠅 䛻タ⨨䛧䛯እ㒊䛛䜙䛾ග䛜㐽᩿䛥䜜䛯ᮌ〇䛾ศፔ ့⫱⟽ 䠄90 cm × 50 cm x 50 cm䠅௜䛝䛾䝽䜲䝲䞊䜿䞊䝆 䠄90 cm ×120 cm × 60 cm䠅 䛻⛣ື 䛥䛫䠈࿘⏘ᮇ䜢㏻䛧䛶 80 ᪥㛫㣫⫱䛧䛯䚹ศፔ့⫱⟽䛿 3 ᐊ䛻༊ษ䜙䜜䠈䛭䜜䛮䜜䝖䞁䝛䝹 䛷⧅䛜䛳䛶䛔䜛 [4, 45-47]䚹䜎䛯䠈ศፔ⯋䛻䜒䝡䝕䜸䜹䝯䝷䜢タ⨨䛧䠈ᦤ㣵䜔୍⯡≧ែ䛸䛸䜒 䛻᪩⏘䠄ᗋ䛾ฟ⾑䠅䜢┘ど䛧䛯䚹 2-1-3 VER 㧗್䜢♧䛩㞤ಶయ䛻䛚䛡䜛஺ᑿᣢ⥆᫬㛫䛸ཷ⫾⋡䛾㛵ಀ ୖグ “2-1-2” 䛾⤖ᯝ䜢ᇶ䛻䠈VER 㧗್ 䠄350 units ௨ୖ䠅䜢♧䛩㞤䜻䝒䝛䛻䛚䛡䜛஺ᑿ ᣢ⥆᫬㛫䛸ཷ⫾⋡䛾㛵ಀ䜢ㄪ䜉䛯䚹ᐇ㦂䛻䛿㞤䜻䝒䝛44 㢌 䠄ᖺ㱋 24䡚60 䞄᭶㱋䠈య㔜 8 䡚11 kg䠅䛸㞝䜻䝒䝛 35 㢌 䠄ᖺ㱋 24䡚60 䞄᭶㱋䠈య㔜 9䡚11 kg䠅 䜢⏝䛔䛯 䠄2007䡚2017 ᖺ, “Third study”䛸䛧䛯䠅䚹஺ᑿᣢ⥆᫬㛫䛿㞝䛾㝜ⱼ䛜㞤䛾⭐ෆ䛻ᤄධ䛥䜜䛯᫬䛛䜙㝜ⱼ䛜 ᢤ䛡䜛䜎䛷䛾᫬㛫䠄ศ䠅䛸䛧䛯䚹 2-2㻌 VER ್䛾 ᐃ VER  ᐃ䛻䛿䝕䝆䝍䝹⾲♧┙䛸䝥䝻䞊䝤䠄⣙ 15 cm䠅䛛䜙䛺䜛ᕷ㈍䛾 ᐃჾ 䠄Draminski ≟᤼༸ᣦ♧ჾ䠈Draminski ♫, Olsztyn, 䝫䞊䝷䞁䝗䠈Fig. 4䠅䜢⏝䛔䛯䚹䝥䝻䞊䝤䛿⭐ෆ 7䡚

20

10 cm 䜎䛷ᤄධ䛧Ꮚᐑ⤒⟶⢓ᾮ䛜Ⰻ䛟௜╔䛩䜛䜘䛖ᅇ㌿䛥䛫䛶䛛䜙 ᐃ䛧䛯䚹Ⓨ᝟ᮇ䛻䛿 ༗๓ 8 ᫬䡚10 ᫬䛾㛫䛻 2 ศ㛫㝸䛷 2 ᅇ ᐃ䛧䠈ప್䛾᪉䜢䛭䛾ಶయ䛾 ᐃ್䛸䛧䛯䚹ᮏ  ᐃჾ䛾༢఩䛿 “unit” 䛷⾲♧䛥䜜䜛䛜䠈1 unit 䛿 1Ω 䠄䜸䞊䝮䠈䝕䝆䝍䝹 estrus 䝯䞊䝍䞊㻌 A/S LIMA ♫䠈Sandnes䠈䝜䝹䜴䜵䞊䠅 䛻┦ᙜ䛩䜛䛣䛸䜢஦๓䛻☜ㄆ䛧䛯䚹

2-3㻌 ⤫ィゎᯒ

 ᐃ್䛿ᖹᆒ್ ± ᶆ‽ㄗᕪ䠄SEM䠅䛷⾲䛧䛯䚹2 ⩌㛫䛾᳨ᐃ䛿䠄ศᩓ䛜➼䛧䛔ሙྜ䛻䛿 Student’s 䛾 t ᳨ᐃ䠈ศᩓ䛜➼䛧䛟䛺䛔ሙྜ䛿䠈Welch’s 䛾 t ᳨ᐃ䠅䜢⾜䛔䠈᭷ពᕪ䠄P < 0.05 䛾᭷↓䜢ㄪ䜉䛯䚹

3. ⤖ᯝ 3-1㻌 Ⓨ᝟ᚩೃ䛸 VER ್䛸䛾㛵ಀ 䠄First study, Fig. 5䠅

እ㝜㒊䛾‵₶⭘⬽䛿2䡚3 ᭶䛻 4 㢌୰ 2 㢌䠄Nos. 1 䛸 2䠅䛷ほᐹ䛥䜜䠈⭘⬽䛾ほᐹᚋ䛻 VER 䛾䝢䞊䜽್䠄䛭䜜䛮䜜 720 䛸 590 units䠅 䛜䜏䜙䜜䛯䚹እ㝜㒊䛾⭘⬽䛜䜏䜙䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯 2 㢌䠄Nos. 3 䛸㻌 4䠅ཬ䜃㠀Ⓨ᝟ᮇ䛾 VER ್䠄basal㻌 VER ್䠅 䛿 140 ± 2 units 䠄⠊ᅖ䠖90䡚 220 units䠈ྠ୍ಶయ䜢ᘏ䜉 108 ᅇ ᐃ䠅 䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹

3-2㻌 ཷ⫾䛾᭷↓䛸 VER 䛾䝢䞊䜽್䛸䛾㛵㐃ᛶ 䠄Second study, Fig. 6䠅

ᐇ㦂䛻౪䛧䛯32 㢌䛾㞤䜻䝒䝛䛾 2䡚3 ᭶ᮇ䛾 basal VER ್䛿 144 ± 4 units 䛷䛒䜚䠈Ⓨ᝟ ᚋ䛾VER 䛾䝢䞊䜽್ 䠄ୗグ䠅 䛿᫂䜙䛛䛻䛣䜜䜙 basal VER ್䜢㉸䛘䛶䛔䛯䚹

஺ᑿ䛧ཷ⫾䛧䛯⩌ 䠄group A, n = 13䠅䛾 VER ್䛿 381 ± 30 units 䠄୰ኸ್䠖350 units䠅䠈஺ ᑿ䛧䛯䛜ཷ⫾䛧䛺䛛䛳䛯⩌ 䠄group B, n = 5䠅䛷䛿 264 ± 51 units 䠄230 units䠅䠈஺ᑿ䛧䛺䛛䛳 䛯⩌ 䠄group C, n = 14䠅䛷䛿 202 ± 13 units 䠄190 units䠅䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹

䛺䛚䠈஺ᑿ䛧䛯䛜ཷ⫾䛧䛺䛛䛳䛯⩌ 䠄group B䠅 䛾 1 㢌 䠄No. 10䠅 䛾 VER ್䛿 480㻌 units䠈 ஺ᑿ䛧䛺䛛䛳䛯⩌ 䠄group C䠅䛾 1 㢌 䠄No. 36䠅 䛾 VER ್䛿 340 units 䛸㧗್䜢♧䛧䛯䚹

