短 報㩷
薬剤師による臨床現場での携帯情報端末（PDA）の利用に向けて㩷
―アメリカの現状分析から―
ඨ↰ᥓሶ ട⮮ਭ㩷
ᤘᄢቇ ⮎ቇㇱ ක⮎ຠᖱႎቇᢎቶ㩷
㩷
ⷐ ᣦ㩷
ޣ⋡⊛ޤ㧦ࠕࡔࠞߩ⮎Ꮷ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⥃ᐥߩ႐ߢ㪧㪛㪘ࠍ↪ߒߡࠆ߆⺞ᩏߒ㧘ᣣᧄߢߩ
ᓟߩ↪ࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆ㧚㩷
ޣᣇᴺޤ㧦㩷 㪧㫌㪹㪤㪼㪻 ߢ㪈㪐㪌㪇ᐕ߆ࠄ㪉㪇㪈㪇ᐕ㪏㪉㪇ᣣ߹ߢࠍ㧘ᬌ⚝↪⺆ߣߒߡ 㪧㪿㪸㫉㫄㪸㪺㫀㫊㫋㫊㧘㪚㫆㫄㫇㫌㫋㪼㫉㫊㩷 㪟㪸㫅㪻㪿㪼㫃㪻ࠍ↪ᬌ⚝ࠍⴕߞߚ㧚ߘߩઁߦࠕࡔࠞක≮ᖱႎቇදળ㪲㪘㫄㪼㫉㫀㪺㪸㫅㩷 㪤㪼㪻㫀㪺㪸㫃㩷 㪠㫅㪽㫆㫉㫄㪸㫋㫀㪺㫊㩷 㪘㫊㫊㫆㪺㫀㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩿㩷㪈㪐㪐㪋㪄㪉㪇㪇㪐㪀㪴㧘㩷ࠕࡔࠞⴐⴡ↢ቇળ㧔㪘㫄㪼㫉㫀㪺㪸㫅㩷㪧㫌㪹㫃㫀㪺㩷㪟㪼㪸㫃㫋㪿㩷㪘㫊㫊㫆㪺㫀㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪑㩷㪘㪧㪿㪘㧕㪃 ࠕࡔࠞක≮⮎Ꮷળ㧔㪘㫄㪼㫉㫀㪺㪸㫅㩷㪪㫆㪺㫀㪼㫋㫐㩷㫆㪽㩷㪟㪼㪸㫃㫋㪿㪄㪪㫐㫊㫋㪼㫄㩷㪧㪿㪸㫉㫄㪸㪺㫀㫊㫋㫊㪑㩷㪘㪪㪟㪧㧕ߩ㑐ㅪ⸥ࠍᬌ
⚝ߒߚ㧚⮎Ꮷߦࠃࠆ៤Ꮺᖱႎ┵ᧃ㧔㪧㪼㫉㫊㫆㫅㪸㫃㩷 㪻㫀㪾㫀㫋㪸㫃㩷 㪸㫊㫊㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㫋㪑㩷 㪧㪛㪘㧕ߩ↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆᢥ₂ࠍ⋡
⊛㧘ෳട⠪㧘ታᣉᣉ⸳㧘⎇ⓥ࠺ࠩࠗࡦ㧘⚿ᨐ㧘⠨ኤߩࠞ࠹ࠧߢ⹏ଔߒߚ㧚㩷
ޣ⚿ᨐޤ㧦㪎ઙߩᢥ₂߇ᬌ⚝ߐࠇߚ㧚㪉ઙߩᢥ₂ߪ⮎Ꮷߦࠃࠆ㪧㪛㪘ߩ↪ะߣ⥝㧘㚔ᨴߺ߿ߔ ߐߦߟߡߩࠕࡦࠤ࠻⺞ᩏߢߞߚ㧚ᄙᢙߩ⮎Ꮷ߇㪧㪛㪘ߩ↪ߦ⢐ቯ⊛ߢߞߚ㧚㪋ઙߩ
⎇ⓥߪ 㪧㪛㪘 ዉߦࠃࠆᖚ⠪ࠤࠕߦኻߔࠆ⮎Ꮷߦࠃࠆ⮎ቇ⊛ႎ๔ᦠ߅ࠃ߮ࠗࡦࠪ࠺ࡦ࠻
ࡐ࠻ߩઙᢙჇടߦߟߡߩႎ๔㧘߁ߜ㪈ઙߪㄟ߹ࠇࠆ▤ℂႎ㈽߽⹜▚ߒߡࠆ㧚㪈ઙߩ⎇
ⓥߪකᏧ߇㪊ߟߩක⮎ຠᖱႎḮࠍߞߡࠄ߆ߓ↪ᗧߒߚ⾰㗄ߦ࿁╵ߒ⹏ଔߒ㧘ߘߩ⚿ᨐ
㪣㪼㫏㫀㪄㪛㫉㫌㪾㫊߇ᦨ߽⹏ଔ߇㜞߆ߞߚ㧚㩷
ޣ߹ߣޤ㧦☨࿖ߢߪ㪧㪛㪘ߩዉߦࠃࠅᄙߊߩ⮎ቇ⊛߇Ⴧടߒ㧘ᖚ⠪ࠤࠕߩᡷༀߩน⢻ᕈ߇␜
ໂߐࠇߚ㧚ᣣᧄߢߩ⮎ᏧߦࠃࠆⓍᭂ⊛ߥ㪧㪛㪘ߩ⥃ᐥ႐ߢߩ↪ࠍឭ᩺ߒߚ㧚㩷 㩷
㪢㪼㫐㩷㪮㫆㫉㪻㫊㧦㪧㪛㪘㧘ක⮎ຠᖱႎ㧘ࡈࠔࡑࠪࡘ࠹ࠖࠞ࡞ࠤࠕ㧘ႎ๔ᦠ㩷 㩷
✜ ⸒
ᖱႎ⑼ቇߩ⊒ዷߪ㧘ක≮ߩಽ㊁ߢ߽ᄢ߈ߥᓇ㗀 ࠍਈ߃ߡ߈ߚ㧚ࠕࡔࠞක≮ᖱႎቇදળ㧔㪘㫄㪼㫉㫀㪺㪸㫅㩷 㪤㪼㪻㫀㪺㪸㫃㩷㪠㫅㪽㫆㫉㫄㪸㫋㫀㪺㫊㩷㪸㫊㫊㫆㪺㫀㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㧦㪘㪤㪠㪘㧕㩷ߦࠃࠆߣ㧘 ᖱႎ⮎⑼ቇ㧔㪧㪿㪸㫉㫄㪸㪺㫆㫀㫅㪽㫆㫉㫄㪸㫋㫀㪺㫊㧕ߣߪഃ⮎߿ㆮ વሶ⮎ℂቇߣߞߚၮ␆⑼ቇࠍ⥃ᐥᔕ↪ߔࠆߚ
ߩᖱႎᛛⴚ㧔㪠㫅㪽㫆㫉㫄㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㪫㪼㪺㪿㫅㫆㫃㫆㪾㫐㧦㪠㪫㪀ࠍ⎇ⓥ
ߔࠆቇߣቯ⟵ߒߡࠆ㫀㧕㧚ᦝߦߘߩ㑐ㅪಽ㊁ߣ
ߒߡ㧘․ߦ⮎Ꮷᬺോߦ㑐ㅪߒߚ⺞㧘⮎‛ᛩਈ㧘
⮎‛ᴦ≮▤ℂ㧘⮎‛ᴦ≮ߩోᕈ߿⾰ࠍᜂߔࠆ ߚߦᔅⷐߥᖱႎ⮎⑼ቇࠍ⮎ዪᖱႎቇ㪧㪿㪸㫉㫄㪸㪺㫐㩷 㫀㫅㪽㫆㫉㫄㪸㫋㫀㪺㫊ߣቯߡࠆ㧚㩷
ઍߩක≮ߪᢙᄙߊߩᛛⴚ㕟ᣂߣਗⴕߔࠆࠃ ߁ߦ⚦ಽൻߐࠇ㧘ⶄ㔀ߢ⤘ᄢߥᖱႎࠍ߽ߣߦೞޘ ߣᄌൻࠍㆀߍߡࠆ㧚ࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻ߩ᥉ߦࠃ ࠅ㧘ᄙߊߩක≮㑐ㅪࠦࡦ࠹ࡦ࠷߇㫎㪼㪹ߢ㐿ߐ ࠇ㧘એ೨ߦᲧߴ㧘⺕߽߇ᖱႎᬌ⚝ߒᚻߢ߈ࠆᤨ
ઍߣߥߞߚ㧚ߘߒߡ㧘㪠㪫ࠍ↪ߒ⥃ᐥ႐ߢㄦㅦ ߦ⊛⏕ߥᖱႎᚻߒ㧘ᖱႎࠍరߦᴦ≮ౝኈࠍቯ ߔࠆߎߣߪ㧘ᖚ⠪ߩోᕈࠍ㜞੍ᓟߩᡷༀߦߟ ߥ߇ࠆߣ߁ႎ๔߇ߐࠇߡࠆ㪉㧕㧚ߘߒߡ㧘ක≮
ᓥ⠪ߦࠃࠆ⥃ᐥ႐ߢߩੱะߌ៤Ꮺᖱႎ┵
ᧃ㧔㪧㪼㫉㫊㫆㫅㪸㫃㩷 㪛㫀㪾㫀㫋㪸㫃㩷 㪘㫊㫊㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㫋㫊㪑㩷 㪧㪛㪘㧕ߩዉߦࠃ ࠅ㧘ലᨐ⊛߆ߟోߥක≮ߩឭଏࠍታᣉߒߚߣ
߁ႎ๔߽ᢔߐࠇࠆ㪊㪀㧘㪋㪀㧚㩷
㪧㪛㪘 ߪ㧘៤Ꮺߦㆡߒߚࠨࠗ࠭ߩዊဳࠦࡦࡇ ࡘ࠲ߢ㧘ࠬࠤࠫࡘ࡞߿ᚲ㍳ߥߤߩᓥ᧪ߩᚻ Ꮽߣߒߡߩⷐ⚛ߩઁߦ㧘ᄙߊߩຠߢߪോ♽ࠕ ࡊࠤ࡚ࠪࡦࠍタߒ㧘㔚ሶࡔ࡞߿ࠗࡦ࠲
ࡀ࠶࠻ធ⛯ߣߞߚ࠺࠲ㅢାᯏ⢻ࠍⵝߒߡ
ࠆ㧚ജᣇᑼߪࠠࡏ࠼㧘࠰ࡈ࠻ࠠࡏ࠼㧘
࠲࠶࠴ࡄࡀ࡞ߥߤ߇ࠆ㧚㪈㪐㪐㪇ᐕઍ㪘㫇㫇㫃㪼㩷㪥㪼㫎㫋㫆㫅
߿㪧㪸㫃㫄㩷㪧㫀㫃㫆㫋ߣߞߚ㪧㪛㪘߇Ꮢ႐ߦ⊓႐㧘ࠕࡔ
