熊本学園大学 機関リポジトリ
Interrogative Pronouns and Wh-sentences in Wu
Dialect of Ming-Qing Dynasties
著者
石 汝杰
journal or
publication title
Studies in foreign affairs
volume
47
page range
119-139
year
2020-03-15
᰾ᰦԓ䈝Ⲵ⯁䰞䇽઼⯁䰞ਕ
石 汝 杰
жȽ䍺ᯏ
ǂǂᵜ᮷ԕ᰾ᰦԓ᮷⥞䟼Ⲵਓ䈝䍴ᯉѪሩ䊑ˈ㖇ࡇ઼࠶᷀ަѝ৽᱐ࠪᶕⲴᖃᰦ䈝൘ ⯁䰞䇽઼⯁䰞ਕᯩ䶒Ⲵ䈝䀰ᇎߥDŽᡁԜⲴ࠶᷀ˈᦞԕлࠐњн਼ᰦᵏⲴ᮷⥞ ˖ ǂǂᰙᵏⲴ˄᰾ᵛࡠࡍˈ ц㓚˅˖ԕߟỖ嗉˄ü˅㕆ⲴljኡⅼNJѪԓ㺘DŽ 䘈ᴹ䜘࠶ሿ䈤ǃՐཷ䟼Ⲵਓ䈝ᶀᯉˈྲሿ䈤䳶ljරц䀰NJ˄ എ˅ˈ᰾ᵛࡍⲴՐཷlj䫥 ѝ㧢NJǃljފӪ⻁NJǃlj㘑㘐ഝNJǃlj⩕⧰ॉNJㅹDŽ ǂǂѝᵏⲴ˄ѝᵏˈ ц㓚˅˖䘉аᰦᵏⲴԓ㺘૱ᱟ ˖˄˅ᠿᴢ˄ѫ㾱ᱟᰶᴢ˅ᣈ ᆀᠿ䘹䳶lj㔰ⲭ㼈NJ˄ а ˅˗˄˅⊸䎧ࠔ˄"˅ⲴՐཷĀ⊸∿ഋ⿽ā˄ljᣕᚙ㕈NJǃ ljӪ⾿NJǃlj᮷ᱏῌNJǃljԿ㱾东NJ˅઼ᰐ∿Ⲵljй⾿NJ˗˄˅བྷ䟿ᕩ䇽㝊ᵜˈྲljй ㅁNJǃlj㣉㫹⍎NJǃlj᧿䠁ࠔNJㅹDŽ ǂǂᵏⲴ˄ᵛ઼≁ࡍˈ ц㓚ࡠ ц㓚˅˖ԕᡰ䉃Ā㣿ⲭሿ䈤ā˄৸〠Ā䈝ሿ䈤ā˅ Ѫԓ㺘ˈྲlj⎧к㣡ࡇՐNJǃljҍቮ嗏NJǃlj⎧ཙ呯䴚䇠NJǃljҍቮ⤀NJ઼lj୶⭼⧠ᖒ䇠NJㅹ˗ ԕ৺ཆഭӪⲴ㪇ˈྲ˄㢮㓖⪏Ⲵ˅ljк⎧䈍䈝⌅NJǃlj൏䈍ᤷইNJㅹDŽ ǂǂᡁԜ൘䇘䇪⿽䇽䈝ᖒᔿ઼ਕᆀ㊫රᰦˈ䟽㿶н਼ᰦᵏ઼н਼ൠฏⲴᐞᔲ˄䇽ᖒǃ ᆇᖒǃ⭘⌅ㅹ˅ˈቭ䟿ࡇࠪн਼ⲴҖ߉ᖒᔿDŽᴤ㾱⌘Ⲵᱟˈ严᮷Ⲵ䍴ᯉᖰᖰоа㡜Ⲵ ਓ䈝ᙗ䍘ᴹн਼ˈ֯⭘ᰦᴤ㾱ॱ࠶䉘DŽӂȽ⯇䰤䈃Ⲻ࠼㊱
δжε⯇䰤ࢥ䈃ć䱵Ĉީᖘᕅ φ䱵Ƚ䱵ᴴȽᴴ䱵 ࡈѩ䶂˄ ˅ᢺ䘉њĀ䱯ā઼⭘Ā䱯āᶴᡀⲴ༽ਸᖒᔿ㔏〠Ѫਁ䰞䇽DŽ Ǐ䱯ǐljኡⅼNJਚᴹє༴⭘ֻ ˖ 䱯ᴹ㩗ኡˈ䱯ᴹᇼ䱣˛˄˅ བྷᇦੁࡽ䇘ӻаখˈⴻ䚃䱯㜭मࡠᓅཚᒣDŽ˄ ˅ Ā䱯āⲴѫ㾱⭘⌅ྲл ˖ ˄˅⭘൘䉃䇽ࡽˈ㺘⽪⯁䰞ˈሩ⧠൘ᡆሶᶕⲴһਁ䰞DŽ⭘ᖃҾĀੇāˈн਼Ⲵ ᱟˈĀ䱯ā䘈ਟԕ⭘൘⢩ᤷ⯁䰞ਕѝDŽ ᭵ⅷُ䬌䫡ᇎཤ䶎ࠑԄ䳮ˈ䱶䟼৫ᔰਓ௴ " 㙀Ḹᡯ䫡䱯⅐Ԅࠐॆ "˄⎧ཙ呯䴚䇠 എ˅䘉ਚ㡚㡩ҏнᱟ₰俉ᵘཤ䠁䪹䙐ˈ䘉ਚ㡚㡩䱯٬ࠐњ䫡 "˄䎥ޣg҈㡩˅ ҏ㜭⭘൘⸝䈝ˈ䘈ਟԕ䘎⭘㛟ᇊ઼ᇊⲴᖒᔿDŽ 䇠䟼ᱟҖᡯˈᕇ⸕䱯ቻ䟼ˈㅹᡁ䎠䘋৫ⴻDŽ˄Ӫ⾿ ࠪ˅ 㙀ᜣ؊ṬӪˈᡯᆀᵛयⴻˈ䬌䫡ᵛંнˈ㙀ⴻ؊ṬӪ䱯䶐ᗇտ䶐यտDŽ˄ᇈ൪⧠ ᖒ䇠 എ˅ ˄˅ᖱ䈒ሩᯩⲴᝯˈ䈝≄䖳ၹ䖜ˈ⭘Ҿ୶䟿ǃ䈧≲DŽ 䎥ਨ࣑ˈњৼ䶤䱯㛟ᢺᡁ⵰ӻⅷ "˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ ᯠཛӪᰒᕇ㛟ᇩ⮉ˈ䱯ਟԕ䈧㘱⡧ࡠ؊৮ᡯ䟼৫㖒 "˄Կ㱾东 ࠪ˅ ˄˅⭘൘৽䰞ਕ䟼ˈᙍᇎ䱵кᱟ㛟ᇊⲴDŽ њњሿကᵜं؊૯ଝ䟂ૹˈⴻᶕ䱯䇘ᜩ় "˄йㅁ എ˅ ٧ᜣᐑᣬᡯ䟼ṬवᢃੜǃՊᇑޜา䟼ṬᐞӪˈ䱯ᱟਲ਼㍐Ṭ֜ "˄ҍቮ⤀ എ˅ 㙀قㆄᓄԄ〖བྷӪૹˈ㙀䱯ᲃᗇٚᗳ䟼ᇎཤѝय䗷ˈ㾱ᜣҠଙੰDŽ˄᮷᰾ሿਢ എ˅ Ǐ䱯ᴮǐ⭘⌅оĀ䱯āԯˈ⭘൘䉃䇽ࡽˈ⭘Ҿ䈒䰞䗷৫Ⲵࣘᡆ⣦ߥ˄ĂҶੇ˛ ĂҶ⋑ᴹ "˅DŽ ᇦၶ䚃 ˖Āࠪ৫ᆀӻаᰕˈ䱯ᴮᒢᆀᑭᆀњ↓㓿 "ā˄ኡⅼ ধ˅ ࠐ䟼ᱟㆰޜ৮ቻ䟼ૹDŽєᰕᕇ㿱ࠪᶕˈᕇ⸕䱯ᴮ侯ᵰ৮ቻ䟼ᶕDŽ˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ ழয䚃˖Ā㙀䘈ᴹњԔˈĂĂ䱯ᴮਇ㥦 "āᵤᮻ䈤˖ĀयᴮDŽā˄⎧к㣡ࡇՐ എ˅ 亪ޘ䚃 ˖Ā㙀䱯ᴮࡠٚḸ䟼৫ "ā䱯ഋ䚃 ˖Ā৫䗷ૹDŽā˄⎧ཙ呯䴚䇠 എ˅ Ǐᴮ䱯ǐᱟĀ䱯ᴮāⲴਸ丣ˈ䘉њҖ߉ᖒᔿ㿱Ҿlj⎧ཙ呯䴚䇠NJDŽ 䰞ᖃᐞⲴ䚃˖Ā傜䖖ᴮ䱯䝽ྭᶕ "āᖃᐞⲴഎ䚃˖Ā䝽ྭԄⅷૹDŽā˄⎧ཙ呯䴚䇠 എ˅ ᮷⥞ѝˈ䘈ᴹ⭘Ā䱯ā䰞䗷৫ᛵߥⲴ⭘ֻDŽྲ ˖ བྷӪ㙀Ṭᵜㆮ䈇䱯ᑖᗇᶕ " ҏᴯٚ䎧Ṭ䈮DŽ˄ᇈ൪⧠ᖒ䇠 എ˅ ⧠ԓ㣿ᐎ䈍н㜭䘉ṧ⭘ˈਚ㜭⭘Āᴮ䱯āDŽ ઼Ā䱯ā㓴ਸ൘а䎧⭘Ⲵˈ䘈ᴹ ˖ Ǐ䱯㾱ǐ˄˅㾱н㾱ˈᑨ⭘ᶕ㺘⽪䰞ሶᶕⲴ㹼ࣘDŽ ㄳབྷӪ䱯㾱ࠐᰦࠪᶕ˛ٚق⢥䇠➎ᶕ䟼DŽ˄ҍቮ嗏 എ˅ ˄˅⭘⯁䰞Ⲵᖒᔿᕪ䈳Ḁњ⣦ߥˈᑖᴹཆⲴ䈝≄DŽ 㘱ᇈ䱯㾱≄᰿ˈۿᵰᆀ⾘ᖃˈ・䟼ᢣԧ䫡ૹDŽ˄йㅁ എ˅ Ǐ䱯ᴹӻһǐ˄˅䰞ᴹ⋑ᴹ䘉ṧⲴһᛵDŽӻһˈ䘉ṧⲴһDŽ 㙀аᖴᩝٚ䈤ㄳཚཚࠦ➎ˈय䇨㙀䇘ሿ㘱ˈࡠᓅ䱯ᴹӻһ "˄ҍቮ嗏 എ˅ ։ᒶକаᖴᶕ䟼ߔᡁˈྭۿᡁⴻय䎧؊ˈ㙀䈤䱯ᴹԧһDŽ˄⎧к㣡ࡇՐ എ˅ ˄˅ᮤփݵᖃ⯁䰞䇽ˈᱟнᱟDŽ ؊Ṭսབྷཚཚˈ䱯ᴹӻһयंк⎧֜ "˄ҍቮ⤀ എ˅ Ǐ䱯ᴹகǐᱟĀᴹӰѸāˈնᱟᑨ൘ਕѝ㺘⽪৽䰞Ⲵ䈝≄ˈᘾѸDŽ