21

3-3㻌 VER 㧗್䜢♧䛩㞤ಶయ䛻䛚䛡䜛஺ᑿᣢ⥆᫬㛫䛸ཷ⫾⋡䛾㛵ಀ䠄Third study, Fig. 7䠅 ஺ᑿ┤๓䛾VER 䛜 350 units ௨ୖ䛾 44 㢌䛻䛚䛔䛶䠈ཷ⫾䛧䛯㞤䜻䝒䝛 䠄n = 23䠅䛾஺ᑿ ᣢ⥆᫬㛫䛿41.5 ± 2.5 ศ 䠄୰ኸ್ 40 ศ䠅䠈ཷ⫾䛧䛺䛛䛳䛯㞤䜻䝒䝛䠄n = 21䠅䛾஺ᑿᣢ⥆᫬ 㛫䛿26.6 ± 1.2 ศ 䠄25 ศ䠅䛷䛒䜚᭷ពᕪ 䠄p < 0.01䠅 䛜䜏䜙䜜䛯䠄Fig. 7A䠅䚹 ஺ᑿᣢ⥆᫬㛫䛸ཷ⫾⋡䛾㛵ಀ䜢䜏䜛䛸䠈஺ᑿᣢ⥆᫬㛫䛜 20 ศ௨ୗ䛷ཷ⫾⋡ 0% 䠄0/4 㢌䠅䠈21䡚30 ศ䛷 27.8% 䠄5/18 㢌䠅䠈31䡚40 ศ䛷 66.7% 䠄8/12 㢌䠅䠈40 ศ䜢㉸䛘䜛䛸 100% 䠄10/10 㢌䠅䛷䛒䛳䛯䠄Fig. 7B䠅䚹 4. ⪃ᐹ 㞤䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛾Ⓨ᝟ᚩೃ䜔஺㓄㐺ᮇ䛸 VER ್䛸䛾㛵ಀ䜢ㄪ䜉䜛䛸䛸䜒䛻䠈ཷ⫾䛾᭷↓䛸 VER 䛾䝢䞊䜽್䛸䛾㛵㐃ᛶ䜢ᅇ㢳ⓗ䛻ㄪ䜉䛯䚹䛥䜙䛻䠈VER 㧗್䜢♧䛩㞤ಶయ䛻䛚䛡䜛஺ ᑿᣢ⥆᫬㛫䛸ཷ⫾⋡䛾㛵ಀ䜒ゎᯒ䛧䛯䚹 እ㝜㒊䛾‵₶⭘⬽䜢క䛖Ⓨ᝟ᚩೃ䛿䠈2䡚3 ᭶䛻ほᐹ䛥䜜䠄Nos. 1 䛸 2䠅䠈VER ್䛾䝢䞊 䜽್䛿እ㝜㒊䛾⭘⬽ᚋ䛻䜏䜙䜜䛯 (Fig. 5)䚹䛣䜜䜙䛾⤖ᯝ䛿໭Ḣ䛷䛾᪤ሗ䝕䞊䝍 [2, 7] 䛾 1䡚3 ᭶ᮇ䛸䜋䜌୍⮴䛧䛶䛔䛯䚹䜎䛯䠈㠀Ⓨ᝟ᮇ䛒䜛䛔䛿Ⓨ᝟ᚩೃ䜢♧䛥䛺䛔ಶయ 䠄Nos. 3 䛸4䠅䛾 basal VER ್䛿 140 units ๓ᚋ䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䛜᫂䜙䛛䛸䛺䛳䛯䚹௒ᅇⓎ᝟ᚩೃ䜢♧䛥䛺

䛛䛳䛯2 㢌䛾ཎᅉ䛿୙᫂䛺䛜䜙䠈୍䛴䛾ྍ⬟ᛶ䛸䛧䛶ᛶᡂ⇍䛻㐩䛧䛶䛔䛺䛔䛣䛸䛜⪃䛘䜙䜜

䛯䚹

VER 䛾Ⓨ᝟ᮇ䛾཯ᛂ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿ື≀✀ᕪ䛜䛒䜛䛣䛸䛜ሗ࿌䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛 [29]䚹䛩䛺䜟䛱䠈 ∵䛷䛿Ꮚᐑ㢕⟶⢓ᾮఏᑟᗘ䠄vaginal electrical conductivity: VEC䠅䛿Ⓨ᝟᪥䛻ୖ᪼䛧 [36] 䠈 VER ್䛿㏫䛻పୗ䛧䛶 VEC 䛸 VER 㛫䛻䛿㈇䛾┦㛵㛵ಀ䛜䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖 [51]䚹∵ྠᵝ䠈Ỉ∵ [16]䚸⨺ [29] ཬ䜃㇜ [58] 䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒Ⓨ᝟ᮇ䛻䛿 VER 䛜ప್䠄≉䛻 LH 䝃䞊䝆┤๓䛻ప ୗ䠅䜢♧䛩䛣䛸䛜ሗ࿌䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹୍᪉䠈≟ [17, 29] 䜔䜻䝒䝛 [2, 7-9, 14, 35] 䛷䛿Ⓨ᝟ᮇ 䛻䛿VER 䛜㧗್䠄≟䠖LH 䝃䞊䝆๓ 10 ᪥๓ᚋ䛛䜙ୖ᪼䠈䜻䝒䝛䠖LH 䝃䞊䝆 1-2 ᪥ᚋ䛻䝢

䞊䜽್䠅䜢♧䛧䠈᫂䜙䛛䛻✀ᕪ䛜ㄆ䜑䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹䛣䜜䜙VER 䛾཯ᛂᛶ䛾㐪䛔䛿Ⓨ᝟ᮇ䛻䛚

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䛟䛺䜛䛯䜑VEC 䛜ୖ᪼䛧䠈㏫䛻 VER 䛿పୗ䛩䜛䠅䛒䜛䛔䛿⾑⌫䞉⾑₢ᡂศ䛾₃ฟ䠄ฟ⾑䠅䛾 㛵୚䛜୍㒊ᣦ᦬ [29, 36] 䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌

㞤䜻䝒䝛䛾ཷ⫾䛸㠀ཷ⫾䝕䞊䝍 䠄n = 32䠅 䜢ᇶ䛻 VER 䛾䝢䞊䜽್䜢ศ㢮䛧䛯䛸䛣䜝䠈஺ ᑿ䛧ཷ⫾䛧䛯⩌ 䠄group A, n = 13䠅 䛾ᖹᆒ VER ್䛿 381 units 䛷䛒䜚䠈஺ᑿ䛧䛯䛜ཷ⫾䛧 䛺䛛䛳䛯⩌ 䠄group B, n = 5䠅 䛾 264 units 䜔஺ᑿ䛧䛺䛛䛳䛯⩌ 䠄group C, n = 14䠅 䛾 202 units㻌 䛻ẚ䜉᫂䜙䛛䛻㧗್䜢♧䛧䛯 (Fig. 6)䚹Møller 䜙 [37] 䛻䜘䜛䛸䠈䜻䝒䝛䛷䛿 VER ್

䛜䝢䞊䜽䜢♧䛩 1䡚2 ᪥๓䛻⾑₢䜶䝇䝖䝷䝆䜸䞊䝹-17β ⃰ᗘ䛜᭱኱್䛻㐩䛧䠈䛭䜜䛻క䛔 LH 䝃䞊䝆䠄ᮇ㛫䛿 1䡚3 ᪥䠅䛜ㄏⓎ䛥䜜᤼༸䛜㉳䛣䜛䛸䛔䛖䚹⾑₢䜶䝇䝖䝷䝆䜸䞊䝹⃰ᗘ䛜᭱ ኱್䛸䛺䜛᫬ᮇ䛿እ㝜㒊䛾⭘⬽᫬ᮇ䛸୍⮴䛩䜛䛣䛸䛛䜙䠈䛭䛾1䡚2 ᪥ᚋ䛾⭐⢓ᾮ䛾⢓⛻ᗘ 䛾ஹ㐍䛜 VER 㧗್䠄㟁Ẽ᢬ᢠ䛾ቑ኱䠅䛻཯ᫎ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䛯䚹䛔䛪䜜䛻䛧䛶䜒௒ ᚋ䠈ᛶ䝩䝹䝰䞁䛸⭐ෆ⢓ᾮᛶ≧䠄NaCl ྵ㔞䜔⾑ᾮᡂศ䛾᭷↓䠅䠈⢓ᾮ⢓⛻ᗘ䛸 VER 䛾㛵 㐃䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿᳨ウ䛜ᚲせ䛷䛒䜛䚹䛺䛚䠈䜻䝒䝛䛷䛿๓グ䛾䜘䛖䛻 VER 䛿᤼༸ᮇ䠄Ⓨ᝟ᚋ 2 䡚3 ᪥㛫䠅䛾䜏㧗್䜢♧䛩䛯䜑 [7, 37]䠈ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿Ⓨ᝟☜ㄆᚋ 3 ᪥㛫㐃⥆䛧䛶 VER 䜢  ᐃ䛧䠈䛣䛾ᮇ㛫ෆ䛷᭱䜒㧗䛔 VER ್䜢䝢䞊䜽್䛸䛧䛯䚹ᮏ᮲௳ୗ㻌 䠄Second study䠅㻌 䛷䛾㠀 Ⓨ᝟ᮇ䛾ᖹᆒ basal VER ್䛿 144 units䠄First study 䛷䛾ᖹᆒ basal VER ್䛿 140 units 䛷䠈䜋䜌୍⮴䠅䛷䛒䛳䛯䛣䛸䠈஺ᑿ䛧ཷ⫾䛧䛯⩌ 䠄group A䠅 䛾 VER 䝢䞊䜽⠊ᅖ䛜 280䡚700 units 䛷䛒䛳䛯䛣䛸䜢⪃䛘ྜ䜟䛫䜛䛸䠈ཷ⫾䛻ᚲせ䛺 VER 㜈್䛿 280 units ๓ᚋ䠄䛒䜛䛔䛿䛭