ࠞߢߪක≮ߩ႐ߢᓢޘߦ↪ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥ ߞߚ㧚ߘߩᓟ㪧㪛㪘ߩシ㊂ൻ߿ዊဳൻ㧘࠺࠲ኈ㊂ ߩჇട㧘ࡃ࠶࠹ᤨ㑆ߩᑧ㐳ߥߤᯏ⢻ᕈߦఝࠇߚ
ຠ߇ᰴޘߣ㐿⊒ߐࠇ㧘㪉㪇㪇㪇ᐕઍඨ߫ߦߥࠆߣ 㪧㪛㪘 ᯏ⢻ࠍ߽ߟ៤Ꮺ㔚ࠬࡑ࠻ࡈࠜࡦ߽Ꮢ႐ ߦ⊓႐ߒߚ㪌㧕㧚㩷
⮎ዪᖱႎቇߣ߁ⷞὐ߆ࠄ߽㧘㪧㪛㪘ߪ⮎Ꮷ߇
⥃ᐥ႐ߢㄦㅦߦᦨᣂ߆ߟࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬߩ㜞ᖱ ႎᚻߔࠆߚߩലߥ࠷࡞ߣ߃ࠆ㧚ࠕࡔ
ࠞߢߪᄙߊߩ⮎Ꮷ߇㪧㪛㪘ࠍ៤Ꮺߒ㧘⥃ᐥ႐ߢ ᵴ↪ߒߡࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘㪧㪛㪘ߪߊߟ߆ߩ⮎ቇㇱߦ ዉߐࠇ㧘ᢎ⢒ߩ࠷࡞ߣߒߡ߽ࠊࠇߡࠆ㪍㪀㧚㩷
৻ᣇ㧘ᣣᧄߢߪ⮎Ꮷߦࠃࠅ㪧㪛㪘ࠍᴦ㛎㪎㪀߿⺞
ㆊ⺋㒐ᱛ㪏㪀ߥߤߦ↪ߒߚႎ๔߇ቇળ╬ߢ⊒
ߐࠇߡࠆ㧚ᢎ⢒ߩಽ㊁ߢ߽৻ㇱ㪧㪛㪘ߩዉߩ⹜
ߺ߇ߐࠇᆎߚ㪐㪀㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘ᣣᧄߩ⥃ᐥ႐ߢߩ 㪧㪛㪘 ࠍ↪ߒߚࡈࠔࡑࠪࡘ࠹ࠖࠞ࡞ࠤࠕߩ ታ〣ߦߟߡߪ㧘ߘߩታᘒ߇߹ߛ߆ߢߪߥ㧚 ߘߎߢ㧘ᣣᧄߢߩ∛㒮ࠆߪ㒾⮎ዪ⮎Ꮷߦ ࠃࠆ 㪧㪛㪘 ࠍ↪ߒߚࡈࠔࡑࠪࡘ࠹ࠖࠞ࡞ࠤ ࠕߩታ〣ࠍᝪ߃㧘ࠕࡔࠞߩ⮎Ꮷߦࠃࠆ㪧㪛㪘 ᵴ↪ߩ⁁ࠍ⠨ኤߔࠆ㧚㩷
㩷
ᣇ ᴺ
ᬌ⚝ᣇᴺ㩷
ᢥ₂ᬌ⚝࠺࠲ࡌࠬ㪧㫌㪹㪤㪼㪻ࠍ↪ߡᬌ⚝ࠍ ⴕߞߚ㧚㪈㪐㪌㪇ᐕ߆ࠄ㪉㪇㪈㪇ᐕ㪏㪉㪇ᣣߩᦼ㑆ߦߟ
ߡ 㧘 ᬌ ⚝ ↪ ⺆ ߣ ߒ ߡ 㪧㪿㪸㫉㫄㪸㪺㫀㫊㫋㫊㧘㪚㫆㫄㫇㫌㫋㪼㫉㫊㩷 㪟㪸㫅㪻㪿㪼㫃㪻ߩ㪤㪼㪪㪟ࡢ࠼ࠍ↪ߡ㩷 㪘㪥㪛ᬌ⚝ࠍⴕ ߞߚ㧚ߘߩઁ 㪘㪤㪠㪘㩿㪈㪐㪐㪋㩷 㪄㪉㪇㪇㪐㪀㧘㩷☨࿖ⴐⴡ↢
ቇળ㧔㪘㫄㪼㫉㫀㪺㪸㫅㩷㪧㫌㪹㫃㫀㪺㩷㪟㪼㪸㫃㫋㪿㩷㪘㫊㫊㫆㪺㫀㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪑㩷㪘㪧㪿㪘㧕㪃
☨ ࿖ ක ≮ ⮎ Ꮷ ળ 㧔 㪘㫄㪼㫉㫀㪺㪸㫅㩷 㪪㫆㪺㫀㪼㫋㫐㩷 㫆㪽㩷 㪟㪼㪸㫃㫋㪿㪄㪪㫐㫊㫋㪼㫄㩷㪧㪿㪸㫉㫄㪸㪺㫀㫊㫋㫊㪑㩷㪘㪪㪟㪧㧕ߩฦࡎࡓࡍ
ࠫౝߦߟߡ߽ᬌ⚝ࠍⴕߞߚ㧚㩷 㩷
⹏ଔᴺ㩷
⮎Ꮷߩ㪧㪛㪘↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆᢥ₂ࠍ⋡⊛㧘ෳട⠪㧘 ታᣉᣉ⸳㧘⎇ⓥ࠺ࠩࠗࡦ㧘⚿ᨐ㧘⚿⺰ߩ࠺࠲ࠍ
ߒ⹏ଔߒߚ㧚㩷
⚿ ᨐ
㪧㫌㪹㪤㪼㪻ߢ㪈㪇ઙ߇ᬌ⚝ߐࠇ㧘ߘߩ߁ߜోߊ㪧㪛㪘
ߣ㑐ㅪߩߥᢥ₂㪉ઙߣળ⼏㍳㪈ઙߪ㒰ᄖߒ㪎ઙ߇
ߐࠇߚ㧚ߘߩઁ 㪘㪤㪠㪘㧘㪘㪧㪿㪘㧘㪘㪪㪟㪧ᬌ⚝ߒ ߚ⚿ᨐߪળ⼏㍳߿ࡐ࠻ߪ㒰ߒߚߣߎࠈ㧘
㪧㫌㪹㪤㪼㪻ᬌ⚝⚿ᨐߣ㊀ⶄߒߚߩߢ㧘㪎ઙߩᢥ₂ߦߟ
ߡ⸃ᨆߒߚ㧚㪎ઙߩᢥ₂ߪోߡ㧘⮎Ꮷߣ 㪧㪛㪘 ߩ↪ᴺߦߟߡㅀߴߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߒߚ࠺࠲ࠍ 㗄⋡ߏߣߦ㪫㪸㪹㫃㪼㪈ߦ␜ߔ㧚㩷 㩷
㩷
ޟ⋡⊛ޠߦߟߡ㩷
㪋ઙ㪈㪉㪀㪄㪈㪌㪀ߩᢥ₂ߪ㪧㪛㪘ዉߦࠃࠆႎ๔ᦠ߿
ࠗࡦࠪ࠺ࡦ࠻ࡐ࠻ᚑߩ⹏ଔ㧘㪉ઙ㪈㪇㪀㧘㪈㪈㪀ߪ 㪧㪛㪘ߦኻߔࠆߥߓߺ߿ߔߐ㧘↪ะߣ⥝ࠍ⺞
ᩏߢߞߚ㧚㪈ઙ㪈㪍㧕ߪ㪧㪛㪘ߦኻᔕߒߚක⮎ຠᖱႎ Ḯߩ⹏ଔߢߞߚ㧚㩷
㩷
ޟታᣉᣉ⸳ޠߣޟෳട⠪ޠߦߟߡ㩷
∛㒮ߣ⮎ዪߢታᣉߐࠇߚ⎇ⓥߪ㪉ઙ㪈㪇㪀㧘㪈㪈㪀㧘∛㒮 ߩߺߢታᣉߐࠇߚ⎇ⓥߪ㪊ઙ㪈㪊㪀㪄㪈㪌㪀ߢߞߚ㧚㪊ઙ㪈㪇㪀㧘
㪈㪈㪀㧘㪈㪊㪀ߩ⎇ⓥߪ⮎Ꮷߩߺ߇ෳടߒ㧘⮎ᏧߣකᏧ
㪈㪍㪀㧘⮎Ꮷߣࠫ࠺ࡦ࠻⮎Ꮷ㪈㪋㪀㧘⮎Ꮷߣ⋴⼔
Ꮷ㪈㪌㪀߇ฦ㪈ઙߢߞߚ㧚ක⮎ຠᖱႎḮߩᦨ⚳⹏ଔߪ㩷
㪫㪸㪹㫃㪼㩷㪈㩷 ࠕࡔࠞߦ߅ߌࠆ⮎Ꮷߦࠃࠆ㪧㪛㪘↪⁁ᴫߦ㑐ߔࠆᢥ₂⺞ᩏ㩷 㩷
㪩㪼㪽㪅㩺㩷 ⋡ ⊛㩷 ෳട⠪㩷 ႐ᚲ㩷 ࠺ࠩࠗࡦ㩷 ⚿ ᨐ㩷 ⚿ ⺰㩷
㪈㪇㩷
⮎Ꮷߩ㪧㪛㪘
↪ะߣ⥝ߩ
⺞ᩏ㩷
⮎ Ꮷ 㪉㪐㪌ੱ㩷
∛ 㒮 ⮎ ዪ㧘㒾
⮎ዪ㩷
ࠕࡦࠤ࠻
⺞ᩏ㩷
↪㗫ᐲߪԘࠬࠤࠫࡘ࡞▤
ℂ㧘ԙක⮎ຠᖱႎߩᚻ㧘Ԛ කቇ㑐ㅪ⸘▚ߢߞߚ㧚㪧㪛㪘 ᧂᚲᜬߩ⮎Ꮷߩ㑐ᔃ߽ห᭽
ߢߞߚ㧚∛㒮⮎Ꮷߪ⮎ዪ
⮎Ꮷࠃࠅ߽ᗧߦ㪧㪛㪘ᚲᜬ ߔࠆᢙ߇ᄙ߆ߞߚ㧚㧔㪧㧨㪇㪅㪇㪌㧕㩷
⮎Ꮷߪ㪧㪛㪘ࠍၮ␆ᬺോߦ
↪㧚⮎ዪ↪ߩࠕࡊࠤ࡚ࠪ
ࡦߩ㐿⊒߇↪₸ᄢߦߟߥ ߇ࠆߢࠈ߁㧚㩷
㪈㪈㩷
㪜㪫㪘㪤㪁ߦࠃࠆ⮎
Ꮷߩ㪧㪛㪘ߥߓ ߺ߿ߔߐߩ⹏ଔ㩷
⮎ Ꮷ 㪉㪐㪌ੱ㩷
∛ 㒮 ⮎ ዪ㧘㒾
⮎ዪ㩷
ࠕࡦࠤ࠻
⺞ᩏ㩷
࿁Ꮻಽᨆߩ⚿ᨐ㧘㪍㪐㧑ߩ㪧㪛㪘 ࠍ⥄Ꮖᚲߔࠆ⮎Ꮷߪߥߓ ߺ߿ߔߐ߇㜞߆ߞߚ㧚㩷
㪜㪫㪘㪤ߪ㪧㪛㪘ߩ↪ࠍ⢐ቯ㧚 ᛛⴚᡷ⦟ߦࠃߞߡ㪧㪛㪘ߪᖚ⠪
ࠤࠕߦ߅ߌࠆലߥ࠷࡞ߣ ߥࠅᓧࠆߢࠈ߁㧚㩷
㪈㪉㩷
⮎ Ꮷ ߦ ࠃ ࠆ 㪧㪛㪘 ࠍ↪ߒߚ
ႎ๔ᦠߦ㑐 ߔࠆᢥ₂ࠍࡆ ࡘ㩷
̆㩷 ̆㩷
ቯ ᕈ ಽ ᨆ 㧔 ᢥ ₂ ࡆ
ࡘ㧕㩷
㪈㪉ᢥ₂߇ᬌ⚝ߐࠇߚ㧚ᄙߊ߇ ᢎ⢒ᯏ⢻ࠍ߽ߟᕆᕈᦼᣉ⸳ߢ
ߞߚ㧚㩷
㪧㪛㪘 ߩ↪ߦࠃࠅ㧘ႎ๔ ᦠઙᢙߩჇടߩน⢻ᕈࠍ␜ໂ ߒߚ߇㧘ఝࠇߚ⎇ⓥ࠺ࠩࠗࡦ ߦࠃࠆႎ๔ߪߥ߆ߞߚ㧚㩷