ჂӪ䱯ᴹகᦡк䰘Ṭ " ٚᩝ؊⧠൘ҏयڊகӢˈ䘈⭘य⵰கჂӪDŽ˄ᇈ൪⧠ᖒ䇠 എ˅ 㙀ଊᱟகӪ௴˛䱯ᴹகय䰞ᛵ⭡ቡᢃ䎧Ӫᶕૹ௴ ˄⎧к㣡ࡇՐ എ˅ 䛓ବ䛓ବˈᡁ䈤㕈࠶⌘ᇊᶕ⎚Ṭˈ䱯ᴹகᕪṬ૮ "˄୶⭼⧠ᖒ䇠 എ˅ Ǐ䱯䶙 䱯मǐ㺘⽪⯁䰞ˈኲнᱟDŽ ᕇᴮᶕ䰞堚ˈ↔ൠӖयᱟਿ䜘㺉䰘ˈ㛼கንশˈ䱯䶙ᢟ␑ "˄ᣕᚙ㕈 ࠪ˅ 䶙њ㘱ྸˈقਓ㯜㾱ཀྵ㲼⛂㷪эˈг᷍ޛᩝˈᨂଷᨂˈ䱯मㅁ䈍৮ "˄ᣕ ᚙ㕈 ࠪ˅ Ǐ䱯ǐ䇽ˈ࣐൘ਕᆀਾˈ㺘⽪䈒䰞ˈ㾱≲ሩᯩ㛟ᇊ㠚ᐡⲴࡔᯝˈሩੇˈᱟੇDŽ ሿကˈ堚ᱟ᰾ⲭम━ˈ䱯 "˄Ӫ⾿ ࠪ˅ 䇪ᶕ⭏Ӫㅻ僘㡂ኅˈ↫ᆀ⋑ᵚݽㅻ᭦僘㕙ˈ䱯 "˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ ަԆ㊫լⲴᖒᔿˈ䘈ᴹ ˖ Ǐ嗋ǐлֻⲴ⌘ᱟ ˖Ā嗋ˈ丣ᇒDŽāᖃᱟ↖䘋аᑖⲴᯩ䀰ˈ䘉а䃎丣ᖒᔿ൘⊏␞ᯩ 䀰䟼ᴤᑨ㿱ˈ⭘⌅䐏Ā䱯āԯDŽ 䉊䉃ਟۿᴠ嗋ۿˈਟᱟᴠ嗋ᱟDŽ˄⌘ ˖嗋ˈ丣ᇒ˅˄лᯩ䀰㘳 ধ˅ Ǐਟᴮǐਟ㜭ቡᱟĀ䱯ᴮāⲴҖ䶒䈝Ⲵ䖜߉ᖒᔿDŽ⧠ԓⲴᖸཊᴹᯩ䀰㛼ᲟⲴ䍴ᯉ˄ྲ 䇴ᕩǃᒣ䈍˅ᖰᖰ⭘䘉њᖒᔿԓᴯᯩ䀰ⲴĀ䱯ᴮāDŽ 䰞䚃˖Āࡠ励ᇦᰦˈਟᴮ㿱励ᆖᴮѸ "ā㘱⅗䚃˖ĀሿӪнᴮ䶒㿱DŽā˄ਔӺሿ䈤 ধ˅ ୀ∿৸䰞䍩ᇦ㇑ᇦၶ ˖Āਟᴮᴹሿ㺓ᴽ "āഎ䚃 ˖ĀᵚᴮDŽā˄⅒ௌߔᇦ എ˅ Ǐᴮǐ਼ĀਟᴮāDŽ䘉њ⭘⌅ᴹ⛩ਟ⯁ˈҏ䇨ਚᱟҖ䶒䈝ⲴᖒᔿDŽ 䮯ݴ㤕㛟ᘈ䇠ˈሿᕏҏቡᘈ䇠Ҷˈᵚ⸕䮯ݴᴮᘈ䇠 "˄⭫മ㕈 എ˅ δӂε⯇䰤ԙ䈃Ⲻะᵢᖘᕅૂགྷਾᖘᕅ 䘉а䜘࠶᤹➗ѝᗳ䇽䈝 䈝㍐ Ⲵᖒᔿ˄䈝丣ᖒᔿ઼Җ߉ᖒᔿ˅࠶㊫䇘䇪DŽ δεɋȽѠȽӰȽҼȽӁ։ȽѰɌ Ǐக ٭ǐ˄˅䰞һ⢙ˈӰѸDŽᑨᇊ䈝DŽᴹᰦ⭘Ҿ㺘⽪н┑Ⲵ䈝≄DŽ ॾ⭏䚃 Ā䱯ᲃᗇᖂњਛ٭ "āᆓ㣜䚃 Āۿ➎ဃ䉒 ᆇयᲃᗇਛ٭ 㙀ⴻ䱯 ྭ "ā ⎧ཙ呯䴚䇠 എ கਛĀᓏ≁㺓ā"Āᓏāᵛቡᱟં⭘њૹDŽ˄䟽䇒ਸ༠ㆰᆇ䉡g丣䉡˅ তᕇᲃᗇகӪᇦम堚ˈն䰫ᗇ䶙սဘ၈ਛகᵾ⚥㣨DŽ˄Ӫ⾿ ࠪ˅ ˈ䶙ⅷᰐகһ࣑ˈ䇙ᡁ৫ᢺ⛩ሿ≄㘱ပਇਇӻDŽ˄ᣕᚙ㕈 ࠪ˅ ᭵њӪयᱟᵜൠӪ ਛӫྒ➺ᴹޠDŽ ॱӄ䍟ᕩ䇽 എ ྤ㾵٧ਛக䱯ˈࣘࣘ㝊ˈᤘ࡛˄䈫ⲭ˅Ӫⴻ㿱Ԅˈۿகṧᔿˈ䱯㾱䳮Ѫᛵ௴ " ˄ҍቮ⤀ എ˅
˄˅ѪӰѸ ˗ᘾѸDŽ 㙀䈤䈤؊ଊˈக䈤䎧ᶕٚᶕૹ௴ "˄⎧к㣡ࡇՐ എ˅ 㙀䈤ਓ൬ˈ٭а༠य૽ૹੰ "˄ҍቮ嗏 എ˅ ൘≹䈝ⲴশਢкˈĀக ٭āⲴҖ߉ᖒᔿപᇊлᶕᓄ䈕䘈нᱟᖸѵ䘌Ⲵһᛵˈᡰԕˈ ᴹཊ⿽н਼Ⲵᖒᔿ˄ᔲփᆇ˅DŽ Ǐ㠽ǐ䘉њլѾᱟĀகāⲴᰙᵏᖒᔿˈਾᶕѪҶ४࡛ˈ࣐кĀਓāᯱᡆ㘵ĀӫāᯱDŽ تᐸ⡦Ѫ䘉ẙһˈᙗભ䜭䘱Ҷˈ䘈᭵ᆀ䰞㠽䟼 "˄㜹ᵋ侶䫎ṑᵜਔӺᵲg⦹ 䙊઼ቊ傲㓒㧢˅ Ǐӫྒǐ⸣ẕк䎠傜ᴹᗇӫྒ䇠䇔ˈ≤䶒⸽࠰ᰐᦏՔDŽ˄ኡⅼ ধ˅ ӫྒ 䘱ᡁᓌ䟼৫ " ྭབྷᶕཤ ਚᙅ堚њњӪᱟⰤњ ˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ Ǐ㘽ǐᡁੜᒦ㛶਼ᗳањӪ㜭ӻྭˈᙅ䰢Ӫ㘽ৼ˛˄ኡⅼ ধ˅ Ǐ⋉ ୖǐ⡩ᶕњ⋉ь㾯 " ㄆᩝ䎧ㄏլ✏ഡˈ⁚ᩝ㪓ྭۿ⌕ㅬˈᩝ䟼լᢺ⒮ᕃˈ ೬ᩝਓ䟼䟂ᶮ䟂ᶮDŽ˄ㅁ᷇ᒯ䇠 ধ˅ ਟᱟ䛓սᇈݯ㾱ራୖⲭ䍿ᴻ৻Ѹ " ᡁ৫ᡁ৫DŽ˄䉶Ἂ䰢䈍 ࡉ˅ Āகā䘈ᑨ䐏ަԆᡀ࠶㓴ਸ䎧ᶕ֯⭘DŽ Ǐகњ கमǐ˄˅਼Āகāˈ䰞ь㾯ˈӰѸDŽަ֯⭘∄ĀகāᴤᲞ䙽ᒯ⌋DŽ க䶙 " ሿက㛟ᆀˈ㧛䶎堚䲿ჱྦ၈قᴹகय㛟मҶ "˄ᣕᚙ㕈 ࠪ˅ 㘱㘱ˈҖ䟼ˈᔰᶕⴻⴻˈ߉њӫྒњкཤ "˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ ˄˅ᑨ⭘Ҿ؞侠䇽ˈӰѸˈᘾṧⲴDŽ фى৮ᖂᶕˈⴻᴹӫྒमᙍ䐟ӻDŽ˄䫥ѝ㧢 ࠪ˅ ᡁ䫡ㄳㅔҾᒣᰕ䰤ᰐᗇகњྭ༴ࡠՇս䶒⎚DŽ˄᧿䠁ࠔ എ˅ ˄˅ӰѸDŽᑨ㺘⽪н┑ǃнԕѪ❦Ⲵਜ਼ѹDŽ 㣿ᐎᶕњਛக⾍᷍ኡᩝᆀகњ᮷ᗥ᰾ˈєᇦཤं䟼ᤌᵋ੮䟼⡧DŽ˄йㅁ എ˅ єњᴻ৻ሯཤሯ㝁ˈ٭њ䰞ٚ˖Āᯩབྷቁਛ㙀њተˈ㙀䱯ᶕњ "ā˄⎧ཙ呯䴚䇠 എ˅ ࡊࡊ؊ㄳ৸ᶕਛ٭Ṭาᐞ यᗇ⸕٭Ṭ䚃⨶ ⴻ㿱Ԅ؊ㄳṬԈᷦᖒ ቡ㿹⵰ᗳ⎚ य㡂喀DŽ ҍቮ嗏 എ ˄˅ᘾѸˈѪӰѸDŽ 䫡ݸ⭏ˈ྄ᗇᶕDŽũũᶕૹˈᴹ䈤䈍าาⲷⲷˈகњ公⍻⍻ "˄᧿䠁ࠔ എ˅ ᧘ᢣ⛩ᵛૹˈ٭њ䎧ᗇᶕ "˄⎧ཙ呯䴚䇠 എ˅ Ǐ㘽њǐ၈䚃˖Āћཤˈ㘽њ૽ "āሿ䱯ྤྤഎ䀰䚃˖Ā⚟ਠ㩭ൠ⤇ڧ⋩DŽā˄ኡⅼ ধ˅ Ǐ㠽ᆀ 㠽Ԅǐ䘉њᖒᔿ࣐кҶ䇽㔰Āᆀāˈᖃᱟᯩ䀰ⲴਈփDŽ ᵜᇈѳ丣ᴠ ˖Āᴹ㠽ᆀ䳮ˈᘛᧈњ▝Ҷ㖒DŽā˄⮉䶂ᰕᵝ ধ˅ Ӻᰕᴹᇒᶕˈ㠽ᆀྭ˛˄⌘ ˖㠽ᆀˈᯩ䀰ᆇҏˈণօѻѹDŽ˅˄ཙ㉱䳶˅ Ǐਛக ਛ٭ǐ ਛӰѸˈ䈤ӰѸDŽ ॾ⭏䚃 Ā䱯ᲃᗇᖂњਛ٭ "āᆓ㣜䚃 Āۿ➎ဃ䉒 ᆇयᲃᗇਛ٭ 㙀ⴻ䱯
ྭ "ā ⎧ཙ呯䴚䇠 എ ˄˅㺘⽪ཆ઼н┑ˈㄏ❦ˈት❦DŽ ਛகᇊ㿴㾱䰞䱯ഋᇍُॱඇ⌻䫡ˈ䱯ഋᇍ䱶ᩝᶕॱඇ⌻䫡௴ " ୶⭼⧠ᖒ䇠 എ 唾ཛ䚃 ˖Āقयᱟˈቡᱟٚ䈕䖜њһփˈ䈤ᗇггޛޛᇊᖃૹˈਾᶕ䈤䈤ਛ ٭ĂĂā唾ཛ䈤ࡠ↔ਕ亯տਓDŽ ⎧ཙ呯䴚䇠 എ ǏகਛகǐӰѸਛˈӰѸᱟDŽ கਛகཌ㹼㡩ˈ䘎ྤṬṬาय៲ˈଚବՊୡӻ "˄ҍቮ⤀ എ˅ ǏᴹகǐᴹӰѸDŽᑨ⭘Ҿ৽䰞DŽ ٚṬ䱯କਟԕڊᇈˈٚṬݯᆀᱟ؊Ṭ䱯ִˈᴹகयྭڊṬ "˄ᇈ൪⧠ᖒ䇠 എ˅ ٚ䈕ᩝᴹ٭ᆼ㔃यᆼ㔃ˈਚ㾱䫡㘱⡧यࣘԄ≄ᱟૹDŽ˄⎧ཙ呯䴚䇠 എ˅ Ǐᰐக ંகǐ˄˅⋑ӰѸDŽ 䰞╡㣣䚃 ˖ĀㅹԄॺᰕૹˈ䱯㿹⵰≄䰧 "ā╡㣣䚃 ˖ĀᰐகDŽā˄⎧к㣡ࡇՐ എ˅ ˄˅㺘䖳ᕪⲴᇊ ˗ᴹᰦᴹн┑ᡆ䈗ᔲⲴણDŽ ᵾ咔≰ݸ䚃 ˖ĀᡁⴻᰐகྭDŽā㪋Ԣ㤡⛩ཤ䚃 ˖ĀྭᵛᰐகྭˈҏᰐகयྭDŽā˄⎧ к㣡ࡇՐ എ˅ ᡁᱟᰐகഠय⵰ˈ㙀ᵛᑨ ᶕय৺ഠDŽ˄⎧к㣡ࡇՐ എ˅ ંக˄㣿ⲭ䈫Ā㘽ā˅བྷ↓㓿ੰDŽ˄ҍቮ⤀ എ˅ ٚᰒ❦䐏Ԅ㙀ˈᙫ㿴㾱㤖ᵛབྷᇦа␈㤖ˈ㾱⭌ᵛབྷᇦа␈⭌ˈંக䗷ᗇᜟ䗷यᜟDŽ ˄ҍቮ嗏 എ˅ ˄˅⋑ᴹ䰞仈 ˗н䭉 ˗ྭDŽ 䈤ᱟ䈧ݸ⭏ਲ਼㦟ˈⵏⵏਲ਼ྭԄҏᰐகˈᡁ䈕њ⯵䱶䟼ਲ਼ᗇྭ௴˛˄⎧к㣡ࡇՐ എ˅ а␈৫ҏᰐ٭ˈቡн䗷ٚ৫ᵛᙫ㾱ᑖњ၈ဘˈа䜘䖖ᆀय㩭ஈDŽ˄ҍቮ嗏 എ˅ ˄˅ᰐᡰ䉃 ˗˄ҏ˅ਟԕDŽ ˄с˅ᡁ৫ᰐகˈণᱟ堚䳄аᰕय㾱ᛄDŽ˄߰˅ᡁகҶᛄ "˄ᣕᚙ㕈 ࠪ˅ к⎧ཧ൪⎚ᶕаฝˈⲭˈ⭘㝡єඇ⌻䫡ҏᰐகDŽ˄⎧к㣡ࡇՐ എ˅ ௌ⅒ཊਛቡཊਛ⛩ˈਛањҏᰐகDŽ˄⎧к㣡ࡇՐ എ˅ Ǐڊக ڊகҶǐᒢӰѸ ˗ѪӰѸDŽҶˈ਼Ā૮āˈ㺘⽪ഐⲴࣙ䇽DŽ ؊यᩝ㙀а␈৫ˈ㙀৫ራ؊ڊக "˄⎧к㣡ࡇՐ എ˅ Ṭᡷᤋ⡼ᤲ؊ڊ٭ " ᧒᧒㝡ᵛقૹஈ ˄ҍቮ嗏 എ˅ һփᐢ㓿ᇎệૹˈ৫䈤؊ڊ٭ ˄⎧ཙ呯䴚䇠 എ˅ ଉˈⅪⷂᡁ䚃༛ᕇ䇶䍗䶙ˈᱟཚ؍䟼њ⌕䭝ଉˈ㾱؊ڊྒ "˄᮷ᱏῌ ࠪ˅ 䱯㘐 ڊகҶ㜭ᰐ㿴⸙ " ㆄڊ⡧њഠӻDŽ˄᧿䠁ࠔ എ˅ ǏகӪ 㘽ӪǐӰѸӪ ˗䈱DŽ䈝н⭘Ā䈱āˈ䰞Ӫ㾱䈤ĀகӪāDŽ ˄с˅கӪ "˄Ԉ˅㠚ᡁ⾍བྷ⡧ˈ䱯䇔ᗇӻ "˄йㅁ എ˅