䜜௨ୖ䠅䛸᥎ᐹ䛥䜜䛯䚹䛣䜜䜙䛾䛣䛸䛛䜙䠈Ⓨ᝟ᮇ䛾 VER 䛾㧗್䛿ཷ⫾䛾ᚲせ᮲௳䛷䛒䜛䛸 䜒⪃䛘䜙䜜䛯䚹䛺䛚䠈group B ⩌䛾 No. 10 䛿䛭䛾ᚋ 3 ᖺ㛫஺㓄䜢ヨ䜏䛯䛜ཷ⫾䛧䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹 䜎䛯䠈group C ⩌䛾 No. 36 䛿Ⓨ᝟ᚩೃ䜢♧䛩䜒䛾䛾䜿䞊䝆䛾㝮䛻䛖䛪䛟䜎䜚䠈䛛䛴㞝䛻ᑐ䛧 ㏨㑊䛒䜛䛔䛿ᜍᛧ⾜ື䜢♧䛧஺ᑿ䛻䛿⮳䜙䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹䛣䜜䜙䛾2 㢌䛾ཎᅉ䛿୙᫂䛷䛒䜛䛜䠈 䜻䝒䝛䛾⮬↛஺㓄䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿᫬ᢡㄆ䜑䜙䜜䜛⌧㇟䛷䛒䜛䚹㻌 ୖグ⤖ᯝ䜢ᇶ䛻䠈Ⓨ᝟ᮇ䛻 VER 㧗್䠄350 units ௨ୖ䠅䜢♧䛩㞤䜻䝒䝛䠄n = 44䠅䛾ཷ⫾ ⋡䝕䞊䝍䛛䜙஺ᑿᣢ⥆᫬㛫䛸䛾㛵㐃䜢ᅇ㢳ⓗ䛻ゎᯒ䛧䛯䛸䛣䜝䠈ཷ⫾䛧䛯㞤䜻䝒䝛䠄n = 23䠅 䛾ᖹᆒ஺ᑿᣢ⥆᫬㛫䛿 42.5 ศ䠈ཷ⫾䛧䛺䛛䛳䛯㞤䜻䝒䝛䠄n = 21䠅䛾ᖹᆒ஺ᑿᣢ⥆᫬㛫䛿 26.6 ศ䛷䛒䜚⤫ィᏛⓗ䛻᭷ព䛺ᘏ㛗 䠄P < 0.01䠅 䛜ㄆ䜑䜙䜜䛯 (Fig. 7A)䚹ḟ䛻஺ᑿᣢ⥆

23 ᫬㛫䜢 4 䛴䛻༊ษ䜚䠈᫬㛫ẖ䛻ཷ⫾⋡䜢⟬ฟ䛧䛯䛸䛣䜝䠈஺ᑿᣢ⥆᫬㛫䛜 20 ศ௨ୗ䛷䛿 ཷ⫾⋡䛿0%䠈21䡚30 ศ䛷䛿 27.8%䠈31䡚40 ศ䛷䛿 66.7%䠈40 ศ䜢㉸䛘䜛䛸 100% 䛸䛺䜚䠈 ஺ᑿᣢ⥆᫬㛫౫Ꮡⓗ䛻ཷ⫾⋡䛜ቑຍ䛧䛶䛔䛯 (Fig. 7B)䚹஺ᑿ᫬䛾䝁䜲䝍䝹䝻䝑䜽䛿๓グ䛧 䛯䜘䛖䛻≟ᒓ䜔䜻䝒䝛ᒓ䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒ㄆ䜑䜙䜜䜛䛜䠈≟䛷䛿஺ᑿ┤ᚋ䠄80 ⛊௨ෆ䠅䛻⢭Ꮚ䜢⃰ ཌ䛻ྵ䜐⢭ᾮ䠄➨2 ศ⏬⢭ᾮ䠈0.5䡚3 mL䠅䛜ᑕ⢭䛥䜜䠈䛭䛾ᚋ䠈䝁䜲䝍䝹䝻䝑䜽୰䠄5䡚45 ศ䠅 䛻䛿๓❧⭢ᾮ䠄➨3 ศ⏬⢭ᾮ䠈30 mL ๓ᚋ䠅䛜ᑕฟ䛥䜜䜛䛸䛔䛖䚹䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶䠈஺ᑿᣢ⥆᫬㛫 䛸ཷ⫾䛸䛾㛫䛻䛿┤᥋㛵ಀ䛺䛔䛸䛾ሗ࿌ [42, 44]㻌 䛜䛒䜛཯㠃䠈๓❧⭢ᾮ䛻䛿⢭Ꮚ䛾Ꮚᐑ ෆ㐳ୖ䛻㛵୚䛩䜛㔜せ䛺ᙺ๭䛜䛒䜛䛸䛾ᣦ᦬ [42, 44]㻌 䜒䛒䜛䚹≟䛿䜻䝒䝛䛾䜘䛖䛺Ꮨ⠇⦾ Ṫື≀䛷䛺䛟䠈Ⓨ᝟࿘ᮇ 䠄≟䛷䛿 6䡚7 䞄᭶ẖ䠅䜔Ⓨ᝟ᮇ㛫 䠄≟䛷䛿 8䡚13 ᪥䠅䜒䜻䝒䝛䠄Ⓨ ᝟ᮇ㛫䠖2䡚3 ᪥䠅䛸኱䛝䛟␗䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛛䜙䠈஺ᑿᣢ⥆᫬㛫䛸ཷ⫾⋡䛾㛵㐃䛻䛚䛔䛶䠈≟ 䛸䜻䝒䝛䛸䜢ྠิ䛻ㄽ䛨䜙䜜䛺䛔䛛䜒䛧䜜䛺䛔䚹୍᪉䠈㞤䜻䝒䝛䛾㞝䛾チᐜᛶ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿㞤 䜻䝒䝛䛾⾑₢䜶䝇䝖䝷䝆䜸䞊䝹-17β ⃰ᗘ䜔 LH 䝃䞊䝆䛾⛬ᗘ䠄䛭䜜䜢཯ᫎ䛩䜛 VER 㧗್䠅 䛜㛵୚䛧䛶䛔䜛䛸䛾ሗ࿌ [37]㻌 䛿䛒䜛䛜䠈஺ᑿᣢ⥆᫬㛫䛸ཷ⫾䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾ሗ࿌䛿ぢᙜ䛯䜙 䛺䛔䚹䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶䠈௒ᚋ᭦䛺䜛䝕䞊䝍䛾⵳✚䛜ᚲせ䛷䛒䜛䚹䛺䛚䠈ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿㞤䜻䝒䝛䛾⮬ ↛஺㓄䞉ཷ⫾䞉ศፔ䝕䞊䝍䜢ᅇ㢳ⓗゎᯒ䛧䛯䛯䜑䛻㞝䜻䝒䝛䛾⦾Ṫ⬟ຊ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿༑ศ᳨ ウ䛷䛝䛺䛛䛳䛯䛜䚸䛭䛾㛵୚䛿ᴟ䜑䛶㧗䛔䛸⪃䛘䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌 5. ᑠᣓ 㞤䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛾Ⓨ᝟ᚩೃ䛸ᤵ⢭㐺ᮇ䜢ᢕᥱ䛩䜛┠ⓗ䛷䠈እ㝜㒊䛾‵₶⭘⬽䛸 VER ್䜢 ⥅⥆ⓗ䛻ㄪ䜉䛯䚹䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛾እ㝜㒊䛾‵₶⭘⬽䜢క䛖Ⓨ᝟ᚩೃ䛿 2~3 ᭶䛻ほᐹ䛥䜜䠈

VER ್䛾䝢䞊䜽್䛿እ㝜㒊䛾⭘⬽ᚋ䛻䜏䜙䜜䛯䚹㠀Ⓨ᝟᫬䛾 basal VER ್䛿 140 units ๓ ᚋ䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䛛䜙䠈Ⓨ᝟ᮇ䛾 VER 䛾䝢䞊䜽㧗್䠄㜈್䛿 280 units ௨ୖ䠅䛜ཷ⫾䛾᮲௳䛷䛒

䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䛯䚹䜎䛯஺ᑿᣢ⥆᫬㛫䛿40 ศ䜢㉸䛘䜛䛸㧗䛔ཷ⫾⋡䛜ᚓ䜙䜜䛯䚹௨ୖ䛾䛣䛸䛛

䜙䠈Ⓨ᝟ᮇ䛻 VER 䛾㧗್䠄350 units䠅䜢♧䛩ಶయ䛷஺ᑿᣢ⥆᫬㛫䛜㛗䛟䛺䜛䛸ཷ⫾⋡䛜㧗 䜎䜛䛣䛸䛜ุ᫂䛧䛯䚹

24     

     

25

Fig. 5. Continuous changes in vaginal electrical resistance (VER) of red fox vixens

in February to March in the first study. Two (closed diamonds and squares) of four vixens elicited high peak VER values, but two other vixens (closed circles and triangles) consistently had values close to the basal mean. 㻌

Fig. 6. Scatterplots showing changes in vaginal electrical resistance (VER) of red

fox vixens in the second study. Group A: 13 vixens that became pregnant after mating; Group B: 5 vixens that did not become pregnant after mating; Group C: 14 vixens that did not mate. Dotted and solid lines represent the mean and median values, respectively, of each group. a: animal No. 10; b: animal No. 36㻌

26

0

20

40

60

80

100

Pregnancy

Non-pregnancy㻌

Coital-lock tim

e (m

in

)㻌

A

**

0

20

40

60

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Conception rate (%)

㻌

≤ 20

21-30

31-40

40 <

Coital-lock time (min)