㪈㪊㩷
ァᴦ≮ᣉ⸳ߦ߅ ߌࠆ㪧㪛㪘ߦࠃࠆ
⮎Ꮷߩႎ ๔ᦠߩᚑ㩷
⮎Ꮷ㩷 㪎㪏ᐥ ߩ ァ ᴦ ≮ ᣉ⸳㩷
೨ᓟᲧセ⹜
㛎㩷
⎇ⓥ㐿ᆎ⋥ᓟߩ㧢ࡩ㑆ߢ⮎
Ꮷߦࠃࠆႎ๔ᦠઙᢙߪ ᕆỗߦჇട㧚㩷
⮎Ꮷߦࠃࠆႎ๔ઙᢙߩ
㧚⮎Ꮷਥዉߩߦࠃ ࠅోᕈߣᖚ⠪ࠤࠕᡷༀߦነ ਈߒߚߣႎ๔ߒߚ㧚㩷
㪈㪋㩷
㪧㪛㪘 ࠍ ↪ ߚ 㪺㫆㪾㫅㫀㫋㫀㫍㪼㩷 㫊㪼㫉㫍㫀㪺㪼㫊㪁㪁ႎ๔ߦ ࠃࠆ⮎‛ᴦ≮ႎ
㈽▤ℂᢱߩ⹜▚㩷
⮎Ꮷ㧘
ࠫ࠺ࡦ
࠻⮎Ꮷ㩷
ᄢ ቇ 㑐 ㅪ ක ≮ ᣉ⸳㩷
೨ᓟᲧセ⎇
ⓥ㩷
㪧㪛㪘 ࠍ↪ߚႎ๔ᦠ㪎㪊㪈㪐 ઙ߇㧢ࡩ㑆ߢᚑߐࠇߚ㧚㪈 ᐕ೨ߩหᤨᦼ㪍߆㑆ߩ⚕ߦࠃ ࠆႎ๔ᦠઙᢙߣߪ⛔⸘⊛
ߥᗧᏅߪߥ߆ߞߚ㧚㪈㪇㪇ਁ࠼
࡞ߩ▤ℂႎ㈽߇⹜▚ߐࠇߚ㧚㩷
㪧㪛㪘 ߩ↪ߦࠃࠅ㧘◲ଢ
↪ߢ⚕ਇ↪ߩႎ๔߇น⢻
ߣߥࠅ㧘⸻≮ႎ㈽⺧᳞ߩ↳⺧
߇ㅴࠎߛ㧚㩷
㪈㪌㩷
㪚㪠㪩㪠㪪㪁㪁㪁ߩ⹏ଔ㩷 ⮎Ꮷ㧘
⋴⼔Ꮷ㩷
ᄢ ቇ ∛ 㒮㩷
೨ᓟᲧセ⎇
ⓥ㩷
ൻቇ≮ᴺࠗࡦࠪ࠺ࡦ࠻ႎ๔
ᡷༀࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ 㪚㪠㪩㪠㪪ߩዉߦ ࠃߞߡ㧘ᣥᣇᑼߩ⚕㕙ߦࠃࠆ ႎ๔ࠃࠅ߽㧘✚ႎ๔ઙᢙ߇㪌㪊 ߆ࠄ㪐㪊ઙߦჇ߃㧘⮎Ꮷߦࠃ ࠆઙᢙ߇⋴⼔Ꮷߦࠃࠆઙᢙߣ Ყセߒߡ㪍㧑ኻ㪐㪋㧑߆ࠄ㪍㪐㧑 ኻ㪊㪈㧑ߣᄌൻߒߚ㧚㩷
ᦨೋߩ㪈ᐕߢឭߐࠇߚࠗࡦ
ࠪ࠺ࡦ࠻ႎ๔ߪ㧘⠉ᐕ㧘㪚㪠㪩㪠㪪 ߩᡷༀߦ↢߆ߐࠇߚ㧚㩷
㪚㪠㪩㪠㪪 ߪ㒮ౝᖚ⠪↪ߦዉߐ
ࠇߚ߇㧘㪚㪠㪩㪠㪪ߪ⸻≮ⅣႺߩ㆑
ߦวࠊߖߡᡷᄌ߇น⢻ߢ
ࠆ㧚ൻቇ≮ᴺߩࠗࡦࠪ࠺ࡦ࠻
ኻ╷ߣߒߡ㧘․ߦൻቇ≮ᴺਛ ᔃߩ⮎ዪߢߪ↪ߢࠅ㧘⪺
ฬߦႎ๔ઙᢙߪિ߮ߡࠆ㧚㩷
㪈㪍㩷
㪧㪛㪘↪ ක ⮎ ຠ ᖱ ႎḮࠍᖱႎߩ⾰
ߣ⮎‛ᴦ≮ߩ
ోᕈߦ㑐ߔࠆᖱ ႎߩలታᐲߣ
߁ⷞὐߢ⹏ଔߔ ࠆ㧚㩷
⮎Ꮷ㧘 කᏧ㩷
̆㩷
㪈㪉ߩක⮎ຠ
ᖱႎḮ߆ࠄ ㆬᛮߐࠇߚ 㧟ߟߩᖱႎ Ḯߦኻߒߡ㧘 㪋㪎ߩᖚ⠪
ߩోᕈߦ 㑐ㅪߔࠆ⾰
㗄ߦߟ
ߡ⺞ߴ㪊Ბ 㓏ߢ⹏ଔߒ ߚᲧセ⎇ⓥ㧚㩷
ක⮎ຠᖱႎᔅ㗇㗄⋡ࠍ⹏ଔߒ
ࠣ࠼ಽߌߒߚ㧚㪈㧩ᖱႎߥ ߒ㧘㪉㧩ߊߟ߆ߩᖱႎࠅ㧘 㪊㧩೨ᖱႎࠅ㧚ోᖱႎߩၮ ḰߦၮߠߊฦᖱႎḮߩᐔဋࠣ
࠼ߪ㧘㪣㪼㫏㫀㪄㪛㫉㫌㪾㫊㩷 㪉㪅㪌㪇㧘㩷 㪤㪠㪚㪩㪦㪤㪜㪛㪜㪯㩷㪉㪅㪇㪊㩷㪜㫇㫆㪺㫉㪸㫋㪼㫊㩷 㪩㫏㪅㪧㫉㫆㩷㪉㪅㪇㪇㧘ߢߞߚ㧚㩿ߘࠇ ߙࠇߩ㫋㩷㫋㪼㫊㫋㩷㫇㪔㪇㪅㪇㪌㧘㪇㪅㪇㪈㩷㪀㩷
㪣㪼㫏㫀㪄㪛㫉㫌㪾㫊 ߇ක⮎ຠߩో㕙 ߆ࠄ㧘߽ߞߣ߽⾰ߩ㜞 㪧㪛㪘
↪ߩᖱႎḮߢߞߚ㧚ᖚ⠪ะ ߌోᖱႎ߇චಽߢߪߥ߆ߞ ߚ㧚ోߡߩ⾰㗄ߦ࿁╵ߢ ߈ࠆᖱႎḮߪߥ߆ߞߚ㧚㩷
㪁㩷 㪜㫏㫋㪼㫅㪻㪼㪻㩷㪫㪼㪺㪿㫅㫆㫃㫆㪾㫐㩷 㩷 㪘㪺㪺㪼㫇㫋㪸㫅㪺㪼㩷㪤㫆㪻㪼㫃㪑㩷 ᣂߒᛛⴚߦㆡᔕߔࠆߚߩ࡙ࠩߩⴕേ߿ᗧ⼂⺞ᩏ㧚㪉ߟߩᄢ߈ ߥࠞ࠹ࠧ㧘ലᕈߣ㔍ᤃᐲߦߟߡߘߩ⍮ᐲࠍ᷹ቯߒߡ⹏ଔߔࠆ㧚㩷
㪁㪁㩷 㪤㪸㫅㪸㪾㪼㪻㩷㪚㪸㫉㪼 㩿▤ℂဳක≮㪀 ⮎ዪቇળ⮎Ꮷߦⷐ᳞ߒߡࠆࠤࠕߢ㧘ޟᖚ⠪ߩ⮎‛↪ߩᔅⷐᕈߣࠤࠕߩᡷༀࠍ߽
ߚࠄߔࠨࡆࠬޠߣቯ⟵ߐࠇߡࠆ㧚㩷
㪁㪁㪁㩷 㪚㫆㫅㪺㪼㫇㫋㫌㪸㫃㩷㪤㫆㪻㪼㫃㩷㫆㪽㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪚㪿㪼㫄㫆㫋㪿㪼㫉㪸㫇㫐㩷㪠㫅㪺㫀㪻㪼㫅㫋㩷㪩㪼㫇㫆㫉㫋㫀㫅㪾㩷㪪㫐㫊㫋㪼㫄㪑㩷㪚㪠㪩㪠㪪㩷 㩷ൻቇ≮ᴺ↪ࠗࡦࠪ࠺ࡦ࠻ࡐ࠻ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ㧚 㩷
කᏧߩߺߦࠃߞߡⴕࠊࠇߚ㧚㪈ઙ㪈㪉㪀ߪᢥ₂ࡆࡘ
ߩߚᒰߒߥ߆ߞߚ㧚㩷 㩷
ޟ⎇ⓥ࠺ࠩࠗࡦޠߦߟߡ㩷
㪉ઙ㪈㪇㪀㧘㪈㪈㪀ߩ⎇ⓥߢࠕࡦࠤ࠻⺞ᩏ߇ⴕࠊࠇߚ㧚
㪧㪛㪘 ዉ೨ᓟߢߩႎ๔ᦠߩઙᢙࠍᲧセߒߚ
⎇ⓥߪ㪉ઙ㪈㪊㪀㧘㪈㪋㪀㧘߁ߜ 㪈ઙ㪈㪋㪀ߪߘߩ࠺࠲ࠍ߽ߣߦ㧘
↪ߩኻᔕߦᡰᛄࠊࠇࠆᡰߥߤ߆ࠄߘߩ
ଔ୯ࠍ⸘▚ߒߡߚ㧚ߐࠄߦߘࠇࠍ⸻≮ႎ㈽ߦ
⟎߈឵߃ߡ⹜▚ߒ㧘⚻ᷣ⊛ലᨐ߽ផኤߒߡߚ㧚 㪈ઙ㪈㪌㪀ߪ㧘೨ᐕߦ 㪚㪠㪩㪠㪪㧔㪚㫆㫅㪺㪼㫇㫋㫌㪸㫃㩷 㪤㫆㪻㪼㫃㩷 㫆㪽㩷 㫋㪿㪼㩷 㪚㪿㪼㫄㫆㫋㪿㪼㫉㪸㫇㫐㩷 㪠㫅㪺㫀㪻㪼㫅㫋㩷 㪩㪼㫇㫆㫉㫋㫀㫅㪾㩷 㪸㫅㪻㩷 㪠㫄㫇㫉㫆㫍㪼㫄㪼㫅㫋㩷
㪪㫐㫊㫋㪼㫄㧕ߣ߁ 㪧㪛㪘 ↪ൻቇ≮ᴺࠗࡦࠪ࠺ࡦ࠻
ࡐ࠻ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ㐿⊒ߒ㧘ߘߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍዉ೨ ᓟߩࠗࡦࠪ࠺ࡦ࠻ࡐ࠻ႎ๔ઙᢙߩᲧセ⎇ⓥ
ߢߞߚ㧚㪈ઙ㪈㪉㪀ߪ㪧㪛㪘 ࠍ↪ߒߚႎ๔ᦠߦ 㑐ߔࠆᢥ₂ࡆࡘ㧘㧝ઙ㪈㪍㪀ߪ㪧㪛㪘↪ߩක⮎ຠᖱ ႎḮߩᲧセ⎇ⓥߢߞߚ㧚㩷
㩷
ޟ⚿ᨐޠߣޟ⚿⺰ޠߦߟߡ㩷
㪛㪸㫊㪾㫌㫇㫋㪸 ࠄߩ⎇ⓥߢߪ㪈㪇㧕㪃㪈㪈㧕㧘㪧㪛㪘 ߩ⮎Ꮷ߳
ߩ㚔ᨴߺ߿ߔߐ߿↪ะߣ⥝ߩ⺞ᩏࠍㅢߒ ߡ㧘ᄙߊߩ⮎Ꮷ߇㪧㪛㪘ߦࠃࠆᬺോᄢࠍᦼᓙߒ㧘 ዉߦ೨ะ߈ߢࠆߎߣ߇␜ໂߐࠇߚ㧚㒾⮎ዪ