ᡁ䚃ᱟகӪˈᶕᱟ䱯䠁ကDŽ˄ҍቮ⤀ എ˅ 䱯က㾵ⶾ䈤ˈٚཧयᱟᕐ㘱њ٭Ӫˈ䛓ବ㇑њӻ ˄⎧ཙ呯䴚䇠 എ˅ ⌚⊚⊚ଝੁ䛾ˈᡁਲ਼㞩ѝᴹᆅ㘽Ӫᖃ˛˄ኡⅼ ধ˅ கӪᤧ䰘ZKRNQRFNVWKHGRRU" (GNLQV ǏகһփǐӰѸһˈᒢӰѸDŽᑨ⭘Ҿ䰞ഐˈѪӰѸDŽ கṬ㾱㍗һփ " ᢈԄ兿㘱ˈयᱟаṧṬ " கһփ㾱аᇊ㠚ᇦ৫ "˄ᇈ൪⧠ᖒ䇠 എ˅ ל㾱கһփZKDWGR\RXZDQW" (GNLQV Ǐக⢙һ 㠽ᵛһǐӰѸь㾯ˈӰѸDŽ ˄с˅ӫྒ⢙һ "˄䍤˅㈞ݯDŽ˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ ˄߰ራӻ˅䱯ੰˈ䬦ᆀӻ "˄Ԉ˅㘱⭏ˈራӫྒ⋑һ "˄߰˅њਚ䭝 "˄㔰ⲭ 㼈 䳶 ধ˅ ս䚃㠽ᵛһ "˄ୡ˅࡛Ⲵ⢙һᐢ䬰ݹˈءਈ䬦䫡ᮁ㞩ᷥ ˗㤖ᓖࡠӺᰐа⢙ˈ ᜏ⮉ањ⦹㸐ṳDŽ˄ॱӄ䍟ᕩ䇽 എ˅ க⢙һZKDWLVWKHPDWWHU" (GNLQV Ǐக䗠ݹ ٭䗠ݹǐ䰞ᰦ䰤ˈӰѸᰦىDŽㅜഋֻࡉᱟᤷཊቁᰦ䰤DŽ 䱯ੰˈњⅷӫྒ䗠ݹૹˈ䘈ᕇ㿱ᵾҼᶕंDŽ˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ ᡁக䗠ݹᶕњ " ࡉဌᱟᡁњቻ䟼ˈ᭵ҏཷᵰૹ ˄᧿䠁ࠔ എ˅ 䠁བྷቁˈĂĂ䰢䈍䈤⡭Ԅˈٚ٭䗠ݹڊ㙀Ṭᚙᇒˈ㙀قᩝٚ䈤䈤ⴻ "˄ҍቮ嗏 എ˅ ᘭੜ㿱㛼ਾᴹӪ ˖Āᯩ唾㗱ˈࡠԄ٭䗠ݹૹ "ā˄⎧ཙ呯䴚䇠 എ˅ Ǐகᰦ䗠ǐ䰞ᰦ䰤ˈӰѸᰦىDŽ கᰦ䗠ZKDWWLPH" (GNLQV Ǐக൪ॆ 㠽൪ॆǐ䰞ൠ⛩ˈӰѸൠᯩ ˗ଚݯDŽ க൪ॆᔴа⻇ဌ⊔ᶕᤘ䟼ਲ਼ਲ਼ᵛྭDŽ˄᧿䠁ࠔ എ˅ 䘉ս䍥ྭਛகṬ㣣 " տंக൪ॆ "˄䍏ᴍ䰢䈸 എ˅ ޕ၈䍬ˈ䱯ᲃᗇ䰤ᵘቭ㠽൪ॆ " ㄏᱟ䘉ṧҡ䰟DŽ˄᧿䠁ࠔ എ˅ Ǐகᡰǐଚ䟼DŽк⎧ᯩ䀰DŽ கᡰ৫ZKHUHDUH\RXJRLQJ" (GNLQV ǏகㅹṧǐӰѸṧˈᘾṧ˄Ⲵ˅DŽ 㡂ᗧⓕ⣟ᆀகㅹṧњሩཤˈ䍚ᆀњҠભњᗇ䫡Ҡ᭮ "˄㘑㘐ഝ ࠪ˅ 堚ᜣᇦ䟼њሿ၈ݯˈ⭏ᗇகㅹṧњḷ㠤 "˄᮷ᱏῌ ࠪ˅ Ǐ㘽ṧǐӰѸṧˈᘾṧ˄Ⲵ˅DŽ 䛾᫁㡩ˈက᩷㡩ˈ㘽ṧ仾▞ᴹӻཊથ仐˛˄ኡⅼ ধ˅ Ǐக㘱 ਓྒ㘱ǐ䰞ഐˈѪӰѸDŽ㘱ˈᑨ߉Ā૮āˈᱟ㺘⽪ഐⲴࣙ䇽DŽ ޜᆀ䰞ཛӪˈக㘱⌚㍒㩭㩭 "˄Կ㱾东 ࠪ˅
њⅷ䗠ݹˈਓྒ㘱⢒䰘䘈ᠿᔰ䟼ᶕ˛˄᮷ᱏῌ ࠪ˅ ဴ⛣᮷䈤ˈڊᆀൠᯩᵛҏᴹࠐਕ↓㓿䈤䈍ˈக㘱᭵ᇇᨲय⡭ "˄᧿䠁ࠔ എ˅ ǏகҶ கं 㠽Ҷǐ਼Āக૮āˈࣙ䇽Ⲵ䈝丣ᖒᔿᴹਈॆˈᖃᱟĀ૮āᕡॆਾⲴᖒᔿDŽ 㞠䟼⵰䴾ˈ㠽Ҷ㜭㍗ " ⋑㾱䘋䰘ׯኁᆀҶቡ㹼〻DŽ˄ኡⅼ ধ˅ ᭮ቱˈྭㄟㄟњӪˈகҶᘭ❦ራ䎧↫䐟ᶕ "˄Կ㱾东 ࠪ˅ 㘱䫡њᑭᆀகҶयᑖ " க㕈᭵㺓ᴽクᗇቁ䱯 "˄᧿䠁ࠔ എ˅ к⎧┙⎚ᴹ䬌䫡ṬӪᵛҏཊ➎ˈٚகंय৫ራ⵰࡛Ӫˈ⤜⤜ራ⵰㙀ࡈབྷቁаᒢԄ " ˄ҍቮ嗏 എ˅ Ǐக㩭 க⍋ǐ਼Āக૮āDŽĀ㩭 ⍋āᖃᱟĀ૮ā׳丣ॆਾⲴᖒᔿDŽ ୧ˈ䫡㘱ᶕૹ ũũக㩭ᶕयᗇњ䛓ݹᲟӻ "˄᧿䠁ࠔ എ˅ 䱯ੰˈக⍋㘱⡧ᶕ䟼䈤公䈍ૹ "˄⧽⨐ຄ എ˅ ಛˈњᱟቔҼቻ䟼ˈ㠽㩭ᔰᆀ䰘ᶕᵥ "˄ॱӄ䍟ᕩ䇽 എ˅ ǏѪக Ѫக૮ ѪகҶǐѪӰѸDŽ ᕐޜˈ堚䘎ᰕᶕ࠶Պ㪇ⅷᡁ؊བྷ⡧ˈӺᰕᰒ❦Պ㿱ᆀ⋑ˈѪகᕇཊ䈸䈸 "˄ Ӫ⾿ ࠪ˅ ӻњབྷ䴘ˈѪகयᰙ⛩ትᶕ "˄⧽⨐ຄ എ˅ ሩ؊䈤ˈ٧Ѫகਲ਼ࡠᇎệ䞹˛˄㓿ਢ䇠 ㄐ˅ йṧᖃѝ⍋䟼аṧᱟ亦བྷ " Ѫக૮ᱟ亦བྷ "˄ᰕ࣏䈮щ䗠⿻ᆓ 䈮˅ Ѫகକକᴹჲᡁᰐ䛾˛˄ⅼ⭢䳶˅ 䱯କˈѪகҶ㘱⦻ⴤ䐣䎧ᶕ "˄⧽⨐ຄ എ˅ ᭵ⅷㆋӄॱૹˈѪྒҶሱᕇࣘˈӽᰗањⱚ⯢⿰ "˄᮷ᱏῌ ࠪ˅ Ѫக૮ " ᇈ㞿ተ䟼њ㿴⸙ ᕇ㇑٧கӪˈ㤕䈤㾱Ҡ؊њ✏ˈᢣ㾱䓛⎚⵰ԄаԦ ᓏ≁㺓䘋৫DŽ˄䟽䇒ਸ༠ㆰᆇ䉡g丣䉡˅ Ӫཤаഎਲ਼✏ˈཤ᰿ˈᣆˈ䶒ᆄਈ㢢ˈ㾱ੀˈཤⰋˈབྷ㓖䳮䗷ࠐ⛩䫏ᰦىˈѪ க૮ㅜ㜭 "˄ޘփ࣏⭘䰞ㆄ ㄐ˅ Ѫகᇎⴆ㜭ZK\GR\RXGRVR" (GNLQV ǏѪӫྒᆀ Ѫ㠽ᆀǐѪகˈѪӰѸDŽĀகᆀāˈᖃᱟᯩ䀰ⲴਈփDŽ ᡁ䟼ҼᇈӪ㛊䟼њ≄Ѫӫྒᆀ䗷ᆀ堚㛊Ⳟ䟼৫ "˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ 勛劬ྭˈ勛劬㛊䟼㍗ᜰᜰˈѪ㠽ᆀнᵰ⢋ "˄ཙ㉱䳶˅ оԕкᖒᔿ൘ѹкᴹޣ㚄Ⲵ䘈ᴹަԆаӋ䇽ᖒˈഐѪ⭘ֻᖸቁˈᴹⲴᶕⓀቊн᰾ ⺞ˈᲲфࡇ൘䘉䟼DŽ ǏྭњǐণĀகњāDŽṩᦞ᭵һᛵ㢲ˈᓄ䈕ᱟᆱ⌒аᑖⲴᯩ䀰DŽ ᶕૹˈઅᗇṬ䇨ཊ䗠ݹˈᶕ⎚ྭњһփ "˄䴚ዙཆՐ എ˅ Ǐᓅ儈ǐ⊏㣿䶆⊏Ⲵᯩ䀰DŽ 䶆䈝䉃⭊ѸᴠĀᓅ儈āˈ䉃օ༴ᴠĀஷ䟼āDŽ˄䟽؞䶆⊏৯ᘇ ধ˅