B

Fig. 7. Coital-lock time in pregnant and non-pregnant vixens (A), and conception rates at

each coital-lock time (B) of red foxes in the third study. A: Coital-lock time in pregnant (n = 23) and non-pregnant (n = 21) vixens are depicted as box and whisker plots. Median and quartiles are shown in the box. Upper and lower bars represent maximum and minimum values, respectively. **P < 0.01 vs. pregnant vixens. B: Based on each coital-lock time, vixens are divided into 4 groups; 20 min or less (n = 4), 21-30 min (n = 18), 31-40 min (n = 12), and more than 40 min (n = 10), and their conception rates are calculated. 㻌

27 ➨ ➨3 ❶㻌 䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛻䛚䛡䜛⢭ᾮ᥇ྲྀ䛸ேᕤᤵ⢭ἲ䛾᳨ウ 1. ᗎㄽ ๓❶䛾⮬↛஺㓄䛻㛵䛩䜛᳨ウ䛛䜙䠈㞤䜻䝒䝛䛾Ꮚᐑ㢕⟶⢓ᾮ㟁Ẽ᢬ᢠ䠄VER䠅䛾䝢䞊䜽 ್䠄peak magnitude䠅䛸஺ᑿᣢ⥆᫬㛫䠄䝁䜲䝍䝹䝻䝑䜽䠅䜢ྜ䜟䛫ホ౯䛩䜛䛸䠈஺㓄┤ᚋ䛻ཷ⫾ 䛾᭷↓䜢᥎ᐃ䛷䛝䜛䛣䛸䛜᫂䜙䛛䛻䛺䛳䛯䚹䛧䛛䛧䠈ཷ⫾䛻䛿㞝䜻䝒䝛䛾⦾Ṫ⬟ຊ䜒኱䛝䛟㛵 ୚䛩䜛䛣䛸䛛䜙䠈㏆ぶ஺㓄䜢㑊䛡ከᵝ䛺ẟⰍ䛾䜻䝒䝛䜢ィ⏬ⓗ䛛䛴㛗ᮇⓗ䛻⥔ᣢ䛩䜛䛯䜑 䛻䛿䠈ඃ⚽䛺✀㞝䛾☜ಖ䞉⥔ᣢ䛜ㄢ㢟䛸䛺䛳䛶䛔䛯䚹䛯䛸䛘䜀䠈㞤䛾Ⓨ᝟䛜ྠ᫬ᮇ䛻Ⓨ⌧䛧 䛯ሙྜ䛻䛿1 ᫬ᮇ䛻㞟୰䛧䛶ከᩘ䛾㞝䛜ᚲせ䛸䛺䜚䠈Ⓨ᝟䛧䛯㞤䜻䝒䝛䛜㞝䜻䝒䝛䛻ᑐ䛧ᨷ ᧁ䞉㏨㑊⾜ື䠄neophobic behavior䠅䜢⧞䜚㏉䛧஺㓄䛻⮳䜙䛺䛔ሙྜ䛻䛿㞝䜻䝒䝛䛾஺᥮䛜ᚲ せ䛸䛺䜛䚹୍᪉䛷䠈⦾Ṫ⾜ື䛾ほᐹ䛻䛿ከ䛟䛾ປຊ䜢せ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛛䜙䠈┬ຊ໬䛾䛯䜑䛻䜒ே ᕤᤵ⢭ἲ䛾☜❧䛜ᙉ䛟ᮃ䜎䜜䛯䚹ேᕤᤵ⢭䛻䛿⦾Ṫ⋡䛾ྥୖ䜔㑇ఏⓗከᵝᛶ䛾⥔ᣢ䛾䜋 䛛䠈ᑡᩘ䛾ඃ⚽䛺✀㞝䛾⢭ᾮ䜢Ᏻᐃⓗ䛻౪⤥䛷䛝䜛฼Ⅼ䛜䛒䜛䚹 ໭Ḣ䛷䛿ྂ䛟䛛䜙ẟ⓶⏝䜻䝒䝛䛾⦾Ṫ䛷ேᕤᤵ⢭䛜⾜䜟䜜䛶䛝䛯䛜䠈䛭䛾୺ὶ䛿㞤䜻䝒 䝛䛾Ⓨ᝟ᚩೃᚋ䛾VER ್䛾䝢䞊䜽᫬䛻ྜ䜟䛫䠈㞝䜻䝒䝛䛛䜙⢭ᾮ䜢᥇ྲྀ䛧䠈┤䛱䛻ᕼ㔘䛧 䛶᪂㩭ᕼ㔘⢭ᾮ䜢ከᩘ䛾㞤䜻䝒䝛䛻ὀධ䛩䜛᪉ἲ䛜᥇䜙䜜䛶䛝䛯 [7, 14, 15]䚹䛣䜜䜙ᡭἲ 䛻䛿⢭ᾮ䜢෾⤖ಖᏑ䛩䜛ᡭ㛫䛜┬䛡䜛䝯䝸䝑䝖䛜䛒䜛䚹 䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺⫼ᬒୗ䠈ᮏ❶䛾┠ⓗ䜢䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛷䛾ேᕤᤵ⢭ἲ䛾☜❧䛸䛧䛯䚹䜎䛪㞝䜻䝒䝛 䛛䜙䛾⢭ᾮ᥇ྲྀἲ䜢᳨ウ䛧䛯䚹⢭ᾮ᥇ྲྀἲ䛻䛿⏝ᡭἲ䠄㝜ⱼ䝬䝑䝃䞊䝆ἲ䠅䛸┤⭠䛛䜙䛾㟁 Ẽ่⃭ᑕ⢭ἲ䛾 2 䛴䛾᪉ἲ䛜䛒䜛䚹⏝ᡭἲ䛿↓㯞㓉ᣊ᮰ୗ䛻⾜䛖䛯䜑䝇䝖䝺䝇䛜᥃䛛䜚᫆ 䛟䠈䛛䛴䝬䝑䝃䞊䝆䛻᫬㛫䜢せ䛧䠈⢭ᾮ᥇ྲྀ㔞䛻䜒䝞䝷䝒䜻䛜⏕䛨᫆䛔䛣䛸䛛䜙 [28] 䠈ᮏ◊ ✲䛷䛿䜻䝅䝷䝆䞁㙠㟼ୗ䛷䛾㟁Ẽ่⃭ᑕ⢭ἲ [20, 43] 䛻╔┠䛧㈇Ⲵ㟁ᅽ䠄V䠅䛾᮲௳タᐃ 䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹䛭䛾ᚋ䠈᥇ྲྀ䛧䛯⢭ᾮ䛾ᕼ㔘ቑ㔞䛸෾⤖ಖᏑ䛻∵⏝⢭ᾮᕼ㔘ᾮ䛜ᛂ⏝䛷䛝䜛䛛 ᳨ウ䛧䛯䚹䜻䝒䝛⏝䛾⢭ᾮᕼ㔘ᾮ䛿᪤䛻ሗ࿌ [14] 䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛜䠈䜻䝒䝛䛾⮫ᗋ⌧ሙ䛻䛚 䛔䛶ㄪᩚ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜↹㞧䛷㞴䛧䛔䛣䛸䛛䜙䠈ධᡭ䛜ᐜ᫆䛷ㄪᩚ῭䛾∵⏝⢭ᾮᕼ㔘ᾮ䛻ὀ┠ 䛧䛯䚹∵⏝⢭ᾮᕼ㔘ᾮ䛿䛣䜜䜎䛷ື≀ᅬ䛷㣫⫱䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䝠䜾䝬䛾⢭ᾮ䛾ᕼ㔘䞉ಖᏑᾮ䛸䛧