⮎Ꮷࠃࠅ߽㧘∛㒮⮎Ꮷߩ㪧㪛㪘៤Ꮺ₸߇㜞ߊ㧘 ߘߩℂ↱ߣߒߡ∛㒮ߢߪ⮎Ꮷߩᓎഀ߇ᄙጘߦ ࠊߚࠅ㧘㪧㪛㪘ߩ↪▸࿐߽ᐢ߇ࠅ㔛ⷐ߇Ⴧടߒߡ
ࠆߩߢߪߥ߆ߣផኤߒߡࠆ㧚㪧㪛㪘ࠍ↪ߒ ߚߎߣߩߥ⮎Ꮷ߽㧘⻠⠌ળߥߤߢ㪧㪛㪘ߩ
ᣇ߇ࠊ߆ࠇ߫㧘Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦขࠅࠇߡᬺോߩല₸ൻ ࠍ࿑ࠅߚߣ㪧㪛㪘ዉߦᗧ᰼⊛ߢߞߚ㧚↪
ะߪ㧘ࠬࠤࠫࡘ࡞▤ℂ㧘ක⮎ຠᖱႎߩᚻ㧘ක ቇ㑐ㅪ⸘▚ᑼߩ↪ߩ㗅ߦ㗫ᐲ߇㜞߆ߞߚ㧚৻ᣇ 㪧㪛㪘ࠍዉߒߚ㓙ߩ㗴ὐߣߒߡ㧘ᯏ⒳ߩᦝᣂߦ ࠃࠆᡰჇᄢࠍᜰ៰ߒߡࠆ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㪧㪛㪘ዉߦ ࠃࠅක≮⾌ᷫߦߟߥ߇ࠆ߇Ⴧടߔࠇ
߫㧘⚻⾌ߩᡰࠍ࿁ࠆᷫ߇ㄟ߹ࠇࠆߣㅀߴ ߡߚ㧚߹ߚ㧘․ߦ㒾⮎ዪߢߩ㪧㪛㪘↪ᄢߦ ߪ㧘㒾⮎ዪߩⷐᦸߦߞߚ㪧㪛㪘ߩࠕࡊࠤࠪ
࡚ࡦ㐿⊒߇ᔅⷐߣ⠨ኤߒߡߚ㧚㩷
㪋ઙߩ⎇ⓥߪ㪧㪛㪘ࠍ↪ߒߚ⮎Ꮷߩႎ๔
ᦠ߅ࠃ߮ࠗࡦࠪ࠺ࡦ࠻ࡐ࠻ߩᚑߦߟߡ ߢߞߚ㧚㪝㫆㫏ࠄ㪈㪉㧕ߩᢥ₂ࡆࡘߢߪ㧘ታᣉ႐ ᚲߪ✕ᕆᴦ≮ቶ߇ᄙߊ㧘㪧㪛㪘ߦࠃࠆႎ๔ᦠᚑߪ ⶄᢙߩ⮎Ꮷߦࠃߞߡታᣉߐࠇߡߚ㧚ᢥ₂ߩ⎇
ⓥᚻᴺߪ㧘㪧㪛㪘ߦࠃࠆႎ๔ᦠᚑ⁁ᴫ㧔ዉ೨ᓟ Ყセߥߒ㧕㧘⸥ㅀ⸥⊛ߥ೨ᓟᲧセ㧘⺞ᩏߦࠃࠆ
⹏ଔ㧘᷹ቯ୯ߦࠃࠆᲧセ⹏ଔߩ㪋ߟߦಽ㘃ߐࠇߚ㧚 ᦝߦ⠨ኤߩਛߢ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢߩ⎇ⓥߢߪ࠺ࠩࠗࡦ
ࠦࡦ࠻ࡠ࡞߇ߥ㧘࠰ࡈ࠻ߣࡂ࠼ߩਔ㕙߆ࠄ
⹏ଔࠍታᣉߒߡߥ㧘ࠆߪ⇣ߥࠆ㪧㪛㪘ߩᯏ
⒳߇ᷙߒߚਛߢߩ⹏ଔߥߤ㧘⎇ⓥ࠺ࠩࠗࡦߩ
㗴ࠍᜰ៰ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ႎ๔ᦠߩჇടߩน⢻ᕈ ߪ␜ໂߒߚ߇㧘චಽߥ࠺࠲ߪᓧࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚߣ ߒߚ㧚㪝㫆㫉㪻 ࠄߩァᣉ⸳ߢߩ⎇ⓥ㪈㪊㧕ߢߪ㧘㪧㪛㪘 ߦ ࠃࠆႎ๔ᦠߩᚑ㐿ᆎᓟ㧘ዉ೨ߩᐔဋઙᢙ ߇㪈㪇㪊ઙ㪆߆ࠄ㪉㪍㪏ઙ㪆ߦჇ߃ߚߣႎ๔ߒߡ
ࠆ߇㧘⛔⸘ߦࠃࠆ⹏ଔߪታᣉߐࠇߡߥ㧚㪪㫀㫃㫍㪸 ࠄ㪈㪋㧕ߪ㧘㪧㪛㪘ዉ೨ᓟ㧢ࠞ㑆㪋ੱߩ∛⮎Ꮷ ߇ᚑߒߚႎ๔ᦠߦߟߡᲧセᬌ⸛ߒߚ㧚㧢
ࠞ㑆ߢ㪋ੱߩ⮎Ꮷ߇ⴕߞߚᐔဋઙᢙߪ㧘 㪧㪛㪘 ዉ⟲ߢߪ㪎㪈㪈r㪎㪋㪈ઙ㧘ᚻᦠ߈ߩ႐วߪ㪋㪏㪍 r㪉㪐㪇ઙߢߞߚ㧚⮎Ꮷߦࠃࠆߩẜ⊛ଔ ୯ࠍ឵▚ߔࠆߣ㧘ߩ⮎‛ᴦ≮ႎ㈽▤ℂᢱߩ
㪊㪌㧑ߦ⋧ᒰߔࠆߣ⹜▚ߒߚ㧚㪧㪛㪘ߦࠃࠆႎ๔
ᦠߢ㧘ࡍࡄࠬߢṖߥ⸻≮ႎ㈽ߩ⺧᳞ߟߥ ߇ࠅઙᢙ߇Ⴧ߃ߚߣ⚿⺰ߠߌߚ㧚㪝㫉㪸㫅㪺㪼ࠄ㪈㪌㧕ߪ․
ߦ߇ࠎൻቇ≮ᴺߦ߅ߌࠆࠗࡦࠪ࠺ࡦ࠻ࡐ࠻
ߦߟߡႎ๔ߒߡࠆ㧚ᦨೋߦࡐ࠻ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ
㪚㪠㪩㪠㪪ࠍ㐿⊒ߒ㪈㪎㪀㧘ߘࠇࠍ㪧㪛㪘↪ߦᄌᦝߒߡ⮎
Ꮷ߅ࠃ߮⋴⼔Ꮷߩࠗࡦࠪ࠺ࡦ࠻ࡐ࠻ߩᚑ ߦ↪ߒߚ㧚ᓥ᧪ߩ⚕ߦࠃࠆႎ๔ᦠߢߪ㪉㪇㪇㪇ᐕߣ 㪉㪇㪇㪈ᐕߩᐔဋ߇㪌㪊ઙ㧔㪏㪅㪈㧑㧧ᐕ㑆ᐔဋ㪍㪌㪎ઙߩൻ ቇ≮ᴺᣉⴕ㧕㧘㪚㪠㪩㪠㪪ߩዉᓟߩ㪉㪇㪇㪉ᐕ㪉㪏ᣣ߆ࠄ 㪈㪉㪍ᣣ߹ߢߩᦼ㑆ߢߪ㪐㪊ઙ㧔㪈㪈㪅㪊㧑㧧ߘߩ㑆ߦ㪏㪈㪏 ઙߩൻቇ≮ᴺᣉⴕ㧕ߣჇടߒߚ㧚㪚㪠㪩㪠㪪 ߪᄖ᧪߅ ࠃ߮㒮ᖚ⠪ߩࠗࡦࠪ࠺ࡦ࠻ࡐ࠻ߦ↪ߢ
ߞߚ㧚㩷
㪞㪸㫃㫋ࠄ㪈㪍㧕ߪ㪧㪛㪘ߢ᳢↪ߐࠇࠆක⮎ຠᖱႎߩࠕ ࡊࠤ࡚ࠪࡦߦߟߡߩ⹏ଔࠍႎ๔ߒߡࠆ㧚
߹ߕ㧘ᖱႎḮߩ⾰ߩ㜞ߐࠍ⹏ଔߔࠆ࠷࡞ࠍ㐿⊒
ߒ㧘ߘࠇߦ߽ߣߠߡ㪧㪛㪘ߢ↪น⢻ߥක⮎ຠᖱ
ႎḮߩ㪈㪈ࠕࡊࠤ࡚ࠪࡦࠍ⹏ଔߒ㧘㪊ߟߩࠕࡊ
ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦߦ⛉ߞߚ㧚ߐࠄߦోᕈࠍีߔࠆ 㪋㪎ߩ⾰㗄ࠍ↪ᗧߒ㧘㪊ߟߩࠕࡊࠤ࡚ࠪࡦ ߦߟߡ㪊Ბ㓏⹏ଔ㧔㪈㧩ᖱႎߥߒ㧘㪉㧩ߊߟ߆ ߩᖱႎࠅ㧘㪊㧩ㆡಾߥᖱႎࠅ㧕ߢ㪊ੱߩౝ⑼ක ߇ណὐߒ㧘ᦨ⚳⊛ߦᐔဋὐࠍ▚ߒ⛔⸘ቇ⊛ಣℂ ࠍ ታ ᣉ ߒ ߚ 㧚 ߘ ߩ ⚿ ᨐ 㧘㪣㪼㫏㫀㪄㪛㫉㫌㪾㫊 ߪ㪉㪅㪌㪇㧘 㫄㫆㪹㫀㫃㪼㪄㪤㪠㪚㪩㪦㪤㪜㪛㪜㪯ߪ㪉㪅㪇㪊㧘㪜㫇㫉㫆㪺㫉㪸㫋㪼㫊㩷㪩㫏㪧㫉㫆ߪ 㪉㪅㪇㪇ߣߥߞߚ㧚ߎߩ⎇ⓥߢߪ⮎‛ᴦ≮ߩ╙৻Ბ㓏 ߇ಣᣇߖࠎ⊒ⴕߢࠅ㧘ࠕࡔࠞߢߪᄙߊߩಣᣇ ߖࠎ߇කᏧߦࠃߞߡ⊒ⴕߐࠇߡࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘ක Ꮷࠍ⹏ଔ⠪ߣߒߚ㧚㪧㪛㪘↪ߩࠕࡊࠤ࡚ࠪࡦߩ
⹏ଔߢߪ㧘㪣㪼㫏㫀㪄㪛㫉㫌㪾㫊߇ක⮎ຠᖱႎߦ㑐ㅪߒߚẜ
⊛ක≮ࡒࠬࠍ㒐ᱛߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘ㆡᱜߥ⮎‛
ᴦ≮ࠍታߔࠆߚߩᦨ߽ఝࠇߚᖱႎḮߢߞ ߚ㧚ߒ߆ߒᖚ⠪ะߌߩోᖱႎࠍචಽߦឭ␜ߒߡ
ߚᖱႎḮߪߥ߆ߞߚ㧚㩷
⠨ ኤ
࿁ߩᢥ₂ᬌ⚝߆ࠄ㧘㪧㪛㪘ࠍߒߚႎ๔ᦠ ࠍᚑߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅઙᢙ߇Ⴧടߒ㧘ක≮ߩో