Ǐ⡩ ⡩⢩ ⡩ь㾯ǐӰѸDŽ⊏㣿䠁උᯩ䀰DŽ 䰞䇽ᴠ⡩ˈ䰞օᡰᴠ⡩⢩ˈ䰞օㅹ⢙ҏᴠ⡩ь㾯DŽ˄䠁උᯩ䀰ሿ䇠˅ Ǐ䈱לǐ䈱DŽĀלāᱟӪ〠ԓ䇽Ⲵਾ㔰DŽ ᴹӪਙ䰘ˈѫӪ䰞ᴠ ˖Ā䈱ל "āཆ䶒ㆄᴠ ˖ĀᡁלDŽā˄ᒣ⊏䇠һ˅DŽ Ǐᰦ ᰦלǐ਼Ā䈱לāDŽᖃᱟᯩ䀰ਈփˈ⭘ֻਚ㿱Ҿljޝॱ⿽ᴢg䭖ㅪ䇠NJDŽ ᕇᱟᡁᯭˈґ䟼ґ䰤ˈњᱏቊҖ䰱㘱ᰦᕇ䇶䇔˛˄ޝॱ⿽ᴢg䭖ㅪ䇠 ࠪ˅ ˄ᵛ˅ᔯгݴˈᔯгݴˈ侶һօྲ "˄с˅ᡁᴹ䖭ˈᡁᴹ䖭ˈૡ䈍 "˄ᵛ˅↓ੁമDŽ ˄с˅ᰦᇦ "˄ᵛվӁ˅䛩ݳ㲊ᇦDŽ˄ޝॱ⿽ᴢg䭖ㅪ䇠 ࠪ˅ 䛩ᇦഐ䛓ݸ⭏нᶕˈ৸ਖ䈧ҶDŽ˄с˅䈧ᆀᰦל "˄߰˅лẵ⭏DŽ˄ޝॱ⿽ᴢg 䭖ㅪ䇠 ࠪ˅ δεɋȽѠȽ䠂Ɍ Ǐǐଚ˄њ˅˗䈱DŽ 䛾ੰˈᡁᄙ㭺㓿⊔ᢺᰇᷚݯᶕ᭮قˈ⸕ᒤᒤᔳᰗ৸ቍᯠ˛˄ኡⅼ ধ˅ ᡁ↓㾱ᜣњㆆᮠᮁˈᗇ⸕䎺ᔴᆀབྷ⡯⭠䟼৫ૹ ˄㘑㘐ഝ ࠪ˅ Ǐњ ⍋᭵ ᖅњǐа㡜൘Āāਾ䶒㾱࣐ањ䟿䇽ĀњāDŽଚњ ˗䈱DŽĀ˄㡂 ༠˅ ⍋ ᖅ˄ޕ༠˅āᖃᱟ䈝丣ᖒᔿⲴਈփ˗Ā᭵āᓄ䈕ቡᱟĀњā˄⧠ԓ㣿ᐎˈ൘Āњ փ њӪāѝ䘈䈫਼Ā᭵ā˅DŽ 㔃䇶⿱ᛵਚ㾱㠚ণզˈ䰢Ӫњ㜭ᖃᗳ˛˄ኡⅼ ধ˅ 㠚؊䲔ᆀᖃӺⲷᑍˈ䘈ᙅњᶕ "˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ ˄с˅堚৮䍥ᱏӪˈ䶙ᱟൠᯩ "˄؍˅ሿӪᱟൠᯩDŽ˄ᣕᚙ㕈 ࠪ˅ 䇨ഋ၈ˈ㠽Ҷᑨѵय㿱ૹ " ũũˈᡁ䚃⍋᭵ˈᶕ㪻ҼᇈDŽ˄᮷↖俉⨳ എ˅ њṧӪᕇᵰ؊ˈᵰᖅњ "˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ Ǐ䱶亮ǐণĀњāˈ䘉ᱟа⿽≁䰤䈝ⓀDŽ 䰞օӪᴠ䱶亮˄ѝ䱶亮єဃᴰཊˈ᭵ԕѪ䰞˅DŽ˄䰘㺕҈ ধ˅ Ǐ䟼 㩭䟼 䱶䟼ǐ˄˅ଚ䟼 ˗ଚݯDŽᴹᰦ⭘Ҿ㲊ᤷDŽ њⅷ〻ݹ䟼䘈ᴹ勛劬 "˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ ᰕ㩭㾯ኡˈн⸕ଙᱟྤᇦ䟼ˈ⢗ㄕ䚕ᤷᵿ㣡ᶁDŽ˄ཀྵㄩṳ˅ ˄߰˅䍬ᴤҶ৮㖇ଙњㆄӻ "˄Ԉ˅ଚǃଚǃଚˈ䍬䍥ᩝ㦑・৮њቡᱟૹDŽ˄㔰 ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅˄᤹ˈ㖇ଙњㆄˈ⭡єњ䜘࠶㓴ᡀDŽњㆄˈ䘉䟼DŽ˅ ᡯ依䫯ᩝԄ㨌䫯ˈ⅐ᗇа㋺⎲ĂĂṬєᰕٚҏં٭ᘥཤ䖜ˈਚྭᔴࡠ䱶䟼ᱟ 䱶䟼ṬૹDŽ˄ҍቮ嗏 എ˅ 㩭䟼ᲃᗇ྄ᆀаսᇦѫၶᶕራˈق䍩ᆀࠐਓ㠼DŽ˄᮷ᱏῌ ࠪ˅ ˄˅ଚ ˗ଚ˄њ˅DŽ ခჲєњᒦ㛙㹼ˈєᵥ勌㣡䟼њᕪ "˄ኡⅼ ধ˅
䘈ᱟӪ૱䎠यࠪˈ䟼䶙ṧयѝӻ "˄ᣕᚙ㕈 ࠪ˅˄䟼䶙ṧˈଚаṧ˅ йṧᖃѝ⍋䟼аṧᱟ亦བྷˈѪக૮ᱟ亦བྷ "˄ᰕ࣏䈮щ䗠⿻ᆓ 䈮˅ Ǐ䱶ᩝ 㩭䟼ᩝǐଚݯDŽ 㙀ᶕ⎚䱶ᩝ⭘䞂ˈகयᶕਛ "˄୶⭼⧠ᖒ䇠 എ˅ ᑞㄳ䎧ᶕˈഋ䶒ḕḕⴻˈࡠᓅṬњ䍬Ӿ㩭䟼ᩝ䘋ᶕṬ "˄ҍቮ⤀ എ˅ Ǐ৮ 㩭৮ǐ˄˅ଚ䟼 ˗ଚݯDŽ ࠝ䟼䛓ବቤቜˈ㾱ᲃĀ൘ኡ䶐ኡˈ൘≤䶐≤āˈ৮ᡁ䟼ൠлˈᙅ䟼ᕪ৮৫ " ˄䫥ѝ㧢 ࠪ˅ ˄˅ଚ ˗ଚњ ˗ଚṧ˄ᘾṧ˅DŽ ˄Ԉ˅ခ၈ˈĂĂ䈤аਕ㘱ᇎ䈤䈍ˈࡠᓅ৮њḷ㠤 "˄с˅䱯ჲˈᇼ⋑ᆉᇦ 䟼ᇼˈḷ㠤ᇎ൘ᱟ⦻ᇈӪḷ㠤ਓ㲀DŽ˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ նࠝ㩭৮ᢃ⌅ˈᡁণᱟ⋉ᇦ㘱ᇎᢃ䟼DŽ˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ Ǐ䚃ǐ䈱⸕䚃DŽ㺘⽪ཆDŽ ⰤѼ嗏ĂĂਚᇦၶᶕ؍ցˈ䚃ᇦၶ౯⍻⍻؍ց㠚ᛵ䛾DŽ˄ኡⅼ ধ˅ Ǐ㇑ǐଚ㇑DŽ ৫ᰦ㇑എཤᰕˈࡽф֯ቭᆀаᐶ仾DŽ˄ኡⅼ ধ˅ Ǐ॑ǐଚ䟼ᯉࡠDŽ ቄ⋑㾱ڊᆀẁਦӔ⿻ᕇ䟷ᆀᡁˈ॑ቄᱟ哴ẵཙᰕࠪᕇ䮯ᲤDŽ˄ኡⅼ ধ˅ ǏᙅǐଚᙅDŽ 䛾ᴹᗳˈကᴹᗳˈᙅӪཊቻ৸␡DŽ˄ኡⅼ ধ˅ ԕлᱟањ⢩↺Ⲵᯩ䀰ᖒᔿDŽ Ǐඇǐଚ䟼DŽ 䱯ᙅަᱟњ੶Ӫૹˈ㜑བྷݸ⭏䟼यᥓє䘎ˈࡠඇ䎧ᥓ "˄䴚ዙཆՐ എ˅ δεɋଠȽଠѠȽଠӞȽଠҼɌ ᰙᵏⲴҖ߉ᖒᔿᓄ䈕ᱟĀ䛓āˈ⭘ĀଚāⲴ∄䖳ቁ ˗䘉䟼ᕅ⭘ⲴֻᆀѝⲴĀଚāˈᴹ ਟ㜭ᱟ⧠ԓࠪ⡸⽮᭩⭘ⲴDŽĀāоĀଚāਟ㜭ᱟ䈝丣кⲴਈփˈҏᱟे䜘䈝 QO ༠ ⇽⭘ⲴањֻᆀDŽ Ǐ䛓ǐ˄˅䰞ᯩᔿˈᘾѸˈᘾṧDŽ ⴆњᕐޜˈᡁᯩ䛓ሩ䈤њ "˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ ᱟӻаẙһփ৮ˈⴻ堚䛓ᇑ⌅DŽ˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ ˄˅䰞ഐˈᘾѸˈѪӰѸDŽ ੁᰕᶘӢ၈䈤ઘӢ၈ḷ㠤ˈ᷌❦ḷ㠤ᗇ࣯ˈ䛓н㛟䎠ࠪᶕⲭ䈍аⲭ䈍 "˄රц䀰 എ˅ ન ᄆᇒ䛓ਛ䎧Ѽ嗏䱯⡩ᶕ " 䱯ᴹѼ嗏৮ " ⡯єњࠪᶕDŽ˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅˄⡯˖
⡜˅ ˄˅㲊ᤷḀ⿽ᯩᔿᡆ⣦ߥˈᘾѸDŽ ཌཤ྄ᗇትᶕˈᩝᡁ䟼䱯ྸаཤഠᆀˈ䈤ᵾᇦ䟼䛓䮯ˈᵾᇦ䟼䛓⸝DŽ˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ Ǐ䛓䈤ǐ˄˅ᵜѹᱟ ˖ᘾѸ䈤DŽ ᕐ၈၈ˈྭᰦྭᰕˈਹ⾕⛩䈤䈍䈤єਕˈ䛓䈤ӻਕ䈍 "˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ ˄˅䰞ഐˈᘾѸDŽ 䛓䈤⋑ᴹᵜ亶˛᱘ᰕгޛњབྷ࣏ཊᢃнࣘԆⲴDŽ˄䠁ਠޘՐ എ˅ ᴹᮠ䈤њޝᴸڌࡁˈ䛓䈤ٿٿᤓྲ↔བྷ✝ཙᒢ↔བྷ⭏⍫˛˄⧽⨐ຄ എ˅ Ǐ䛓њ 䛓䶙 䛓њṧǐᘾṧˈྲօDŽ و❦傜㘱⡧䰞䎧ᯠ၈䛓њṧӪ૱ˈ䛓њḷ㠤ˈ䉧њ䛓њഎཤ "˄Կ㱾东 ࠪ˅ ᡁࡠ↓䟼ᜣ堚ˈᶕᗇ㜭मࠁᐗˈਚᱟ䛓䶙᩶ᐳᵰ "˄ᣕᚙ㕈 ࠪ˅ Ǐ䛓ݹᲟǐྲօˈᘾѸṧDŽᴹᰦ⭘Ҿᖱ䈒ሩḀһⲴ༴⨶㿱DŽ ㅹᡁᶕ㍒ᙗԓ؊㻵⫌ӻєਕˈ䏣ᆀཙˈⴻ؊䛓ݹᲟDŽ˄йㅁ എ˅ 