28 䛶฼⏝䛥䜜Ⰻዲ䛺ᡂ⦼ [20] 䛜ᚓ䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌 2. ᮦᩱཬ䜃᪉ἲ 2-1 ౪ヨື≀ ⶶ⋤䜻䝒䝛ᮧ䛻㣫㣴䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛೺ᗣ䛺㞤㞝䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䜢౑⏝䛧䛯䚹⢭ᾮ᥇ྲྀ䛻䛿㞝䜻䝒 䝛䜢 71 㢌⏝䛔䠄㔜」౑⏝䛿↓䛧䠅䠈౪ヨ᫬䠄2011䡚2013 ᖺ䛾 1䡚3 ᭶䠅䛾ᖺ㱋䛿 35䡚58 䜿᭶䠈య㔜䛿 8.0䡚11.4 kg 䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹ᮏ◊✲䛻⏝䛔䛯㞝䜻䝒䝛䛿䝜䝹䜴䜵䞊䛛䜙ᑟධ䛥䜜䛯 ✀㞝ཬ䜃䛭䛾➨୍ୡ௦䛷䛒䜛䚹㞤䜻䝒䝛䛿16 㢌⏝䛔䠈ேᕤᤵ⢭᫬䠄2011 ᖺ䡚2014 ᖺ䛾 2 䡚3 ᭶䠅䛾ᖺ㱋䛿 22䡚58 䜿᭶㱋䠈య㔜 8䡚10 kg 䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹෾⤖⢭ᾮ䛿㞝 4 㢌䛛䜙᥇ྲྀ 䛧䛯䜒䛾䜢⏝䛔䠈㞝 1 㢌ᙜ䛯䜚㞤ྛ 4 㢌䛻ேᕤᤵ⢭䛧䛯䚹㣫⫱᮲௳䛿 “➨ 1 ❶ 2-1” 䛸ྠ ᵝ䛷䛒䜛䚹䛩䜉䛶䛾ᐇ㦂䛿ື≀ᐇ㦂䛻㛵䛩䜛ᣦ㔪 [38] 䜢ᇶ䛻ᐑᇛⶶ⋤䜻䝒䝛ᮧ䛾㣫⫱䠈 ⟶⌮ཬ䜃౑⏝つᐃ䛻ᚑ䛔ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䚹㻌 2-2 ⢭ᾮ䛾᥇ྲྀ 㞝䜻䝒䝛䛿⢭ᾮ᥇ྲྀ๓ ⣙ 20 ᫬㛫⤯㣗䛧䠈ሷ㓟䜻䝅䝷䝆䞁䠄1.6 mg/kg䠈䝊䝜䜰䝑䜽䠈⚟ᓥ䠅 䛾኱⭣㒊䜈䛾➽⫗ෆὀᑕ䛷㙠㟼䞉୙ື໬䛧䛶䠈ฎ⨨ྎ䛻ᶓ⮩ಖᐃ䛧䛯䚹ᑕ⢭䛻䛿┤⭠䛛䜙 ㏻㟁䛩䜛㟁Ẽ่⃭ᑕ⢭ჾ䠄One channel type for mammals䠈ᐩኈᖹᕤᴗ䠈ᮾி䠅䜢⏝䛔䛯 䠄Fig. 8䠅䚹ᑕ⢭ჾ䛿㟁ὶ䛸㟁ᅽ䜢ィ 䛷䛝䜛ᮏయ䛸䝥䝻䞊䝤䛛䜙ᡂ䜚䠈䝥䝻䞊䝤䠄┤ᚄ 1.9 cm x 㛗䛥 30 cm䠅䛾ඛ➃㒊䠄10 cm䠅䛻䛿 4 䛴䛾㟁ᴟ䛜⿦╔䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹ᾃ⭠䛻䜘䜚┤⭠䛾⣅ ౽䜢㝖ཤᚋ䠈₶⁥๣䜢䝥䝻䞊䝤⾲㠃䛻ሬ䜚⫠㛛䜘䜚┤⭠䛾୰䛻⣙ 12 cm ᤄධ䛧䛯䚹䝨䝙䝇 䜢㟢ฟᚋ䠈⏕⌮㣗ሷỈ䛷䜘䛟Ὑί䛧⢭ᾮ᥇ྲྀ⏝ヨ㦂⟶䛾୰䛻ඛ➃䜢ಖᣢ䛧䛯䚹㟁Ẽ่⃭䛿 ࿘Ἴᩘ 60 䝦䝹䝒䠄Hz䠅䛷 1 ⛊㏻㟁䠉1 ⛊ఇṆ䛾㛫㝸䛷 1 䝪䝹䝖䠄V䠅 䛛䜙 5 V 䜎䛷㟁ᅽ 䜢ୖ䛢䜛᧯స䜢⾜䛔䠈䛣䜜䜢 “1 䝃䜲䜽䝹” 䛸䛧䛯䚹5 䝃䜲䜽䝹⤊஢᫬䛻⢭ᾮ䜢ᚓ䜙䜜䛯㟁 ᅽ䛷䛾᥇⢭ᡂຌ⋡䜢ୗグᘧ䛻䜘䜚⟬ฟ䛧䛯䚹ᚋ⫥䛾ఙ㛗䜔➽⫗䛾ᨥ⦰䜔◳┤䛜䜏䜙䜜䛯 ሙྜ䛻䛿䠈䛭䜜௨ୖ㟁ᅽ䜢ୖ䛢䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹 ᥇⢭ᡂຌ⋡䠄%䠅 = 䠄⢭ᾮ䜢᥇ྲྀ䛷䛝䛯㞝䛾㢌ᩘ / ౑⏝䛧䛯㞝䛾㢌ᩘ䠅 x 100

29 ᥇ྲྀ䛧䛯⢭ᾮ䛿እほ䛛䜙ᒀ䛾ΰධ䛜↓䛔䛣䛸䜢☜ㄆ䛧䠈┤䛱䛻 32°C 䛾ᜏ ᵴ䛻⨨䛝䠈 ⢭ᾮ㔞䜢䝬䜲䜽䝻䝢䝨䝑䝖䛻䜘䜚ィ 䛧䛯䚹⢭Ꮚᩘ䛿䝖䞊䝬ᘧ⾑⌫ィ⟬┙䠄Hem cytometer䠈ᐩ ኈᖹ䠈 ᮾி䠅䛻䜘䜚㢧ᚤ㙾ୗ䛷⟬ฟ䛧䛯䚹⢭Ꮚ⏕Ꮡᣦᩘ䛿ຍ ⿦⨨䠄Microwarm Plate MP-1000䠈໭㔛䝁䞊䝫䝺䞊䝅䝵䞁䠈㟼ᒸ䠅䜢ྲྀ䜚௜䛡䛯⢭Ꮚάຊィ⟬┙䠄Horwell chamber䠈ᐩኈ ᖹ䠈 ᮾி䠅䜢⏝䛔㢧ᚤ㙾ୗ䠄20䡚400 ಸ䠅䛻ほᐹ䛧䛯䚹⢭Ꮚ⏕Ꮡᣦᩘ䛿∵⢭Ꮚ䛾ᶆ‽ⓗ䛺 ⢭Ꮚάຊᇶ‽ἲ [23] 䛻ᚑ䛔ୗグ䛾䜘䛖䛻䝇䝁䜰໬䛧䛯䚹 +++ 䠄䝇䝁䜰 100 䠅䠖⢭Ꮚ䛿 ᕳ≧䛾άⓎ䛺๓㐍㐠ື䜢䛩䜛 + + 䠄䝇䝁䜰 75 䠅䠖⢭Ꮚ䛿άⓎ䛻๓㐍㐠ື䛧䛶䛔䜛 + 㻌 䠄䝇䝁䜰 50 䠅䠖⢭Ꮚ䛿๓㐍㐠ື䜢䛧䛶䛔䜛 ± 㻌 䠄䝇䝁䜰 25 䠅䠖⢭Ꮚ䛿᣺Ꮚ㐠ື䜢䛩䜛䛜๓㐍䜔ᚋ㏥䛾㐠ື䛿䛺䛔 䠉㻌 䠄䝇䝁䜰 0 䠅䠖⢭Ꮚ䛿඲䛟ື䛛䛺䛔 2-3 ∵⏝⢭ᾮᕼ㔘ᾮ ⢭ᾮᕼ㔘ᾮ䛿ᐑᇛ┴␆⏘ヨ㦂ሙ䠄኱ᓮ䠈ᐑᇛ䠅䛛䜙ᥦ౪䛥䜜䛯∵⏝⢭ᾮᕼ㔘ᾮ䜢⏝䛔䛯䚹 ᮏᕼ㔘ᾮ䛿1 ḟᕼ㔘ᾮ䠄I ᾮ䠅䛸 2 ḟᕼ㔘ᾮ䠄II ᾮ䠅䛛䜙ᡂ䜚䠈ྛ⤌ᡂ䜢 Table 5 䛻♧䛧䛯䚹

2-4 ⢭ᾮ䛾ᕼ㔘ㄪᩚ䛸෾⤖ಖᏑ ∵䛷䛾⢭ᾮᕼ㔘ཬ䜃෾⤖ಖᏑἲ [23] 䛻‽䛨䛶⾜䛳䛯䚹⢭ᾮ㔞䜢 ᐃᚋ䠈⢭ᾮ䛸ᜏ  ᵴ୰䠄32°C䠅䛷ண䜑ຍ 䛧䛶䛚䛔䛯 I ᾮ䜢 1 : 5䠄v/v䠅䛻䛺䜛䜘䛖䛻ᕼ㔘䛧䛯䚹䛭䛾ᚋ䠈෭ⶶᗜ ୰䛷 I ᾮᕼ㔘⢭ᾮ䜢 60 ศ㛫䛛䛡䛶 4°C 䜎䛷෭༷䛧䛯䚹෭༷䛧䛯 I ᾮᕼ㔘⢭ᾮ䛻ண䜑෭༷ 䛧䛶䛔䛯 II ᾮ䠄䜾䝸䝉䝸䞁⃰ᗘ 13%ྵ᭷䠅䜢 10 ศ㛫㝸䛷 3 ᅇ䛻ศ䛡᭱⤊⢭Ꮚᩘ䠄⃰ᗘ䠅䛜 100 ×106 _{cells/mL 䛻䛺䜛䜘䛖䛻ຍ䛘䛶ㄪᩚ䛧䛯 [14, 15]䚹䜾䝸䝉䝸䞁䛾᭱⤊⃰ᗘ䛿⢭Ꮚᩘ} 䠄⃰ᗘ䠅䛻䜘䛳䛶ⱝᖸ␗䛺䜚5.8䡚6.0% 䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹ㄪᩚ䛧䛯 II ᾮᕼ㔘⢭ᾮ䛿䝇䝖䝻䞊䠄0.5 mL, 䝍䜲䝥 133䠈ᐩኈᖹᕤᴗ䠈ᮾி䠅䛻඘ሸ䛧䛶䝟䝔䠄ⅆ⅖䠅䛷ᑒධ䛧䛯䚹䛭䛾ᚋ䠈䝇䝖䝻䞊䜢䝇䝖 䝻䞊䝷䝑䜽䛻Ỉᖹ䛻୪䜉䠈ண䜑ᾮయ❅⣲䠄䠉196°C䠅䜢ධ䜜䛯෾⤖䝪䝑䜽䝇䛻⛣䛧䛯䚹䜎䛪䠈 ᾮయ❅⣲ᾮ㠃䛾 5 cm 䛾㧗䛥䛷 5 ศ㛫䠈䛭䛾ᚋ 4 cm 䛾㧗䛥䛷 5 ศ㛫ᨺ⨨䛧䛶 ᗘ䜢ᚎ䚻

30 䛻ୗ䛢෾⤖䛧䛯䚹෾⤖⢭ᾮ䛿ᾮయ❅⣲୰䛷8 ᪥䡚25 䜿᭶㛫ಖ⟶ᚋ䛻ேᕤᤵ⢭䛻౪䛧䛯䚹 ౑⏝䛻㝿䛧䛶䛿 37°C 䛾 ‮䛷⼥ゎ䛧䠈1 ศ௨ෆ䛻⢭Ꮚάຊ䜢ୖ㏙䛾᪉ἲ䠄ୖグ “2-2” ཧ ↷䠅䛷᳨ᰝ䛧䛶䠈35°C ๓ᚋ䛾⁐ゎ⢭ᾮ䜢ୗグ⢭ᾮὀධჾ䛻⿦╔䛧䛯䚹 2-5 㻌 ⢭ᾮὀධჾ 䜻䝒䝛䛻ᑐᛂ䛷䛝䜛㐺ษ䛺⢭ᾮὀධჾ䛜䛺䛔䛯䜑䠈䜻䝒䝛⏝⢭ᾮὀධჾ䜢 TSK ◊✲ᡤ 䠄ᰣᮌ䠅䛸ඹྠ䛷ヨస䛧䛯䠄Fig. 9䠅䚹ᮏὀධჾ䛿እ⟄ཬ䜃ෆ⟄䝥䝻䞊䝤䛛䜙ᡂ䜚䠈እ⟄䝥䝻䞊 䝤䛿┤ᚄ 7 mm , 㛗䛥 24 cm䠈ෆ⟄䝥䝻䞊䝤䛿ὀᑕ⟄䜢᥋⥆䛷䛝䜛ᇶ㒊䠄2 cm䠅䠈ኴ䛔㒊ศ 䠄┤ᚄ 4.5 mm, 㛗䛥 27 cm䠅䠈⣽䛔㒊ศ䠄┤ᚄ 3.0 mm , 㛗䛥 5 cm䠅䛸ඛ➃㒊䠄┤ᚄ 1.8 mm, 㛗䛥1 cm 䛾䛖䛱 4 mm 䛿ୖ᪉䛻᭤䛜䛳䛯ᵓ㐀䠅䛛䜙ᵓᡂ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹⼥ゎ䛧䛯䝇䝖䝻䞊୰䛾 ⢭ᾮ䠄0.5 mL䠅䛿 2.5 mL ὀᑕ⟄䜢⏝䛔䛶྾ᘬᚋ䠈ෆ⟄䜢⢭ᾮὀධჾ䛾ᇶ㒊䛻᥋⥆䛧䠈ὀධ ჾඛ➃䜢Ꮚᐑ㢕⟶῝㒊䜎䛷ᤄධ䛧䛯䚹㻌 2-6㻌 ேᕤᤵ⢭ 㞤䜻䝒䝛䜈䛾ேᕤᤵ⢭䛿እ㝜㒊䛜‵₶⭾ᙇ䛧䛯䛣䛸䜢☜ㄆᚋ䠈VER ್䛜 350 units䠄Ω䠅 䜢㉸䛘䛯᫬Ⅼཬ䜃䛭䛾 24 ᫬㛫ᚋ䛾ィ 2 ᅇヨ⾜䛧䛯䚹䜎䛪㞤䜻䝒䝛䜢䝬䝆䝑䜽䝝䞁䝗ᆺಖ ᐃჾ 䠄Fig. 1䠅䛻䜘䜚㢕㒊䜢ᤕᤊᚋ䠈↓㯞㓉ୗ䛻⭡ቨ䜘䜚Ꮚᐑ㢕⟶䜢ಖᣢ䛧䠈⢭ᾮὀධჾ䜢 ⭐ෆ䛻ᤄධ䛧䛶Ꮚᐑ㢕⟶῝㒊䛻⢭ᾮ䜢0.5 mL/ᅇ䜢ὀධ䛧䛯䚹ᤵ⢭᧯స䛿⭐ෆ䛻ὀධჾ䜢 ᤄධᚋ 1 ศ௨ෆ䛷⤊஢䛧䛯䚹 ேᕤᤵ⢭ᚋ䠈㞤䜻䝒䝛䛿┤䛱䛻ග䜢㐽᩿䛧䛯ศፔ့⫱⟽ 䠄“➨ 2 ❶ 2-1-2” ཧ↷䠅䛻⛣ 䛧䠈䝡䝕䜸䜹䝯䝷䜢タ⨨䛧䛶䠈ᦤ㣵䜔୍⯡≧ែ䛸䛸䜒䛻᪩⏘ 䠄ᗋ䛾ฟ⾑䠅 䛾᭷↓䜢┘ど䛧䛯䚹 ཷ⫾⋡䛿ୗᘧ䛷ồ䜑䛯䚹 ཷ⫾⋡䠄%䠅= 䠄ศፔ䛧䛯㞤䛾㢌ᩘ / ேᕤᤵ⢭䜢⾜䛳䛯㞤䛾㢌ᩘ䠅x 100 2-7㻌 ⤫ィゎᯒ ⢭Ꮚ䛾ᩘ್䝕䞊䝍䛸⏕Ꮡ⬟ຊᣦᩘ䛿ᖹᆒ್ ± ᶆ‽ㄗᕪ䠄mean ± SEM䠅䛷⾲䛧䛯䚹⤫ィ