㕙߿⚻ᷣ㕙ߦᡷༀࠍ߽ߚࠄߔน⢻ᕈࠍ␜ໂߒߚ㧚㩷
߹ߚ㧘㪧㪛㪘ߦኻߔࠆ⮎Ꮷߩⷫᕈශ⽎ߪ⦟
߽ߩߢߞߚߣ߁ႎ๔߆ࠄ㧘ᣣᧄߢዉߔࠆ ႐วߪ⻠⠌ળࠍⴕ߁ߥߤߒߡṖߥዉࠍᦼᓙ ߒߚ㧚㩷
ᖱႎḮߩ⹏ଔߢߪ㧘ࡌ࠶࠻ࠨࠗ࠼ߢ⮎ᜰዉߦ
↪ߔࠆߚߦߪ㧘ᖚ⠪ะߌߩක⮎ຠᖱႎࠍ߃ ߚᖱႎḮ߇ࠃࠅ↪ߣ⠨߃ࠆ㧚㩷
࿁ߒߚᢥ₂ߩ⎇ⓥᤨᦼߪ㪉㪇㪇㪇ᐕઍ೨ඨ ߦᄙߊ㧘ߘߩᓟߩ࠹ࠢࡁࡠࠫߩㅴᱠ߽ࠅ㧘․
ߦ 㪧㪛㪘 ߩᕈ⢻߇⪺ߒߊ⇣ߥࠆߎߣ߽⠨ᘦߔࠆᔅ ⷐ߇ࠆ㧚㩷
ᦨㄭߩᣣᧄߣࠕࡔࠞߩቇળࡐ࠻߿⎇ⓥ
⺰ᢥߥߤ㪊㪀㧘㪈㪏㪀ࠍߺࠆߣ㧘ߔߢߦ㪧㪛㪘ࠍක≮ᯏ㑐ߩ
ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߣㅪേߒߡㆇ↪ߔࠆ⹜ߺߦ㑐ᔃ߇⒖ⴕ ߒߡࠆߎߣ߇߁߆߇߃ࠆ㧚ߘߩߚ㧘࿁ߩᢥ
₂⺞ᩏߢߪ㧘ᦨㄭߩ᳢↪ߐࠇߡࠆࠕࡊࠤࠪ
࡚ࡦࠍ↪ߒߚ 㪧㪛㪘 ߩേะߪචಽߦߪᛠីߔࠆ ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚߣ੍ᗐߔࠆ㧚㩷
㪪㫀㫃㫍㪸 ࠄ㪈㪋㧕ႎ๔ᦠჇടߩẜ⊛ଔ୯ࠍ឵▚
ߔࠆߣ㧘ߩ⮎‛ᴦ≮ႎ㈽▤ℂᢱߩ㪊㪌㧑ߦ⋧ᒰ ߔࠆߣ⹜▚ߒߚ߇㧘㪧㪛㪘ዉߦ߆߆ࠆ⚻⾌ߪ㘈ᘦ ߐࠇߡ߅ࠄߕ㧘ᓟߪዉ߿ㆇ↪ߦ߆߆ࠆ⚻⾌߽
⸘▚ߒߚ߁߃ߢ㧘⚻ᷣലᨐࠍ್ᢿߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆ ߣ⠨߃ࠆ㧚㩷
㪞㪸㫃㫋ࠄ㪈㪍㧕߇ⴕߞߚක⮎ຠᖱႎḮߪోߡ㪧㪛㪘ߦ
࠳࠙ࡦࡠ࠼ߒߡ↪ߢ߈ࠆࠕࡊࠤ࡚ࠪࡦ ߢߞߚ㧚ᓟ㪧㪛㪘ߩዉࠍⴕ߁㓙ߪ㧘ක≮ᣉ⸳
ߦࠃߞߡߪߤߎߢ߽ࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻ࠍή✢࿁✢
ߢ↪ߢ߈ࠆߣߪ㒢ࠄߥ㧚⮎Ꮷ߇႐ߢක⮎
ຠᖱႎߦㄦㅦߦࠕࠢࠬߔࠆߦߪ 㪧㪛㪘 ߦࠄ߆ ߓࠦࡦ࠹ࡦ࠷ࠍ࠳࠙ࡦࡠ࠼ߒߡ߅߈⥃ᐥ
႐ߢߪࠝࡈࠗࡦߢ↪ߢ߈㧘ᦨᣂߩᖱႎߪࠗࡦ
࠲ࡀ࠶࠻ࠍߒߡ㗫❥ߦᦝᣂߢ߈ࠆක⮎ຠᖱ ႎߩࠕࡊࠤ࡚ࠪࡦ߇ᔅⷐߣ⠨߃ࠆ㧚㩷
ࠕࡔࠞ߿࡛ࡠ࠶ࡄߢߪ㧘ᄙߊߩ㪧㪛㪘↪ߩක
≮↪ࠕࡊࠤ࡚ࠪࡦ߇ήᢱࠆߪᢱߢ㧘ࠝ
ࡦࠗࡦࠆߪࠝࡈࠗࡦߢ↪น⢻ߢࠆ㧚 ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄ⻉ᄖ࿖ߩක≮↪ࠕࡊࠤ࡚ࠪࡦ ࠍᣣᧄߢ↪ߔࠆ႐วߪ㧘Ԙ⸒⺆ߩ㆑㧘ԙᛚ
ߐࠇߡࠆක⮎ຠߩ㆑㧘Ԛหߓක⮎ຠߢߞߡ
߽ᛚߐࠇߡࠆല⢻ലᨐ㧘↪ᴺ↪㊂ߩ㆑㧘 ԛฦ࿖ߢ⁛⥄ߩࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦࠍㆇ↪ߒߡࠆߥ ߤ㧘ᄙߊߩ㗴ὐ߇ࠆ㧚ᓥߞߡ㧘ᣣᧄ⁛⥄ߩࠕ ࡊࠤ࡚ࠪࡦߩ㐿⊒߇ᦸ߹ࠇࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘㪞㪸㫃㫋ࠄ
㪈㪍㧕߇ⴕߞߚࠃ߁ߥක⮎ຠᖱႎࠍឭଏߒߡࠆ 㪧㪛㪘 ↪ࠕࡊࠤ࡚ࠪࡦߩ⹏ଔᴺߩ㐿⊒߽ᓟ ᔅⷐߢࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆ㧚㩷
߹ߣ
ࠕࡔࠞߢߪ㪧㪛㪘ࠍ↪ߒߡႎ๔ᦠᚑߒߡ㧘 ᖚ⠪ࠤࠕ߿ోᕈߩᡷༀߩน⢻ᕈ߇␜ໂߐࠇߚ㧚
߹ߚ㧘㪧㪛㪘ߦኻߒߡᛶ᛫ᗵ߽ૐߊ㧘ᯏળ߇ࠇ߫
ዉߒߚߣ߁೨ะ߈ߥᆫ߇ႎ๔ߐࠇߚ㧚 㪧㪛㪘ߦ↪ߔࠆක⮎ຠ㓸ߦߟߡ߽㧘ታ㓙ߦහߒ ߚ⹏ଔ߇ᚑߐࠇߡ⹏ଔ߇ታᣉߐࠇߡߚ㧚㩷
㪧㪛㪘ࠍ⥃ᐥ႐ߢᵴ↪ߔࠆߚߦ㧘ᣣᧄߢߩ⁁
⺞ᩏࠍⴕ᳢↪ߐࠇߡࠆࠕࡊࠤ࡚ࠪࡦࠍ
߅ࠃ߮⹏ଔߒ㧘ᔅⷐߥࠄ߫ឭ᩺ߒߡ߈ߚ㧚߹ߚ㧘 ႎ๔ᦠᚑߥߤࠍߒߡක≮ߩ⾰߅ࠃ߮ోᕈߩᡷ ༀࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߚ㪧㪛㪘ߩዉࠍ᭴▽ߒߡ߈ߚ㧚㩷
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
㪈㪀㩷 㪘㪤㪠㪘㩷 㪧㪿㪸㫉㫄㪸㪺㫆㫀㫅㪽㫆㫉㫄㪸㫋㫀㪺㫊㩷 㫎㫆㫉㫂㫀㫅㪾㩷 㪾㫉㫆㫌㫇㧚 㪿㫋㫋㫇㪑㪆㪆㫎㫎㫎㪅㪸㫄㫀㪸㪅㫆㫉㪾㪅㩷㪘㪺㪺㪼㫊㫊㪼㪻㩷㫆㫅㩷㪏㪆㪉㪇㪆㪉㪇㪈㪇㪅㩷 㪉㪀㩷 㪙㪸㫋㪼㫊㩷㪛㪮㪃㩷㪞㪸㫎㪸㫅㪻㪼㩷㪘㪘㪅㪑㩷㪠㫄㫇㫉㫆㫍㫀㫅㪾㩷㫊㪸㪽㪼㫋㫐㩷㫎㫀㫋㪿㩷
㫀㫅㪽㫆㫉㫄㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷 㫋㪼㪺㪿㫅㫆㫃㫆㪾㫐㪅㪃㩷 㪥㩷 㪜㫅㪾㫃㩷 㪡㩷 㪤㪼㪻㪅㪃㩷 㪊㪋㪏㪃㩷 㪉㪌㪉㪍㪄㪊㪋㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪊㪅㩷