䱯֯ᗇњᱏᧂ൪ᤷ⛩ᤷ⛩ˈڌӻⅷ䈧ਲ਼ተˈ䛓ݹᲟ "˄йㅁ എ˅ Ǐ䛓⸱ᆀǐᘾѸṧDŽ ˄࢟ⲭ˅᭵њᯩ⌅䛓⸱ᆀ "˄ሿ⭏ⲭ˅᷌❦ྭᯩ⌅DŽ˄᮷↖俉⨳ എ˅ Ǐ䛓ବ 䱍Әǐ˄˅䈒䰞ᯩᔿǃ〻ᓖǃ⣦ߥㅹˈᘾѸˈᘾṧDŽ њњ䳮仈ⴞˈਛᡁଚବࡂㆆ "˄㘑㘐ഝ ࠪ˅ ࡠᓅॱйᰖଚବṬྭ⌅֜ "˄ҍቮ⤀ എ˅ ᛵକྭۿৼ䱶㜭ˈਲ਼ᢺտᆀ䰘ݯᮉᡁ䱍Ә྄˛˄ኡⅼ ধ˅ ˄˅㲊ᤷḀ⿽㹼Ѫǃഐǃ⣦ߥㅹˈᴹᰦਐ⭘ˈᘾṧDŽ ՟㦚њ㝮≄аੁᇎệˈ㾱䛓ବᱟ䛓ବDŽަᇎӪᱟ㴞ⴤ⡭њDŽ˄⎧ཙ呯䴚䇠 എ˅ аᒢᆀं⎚ݹ⚛ˈ㠚䀰㠚䈝ˈᙚྤଚବଚବयྭˈ٧ᜣ䱯㾱≄ᮠ "˄ҍቮ⤀ എ˅ ˄˅䰞ሩᯩⲴᘱᓖˈᑨ⭘ҾਕᵛˈᘾṧDŽ 呓䚃 ˖Āቡࡠޜ䱣䟼৫䛓ବ "āⴹࡍ䚃 ˖Āۿ➎㝡ᰙDŽā˄⎧ཙ呯䴚䇠 എ˅ ؊㙀ᗳ⎚㾱ᜣ䐏㙀䖜৫ˈ㙀ⴻ䛓ବ "˄ҍቮ嗏 എ˅ ˄˅ᑨ⭘ᇊᔿˈ㺘⽪Ḁ⿽䍏䶒Ⲵ䇴ԧˈ∄ⴤ䈤Āнྭāၹ䖜DŽ 㢣যњਓ⻁ˈᵜᶕᕇ㇇䛓ବྭDŽ˄⎧ཙ呯䴚䇠 എ˅ ਛக਼Ҁᠿഝˈୡᐕ䘈ંகˈقᱟ㹼ཤᵛयଚବṬˈ∄к⎧єṧ⛩ㄳDŽ˄ҍቮ⤀ എ˅ ǏѳӘǐ਼Ā䛓ବāDŽ 䳼њ㳶㲛ѳӘٿ㾱ᩝᆀ䳴њ䎠ҏ˛˄ޝॱ⿽ᴢg㭹ᑅ䇠 ࠪ˅ Ǐ䛓⑩ǐ਼Ā䛓ବāDŽ 䛓⑩ˈ⣩ྲօҏDŽѝબ㤕օѪĀ䛓⑩ā˄⑩ᆇ丣൘Әǃ〄ѻ䰤˅DŽ˄лᯩ䀰㘳 ধ˅
Ǐଚ亩ǐণĀ䛓ବāDŽ ᱕ᇥаѸˈⵏᱟ亦ᘛ⍫Ⲵһᛵˈଚ亩㤖ӻ "˄ᤡ⫗㕈 എ˅ Ǐ䛓ੁǐণĀ䛓ବāDŽ օྲᴠĀ䛓ӘāDŽᯩ∿lj䙊䳵NJӁ˖ণᱻӪᆱ俘ѻ䖜DŽӺӪᡆӁ㜭ӘˈᡆӁ䛓ੁDŽ ˄൏仾ᖅ ধ˅ Ǐ䛓ᵘቭǐ˄˅਼Ā䛓ବāDŽㅜҼᆇᴹє⿽߉⌅ˈަᶕⓀ䴰㾱䘋а↕Ⲵ㘳䇱DŽ 䫡ݸ⭏䛓ᵘቭᶕӻ " ਲ਼ᗇ⛲䞹⍋ᶕӻDŽ˄᧿䠁ࠔ എ˅ ˄˅䰞ഐDŽ Ҷнᗇ 䛓ᵘቭᐸခา䟼ㄏഠᵥаཌ˛ᙚ≄ˈᙚ≄ ˄⧽⨐ຄ എ˅ ˄˅㲊ᤷḀ⿽㹼Ѫǃഐǃ⣦ߥㅹˈᴹᰦਐ⭘DŽ 㤕䇢࡛ᵜҖ䟼њ⿱ᢈ㓸䓛ҏ⿳ཊˈࣘयࣘ䎐⛩㺘䇠ˈ䘈㾱ሩཙ・䃃ˈᰕਾ䍏ᆀ ᵛˈ䛓ቭ䛓ቭDŽ˄ਸ⅒മ എ˅ Ǐଚବṧᔿ 㓣ӘṧᔿǐᘾѸṧDŽ ྤ䰞٧ṬṬ䍬ᆇਛகӻ " ٧䱯ᴮⴻ㿱؊ " ଚବṧᔿањ䍬 "˄ҍቮ⤀ എ˅ 㓣Әṧᔿୡⅼ䛾 " 㓣Әṧᔿ䍙ṳ䛾 "˄ⅼ⭢䳶˅ Ǐ㜭Әǐ਼Ā䛓ବāDŽ ljⲨ䗋ᵲᘇNJ˖ཙਠᗀᆀ䇽Ӂ ˖Ԇᒤ䶂ਢᙫᰐˈҏ㜭Әˈᡁҏ㜭ӘDŽ㠚⌘ ˖ Ā㜭Әˈґ丣ҏDŽā˄䙊؇㕆 ধ˅ Ǐ䛓ǐণĀ䛓ବāDŽˈਟ㜭ᱟĀବāཡ㩭啫丣严ቮⲴ㔃᷌DŽ 䠁㣡ᭂⴹ䚃 ˖Ā᭵ᵛ䱯ကૹˈⰋᗇᶕᰐ䛓ૹੰ ā˄⎧к㣡ࡇՐ എ˅ Ǐᰐ䛓ବǐ⋑࣎⌅ ˗ᰐਟླྀօ ˗ҏ⭘Ҿ㺘⽪ᖸ儈Ⲵ〻ᓖDŽ ࡊࡊṬњᯝભᇒӪ䐁ᗇᶕयཊⅷˈ䎦䎦؊य㝡ˈⵏ↓؊ᰐ䛓ବˈṬᵛਛ䇘≄ ᗇᶕ ˄ҍቮ嗏 എ˅ Ǐ䛓ӻ 䛓ԧǐ䈒䰞ᯩᔿǃ〻ᓖǃ⣦ߥǃഐㅹˈᘾѸˈᘾṧDŽ ᙍєྭӻׯᇩ᱃ᡀˈ䛓ӻ䛾ᴹᗳᶕက⋑ᗳ "˄රц䀰 എ˅ ᇠᢗޜњሺˈ䛓ԧڊ⌅ "ĂĂњњሺ㇑䛓ବ㔝⌅ "˄йㅁ എ˅ Ӻ䎺Ӫԕྲ↔ѪᱟӻˈྲօѪ䛓ӻDŽӻ㘵ˈњቄDŽ˄䎺䀰䟺кধ˅ 䱯ˈ␈㊣⍇㨌䛓ӻьૹ "˄ẵ㣡ᡂᇍধкধ˅ Ǐ䛓ԧṧᔿǐᘾѸṧDŽ 䈧㙀৫䰞ӄቁ⡧ˈ䈕ᓄ䛓ԧṧᔿDŽ˄⎧к㣡ࡇՐ എ˅ Ǐ䛓Ҷ ଚҶ 䛓ं 䛓⍋ 䛓⏍ǐ䰞ഐˈᘾѸˈѪӰѸDŽ က䚃 ˖䛾ੰˈׯᗇањӪӪˈ䛓Ҷ㜭䰩✝˛ྭۿ┑ᷦ㭧㮷а䲒俉DŽ˄ཀྵㄩṳ˅ ˈ䘉⮌⭏䛓䟼৫Ҷ "˄с˅৫ૹˈ堚ᦹ؊ᕇ㩭ଚҶ "˄᮷ᱏῌ ࠪ˅ 䰞؊䛓ं㾱আ䓛ˈԆ䈤䚃ˈਚѪ⵰ᇦ䍛トDŽ˄йㅁ എ˅ ଉˈቔҼˈ䛓⍋ӻᕇ㓿ᵰњ˛ਚᗇа࠰ˈቡᱟӻ↫ૹDŽ˄ॱӄ䍟ᕩ䇽 എ˅
ᘾⲴᴠĀ䛓⏍āˈ৸ᴠĀ䛓ବāDŽ˄Ү䲶ᰶኡᯠ䱣ਸᘇ ধ˅ Ǐ䛓㜭ǐ˄˅⯁䰞ԓ䇽Ā䛓ā઼ᤷ⽪ԓ䇽Ā㜭āⲴ㓴ਸˈᘾѸ䘉ṧDŽ ਟ㿱цᛵ䎺ᚦ㮴ૹˈ㴀㸞㲛䛓㜭ਞ࣯࡙ " ᱟٷ߂ᗑਢˈቡᶕબњথ㝜ૹDŽ˄⩕ ⧰ॉ ࠪ˅ ଉ 堚њਲ਼䰘䰙њˈ䛓㜭ᕇ᰾ⲭ ˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ ˄˅䰞〻ᓖǃഐㅹˈᘾѸˈѪӰѸDŽ ୄṬ䈍ཤˈᡁᴹ⛩यؑ ᡁં⋑ࠪ䗷䰘ˈ䛓㜭≄Պ䗓䗓૽ "˄ҍቮ⤀ എ˅ ᱟᡁṬ䘁ᡯ՟՟ˈަк⎧䜭ં⋑ࡠ䗷ˈୄ䛓㜭Պᲃᗇ " 䰞䎧ަᶕૹ "˄ҍቮ ⤀ എ˅ Ǐ䛓க 䛓㠽ǐ䰞ഐˈᘾѸˈѪӰѸDŽ㺘ཆᡆ৽䰞DŽ ੮ᜣ५ঌᱏҏᱟᯟ᮷а㜹ˈ䛓கࣘࣘ㝊䎧ᶕૹ˛ⴤཤᕇۿњDŽ˄ⲭ䴚䚇丣 ধ˅ ˈ䛓㠽Ҽ⡧ᵛय㿱ˈࡠањᶕᆀሿ၈劬ᶕ䟼 "˄ਸ⅒മ എ˅ નࠪᶕˈᰒ❦यᴮ↫ᵛˈ䛓㠽ㄏ㠚ӻ䖫һ䟽ᣕ˛˄ৼᐵঠ എ˅ Ǐ䛓༴ǐᘾѸ࣎DŽ ᡯቻᇦՉሱ䬱ૹ њࠪ䛓༴ " Ӻཌਛտଙ "˄㘑㘐ഝ ࠪ˅ و↓ᶕ䟼ୡᴢᔰᗳˈ㻛⨶а亯ѻѾ㘵ҏˈቁᗇୄଙޤ㍒❦ˈ᭵ᵛ䛓༴ "˄ẵ㣡 㕈 ࠪ˅ ٚṬࠐॆ䬌䫯䬦ᆀˈ㤕ᑖ⧠Ṭ৫ˈ䐟⎚ ᙅयሿᗳˈ䵢Ԅᵛ䛓༴ "˄ҍቮ⤀ എ˅ Ǐ䛓॑ǐ䈱ᯉˈଚ⸕DŽ ߔᇦˈĂĂ䛓॑Պᆈˈ㜭䖟Ⅾˈ⸕ᗳ⸕DŽ˄䟂цᚂ䀰 ধ˅ ަԆⲴ⢩↺ᖒᔿᴹ ˖ Ǐஷ䟼ǐଚ䟼DŽ䶆⊏ᯩ䀰DŽ 䶆䈝ĂĂ䉃օ༴ᴠĀஷ䟼āDŽ˄䟽؞䶆⊏৯ᘇ ধ˅ Ǐࣣ࡙ǐଚ䟼DŽ↖䘋ᯩ䀰DŽ ѝԕօ༴Ѫࣣ࡙˄ࣣˈ䈫ྲĀ䎆āᒣ༠˅DŽ˄лᯩ䀰㘳 ধ˅ Ǐ䚀њǐଚњˈ䈱DŽᑨ⟏ᯩ䀰DŽĀ䚀āᖃ䈫 >KKD@DŽ ᑨ⟏ѻᴠф˄丣㤕Āఏāˈণlj䈇NJѝਕቮࣙ丣˅˗ᴠ䚀њ˄⣩䀰օӪDŽ᤹lj䈇NJ˖ 䚀нӪˈ⌘ ˖䚀ˈօҏ˅ˈ↔ᯩ䀰ҏDŽ˄↓ᗧခ㣿ᘇ ধ˅ ৸ྲlj䳠ẁNJ˖Ā䚀н䉃⸓āˈՐӁ ˖䚀оօ਼DŽ㤕ԕ༠丣਼ˈࡉӺᑨ⟏丣〠 օӪѪĀ䚀њāᱟᐢDŽ˄㨭ഝᵲ䇠 ধ˅ 㢮㓖⪏Ⲵljк⎧䈍䈝⌅NJᴹĀ䛓䟼āˈ⌘丣ᱟ ˖ÿDþOLDŽ䘉њĀ䛓䟼āᱮ❦ᒦн㺘 ⽪ަⵏᇎⲴ䈫丣DŽ䘉њÿDˈቡᱟᑨ⟏ⲴĀ䚀āDŽ䘉䟼ᢺ㢮㓖⪏Җ䟼 㢲ѝ⭘ࡠĀ䛓䟼ā Ⲵֻᆀࡇࠪᶕ ˖ ࡠ䛓䟼৫ZKHUHDUH\RXJRLQJ" 䛓䟼าZKHUH"