31

ゎᯒ䛿Student 䛾 t ᳨ᐃ䠄2 ⩌㛫䠅䛒䜛䛔䛿 Steel ᳨ᐃ䠄3 ⩌㛫䠅䛷⾜䛔䠈P < 0.05 䛷᭷ពᕪ 䛒䜚䛸䛧䛯䚹

3. ⤖ᯝ

3-1㻌 㟁Ẽ่⃭ᑕ⢭䛾㟁ᅽ䛸᥇⢭ᡂຌ⋡䠄Fig. 10 䛸 Fig. 11A䠅

౑⏝䛧䛯㞝䜻䝒䝛71 㢌䛾䛖䛱 47 㢌䛷⢭ᾮ䛜᥇ྲྀ䛥䜜䠈᥇⢭ᡂຌ⋡䛿 66.2%䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹䝃 䜲䜽䝹ᩘ䛸⢭ᾮ᥇ྲྀ䛸䛾㛵㐃䜢ㄪ䜉䛯䛸䛣䜝䠈඲䝃䜲䜽䝹䛷⢭ᾮ䛿᥇ྲྀ䛷䛝䛯䛜䠈1 䝃䜲䜽䝹 䛸5 䝃䜲䜽䝹䛷䛿 5V 䛾䜏᥇ྲྀ䛷䛝䛯䠄Fig. 10䠅䚹䛧䛛䛧䠈5 V 䛷䛿㏻㟁୰䠈ᚋ⫥䛾ఙ㛗䜔 ➽⫗䛾ᨥ⦰䜔◳┤䛜ほᐹ䛥䜜䛯䚹1䡚5 䝃䜲䜽䝹ୗ䛷䛾㟁ᅽ䛸⢭ᾮ᥇ྲྀ㢌ᩘ䠄⋡䠅䛾ෆヂ 䛿䠈2 V ௨ୗ䛷䛿 0 㢌䠄0/71 㢌䠈0%䠅䛜䠈3 V 䛷 6 㢌䠄6/71 㢌䠈8.5%䠅䠈4 V 䛷 19 㢌䠄19/71 㢌䠈26.8%䠅䠈5 V 䛷 22 㢌䠄22/71 㢌䠈31.0%䠅䛷䛒䛳䛯䠄Fig. 11A䠅䚹 3-2 ᥇ྲྀ䛧䛯⢭ᾮ䛾ᛶ≧䠄Fig. 11B䠅 ⢭ᾮ䛜᥇ྲྀ䛥䜜䛯47 㢌䛻䛚䛡䜛⢭ᾮ㔞䛿 3 V 䛷 0.41 ± 0.05 mL䠄n = 6䠅䠈4 V 䛷 0.42 ± 0.03 mL䠄n = 19䠅䠈5 V 䛷 0.41 ± 0.04 mL䠄n = 22䠅䛷䛒䜚䠈㟁ᅽ㛫䛷ᕪ䛿䜏䜙䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹 ⢭Ꮚᩘ䠄⃰ᗘ䠅䛿3 V 䛷 629 ± 86 x106 _{cells/mL䠄n = 6䠅䠈4 V 䛷 555 ± 96 x10}6 _{cells /mL䠄n} = 19䠅䠈5 V 䛷 279 ± 36 x106 _{cells/mL䠄n = 22䠅䛷䛒䜚䠈3 ⩌㛫᳨ᐃ䛷䛿 3 V 䛻ᑐ䛧 5 V 䛷᭷} ព䛺⢭Ꮚᩘ䛾పୗ䛜ㄆ䜑䜙䜜䛯䚹 ⢭Ꮚ⏕Ꮡᣦᩘ䛿3 V 䛷 54.8 ± 11.6䠄n = 6䠅䠈4 V 䛷 46.2 ± 6.1䠄n = 19䠅䠈5 V 䛷 61.3 ± 4.1 䠄n = 22䠅䛷䛒䜚䠈㟁ᅽ㛫䛷⤫ィᏛⓗ䛻ᕪ䛿䜏䜙䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹 3-3 3䡚4 V 䛻䛚䛡䜛᥇ྲྀ᫬䛾⢭ᾮ㔞䠈⢭Ꮚᩘཬ䜃⢭Ꮚ⏕Ꮡᣦᩘ ୖグ “3-1” ཬ䜃 ”3-2” 䛾⤖ᯝ䜢ᇶ䛻䠈⢭ᾮ᥇ྲྀ䛻䛿 1䡚5 䝃䜲䜽䝹䛷 3䡚4 V 䛾㟁ᅽ 䛜᭱㐺䛸ุ᩿䛧䛯䚹3䡚4 V 䛷⢭ᾮ䛜᥇ྲྀ䛥䜜䛯㞝䜻䝒䝛 25 㢌䛾䛖䛱䠈⢭Ꮚᩘཬ䜃⢭Ꮚ⏕ Ꮡᣦᩘ䜢ᇶ䛻䠈ᐇ㝿䛾ேᕤᤵ⢭䛻䛿 20 㢌䜢㑅ู䛧䛯䚹20 㢌䛻䛚䛡䜛⢭ᾮ㔞䛿 0.47 ± 0.3 mL, ⢭Ꮚᩘ䛿 592 ± 85 x106 _{cells/mL, ⢭Ꮚ⏕Ꮡᣦᩘ䛿 65.0 ± 3.8 䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹}

32 3-4 ෾⤖⼥ゎ᫬䛾⢭Ꮚ⏕Ꮡᣦᩘ䠄Fig. 12䠅 ✀㞝䜻䝒䝛20 㢌䛾⢭ᾮ䜢ᾮయ❅⣲୰䛷ಖᏑ䠄8 ᪥㛫䡚52 㐌㛫䠅䛧䠈䛭䛾ᚋ⼥ゎ䛧䛶෾⤖ 䛾ᙳ㡪䜢ㄪ䜉䛯䚹⢭Ꮚ⏕Ꮡᣦᩘ䛿෾⤖๓䠄65.0 ± 3.8䠈ୖグ䠅䛻ẚ䜉෾⤖⼥ゎᚋ䠄46.5 ± 2.5䠅 䛻᭷ពపୗ䛧䠈ᖹᆒపୗ⋡䛿 28.5%䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹䛺䛚䠈⢭Ꮚ⏕Ꮡᣦᩘ䛾పୗ⋡䛿ಖᏑᮇ㛫 8 ᪥㛫䛸52 㐌㛫䛸䛾㛫䛻ᕪ䛜ぢ䜙䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹 3-5 ேᕤᤵ⢭䛻䛚䛡䜛ཷ⫾⋡ 㞤䜻䝒䝛16 㢌䛻䛚䛡䜛ཷ⫾⋡䛿 81.3䠂䠄13/16 㢌䠅䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹ཷ⫾䛾ෆヂ䛿 1 㢌䛾㞝䛾 ෾⤖⢭ᾮ䛷 4 㢌୰ 4 㢌䠈௚䛾 3 㢌䛾㞝䛾⢭ᾮ䛷ྛ 4 㢌୰ 3 㢌䛷䠈㞝䛻䜘䜛ᕪ␗䛿ㄆ䜑䜙 䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹 4.㻌 ⪃ᐹ ඃ⚽䛺㞝䜻䝒䝛䛛䜙䛾⢭ᾮ䛾Ᏻᐃⓗ౪⤥䛸㑇ఏⓗከᵝᛶ䛾⥔ᣢ䜢┠ⓗ䛻ேᕤᤵ⢭ἲ䛾 ☜❧䜢ヨ䜏䛯䚹 䜎䛪䠈㞝䜻䝒䝛䛛䜙┤⭠㟁Ẽ่⃭ἲ䛷⢭ᾮ᥇ྲྀ䛾᮲௳タᐃ䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹㟁Ẽ่⃭䠄࿘Ἴᩘ 60 Hz䠅䜢 1 V 䛛䜙 5 V 䜎䛷䠄1 ⛊㏻㟁䠉1 ⛊ఇṆ䛩䜛᧯స䠅䜢 5 䝃䜲䜽䝹⧞䜚㏉䛧䛯䚹䝃䜲 䜽䝹ᩘ䛸⢭ᾮ᥇ྲྀ䛾㛵㐃䜢ㄪ䜉䛯䛸䛣䜝䠈1 䛸 5 䝃䜲䜽䝹䛷䛿⢭ᾮ䛿 5V 䛾䜏䛷᥇ྲྀ䛥䜜䠈2 䡚4 䝃䜲䜽䝹䛷䛿 3V 䛛䜙 5V 䛾㛫䛷⢭ᾮ䛜᥇ྲྀ䛥䜜䛯 (Fig. 10)䚹䛣䛾ཎᅉ䛸䛧䛶 1 䝃䜲䜽 䝹䛷䛿㈇Ⲵ่⃭䛜▷䛟⢭ᾮ᥇ྲྀ䛻䛿୙༑ศ䛷䛒䜚䠈5 䝃䜲䜽䝹䛷䛿 2䡚4 䝃䜲䜽䝹䛷᪤䛻⢭ ᾮ䛜᥇ྲྀ䛥䜜䛶䛧䜎䛳䛯䛯䜑䛸᥎ 䛥䜜䛯䚹1䡚5 䝃䜲䜽䝹䜢ᇶᮏ䠄่⃭䠅᮲௳䛸䛧䛶᥇⢭ᡂຌ ⋡䜢ồ䜑䛯䛸䛣䜝 66.2%䠄47/71 㢌䠅䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹⏝ᡭἲ [14] 䛾᥇⢭ᡂຌ⋡䠄75%䠅䛻ẚ䜉䜔 䜔ప್䛷䛒䛳䛯䛜䠈ᢏ⾡ⓗ䛺୙័䜜䛥䠄┤⭠ෆ䜈䛾䝥䝻䞊䝤䛾ᤄධ῝ᗘ䛾ኻᐅ䠅䛸㞝䜻䝒䝛 䛾ᛶⓗᮍᡂ⇍䛜୍㒊ཎᅉ䛸䛧䛶⪃䛘䜙䜜䛯䚹1䡚5 䝃䜲䜽䝹ୗ䛻䛚䛡䜛ྛ㟁ᅽ 1䡚5 V 䛻䛚 䛡䜛᥇ྲྀ㢌ᩘ䛸᥇⢭ᡂຌ⋡䜢㞟ィ䛧䛯䛸䛣䜝䠈᥇ྲྀ㢌ᩘ㡰఩䛿 5 V 䛷 22 㢌䠄᥇⢭ᡂຌ⋡䠖 31.0%䠅䠚 4 V 䛷 19 㢌䠄26.8% 䠚 3 V 䛷 6 㢌䠄8.5%䠅 䠚 2 V ௨ୗ䛷 0 㢌䠄0%䠅䛾㡰䛷䛒 䛳䛯䚹⢭ᾮ୰䛾⢭Ꮚᩘ㡰఩䛿㏫䛻3 V 䛷 62,900 ୓ 䠚 4 V 䛷 55,500 ୓ 䠚 5 V 䛷 27,900