㪊㪀㩷 㪣㫀㫅㪻㫈㫌㫀㫊㫋㩷 㪘㪤㪃㩷 㪡㫆㪿㪸㫅㫊㫊㫆㫅㩷 㪧㪜㪃㩷 㪧㪼㫋㪼㫉㫊㫊㫆㫅㩷 㪞㪠㪃㩷 㪼㫋㩷 㪸㫃㪅㪑㩷 㪫㪿㪼㩷 㫌㫊㪼㩷 㫆㪽㩷 㫋㪿㪼㩷 㫇㪼㫉㫊㫆㫅㪸㫃㩷 㪻㫀㪾㫀㫋㪸㫃㩷 㪸㫊㫊㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㫋㩷 㩿㪧㪛㪘㪀㩷 㪸㫄㫆㫅㪾㩷 㪧㪼㫉㫊㫆㫅㫅㪼㫃㩷 㪸㫅㪻㩷 㫊㫋㫌㪻㪼㫅㫋㫊㩷 㫀㫅㩷 㪿㪼㪸㫃㫋㪿㩷 㪺㪸㫉㪼㪑㩷 㪘㩷 㪩㪼㫍㫀㪼㫎㪅㪃㩷 㪡㫆㫌㫉㫅㪸㫃㩷 㫆㪽㩷 㪤㪼㪻㫀㪺㪸㫃㩷 㪠㫅㫋㪼㫉㫅㪼㫋㩷 㪩㪼㫊㪼㪸㫉㪺㪿㪅㪃㪈㪇㪃㪼㪊㪈㪃㩷 㪉㪇㪇㪏㪅㩷 㪿㫋㫋㫇㪑㪆㪆㫎㫎㫎㪅㫁㫄㫀㫉㪅㫆㫉㪾㪅㩷 㪘㪺㪺㪼㫊㫊㪼㪻㩷㫆㫅㩷㪌㪆㪈㪈㪆㪉㪇㪈㪇㪅㩷
㪋㧕㩷 㪟㪸㫌㫊㪼㫉㩷㪪㪜㪃㩷㪛㪼㫄㫅㪼㫉㪄㪝㫌㫊㪿㫄㪸㫅㩷㪛㪃㩷㪡㪸㪺㫆㪹㫊㩷㪡㪣㪃㩷㪼㫋㩷 㪸㫃㪅㪑㩷㪬㫊㫀㫅㪾㩷 㫎㫀㫉㪼㫃㪼㫊㫊㩷 㪿㪸㫅㪻㪿㪼㫃㪻㩷 㪺㫆㫄㫇㫌㫋㪼㫉㫊㩷 㫋㫆㩷 㫊㪼㪼㫂㩷 㫀㫅㪽㫆㫉㫄㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㪸㫋㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㫇㫆㫀㫅㫋㩷㫆㪽㩷㪺㪸㫉㪼㪑㩷㪸㫅㩷㪼㫍㪸㫃㫌㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㪹㫐㩷 㪺㫃㫀㫅㫀㪺㫀㪸㫅㫊㪅㪃㩷 㪡㩷 㪘㫄㩷 㪤㪼㪻㩷 㪠㫅㪽㫆㫉㫄㩷 㪘㫊㫊㫆㪺㪅㪃㩷 㪈㪋㪃㩷 㪏㪇㪎㪄㪏㪈㪌㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪎㪅㩷
㪌㧕㩷ࠠࡑࡦ࠭ࡀ࠶࠻㧚㪧㪛㪘㪆ࠬࡑ࠻ࡈࠜࡦ㧚 㪿㫋㫋㫇㪑㪆㪆㫎㫎㫎㪅㫂㪼㫐㫄㪸㫅㪅㫆㫉㪅㫁㫇㪆㪊㫎㪆㫇㫉㪻㪆㪐㪌㪆㪊㪇㪇㪇㪈㪐㪐㪌 㪆㧚㪘㪺㪺㪼㫊㫊㪼㪻㩷㫆㫅㩷㪐㪆㪉㪆㪉㪇㪈㪇㧚㩷
㪍㧕㩷 㪪㫀㫉㪸㪺㫌㫊㪼㩷 㪤㪭㪃㩷 㪪㫆㫎㪼㫃㫃㩷 㪡㪞㪅㪑㩷 㪛㫆㪺㫋㫆㫉㩷 㫆㪽㩷 㫇㪿㪸㫉㫄㪸㪺㫐㩷 㫊㫋㫌㪻㪼㫅㫋㫊㵭㩷㫌㫊㪼㩷㫆㪽㩷㫇㪼㫉㫊㫆㫅㪸㫃㩷㪻㫀㪾㫀㫋㪸㫃㩷㪸㫊㫊㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㫋㫊㪅㪃㩷㪘㫄㩷 㪡㩷㪧㪿㪸㫉㫄㩷㪜㪻㫌㪺㪅㪃㩷㪎㪉㪃㩷㪇㪎㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪏㪅㩷
㪎㧕㩷᳁ේ ᷕ㧘ᩊ↰ჽ৻㧦ࡊ࠴㪠㪫ߢㅴൻߔࠆ៤Ꮺ ᖱႎ┵ᧃ㩿㪧㪛㪘㪀ߢᚑഞߔࠆ⮎Ꮷᬺോ㩷
̆ᴦ㛎▤ℂࠍਛᔃߦ̆㪃㩷⮎ዪ㪃㩷 㪌㪎㩿㪍㪀㪃㩷 㪌㪊㪄㪍㪉㪃㩷 㪉㪇㪇㪍㪅㩷
㪏㪀㩷 Ꮉፉാੱ㧘Ỉ↰ᐽ㧦⺞ㆊ⺋ߩ㒐ᱛߦ㪧㪛㪘
ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߪല߆㧘ᔕ↪⮎ℂ㧘㪎㪋㧔㪊㪄㪋㧕㧘㪍㪋㪃㩷 㪉㪇㪇㪏㪅㩷
㪐㧕㩷⍫㊁ሶ㧘⮮㧘✂ጟస㓶㧘ઁ㧦⮎ቇᢎ
⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆ៤Ꮺᖱႎ┵ᧃ㧔㪧㪛㪘㧕ߩᵴ↪ߣ⹏
ଔ㧘ᣣᧄ⮎ቇળᐕળⷐᣦ㓸㪈㪉㪎ᐕળ㪋ภ㧘㪈㪐㪎㧘 㪉㪇㪇㪎㪅㩷
㪈㪇㧕㪛㪸㫊㪾㫌㫇㫋㪸㩷 㪘㪃㩷 㪪㪸㫅㫊㪾㫀㫉㫐㩷 㪪㪪㪃㩷 㪪㪿㪼㫉㪼㩷 㪡㪫㪃㩷 㪼㫋㩷 㪸㫃㪅㪑㩷 㪧㪿㪸㫉㫄㪸㪺㫀㫊㫋㫊㵭㩷 㫌㫋㫀㫃㫀㫑㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷 㪸㫅㪻㩷 㫀㫅㫋㪼㫉㪼㫊㫋㩷 㫀㫅㩷 㫌㫊㪸㪾㪼㩷 㫆㪽㩷 㫇㪼㫉㫊㫆㫅㪸㫃㩷 㪻㫀㪾㫀㫋㪸㫃㩷 㪸㫊㫊㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㫋㫊㩷 㫀㫅㩷 㫋㪿㪼㫀㫉㩷 㫇㫉㫆㪽㪼㫊㫊㫀㫆㫅㪸㫃㩷 㩷 㫉㪼㫊㫇㫆㫅㫊㫀㪹㫀㫃㫀㫋㫀㪼㫊㪅㪃㩷 㪟㪼㪸㫃㫋㪿㩷 㫀㫅㪽㫆㫉㫄㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷 㪸㫅㪻㩷 㪣㫀㪹㫉㪸㫉㫀㪼㫊㩷 㪡㫆㫌㫉㫅㪸㫃㪅㪃㩷㪉㪎㪃㩷㪊㪎㪄㪋㪌㩷㪉㪇㪈㪇㪅㩷
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㪈㪈㧕㪛㪸㫊㪾㫌㫇㫋㪸㩷 㪘㪃㩷 㪪㪸㫅㫊㪾㫀㫉㫐㩷 㪪㪪㪃㩷 㪪㪿㪼㫉㪼㩷 㪡㪫㪃㩷 㪼㫋㩷 㪸㫃㪅㪑㩷 㪘㫇㫇㫃㫀㪺㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷 㫆㪽㩷 㫋㪿㪼㩷 㪼㫏㫋㪼㫅㪻㪼㪻㩷 㫋㪼㪺㪿㫅㫆㫃㫆㪾㫐㩷 㪸㪺㪺㪼㫇㫋㪸㫅㪺㪼㩷 㫄㫆㪻㪼㫃㩷 㫀㫅㩷 㫇㫉㪼㪻㫀㪺㫋㫀㫅㪾㩷 㫇㪿㪸㫉㫄㪸㪺㫀㫊㫋㫊㵭㩷 㫀㫅㫋㪼㫅㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷 㫋㫆㩷 㫌㫊㪼㩷 㫇㪼㫉㫊㫆㫅㪸㫃㩷 㪻㫀㪾㫀㫋㪸㫃㩷 㪸㫊㫊㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㫋㫊㪅㪃㩷 㪡㩷 㪘㫄㩷㪧㪿㪸㫉㫄㩷㪘㫊㫊㫆㪺㪅㪃㩷㪋㪐㪃㪎㪐㪉㪄㪎㪐㪍㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪐㪅㩷