䛓䟼њᡧาZKLFKSODFH" 䛓䟼њӪZKLFKPDQ" 䛓䟼ᶑ䐟ZKLFKURDG" Ӿ䘉Ӌֻᆀᶕⴻˈަѹ઼⭘⌅䐏к᮷ⲴĀ䟼āᱟа㠤Ⲵˈਚᱟ䈝丣ᖒᔿᆼޘ н਼DŽ δεɋࠖȽࠖौȽࠖᰬɌ Ǐࠐǐ䰞ᮠ䟿DŽ䈒䰞ᒤ喴ᰦˈн㇑ሿᆙǃབྷӪ䜭ਟԕ⭘DŽ 䰞䛓ྷӪ䚃 ˖ĀࠐҶ "ā䛓ྷӪㆄ䚃 ˖ĀҼॱҍҶDŽā˄䟂цᚂ䀰 ধ˅ ੁ㘱⦻䚃˖ĀԆⲴྣݯࠐҶ "ā㘱⦻䚃˖ĀॱгޛҶDŽā˄ၡⴞ䟂ᗳ㕆 ধ എ˅ Ǐࠐॆ ࠐ㣡ǐ˄˅䈒䰞ᮠ䟿ˈࠐˈཊቁDŽ䘉њᖒᔿ∄Āࠐāᴤᑨ⭘DŽ ᭵ⅷ؊䰟Ԅ⾨ˈᢃൿࠐॆ⢙һˈᓄ䈕䎄ࠐॆ⌻䫡ˈ䘈ڊ⛩க൪䶒 " 㙀ㄳ㘱㘱ᇎᇎ 䈤DŽ˄⎧ཙ呯䴚䇠 എ˅ 䱯㾱ⶾ䈤 㙀㠚ᇦᴹࠐ㣡བྷ " قޫࠪᇎᾲབྷњٚᆀᶕૹDŽ˄⎧к㣡ࡇՐ എ˅ ˄˅ᖸཊˈ䇨ཊDŽਟԕ䟽ਐDŽ ཆཤࠐॆᇈᓌˈཊ൘ਾ㣡ഝ䗾᧕кਨDŽ˄⧽⨐ຄ എ˅ ٚਲ਼ԄṬ⻇ᢺ࣯依ˈ⻠⻠ቡ㾱ჱ䎧ӪᶕˈҏંᤘࠐॆᇒӪᶕ⎚ჱஈDŽ˄ҍቮ嗏 എ˅ ྤṬࠐॆᇦ⭏ˈ䗷Ԅ᭵ⅷㄟॸ㢲ˈ䱯ਟԕቡ䖜ᶕӻ "˄ҍቮ⤀ എ˅ Ǐࠐਗ਼ǐণĀࠐॆāDŽĀਗ਼āᱟĀॆāѻ䇩DŽ 䛓ᐼ㖅䘉ࠐৈ䬦ᆀ Ҷ৫ ˄с˅ᶕˈᕇ㾱⭏ˈ堚ࡠ㘱ᇎ䈤ᗇᶕˈ㾱ࠐ ਗ਼ӫྒ "˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ Ǐࠐཕ ࠐ䍗ǐণĀࠐॆāDŽ ཊཕ˖Ӻ䈝ᴹѻˈަ䈫Āཕā൘䇨ǃᡰѻ䰤˗lj侰ߜᒿᖅNJ䉃Ӫ䰞ཊቁˈӖᴠࠐཕDŽ ˄䙊؇㕆 ধ˅ ᐸ⡧ˈᡁଙᒢ䞓ࠐ䍗ᓅкӪˈ㘱⡧অঅௌ⅒ᡁଙDŽ˄ᤡ㕈 എ˅ ǏࠐથǐণĀࠐॆāDŽ ᡁҏᕇ⸕ݹ䖹ᆀཊቁˈҏᕇ⸕ᴯⷂᆀࠐથњ仾༠DŽ˄ኡⅼ ধ˅ ǏࠐօǐণĀࠐॆāDŽ⭘Āօāˈਟ㜭ᱟ㘵᭵㾱о᮷䀰Ⲵᖒᔿ㚄㌫䎧ᶕDŽ ۿᤓ呑∋ǃᤓ㥦ਦǃᤓṲശǃ㕛⒆эǃྣ㻱㕍ˈԕ৺亩ྣᐕˈ呑ਛڊࡠ公ਛˈ ᡰᗇ㜭ᴹࠐօ "˄ॱቮ嗏 എ˅ Ǐࠐǐ਼ĀࠐॆāDŽ˄˅ࠐˈཊቁDŽ ሿӪѪᆀˈйᰕа∄ˈㄩ⡯ཀྵỽय⸕ਇᆀࠐDŽ˄㘑㘐ഝ ࠪ˅ ࿉ˈӪ૱ৼ㔍 նय⸕㾱ࠐ䍒⽬ "˄⩕⧰ॉ ࠪ˅ ˄˅ᖸཊˈ䇨ཊDŽ օयᰙ⭏߰൏ˈݽࠐ䳮䗷㖒DŽ˄㘑㘐ഝ ࠪ˅
ᆉਁကˈєйᰕᕇⴻ㿱ˈӖḷ㠤ᆀࠐૹDŽ˄ᣕᚙ㕈 ࠪ˅ Ǐࠐ㕵ǐ਼ĀࠐāDŽ 䲚ᆀཊቁњ䒢䓛ሿˈਲ਼ᆀᡁଙࠐ㕵➞䞂侴侘ˈᯩ䙊ᗇањဃˈĂĂ㲭❦ᕇ ᤷᵋᢜഋ⎧ˈфҀᗇ㦓㘰а䓛ˈ㩭ᆀࠐ㕵Ӣⵧˈ㙨ࣘᆀཊቁґ䛫DŽ˄ᔰধаㅁ ধ˅ ˄᤹ˈljኡⅼgኡӪⅼNJ ˖䲚ᆀཊቁњ䒢䓛ሿˈਲ਼ᆀᡁଙࠐથ➞䞂侴侘ˈĂĂ㩭 ᆀࠐથӢⵧˈ㙨ࣘᆀཊቁґ䛫DŽ˅ Ǐࠐ䇨ǐ਼ĀࠐॆāDŽл䶒㢮㓖⪏ⲴֻᆀѝˈĀ䇨āᴹє⿽䈫⌅ˈањ਼Āॆā˄৫༠˅ ањ਼Āྭā˄৫༠˅DŽ ཊ䇨ˈĀ䇨ā؇丣㤕唁ਟ࠷ˈ㿱lj䲻ҖNJ˗৸䰞Ӫཊቁᴠࠐ䇨ˈ㿱ljਔ䈇NJDŽ˄ݹ㔚 ᇍኡ৯ᘇ ধ˅ ࠐ䇨䬌䫡þNLKqþ KDXÿ KRZPXFKFDVK" (GNLQV Ǐࠐᇦཤǐ䰞ӪᮠDŽĀᇦཤāᖃҾ䟿䇽DŽ ᱕ṁ䚃 ˖ĀӺཙкᡁԜቡ৫ⴻˈྭнྭ "ā⿻䉧䘈⋑ᴹㆄᓄˈ䱶ѭ၏ᣒ⵰䈤䚃 ˖ Ā㴞ྭ ٚࠐᇦཤа␈৫DŽā ҍቮ嗏 എ ˄↔ֻѝˈ㺘⽪㓖ᮠ˅ 䖯ཛࠐᇦཤKRZPDQ\FKDLUEHDUHUV" (GNLQV Ǐࠐᰦǐ˄˅䰞ᰦ䰤ˈӰѸᰦىDŽҏ㺘⽪нᇊⲴ⭘⌅DŽ 㠚❦ᱟⵏⲴˈⴻᡁࠐᰦੁ䈤䗷ٷ䈍Ⲵ "˄ҍቮ嗏 എ˅ 䱯䠁٧䖜Ԅґлˈࠐᰦ˄䈫ᱟ˅ჱṬ " ჱᗇ䱯〠ᗳӻ "˄ҍቮ⤀ എ˅ ࠐᰦZKDWWLPH" (GN ˄˅ཊቁᰦ䰤DŽ ᆻޜ⢩ൠਛᡁᶕራˈᫎ㿱ᆀ堚ˈࡠ᭮ᆀ৫ ˗ߥф堚а৫ᕇ⸕㾱৫ࠐᰦ৮DŽ˄㔰 ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ ˄˅ᤷа⇥ᰦ䰤DŽ ᇈӪ㤕㾱㿱ᆪӪˈਟ൘ᡁሪѝտࠐᰦDŽㅹ⭣䱣ޜᶕᰦˈᡁ࣍ॆԆഎᗳˈ᭮䘈 ྲօ "˄ਔӺሿ䈤 ধ˅ Ǐࠐ⛩䫏ǐ ࠐ⛩䫏ZKDWLWLVRÿFORFN" (GNLQV Ǐཊ㣡 ཊॆǐ˄˅䰞ᮠ䟿ˈཊቁˈࠐDŽ ৼ⨐⊹л㝨்䚃 ˖Āகཊ㣡㾱㍗௴ˈㅹ㙀ᰐ၂ᶕа␈৫ ā˄⎧к㣡ࡇՐ എ˅ ˄˅䇨ཊDŽਟԕ䟽ਐDŽ ˈࠪ䰘ڊ⭏ˈᴹཊॆᕇ࡙ᐲњDŽ˄ⲭ䴚䚇丣 ধ˅ лཤᡯ䰤ق∄Ԅᾬ⎚㾱ׯᖃཊ㣡ଊDŽ˄⎧к㣡ࡇՐ എ˅ ᡁⴻ㿱Ԅ㙀यᘛ⍫ᵛˈᗳ䟼ቡ䈤यࠪњཊ㣡䳮䗷DŽ˄⎧к㣡ࡇՐ എ˅ ٚาᆀ䟼ੁṬᇒӪཊཊ㣡㣡ˈۿ㙀䠁བྷቁаṧṬᇒӪҏཊ➎ᶕ⎚DŽ˄ҍቮ嗏 എ˅ ǏཊՉ ཊཕǐ਼ĀཊॆāDŽ
њњ㘱㘱Պ䳀䓛⌅њˈྭྭ䟼аਚ⢋ˈᔴᆀᡁњཊՉ䐟ᶕˈᯩᤷ⛩а⮚ˈᘭ❦ ৸н㿱ҶDŽ˄ޝॱ⿽ᴢg䘀⭃䇠 ࠪ˅ ཊཕ˖Ӻ䈝ᴹѻˈަ䈫ཕ൘䇨ǃᡰѻ䰤DŽlj侰ߜᒿᖅNJ䉃˖Ӫ䰞ཊቁˈӖᴠࠐཕDŽ ˄䙊؇㕆 ধ˅ Ǐཊ䇨ǐ਼ĀཊॆāDŽ Շཊᴠཊ䇨˄䇨ᆇ丣㤕唁ਟ࠷ˈ䉃ᡰ൘Ӗᴠ൪䇨˅DŽ˄Ү䲶㣿ᐎᓌᘇ ধ˅ ᰒ㛟ށᰦˈਚ䈧ᮉ䠁ޜњԧ䫡ˈн⸕㾱ཊ䇨ᦒᮠ "˄цᰐ३ എ˅ 䱣ኡཤк㣡ሿ㈞ˈᯠڊᯠྷཊ䇨䳮DŽᵍᲘᨀ≤✗㋕依ˈлᱬᨀ≤✗⎤⊔DŽ˄ⅼ⭢䳶˅ δεɋુ ૧Ƚ૧ՀɌ䘉њᖒᔿཊ㿱Ҿ⎉⊏䈝DŽ Ǐૡ ૡӻǐᘾѸ ˗ᘾѸṧ ˗ѪӰѸDŽ ቡ䱯ㆄᡯлҏᱟᕐ๚㠶ሿጠѻྣDŽૡᰕᰕ൘њੁᕐᵋ " ݸ⭏ُ䟽ሩ䈍䈍ˈ㤕 ᶕᕐⴻˈᡁᇊ⭘ᢃˈयᙚ㋇励DŽ˄රц䀰 എ˅ њ䍬থᠿњૡӻᨲᩌ˛ራ⵰ᑨ՟䟂ˈᡁᆀDŽ˄ޝॱ⿽ᴢg䭖ㅪ䇠 ࠪ˅ ǏૡԺǐᘾѸ࣎DŽ ᡁਛн㾱ڊ䘉һˈྲӺૡԺ " 䘈ᱟל਼ᡁˈሶ䘉ཊથ⢙Ԧࡠ䱸㺉ࠪ俆ׯ㖒DŽ ˄රц䀰 എ˅ ǏǐĀڊகāⲴਸ丣ˈڊӰѸ ˗ѪӰѸDŽ䘉њĀāਟ㜭ቡᱟĀૡāˈնᱟ⧠ᴹⲴ ֻᆀᖸቁˈᰐ⌅䇱᰾є㘵ᴹⴤ᧕ޣ㌫DŽ ᶝᐎӪࠑᴹᡰᙕ䰞ˈ䖴ᴠ˖ĀDŽāⴆԕ⭊䈫ྲĀ㠽āˈ㘼৸ԕĀڊ㠽āҼᆇ৽࠷ѪĀā ҏDŽ˄䙊؇㕆 ধ˅ ǏᘾǐᘾѸˈਚ⭘ҾĀᘾᲃᗇā˄ᘾѸ⸕䚃˅DŽ 㧢⭏䚃 ˖Ā㙀䈤ሿ㓒Պڊ⭏ˈѪகᇒӪҏᰐᤘૹ௴ "ā㮉䍎䚃 ˖Ā㙀ᘾᲃᗇ؊ᰐ ᤘᇒӪ "ā˄⎧к㣡ࡇՐ എ˅ Ӫᇦٚᆀޫᗇ㴞㴞བྷˈ㾱ൿ㝡њཊ➎˗ࡊࡊᴹԄєњᴸˈᘾᲃᗇ؊ᡀӪयᡀӪDŽ ˄⎧к㣡ࡇՐ എ˅ δεɋဆɌ ǏကⲴǐᘾѸ ˗ӰѸDŽ ˄߰˅ကⲴнୡଙ "˄с˅ྭ ୡᆼૹDŽ˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ ˄Ԉ˅ઘབྷ⡧DŽ˄ᰖ˅ကⲴ "˄Ԉ˅ᡁᇦ㘱ཚၶⲴѫྭˈਛᡁࡠᇦ䟼৫ଙDŽ˄㔰 ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ ǏကӻǐᘾѸDŽ ᡁ䈤˖Āᵛကӻⶑ⌅ "āԆ䈤˖Āᡁᵛᢃњൠ䬪ݯⶑⶑᵛቡᱟҏDŽā˄ਸ⅒മ എ˅ ˄߰˅ကӻађђݯቡᆼଙ "˄с˅㴞䮯ӻаਚˈୡᆀॺᰕૹDŽ˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅
Ǐက・ǐᘾѸ ˗ѪӰѸDŽ ˄ᶝ˅က・䇔䇶ᡁԜҼ⡧њ "˄ሿ⭏˅䘈ᱟ৫⿻䇔䇶ⲴDŽ˄йㅁ എ˅ ˄ሿ⭏˅བྷˈ㧛䶎ᱟઘᗧઘབྷѸ "˄ᶝ˅䘉њقཷᶱ・ˈᡁӾ⋑ᴹ䇔䇶ˈက ・ق䇔䇶ᡁⲴ "˄йㅁ എ˅ Ǐက⍋ က㩭ǐ਼Āက・āˈᘾѸ ˗ѪӰѸDŽ нᱟᯠ⌋ᵛˈက⍋аᑖӪᇦ䍤Ҷᴹᆇሩ㚄 "˄ਸ⅒മ എ˅ н↫Ӫᵛက㩭᧒лҶབྷ䰘ˈᦹҶሩ㚄 "˄ਸ⅒മ എ˅ Ǐက༴ǐᘾѸ࣎DŽ ˄Ԉ˅ᡁᇦݯᆀн൘ቻ䟼ˈ䘉Ӌ⌅㺓㹼ཤ⢙һ⋑Ӫ㙭DŽ˄ᰖ˅㹼ཤ⢙һᱟ㾱㍗Ⲵˈ က༴ "˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ δε⯇䰤䈃Ⲻ〃ᖘᕅф⯇䰤㊱ශⲺީ㌱ л㺘ѝⲴ䇽ᖒˈਚ䟷⭘สᵜⲴ߉⌅˄ᖒᔿ˅ˈ⋑ᴹᢺк᮷ᨀ৺ⲴᡰᴹҖ߉ᖒᔿ䜭 ࡇࠪᶕDŽ 䰞Ӫ 䰞һ⢙ 䰞༴ᡰ 䰞ᰦ䰤 䰞ᙗ䍘 䰞ᯩᔿ 䰞ᮠ䟿 䰞ഐ கӪ க க൪ॆ க൪ॆ கㅹṧ 䛓 ࠐ க 䈱ל கњ 䱶ᩝ ࠐᰦ 㘽ṧ 䛓њ ṧ ࠐॆ கњ ᰦ ᰦל க⢙һ 㩭䟼ᩝ 䛓њ 䛓ବ ཊॆ ڊக Ҷ கһփ 䟼 䛓⸱ᆀ 䛓㜭 க૮ њ њ ৮ 䛓ݹᲟ ૡ ૡӻ Ѫக ૮ 䟼 њ 䟼 њ ଚବṧᔿ ကⲴ 䛓 ကⲴ 䛓㜭 က・ 䛓ବ ကӻ 䛓㜭 䛓Ҷ က・
пȽф⯇䰤ᴿީⲺ䈃䈣
δжε⭞ӄ⯇䰤ਛⲺ䈣≊ࣟ䈃 䘉䟼㖇ࡇⲴѫ㾱ᱟ⭘൘ਕᵛⲴ䈝≄ࣙ䇽 ˗䘈ᴹ䜘࠶ࣙ䇽ᱟ⭘൘࠶ਕ˄ᡆ㘵Ḁњ࠶ 㢲˅ᵛቮⲴˈᴹᨀ亯Ⲵ⭘DŽ Ǐ䱯ǐ⭘൘ਕᵛˈ㺘⽪⯁䰞DŽᴹᰦᱟ䟽༽ሩᯩⲴ䰞仈ᡆ㾱≲ˈԕ≲䇱ᇎަᇩ ˗ᴹ ᰦᱟṩᦞḀ⿽⧠䊑ࠪ᧘⍻ˈᐼᵋ䇱ᇎDŽ 㘱䫡ˈњᑭᆀகҶयᑖ " க㕈᭵㺓ᴽクᗇቁ䱯 "˄᧿䠁ࠔ എ˅ ᡁੜᗇᴹњӫྒဃҀњ䲚৫ˈ⋑ᗇቡᱟ؊䱯 "˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅Ǐக ӫྒǐ㺘⯁䰞ˈᑖᴹཷǃⲴ㢢ᖙDŽ ᶕᱟаս⡼ཤ䱯 ⋑ᗇ㾱ᖃᇈக "˄㘑㘐ഝ ࠪ˅ ণဌ⍋ᗇ㛙ˈӖ㾱ᣭ䖯ᢋૹக "˄Ӫ⾿ ࠪ˅ 䳄ቻ䟼मᱏᇦาޝ⾎ˈһԍаփˈ䳮䚃㿶ᕇ㇑ૹӫྒ "˄䫥ѝ㧢 ࠪ˅ Ǐǐ⭘൘䘹ᤙ䰞ਕⲴ䘹ᤙ亩ⴞѻ䰤DŽл䶒ㅜаֻਟԕⴻᱟ৽༽䰞DŽ ٧ڌⅷਛٚṬተंᶕˈ䱯ྭयྭ "˄ҍቮ⤀ എ˅ 㾱ᜣᩝ٧ُṬӄⲮє䬦ᆀˈṬሩ⨐㣡㇇Ԅᖃཤˈᣬᤘं٧ˈ٧䱯ؑयؑ "˄ҍ ቮ⤀ എ˅ Ǐਓ㲀 ਓ൬ǐ⭘൘⢩ᤷ䰞ਕⲴਕᵛˈਕѝᴹ⯁䰞䇽DŽᴹ䘭䰞ഐˈ⨶⭡Ⲵਜ਼ѹDŽ 䈍ᱟ䈤ᗇа⛩ਓ㯜ᕇᐞˈ䛓Ә⋑ᕇᣵਇᙅૹਓ㲀 "˄Ӫ⾿ ࠪ˅ Ӫᵛаᒤབྷаᒤૹˈᶕଊቻ䟼ڊகਓ൬ " 䘈ᱟࠪᶕڊڊ⭏㖒DŽ˄⎧к㣡ࡇՐ എ˅ Ǐ௴ǐ࣐൘⯁䰞ਕਾˈ໎ᕪ⯁䰞Ⲵણˈᴹ䰞њウㄏⲴਜ਼ѹˈնਓ≄䖳઼㕃DŽਕ ѝᴹĀகāㅹ⯁䰞䇽DŽ н⾱䐣䎧ᶕ䚃 ˖Ā٭ᇎệᘛ௴ " њᵛⵏ↓ᜣयࡠ ā˄⎧ཙ呯䴚䇠 എ˅ ٚᱟयྭṬˈቡн䗷ѪԄཙ✝ˈ㺓㼣⵰ᗇ⡭⛩ˈᴹகṬྭ௴ "˄ҍቮ嗏 എ˅ Ǐӻ ǐ਼Ā௴āDŽ ˄с˅傜བྷ⡧ᶕᨰᡁаᨰDŽ˄Ԉ˅њᗇᶕਓ㲀DŽ˄с˅ଚDŽ˄Ԉ˅ӻˈӻ "˄㔰 ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ њਚ㣡Ộᒺᴹࠐॆᔰ䱄䘋␡ӻ " ᔰ䱄ˈᴹаи˗䘋␡ˈгቪҼረDŽ˄йㅁ എ˅ བྷ⡧ˈࡠᓅҼ⡧கкཤयྭҶˈ䎦䟼ࠪ৫ӻ "˄⦹ང嗉 എ˅ ခ⡧ڊҶབྷབྷⲴᇈҶDŽ˄сᰖⲭ˅கњᇈ "˄⧽⨐ຄ എ ؊ᡰᢃ㇇ᆸ䙮䎺㢲њһփˈՇⲮဃ䱯䎎ᡀ "˄ᰕ࣏䈮бᐣ⿻ᆓ 䈮˅ ⣩ཚӪ䈤˖Ā堚ㄳѪகᶕ᭫ᢃբ˛ā䶎࡙༛Ӫ䈤˖Ā㾱堚ㄳ৲ᆉ㕊ѻ૮ӔԓբDŽā ˄㓿ਢ䇠 ㄐ˅ Ǐǐ਼Ā௴āDŽ ୄᱟӾக˄䈫ᲂ˅ൠᯩᶕṬ " ဃகਛக "˄ҍቮ⤀ എ˅ Ǐᶕǐоਕѝ㺘⯁䰞Ⲵ࢟䇽Ā䱯āǃĀ䱯ᴮāㅹબᓄDŽ 䈤 ˖Āћཤˈ堚књⲎ⯕⯞䱯ྭᶕ "āᡁ䈤 ˖ĀᕇྭᶕDŽā˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ 䶙ⅷக䗠ݹૹˈ䱯䈕ᓄՐ喀⨝㺉ᖩㄉาᶕ "˄ᣕᚙ㕈 ࠪ˅ Ǐं Ҷǐᖃᱟ䈝≄ࣙ䇽Āᶕāᕡॆǃ׳丣ॆⲴ㔃᷌DŽ ሿᇈӪˈ堚䱯䇔ᗇᡁҶ "˄䍤˅н䇔ᗇབྷକ˛˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ ㄐབྷቁˈ䱯ᱟࡊࡊ䎧ᶕं "˄ҍቮ嗏 എ˅ ㇇ٚ᭵ⅷᱟԠᢣ㙀Ҽቁयкૹ ⴻṬєսᴻ৻䶒⎚ˈ䱯㾱ᤘ⛩䶒ᆀٚं˛˄⎧ཙ 呯䴚䇠 എ˅ Ǐଙǐ਼ĀंāDŽ