33 ୓䛾㡰䛷䛒䛳䛯䠄Fig. 11䠅䚹⢭ᾮ㔞䠄280䡚750 μL䠅䛸⢭Ꮚ⏕Ꮡᣦᩘ䠄37.5䡚90.3䠅䛻䛿㟁ᅽ㛫 䛷ᕪ䛿ㄆ䜑䜙䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹䛣䜜䜙䛾⤖ᯝ䛛䜙䠈㟁ᅽ䜢 5 V 䜎䛷ୖ䛢䜛䛸᥇⢭ᡂຌ⋡䛿㧗䜎䜛 䛜䠈⢭Ꮚᩘ䛿ῶᑡ䛧䠈ಶయ䛻䜘䛳䛶䛿ⱞ③⑕≧䜢ㄏⓎ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ุ᫂䛧䛯䠈䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶䠈௨ ᚋ䛾⢭ᾮ᥇ྲྀ䛻䛿2䡚4 䝃䜲䜽䝹䛷㟁ᅽ 3䡚4 V 䜢᥇⏝䛩䜛䛣䛸䛻䛧䛯䚹 㟁ᅽ3䡚4 V 䛷⢭ᾮ䜢ᚓ䛯㞝䜻䝒䝛 25 㢌䠄3 V 䛷 6㻌 㢌䠈4 V 䛷 19 㢌䠅䛾ෆ 20 㢌䜢⏝䛔 䛶෾⤖⢭ᾮ⼥ゎᚋ䛾ᛶ≧䜢᳨ウ䛧䛯䚹20 㢌䛾㑅ู䛻䛿⢭Ꮚ⏕Ꮡᣦᩘ䛜㧗䛔ಶయ䜢ඃඛ䛧 䛯䚹෾⤖ಖᏑ䛿ᾮయ❅⣲୰䛷 8 ᪥䡚52 㐌㛫⾜䛳䛯䛜䠈෾⤖⼥ゎᚋ䛾⢭Ꮚ⏕Ꮡᣦᩘ (Fig. 12) 䛿ᖹᆒ 28.5% పୗ䛧䛶䛔䛯䚹䛣䛾పୗ⋡䛿䝟䞁䝎 [43] 䜔䝠䜾䝬 [20] 䛷䛾ሗ࿌䛸䜋 䜌୍⮴䛧䛶䛔䛯䚹䜎䛯䠈8 ᪥㛫䛸 25 㐌㛫䛾෾⤖⼥ゎ⢭ᾮ䛾⢭Ꮚ⏕Ꮡᣦᩘ䛻ᕪ䛿ぢ䜙䜜䛺䛛 䛳䛯䛣䛸䛛䜙䠈∵⏝⢭ᾮᕼ㔘ᾮ䜢⏝䛔䛯෾⤖⢭ᾮ䛿᭱኱ 25 㐌㛫䛿ಖᏑ䛷䛝䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䛯䚹 ෾⤖䞉⼥ゎ⢭ᾮ䜢⏝䛔䛶ேᕤᤵ⢭䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛯ᮏᐇ㦂᮲௳ୗ䛷䛾㞤䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛾ཷ⫾⋡ 䛿 81.3䠂䠄13/16 㢌䠅䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹䛣䛾⤖ᯝ䛿䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛒䜛䛔䛿ள✀䛷䛒䜛㖟䜻䝒䝛䛷䛾᪤ ⤖ᯝ [7, 14, 15] 䛸䜋䜌୍⮴䛧䛶䛔䛯䚹∵⏝⢭ᾮᕼ㔘ᾮ䛿䜻䝒䝛⏝⢭ᾮᕼ㔘ᾮ䛸䛿䠄䝰䝹⃰ ᗘ䛻䛿ᕪ␗䛜䛒䜛䜒䛾䛾䠅ᵓᡂᡂศ䛿䝖䝸䝇⦆⾪ᾮ䜢୺య䛸䛧䛯䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䛛䜙䠈௦᭰ᕼ 㔘ᾮ䛸䛧䛶ᛂ⏝䛷䛝䛯䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䛯䚹䜎䛯䠈㧗䛔ཷ⫾⋡䛜ᚓ䜙䜜䛯⫼ᬒ䛻䛿䠈㑅ู䛧䛯㞝䜻 䝒䝛䛿ಶయᕪ䛜ᑡ䛺䛟䠈㑇ఏⓗ䛻䜒ඃ⚽䛷䛒䛳䛯䛣䛸䛜୍ᅉ䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䛯䚹௒ᚋ䠈ேᕤᤵ⢭ 䛾㢌ᩘ䜢ቑ䜔䛧䠈䛣䜜䜙䛾᥎ 䜢᳨ド䛩䜛ᚲせ䛜䛒䜛䚹 ᮏᐇ㦂䛷䛾ேᕤᤵ⢭䛿↓㯞㓉ୗ䠈⭡ቨ䜢௓䛧Ꮚᐑ㢕⟶䜢ಖᣢ䛧䠈⢭ᾮὀධჾ䛾䝥䝻䞊 䝤䜢㢕⟶῝㒊䛻ᤄධ䛧䛶⾜䛳䛯䚹Ꮚᐑ㢕⟶䛿㠀⦾Ṫᮇ䛻䛿ᑠ䛥䛟䛛䛴⣽䛟యእ䛛䜙ゐ▱䛩 䜛䛣䛸䛿ᅔ㞴䛷䛒䜛䛜䠈Ⓨ᝟ᮇ䛻䛺䜛䛸䠈◳䛟ኴ䛟䛺䜚ゐ▱ྍ⬟䛸䛺䜛䚹ேᕤᤵ⢭䛷䛿Ꮚᐑ㢕 ⟶῝㒊䛻⢭ᾮ䜢ὀධ䛩䜛䛸ཷ⫾⋡䛜ྥୖ䛩䜛䛸䛾ሗ࿌ [15] 䜒䛒䜛䚹᪂つ⪃᱌䛧䛯⢭ᾮὀ ධჾ䛿እ⟄䜔ෆ⟄䛾఩⨨䜔ゅᗘ䛛䜙䝥䝻䞊䝤ඛ➃㒊䜢ㄆ▱䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ྍ⬟䛷㢕⟶῝㒊䜎 䛷ㄏᑟ䛷䛝䜛฼Ⅼ䛜䛒䛳䛯䚹

34 5. ᑠᣓ 䜰䜹䜻䝒䝛䛻䛚䛡䜛ேᕤᤵ⢭ἲ䜢☜❧䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻䠈䜎䛪㞝䜻䝒䝛䛛䜙䛾⢭ᾮ᥇ྲྀ䜢┤⭠ 㟁Ẽ่⃭ᑕ⢭ἲ䛷᳨ウ䛧䠈䛭䛾ᚋ䠈∵⏝⢭ᾮᕼ㔘ᾮ䛜⢭ᾮ䛾ᕼ㔘ቑ㔞䞉෾⤖ಖᏑ䛻ᛂ⏝ 䛷䛝䜛䛛䜢ㄪ䜉䛯䚹⢭ᾮ᥇ྲྀ䛻䛿࿘Ἴᩘ60 Hz 䛷㟁ᅽ 3䡚4 V䠈2䡚4 䝃䜲䜽䝹䛷Ⰻዲ䛺⢭ ᾮ㔞䠈⢭Ꮚᩘཬ䜃⢭Ꮚ⏕Ꮡᣦᩘ䛜ᚓ䜙䜜䛯䚹∵⏝⢭ᾮᕼ㔘ᾮ䜢⏝䛔䛯෾⤖䞉⼥ゎ⢭ᾮ䛾 ཷ⫾⋡䛿 81.3䠂䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹௨ୖ䠈⢭ᾮ᥇ྲྀ䛻䛚䛡䜛㟁Ẽ่⃭᮲௳䛸∵⏝⢭ᾮᕼ㔘ᾮ䛜䜰 䜹䜻䝒䝛䛾ேᕤᤵ⢭䛻ᛂ⏝䛷䛝䜛䛣䛸䛜᫂䜙䛛䛻䛺䛳䛯䚹

35

Fig. 8. An electroejaculator and rectal ejaculatory probe with four longitudinal

electrodes for the red fox 㻌

Fig. 9. An equipment for artificial insemination of the red fox. (A) outer probe;

(B) inner probe consisting of a syringe hub, thick portion, thin portion and bending tip portion 㻌

36 Components

Molar concentration /

unit / weight percent Extender I Extender II

Tris mM 130 130 Citrate mM 45 45 Lactose mM 40 40 Raffinose mM 50 50 Fructose mM 85 85 Penicillin G IU/L 0.6 x 106 0.6 x 106 Streptomycin g/L 0.6 0.6 Egg yolk v/v 20% 20% Glycerol v/v - 13%

37

0

5

10

15

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

1 cycle (V) 2 cycles (V) 3 cycles (V) 4 cycles (V) 5 cycles (V)

Nu

m

bers of

red foxes

㻌

(2)

(4)

(1)

(9)

(5)

)

(6)

(8)

(12)

Fig. 10. Numbers of red foxes which can be successfully collected semen after

loading 1 to 5 voltages (V) from 1 to 5 cycles. The electrical stimuli at a frequency of 60 Hz were applied in five sets of 1-sec duration each, with a 1-sec rest between the sets (regarded as “one cycle”). Parentheses represent a number of red foxes which can be successfully collected semen. 㻌

38

0

10

20

30

40

3 V

4 V

5 V

Semen

collectio

n

rate (%)

Voltage in

electroejaculation

A

0

200

400

600

800

3 V

4 V

5 V

B

2

4

6

8

Concentr

ation of

sper

matozoa

(x 10

Voltage in electroejaculation

**

Fig. 11 Semen collection rate (A) and concentrations of spermatozoa (B) on various load

voltages in electroejaculation using 71 male red foxes. The number of foxes enabling semen collection was 6, 19, and 22 males in 3 V, 4 V, and 5 V loads, respectively. **P < 0.01 (Steel test). 㻌