㪈㪉㧕㪝㫆㫏㩷㪙㪠㩷㪝㪼㫃㫂㪼㫐㩷㪙㪞㩷㪙㪼㫉㪾㪼㫉㩷㪙㪘㩷㪢㫉㫌㪾㪼㫉㩷㪢㪧㩷㪩㪸㫀㫅㪼㫉㩷 㪡㫉㪅㩷 㪩㪢㪅㩷 㪬㫊㪼㩷 㫆㪽㩷 㫇㪼㫉㫊㫆㫅㪸㫃㩷 㪻㫀㪾㫀㫋㪸㫃㩷 㪸㫊㫊㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㫋㫊㩷 㪽㫆㫉㩷 㪻㫆㪺㫌㫄㪼㫅㫋㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫆㪽㩷㫇㪿㪸㫉㫄㪸㪺㫀㫊㫋㫊㵭㩷㫀㫅㫋㪼㫉㫍㪼㫅㫋㫀㫆㫅㫊㪑㩷㪘㩷 㫃㫀㫋㪼㫉㪸㫋㫌㫉㪼㩷㫉㪼㫍㫀㪼㫎㪅㪘㫄㩷㪡㩷㪟㪼㪸㫃㫋㪿㪄㪪㫐㫊㫋㩷㪧㪿㪸㫉㫄㪅㪒㩷㪍㪋㪑㩷 㪈㪌㪈㪍㪄㪉㪌㩷㪉㪇㪇㪎㪅㩷
㪈㪊㧕㪝㫆㫉㪻㩷 㪪㪃㩷 㪠㫃㫃㫀㪺㪿㩷 㪪㪃㩷 㪪㫄㫀㫋㪿㩷 㪣㪃㩷 㪼㫋㩷 㪸㫃㪅㪑㩷 㪠㫄㫇㫃㪼㫄㪼㫅㫋㫀㫅㪾㩷 㫇㪼㫉㫊㫆㫅㪸㫃㩷 㪻㫀㪾㫀㫋㪸㫃㩷 㪸㫊㫊㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㫋㩷 㪻㫆㪺㫌㫄㪼㫅㫋㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷 㫆㪽㩷 㫇㪿㪸㫉㫄㪸㪺㫀㫊㫋㩷㫀㫅㫋㪼㫉㫍㪼㫅㫋㫀㫆㫅㫊㩷㫀㫅㩷㪸㩷㫄㫀㫃㫀㫋㪸㫉㫐㩷㫋㫉㪼㪸㫋㫄㪼㫅㫋㩷 㪽㪸㪺㫀㫃㫀㫋㫐㪅㩷㪡㩷㪘㫄㩷㪧㪿㪸㫉㫄㩷㪘㫊㫊㫆㪺㪅㪃㩷㪋㪍㪃㩷㪌㪏㪐㪄㪐㪊㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪍㪅㩷 㪈㪋㧕㪪㫀㫃㫍㪸㩷 㪤㪘㪃㩷 㪫㪸㫋㪸㫉㫆㫅㫀㫊㩷 㪞㪩㪃㩷 㪤㪸㪸㫊㩷 㪙㪅㪑㩷 㪬㫊㫀㫅㪾㩷
㫇㪼㫉㫊㫆㫅㪸㫃㩷 㪻㫀㪾㫀㫋㪸㫃㩷 㪸㫊㫊㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㫋㫊㩷 㫋㫆㩷 㪻㫆㪺㫌㫄㪼㫅㫋㩷 㫇㪿㪸㫉㫄㪸㪺㫀㫊㫋㩷 㪺㫆㪾㫅㫀㫋㫀㫍㪼㩷 㫊㪼㫉㫍㫀㪺㪼㫊㩷 㪸㫅㪻㩷 㪼㫊㫋㫀㫄㪸㫋㪼㩷 㫇㫆㫋㪼㫅㫋㫀㪸㫃㩷 㫉㪼㫀㫄㪹㫌㫉㫊㪼㫄㪼㫅㫋㪅㪃㩷 㪘㫄㩷 㪡㩷 㪟㪼㪸㫃㫋㪿㩷 㪪㫐㫊㫋㩷 㪧㪿㪸㫉㫄㪅㪃㩷㪍㪇㪃㩷㪐㪈㪈㪄㪌㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪊㪅㩷
㪈㪌㧕㪝㫉㪸㫅㪺㪼㩷 㪛㪡㪃㩷 㪚㪸㫉㫋㫎㫉㫀㪾㪿㫋㩷 㪡㪃㩷 㪧㪸㫋㪼㫃㩷 㪥㪃㩷 㪼㫋㩷 㪸㫃㪅㪑㩷 㪘㩷 㪺㪿㪼㫄㫆㫋㪿㪼㫉㪸㫇㫐㩷 㫀㫅㪺㫀㪻㪼㫅㫋㩷 㫉㪼㫇㫆㫉㫋㫀㫅㪾㩷 㪸㫅㪻㩷 㫀㫄㫇㫉㫆㫍㪼㫄㪼㫅㫋㩷 㫊㫐㫊㫋㪼㫄㪅㪅㩷 㪡㫆㫀㫅㫋㩷 㪺㫆㫄㫄㫀㫊㫊㫀㫆㫅㩷 㫁㫆㫌㫉㫅㪸㫃㩷 㫆㫅㩷㫈㫌㪸㫃㫀㫋㫐㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㫊㪸㪽㪼㫋㫐㪅㪃㩷㪉㪐㪃㪈㪎㪈㪄㪏㪇㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪊㪅㩷 㩷 㪈㪍㪀㩷 㪞㪸㫃㫋㩷㪢㪘㪃㩷㪩㫌㫃㪼㩷㪘㪤㪃㩷㪟㫆㫌㪾㪿㫋㫆㫅㩷㪙㪃㩷㪼㫋㩷㪸㫃㪅㪑㩷㪧㪼㫉㫊㫆㫅㪸㫃㩷
㪻㫀㪾㫀㫋㪸㫃㩷㪸㫊㫊㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㫋㪄㪹㪸㫊㪼㪻㩷㪻㫉㫌㪾㩷㫀㫅㪽㫆㫉㫄㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫊㫆㫌㫉㪺㪼㫊㪑㩷 㫇㫆㫋㪼㫅㫋㫀㪸㫃㩷 㫋㫆㩷 㫀㫄㫇㫉㫆㫍㪼㩷 㫄㪼㪻㫀㪺㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷 㫊㪸㪽㪼㫋㫐㪅㪃㩷 㪡㩷 㪤㪼㪻㩷 㪣㫀㪹㫉㩷㪘㫊㫊㫆㪺㪅㪃㩷㪐㪊㪃㩷㪉㪉㪐㪄㪊㪍㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪌㪅㩷
㪈㪎㧕㪝㫉㪸㫅㪺㪼㩷 㪛㪡㪃㩷 㪚㪸㫉㫋㫎㫉㫀㪾㪿㫋㩷 㪡㪃㩷 㪡㫆㫅㪼㫎㫊㩷 㪭㪃㩷 㪼㫋㪅㪸㫃㪅㪑㩷 㪠㫄㫇㫉㫆㫍㫀㫅㪾㩷 㪧㪼㪻㫀㪸㫋㫉㫀㪺㩷 㪚㪿㪼㫄㫆㫋㪿㪼㫉㪸㫇㫐㩷 㪪㪸㪽㪼㫋㫐㩷 㪫㪿㫉㫆㫌㪾㪿㩷 㪭㫆㫃㫌㫅㫋㪸㫉㫐㩷 㪠㫅㪺㫀㪻㪼㫅㫋㩷 㪩㪼㫇㫆㫉㫋㫀㫅㪾㪑㩷 㫃㪼㫊㫊㫆㫅㫊㩷 㪽㫉㫆㫄㩷 㫋㪿㪼㩷 㪽㫀㪼㫃㪻㪅㪃㩷 㪡㩷 㪧㪼㪻㫀㪸㫋㫉㩷 㪦㫅㪺㫆㫃㩷 㪥㫌㫉㫊㪅㪃㩷 㪉㪈㪃㪈㪐㪐㪃㩷 㪉㪇㪇㪋㪅㩷
㪈㪏㪀㩷 ㆙⮮⑲ᴦ㧘ᣂ⼱ବ৻㧘ዊችጊኡሶ㧘ઁ㧦⮎
࠻࠲࡞ࠬࠢࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ
᭴ ▽ 㧘 ක ≮ ᖱ ႎ ቇ ㅪ ว ᄢ ળ ⺰ ᢥ 㓸 㧘㪉㪍㧘 㪈㪇㪉㪐㪄㪊㪇㧘㪉㪇㪇㪍㧚㩷
Proposal for a use of personal digital assistants (PDAs) by pharmacists in clinical settings
䋭