ᦼ⽬њˈ堚ੜᯠӪ䟼ੁڊӫྒˈ䱯ᴮࠪᶕଙ "˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ Ǐࡇǐ਼ĀंāDŽ ல 䬦ᇈˈⴻ䜁བྷ⡧䱯ᴮ䎧ᶕࡇ " 䈤ᡁҀޜ䟼DŽ˄㔰ⲭ㼈 䳶 ধ˅ Ǐ૮ǐᖃᱟĀंāⲴᯩ䀰ਈփDŽ 䛓ବˈ䛓ବ˛ᡁ䈤㕈࠶⌘ᇊᶕ⎚Ṭˈ䱯ᴹகᕪṬ૮ "˄୶⭼⧠ᖒ䇠 എ˅ ᡯ䰤ᰐُ༴ᵛˈय䎠䟾ਚྭ䎠ૹஈˈ䱯ሩ૮ " 䱸བྷቁ ˄୶⭼⧠ᖒ䇠 എ˅ Ǐ㩭ǐ਼Ā૮āDŽ Ӻᵍࡊࡊ⻠⵰ૹˈٚ䱯㾱䰞؊䇘Ṭ⌘䬌䫡Ṭ㩭˛˄䍏ᴍ䰢䈸 എ˅ Ǐੰǐ㺘⽪а㡜Ⲵ⯁䰞䈝≄ˈն䈝≄䖳઼㕃ˈᴹᰦᴹ୶䟿ǃ࣍䈡ⲴણDŽ 㙀䈤ਓ൬ˈ٭а༠य૽ૹੰ "˄ҍቮ嗏 എ˅ δӂε㺞⯇䰤Ⲻ⢯⇀ᖘᕅ ᴹӋ䇽ᙗⲴᡀ࠶ˈᑨо⯁䰞䇽а䎧ˈᖒᡀṶᷦᔿⲴ㓴ਸDŽ Ǐ༴ǐĀ䛓䟼ĂĂ༴ "āᇮ䈝ਟ൘Ā༴āⲴࡽ䶒ᡆਾ䶒ˈਕѝ䘈ਟ⭘㺘⽪ާփ༴ᡰ Ⲵ䇽ǃԓ䇽DŽ ᡁ৸нᴮڊ䗷ӪᇦⲴሿˈ䛓䟼ڧ༴˛བྷ⁑བྷṧоӪُⲴDŽ˄Ӫ⾿ ࠪ˅ Ǐ⌅ ⌅ᆀǐ˄˅⭘൘ࣘ䇽ਾˈࡽ䶒ᴹ⯁䰞ԓ䇽ˈ㺘⽪ሩࣘᯩᔿⲴ⯁䰞DŽĀ⌅ā ᖃҾањᶴᖒᡀ࠶DŽ ࡽцһ ቡՔ仾ཤ⯬ᵛˈᰐᗇ⿳ᤓњᱏ仾Ⱈ㟼㞸ˈ䛓ବ५⌅ӻ "˄йㅁ എ˅ њњӄ⡧⡧౯ˈণᴹཚ⇽㇑ᗇտˈᡁӖᕇᲃᗇཚ⇽ᕐ∿ᵾ∿ˈ䛓ବ䙊䈊⌅ ᆀ "˄Ӫ⾿ ࠪ˅ ቁ䵎⧠㻛ᇦѝ㇑տˈзайॱǃҼॱཙ㔍䘩нࡠ』⭼кᶕˈ䘉䬦ੁԆᘾṧ䇘⌅ "˄⎧ к㑱ॾỖࡍ䳶 എ˅ ˄˅㺘⽪ሩ〻ᓖⲴ⯁䰞 ˗ҏᴹԫᤷ⭘ˈቡ㺘⽪〻ᓖDŽ ߥӪᇦ䬦ᆀᘾṧཊ⌅ˈ㛟ᶕޫ⍫࡛ӪⲴ၈Ӣǃ㘱ၶ "˄ၡⴞ䟂ᗳ㕆 ধ എ˅ ᱟᡁࡠаඇ䟼ˈ䘈堚ҏᇩ᱃ˈਚᱟ㾱㘱ᇎ䇹ᡁˈᱟњ䎐堚њҶˈ䍬 ӻ㪇ᙕ⌅ᆀ "˄᮷ᱏῌ ࠪ˅ ˄с˅㘱⡧ˈᡁ䈤मᱟ䭷⊏䟼ㅜаᇦᴹཤᇼ㗱ˈᮉڊ䠁ⲮзDŽ˄߰˅䛓ବ䍒 ѫ⌅ "˄ᣕᚙ㕈 ࠪ˅ ྤᵛᤘ؊䇸Ԅ৫ҼⲮ⌻䫯ˈᓄ䈕ᚘᚘ؊ˈ٧ᩝ؊ᱟંகӷᇷˈக㩭Ӗᇎệᚘ⌅ӻ " ˄ҍቮ⤀ എ˅ ڌⅷࠪ৫ˈय⸕ଚବ䖗⌅ᗇᶕDŽ˄ҍቮ⤀ എ˅
Ƚ䇞䇰
ǂǂᵜ᮷Ⲵᐕѫ㾱ᱟ൘㖇ࡇ઼ᮤ⨶᰾ᰦᵏ᮷⥞ѝ⯁䰞䇽Ⲵ⿽Җ߉ᖒᔿ˄ᖃ❦ҏ৽ ᱐Ҷ䈝丣ᖒᔿ˅ˈᒦ࣐ԕ࠶᷀ˈᒦ൘↔สк䘋㹼ҶаӋ䇘䇪DŽ ǂǂᖃ❦ˈ䘈ᴹᖸཊਟԕ᧒䇘Ⲵ䰞仈DŽ ǂǂ俆ݸˈӾᡁԜࡇࠪⲴ㺘ѝ㜭ⴻࠪˈ਼аѹ㊫࡛˄ྲ䰞Ӫǃ䰞ൠ⛩ǃ䰞ᰦ䰤ㅹ˅лˈ ࠪ⧠Ҷཊ⿽н਼ⲴᖒᔿDŽᴹⲴᓄ䈕ᱟ਼аᶕⓀⲴᖒᔿ˄ྲĀࠐॆ ࠐāǃࣙ䇽Ā૮ Ҷā˅ˈ ᴹⲴਚᱟ߉⌅наṧ˄ྲĀக ٭ā˅ˈᴹⲴྭۿ∛ᰐޣ㌫ ྲĀக ကā DŽഐ∄䖳༽ᵲˈ ਟ㜭ഐѪᱟн਼শਢᰦᵏⲴ⧠䊑ˈਟ㜭ᱟ৽᱐Ҷн਼ൠ⛩Ⲵ䈝䀰⧠䊑ˈҏᴹਟ㜭ਚᱟঅ 㓟Ⲵ᮷ᆇ䭉䈟DŽ ǂǂަ⅑ˈ䘉Ӌ䇽ᖒ৺ަ⭘⌅ˈоᇈ䈍ᴹᖸཊн਼ˈᰐ⌅ааሩᓄDŽᖸཊᛵߥлˈḀњ ᯩ䀰䇽઼ᓄⲴᇈ䈍˄Პ䙊䈍˅䇽൘⭘⌅кн㜭ᆼޘ䟽ਸDŽ਼ṧˈ൘⯁䰞Ⲵ㺘䗮⇥к ҏᴹᖸཊн਼DŽᡰԕˈᇈ䈍Ⲵ䈝⌅㿴ࡉᵚᗵ㜭ሱнࣘൠ྇⭘ࡠ䈝Ⲵ䈝䀰⧠䊑ѝᶕDŽ ǂǂᴰਾˈ䘉ṧⲴ⹄ウˈ䘈ᓄ䈕Ӿ⯁䰞䈝≄Ⲵ㊫࡛˄ྲᲞ䙊䈍Ⲵ⢩ᤷ䰞ǃᱟ䶎䰞ǃ䘹ᤙ 䰞˅ࠪਁˈ䘋а↕䇘䇪DŽ˄ᵡᗧ⟉ ˖˅նᱟˈഐѪㇷᑵ઼ᰦ䰤Ⲵ䲀ࡦˈ䘉а 䈮仈ਚ㜭⮉ᖵӺਾ㔗㔝䘋㹼ҶDŽ ৸ 㘹 ᮽ ⥤ ᡤᱝ䬝ѫ㕆 ˖lj≹䈝ᯩ䀰䈝⌅⹄ウ઼᧒㍒NJˈ唁嗉⊏Ӫ≁ࠪ⡸⽮ˈ ᒤ б༠ṁㅹ ˖lj⧠ԓ≹䈝䈝⌅䇢䈍NJˈ୶࣑ঠҖ侶ˈ ᒤ ߟ᱕⭠ ˖lj䘁ԓ≹䈝䈝⌅⹄ウNJˈኡьᮉ㛢ࠪ⡸⽮ˈ ᒤ ڵᜐ䫗 ˖lj᰾≹䈝⯁䰞ਕ⹄ウNJˈ୶࣑ঠҖ侶ˈ ᒤ 䜝࡙䵎 ˖lj≹䈝ᯩ䀰⯁䰞ਕ∄䖳⹄ウNJˈইᔰབྷᆖࠪ⡸⽮ˈ ᒤ 哴՟㦓ㅹ ˖lj≹䈝ᯩ䀰䈝⌅䈳ḕNJˈᒯьӪ≁ࠪ⡸⽮ˈ ᒤ 哴՟㦓ѫ㕆 ˖lj≹䈝ᯩ䀰䈝⌅㊫㕆NJˈ䶂ዋࠪ⡸⽮ˈ ᒤ ᵾ㍐㤡 ˖ljѝਔ৺䘁ԓ≹䈝⯁䰞ਕ⹄ウNJˈኡьབྷᆖࠪ⡸⽮ˈ ᒤ ᵾሿࠑ ˖lj㣿ᐎᯩ䀰䈝⌅⹄ウNJˈेӜབྷᆖࠪ⡸⽮ˈ ᒤ ᷇㍐ၕ ˖ljаⲮཊᒤᶕ䈝ਕ⌅㊫ර╄ਈ⹄ウNJˈѝഭ⽮Պ、ᆖࠪ⡸⽮ˈ ᒤ ࡈѩ䶂 ˖㣿ᐎᯩ䀰Ⲵਁ䰞䇽оĀਟ 93āਕᔿˈljѝഭ䈝᮷NJ ᒤㅜ ᵏ ࡈѩ䶂 ˖lj㪇ѝᒤ䈝䀰ᆖᇦ㠚䘹䳶gࡈѩ䶂NJˈк⎧ᮉ㛢ࠪ⡸⽮ˈ ᒤ ࡈѩ䶂㕆㪇 ˖lj䈝⌅䈳ḕ⹄ウNJˈк⎧ᮉ㛢ࠪ⡸⽮ˈ ᒤ ࡈᴸॾǃ█᮷ၡǃ᭵丑 ˖ᇎ⭘⧠ԓ≹䈝䈝⌅˄໎䇒ㅜ ⡸˅ˈ୶࣑ঠҖ侶ˈ ᒤ ⒈ѫ㕆 ˖lj⧠ԓ≹䈝ޛⲮ䇽NJˈ୶࣑ঠҖ侶ˈࡍ⡸ ᒤˈ໎䇒ᵜ ᒤ 䫡ѳ㦓 ˖ljк⎧䈍䈝⌅NJˈк⎧Ӫ≁ࠪ⡸⽮ˈ ᒤ 䫡ѳ㦓 ˖ljк⎧䈝䀰ਁኅਢNJˈк⎧Ӫ≁ࠪ⡸⽮ˈ ᒤ 䛥ᮜㅹ ˖lj≹䈝⯁䰞㤳⮤∄䖳⹄ウNJˈ᳘ইབྷᆖࠪ⡸⽮ˈ ᒤ⸣⊍ᶠ ˖᰾ᰦԓे䜘䈝Ӫ〠ԓ䇽৺ޣ䰞仈ˈljѝഭᯩ䀰ᆖᣕNJㅜ ᵏˈ୶࣑ঠҖ侶ˈ ᒤ ⸣⊍ᶠǃᇛ⭠а䛾ѫ㕆 ˖lj᰾䈝䇽ިNJˈк⎧䗎Җࠪ⡸⽮ˈ ᒤ Ǐᵜ᮷ᡰᕅ᮷⥞⭘ֻⲴࠪ༴ 䈧৲㿱lj᰾䈝䇽ިNJᡰ䱴᮷⥞ⴞᖅDŽǐ ཚ⭠䗠ཛ ˖ljѝഭ䈝শਢ᮷⌅NJ˄؞䇒䈁ᵜ˅ˈेӜབྷᆖࠪ⡸⽮ˈ ᒤ 䲦ሠㅹѫ㕆 ˖lj≹䈝ᯩ䀰⯁䰞㤳⮤⹄ウNJˈѝ㾯Җተˈ ᒤ ⊚ᒣ ˖lj㣿ᐎᯩ䀰⹄ウNJˈѝॾҖተˈ ᒤ ⦻ڕ ˖lj㣿Ⳇ४ฏᯩ䀰䈝⌅∄䖳⹄ウNJˈ୶࣑ঠҖ侶ˈ ᒤ 䉒㠚・ǃࡈѩ䶂ǃ⸣⊍ᶠǃ⊚ᒣǃᕐᇦ㤲 ˖lj㣿ᐎᯩ䀰䈝⌅NJ˄は˅ Ǐᵜ᮷৲㘳ⲴᱟᵜҖѝ⸣⊍ᶠᢗㅄⲴlj䈝≄ࣙ䇽NJ䜘࠶ǐ ᗀ⛸⛟ǃ䛥ᮜ ˖ljк⎧ᯩ䀰䈝⌅⹄ウNJˈॾьᐸ㤳བྷᆖࠪ⡸⽮ˈ ᒤ 䇨ᇍॾǃ⊔⧽⨐ѫ㕆 ˖ljк⎧ᐲ४ᯩ䀰ᘇNJˈк⎧ᮉ㛢ࠪ⡸⽮ˈ ᒤ 䎥ݳԫ ˖ljѝഭ䈍Ⲵ᮷⌅NJ˄б䛖ᯠ䈁ᵜ˅ˈ俉ѝ᮷བྷᆖࠪ⡸⽮ˈ ᒤ 䎥ݳԫ ˖lj≹䈝ਓ䈝䈝⌅NJ˄⒈䈁ᵜ˅ˈ୶࣑ঠҖ侶ˈ ᒤ 䎥ݳԫ ˖lj⧠ԓ䈝Ⲵ⹄ウNJˈ、ᆖࠪ⡸⽮ˈ ᒤ ᵡᗧ⟉ ˖lj䈝⌅䇢ѹNJˈ୶࣑ঠҖ侶ˈ ᒤ
(GNLQV-˄㢮㓖⪏˅A Grammar of Colloquial Chinese, as Exhibited in the Shanghai Dialect˄к⎧ ᯩ䀰ਓ䈝䈝⌅˅ 6HFRQG (GLWLRQˈ&RUUHFWHGDŽˈ3UHVE\WHULDQǂ0LVVLRQ 3UHVVˈ ѝ䈁ᵜ ˖ 㢮㓖⪏ ˖ljк⎧ᯩ䀰ਓ䈝䈝⌅NJˈཆ䈝ᮉᆖо⹄ウࠪ⡸⽮ˈ ᒤ
<XH+DVKLPRWRˈ$QQH Comparative Chinese Dialectal Grammarˈ&5/$2ˈ
