1998 2007
2011
1994 1997 2008
Hinds 1987
1992 2001 Lee 2006
2000 2008
1994
32 18 20 13
2001
52 43
94.2 JP
Lee 2006
: 36
29 46 11 1
49
18 7 0 2 0 1 1
19 12 6 3 1 1 7
JP
JP
JP
1
JP 134 133 2176
16.2
553
4.1 2007 6 11
KR 55 55 918
16.7
244
4.4 2009 9
TM 57 57 1050
18.4 252
4.4 2007 12
JP KR TM
600
2 JP
KR TM
JP 134 90 44 19.4
KR 55 9 46 22.2
TM 57 14 43 21.1
60 800
KR TM
800
3
4
2008 103
5
6
*
JP 60.4 76.1
2001
7
JP 21
8 65.7
1981 2000 2003 2008
JP
20
1994 2001 JP
9 JP KR TM
2(2)=23.761, p<.001, JP TM 2(1)=13.349, p<.001, TM KR (1)=.250, p=.681, n.s., KR JP (1)=17.171, p<.001
JP 91 67.9 KR 21 38.2 TM 24 42.1
JP JP
(2)=19.154, p<.001, JP TM (1) =11.115, p<.01,
JP KR TM
2 1.5 3 5.5 0 0.0 2 1.5 4 7.3 6 10.5 19 14.2 16 29.1 12 21.1 81 60.4 15 27.3 18 31.36
2 1.5 0 0.0 2 3.5 21 15.7 14 25.5 14 24.6 6 4.5 3 5.5 4 7.0 1 0.7 0 0.0 1 1.8
134 55 57
TM KR (1)=.179, p=.672, n.s., KR JP (1)=14.275, p<.001 JP 64 47.8
53 39.6
JP127 94.8 KR48 87.3
TM48 84.2
JP 110 82.1 KR 35 63.6 TM 39 68.4 JP
10
TM 020-05 09
10 11
TM020-05 *
* 11
TM020-06 TM020-07
* TM020-08
TM020-09 *
TM020-10 *
TM020-11
2008
JP 104-00 KR005-00 TM035-00 JP001-00
KR041-00 TM022-00
TM022-00
JP 130-00 TM004-00 KR043-00 * TM033-00
12
JP JP
N: 3123.3 3324.8 23 17.3 87 65.4 1 0.8 1 0.8 0 0.0 2 1.5
P: 2 1.5 9 6.8 3 2.3 14 10.5 0 0.0 1 0.8 1 0.8 2 1.5
O: 3 2.3 0 0.0 4 3.0 7 5.3 5 3.8 1 0.8 12 9.0 18 13.5
S: 10 7.5 1 0.8 3 2.3 14 10.5 3526.3 28 21.1 18 13.5 81 60.9
Q: 1 0.8 0 0.0 10 7.5 11 8.3 1 0.8 0 0.0 1 0.8 2 1.5
47 35.3 43 32.3 43 32.3 133 100.0 4 3.0 8 6.0 9 6.8 21 15.8 1 0.8 3 2.3 2 1.5 6 4.5 0 0.0 1 0.8 0 0.0 1 0.8 47 35.3 43 32.3 43 32.3 133 100.0
KR KR
N: 8 14.8 4 7.4 1120.4 23 42.6 2 3.7 0 0.0 1 1.9 3 5.6
P: 0 0.0 1 1.9 0 0.0 1 1.9 1 1.9 0 0.0 3 5.6 4 7.4
O: 4 7.4 0 0.0 3 5.6 7 13.0 5 9.3 3 5.6 7 13.0 15 27.8
S: 1629.6 0 0.0 3 5.6 19 35.2 1222.2 0 0.0 3 5.6 15 27.8
Q: 2 3.7 0 0.0 2 3.7 4 7.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
30 55.6 5 9.3 19 35.2 54 100.0 9 16.7 1 1.9 4 7.4 14 25.9 1 1.9 1 1.9 1 1.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 30 55.6 5 9.3 19 35.2 54 100.0
TM TM
N: 5 8.8 4 7.0 1526.3 24 42.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
P: 0 0.0 2 3.5 0 0.0 2 3.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 10.5 6 10.5
O: 2 3.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 3.5 3 5.3 0 0.0 9 15.8 12 21.1
S: 1628.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 16 28.1 8 14.0 5 8.8 5 8.8 18 31.6
Q: 0 0.0 0 0.0 1322.8 13 22.8 1 1.8 0 0.0 1 1.8 2 3.5
23 40.4 6 10.5 28 49.1 57 100.0 7 12.3 0 0.0 7 12.3 14 24.6 3 5.3 1 1.8 0 0.0 4 7.0 1 1.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.8 23 40.4 6 10.5 28 49.1 57 100.0
JP N JP KR
TM N 2(2) =13.011, p<.01, JP TM 2 (1)=8.924,
p<.01, TM KR 2 (1)=.003, p=.959, n.s., KR JP 2 (1)=8.258, p<.01 JP
JP029-00 JP045-00
JP023-00 JP066-00
JP085-00 JP098-00
JP124-00 JP116-00
JP088-00
P JP
JP006-00
JP022-00 JP040-00
P 12 KR TM
Soler 2007 JP P
Haggan 2004
0.3% 2.8
3.4 P
JP S Q
Q TM O
KR TM
KR 28 51.9 TM
31 54.4 JP
A B
KR050-00 S
TM003-00 S
KR032-00 O
TM053-00 O
TM036-00 Q
JP
KR TM
JP037-00 N
JP 043-00 N
JP 045-00 N
TM049-00 S
KR049-00 N
KR028-00 N
JP22 16.5% KR14 25.9% TM22 38.6% TM
JP 2(2)=10.889, p<.01, JP TM 2(1)=10.907, p<.01, TM KR 2 (1)=2.032, p=.154, n.s., KR JP 2(1)=2.176, p=.140, n.s.