Review of PDAs usage by pharmacists in America
䋭Satoko Handa and Yasuhisa Kato
㪣㪸㪹㫆㫉㪸㫋㫆㫉㫐㩷㫆㪽㩷㪛㫉㫌㪾㩷㪠㫅㪽㫆㫉㫄㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪃㩷㪪㪺㪿㫆㫆㫃㩷㫆㪽㩷㪧㪿㪸㫉㫄㪸㪺㫐㪃㩷㪪㪿㫆㫎㪸㩷㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐㩷 㩷
Abstract
Objectives: To obtain an overview of existing research on the use of PDAs among American pharmacists in clinical settings with the aim of investigating the use of PDAs by pharmacists in Japan.
Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed (1950 to August 20,2010) with MeSH keywords, “pharmacists” AND “Computers handheld.” We also searched relevant articles in the websites of American Medical Informatics Association, American Public Health Association, and the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. The articles were categorized using 6 characteristics: objectives, participants, settings, study design, results and conclusions.
Results: A total of 7 articles were included in this review. Two articles examined pharmacists’
intention to use PDAs, and their utilization and interest in the usage of PDAs by questionnaire methods. Pharmacists’ attitudes to PDAs were mostly positive. Four articles addressed using PDAs by pharmacists as a possibility of increasing pharmacists’ interventions in medication therapy or incident reports. In addition, one estimated a potential reimbursement from these interventions. One article compared 3 PDA-based drug information resources evaluated on accuracy and integrity by 3 physicians using a quality evaluation form, which was developed by physicians and pharmacists collaboratively. The result revealed Lexi-Drugs was significantly better than the other resources evaluated.
Conclusions: The use of PDAs may increase the frequency of pharmaceutical interventions and may thereby result in improving patient care. We will conduct further studies to enhance the usage of PDAs by pharmacists in Japan as a way to improve patient care.
Key Words: pharmacists, personal digital assistants, drug information, pharmaceutical care, intervention documentation
㪩㪼㪺㪼㫀㫍㪼㪻㩷㪈㪊㩷㪪㪼㫇㫋㪼㫄㪹㪼㫉㩷㪉㪇㪈㪇㪒㩷㪸㪺㪺㪼㫇㫋㪼㪻㩷㪈㪌㩷㪦㪺㫋㫆㪹㪼㫉㩷㪉㪇㪈㪇㪅㩷 㩷