JP 63 47.4% KR 12 22.2% TM 13 22.8% JP
2(2)=16.202, p<.001, JP TM 2(1)=10.029, p<.01, TM KR 2(1)= .005, p=.941, n.s., KR JP 2(1)= 10.110, p<.01
JP KR TM
JP 81.8 KR 87.5 TM 76.2
JP
1989 265-266
1995 1999 12-19
13
JP KR TM
38 12.6 2 1.8 3 2.4
12 4.0 4 3.6 3 2.4
8 2.6 2 1.8 4 3.2
5 1.7 1 0.9 1 0.8
2 0.7 0 0.0 2 1.6
3 1.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
1 0.3 1 0.9 0 0.0
1 0.3 0 0.0 0 0.0
1 0.3 1 0.9 0 0.0
0 0.0 1 0.9 0 0.0
0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.8
0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.8
0 0.0 1 0.9 0 0.0
0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.8
0 0.0 1 0.9 0 0.0
0 0.0 1 0.9 3 2.4
0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.8
71 23.5 15 13.4 20 15.9
71 23.5 4 3.6 6 4.8
89 29.5 79 70.5 66 52.4 160 53.0 83 74.1 72 57.1
12 4.0 0 0.0 3 2.4
2 0.7 1 0.9 1 0.8
2 0.7 0 0.0 0 0.0
16 5.3 1 0.9 4 3.2
247 81.8 98 87.5 96 76.2 302 100.0 112 100.0 126 100.0
JP
64 55 85.9 110 99 90.0
46 26
20
57 32 25
39 24
JP
JP008-01 JP055-01
JP098-17
12 10
148 72 48.6
JP103-14 JP057-15
4.7
JP046-12 JP096-08
JP116-16
JP046-12 JP096-08 JP116-16
JP 60
76
KR TM 20
JP
JP KR TM
JP 65
JP KR TM
TM
JP
TM JP KR TM
JP TM KR
19 22 B
: 19720119
1
2
3
4 5
6
7
8 9
10
11 12 13
2000
2008 2009
142 58-68
1992 55 9-19.
1981 1990
pp.94-105.
2001
11 12 (B)(2)
11691041 219-230. http://jpforlife.jp/pdf/pr_01-27_sasaki.pdf 2011 9 6 2008
1999 1994
84 14-26.
1998
99 60-71.
1986
2003 2007
2006 10 65-68.
1997
1989 1995
pp.171-182.
2011
3 21-32.
http://www.academicjapanese.org/journal03.html 2011 9 9
Haggan, Madeline(2004) Research paper titles in literature, linguistics and science: Dimensions of attraction. Journal of Pragmatics, 36(2), 293-317.
Hinds, John(1987) Reader versus writer responsibility: A new typology. In U. M. Connor & R. B.
Kaplan(Eds.), Writing across languages: Analysis of L2 text. MA: Addison Wesley. pp. 141-152.
Lee 2006
399-412.
http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/cg/law/lex/kotoba05/LEE.pdf 2011 9 6
Soler, Viviana(2007) Writing titles in science: An exploratory study. , 26(I), 90-102.
This paper analyzes the structure of opinion essays written in Japanese by Japanese (JP), Korean (KR) and Taiwanese Mandarin (TM) speaking university students from the following four vantage points:
Textual structure format Form and function of the title Title and main body textual structure Method of conveying assertions
The results revealed the following characteristics:
In 60% of the cases, JP students laid out their assertions in the introduction and the conclu- sion in a head and tail format. TM and KR students appeared to be spread out, with the head and tail format, the middle and tail format and the tail only format comprising more than 20%
each.
Compared with the TM and KR students, the JP students utilized more noun forms in the for- mation of their titles. Many of the KR and TM students utilized full sentence or interrogative forms to express their assertions in their titles.
The assertions were easy to glean from the title and continued to be expressed in the introduc- tion and conclusion in the case of many of the JP students. It was especially the case of the TM students that the assertions were not easy to discern from the title, nor were they expressed right away in the introduction.
Opinion verbs, modality, and supporting position expressions were primarily used to convey assertions. Some of those expressions have different tendencies depending on where they ap- pear.
