第４章　アフリカの人間開発－評価と政策

著者

野上 裕生

権利

Copyrights 日本貿易振興機構（ジェトロ）アジア

経済研究所 / Institute of Developing

Economies, Japan External Trade Organization

(IDE-JETRO) http://www.ide.go.jp

シリーズタイトル

研究双書

シリーズ番号

529

雑誌名

アフリカ経済学宣言

ページ

109-136

発行年

2003

出版者

日本貿易振興会アジア経済研究所

URL

http://hdl.handle.net/2344/00012183

第４章

アフリカの人間開発

――評価と政策――

野 上 裕 生

苍芶苟苉

腀陻迍苌雚鍉苍豯跏鍉芨苦苑軐觯鍉苉躝醱观鑜苈 遬諔詊钭

腩镮趢苆镳閽鎙苌 跭貸腃荸荃荖荢荎腅荪腛荙苌轛醫腃遬鍉躑陻豠邬芩苧赜邬芳苪苩腪

苰軀費芷苩述

貏苆邭跴里豮苰腃荁荴莊荊苌钭鍗苰野进苉芵苄赬芦苩花苆苅芠苩腂

腀荁荴莊荊豯跏苌軀郑苰鍗陝芵芽Collier and Gunning腭1999腮苅苍镮趢苆镳

閽鎙苆芢芤閪雬苍芠苜苨遛芭顟芶苧苪苄芢苈芩苁芽腂跅诟苉苈苁苄Fields

腭2000腮芪趑跛铤該苌躋鍟芩苧荁荴莊荊苌镮趢腅镳閽鎙苆邬銷苌論豗苰顟芶

芽芪腃腵镮趢軒苰蹸覇芷苩詊钭邭跴腶

腩pro腀poor development policies腪

苉苂芢

苄苍跅賣苉轤靶苈趀雚苰苜苆苟苄芢苩芾芯苅芠苩腂陻迍苅苍花苌苦芤苈郦赳

貤讆苰闢誮芷苩芽苟苉腃邭跴苌顧酧苝苉論芷苩赬蹀苰鍗陝芷苩花苆苉芵芽芢腂

費距苌跅镮趑苅苍镮趢腅镳閽鎙跭貸苰豯跏鍉芨苦苑軐觯鍉苈躝醱邫苰闯誇鍉

苉躋雬苉鏼苪苄軀費芷苩花苆芪觛釨苉苈苁苄芢苩腂1970鑎釣芩苧邬銷苰躋雬

苉鏼苪苈芪苧镮趢腅镳閽鎙跭貸苰軀費芷苩芽苟苉銍雚芳苪苄芫芽苠苌芪 遬鍉

躑陻轗雱鍉詊钭郭鞪苅芠苩腂芻苪苰軀費芷苩芽苟苌闻陀苆芵苄 顊鎭轗雱鍉邻

醢识镩苌靁软蹷購赈识覻苆腃 鑟识苆赈识苌莊莓荐腛荗苰遛苟苩鑟识軥鎱苌詊

钭芪赬芦苧苪苄芫芽腂芢芸苪苌钭鍗荰荞腛莓苅苠腃邶蹙鍉躑蹙苌閽鎙覻腃铯

靰賸觊鍉苈遬鍉鎊躑腃鑟识邶蹙邫苌迣辸芪镳观貇苈靶貏苆苈苁苄芫芽腂芵芩

芵荁荴莊荊苅苍花苌苦芤苈钭鍗芪軀費芵芽趑苍醽芭苈芢腂陻迍苅苍花苌苦芤

苈迳讵苉芨芢苄觰貈芳苪苩苗芫觛釨苰苜苆苟苩花苆苉芷苩腂釦艐郟苅苍1970

鑎釣裈赾苌詊钭郭鞪顟苅苌躝醱观鑜苈钭鍗苆镮趢腅镳閽鎙離釨苌袵芢苰苜苆

苟苩腂釦艑郟苅苍镮趢腅镳閽鎙跭貸苅銍雚芳苪苩遬鍉躑陻豠邬苆邬銷苰軀費

芷苩莁荊荪荙莀苰苜苆苟苩腂釦艒郟苅苍荁荴莊荊苌遬諔詊钭苌費迳苰鍗陝芵腃

遬鍉鎊躑苰邬銷苉貋苑苂芯苩述貏苰赬芦苩腂跅賣苌郟苅苍趡賣苌觛釨苰轱苗

苩腂

釦艐郟腀邭跴苌顧酧苝

艐腄躝醱观鑜苈遬諔詊钭腅镮趢跭貸苌詔鑏

腀Drèze and Sen腭1989: 16腀17腮苍軐觯闛迡苉芨芢苄遬苌閟躃苰譽貃苈鋡覺

芩苧闛賬芷苩醤雊苆苆苠苉腃遬苌邶誈鑜韍苰躝醱鍉苉購迣芳芹苩 醣適鍉醤雊

芪苈芯苪苎苈苧苈芢花苆苰蹷鍅芵苄芢苩腂醣適鍉醤雊苰轤躋芷苩苈苧苎腃遬

諔詊钭苌邬觊苰靌賸苉誈靰芵苄苦苨裪酷苌邶誈鑜韍苌購迣苉貋苑苂芯苩述貏

苰赬芦苈芯苪苎苈苧苈芢腂花苌花苆苍腃費距苌鋡辊鎾趑苌苦芤苉邶醶邅辀苉

芠苩豯跏苉芨芢苄荸荃荖荢荎腅荱莅腛荽莓腅荪腛荙苰轛醫芷苩芽苟苉镮趢跭

貸苖苌蹸软苰醱芯苩裪闻苅腃賂遬苆軐觯苌鑜韍苰醣適芷苩芽苟苌躑蹙苉鎊躑

芵苄芢芭花苆苌镋靶邫苰裓隡芷苩腂芵芩芵讳裧苢貒赎苉野芷苩鎊躑苍腃苆芭

苉譚轰閁譹苢遬賻邬銷苌諉顡苰鋊芶苄銷諺鍉苈邬銷苉辉苟苄賸觊苰苠苂苆赬

芦苧苪苩腂花苪苧苌賸觊芪轜閪苉軀費芷苩苜苅苉邬銷苰裛躝苅芫苩苦芤苈鎊

躑鑺閪芪赬蹀芳苪苈芯苪苎腃跠邭鍉腅軐觯鍉苉躝醱观鑜苈邬銷苍軀費苅芫苈

芢腂花苌苦芤苈躝醱鍉苈豯跏邬銷苆镮趢跭貸腅遬諔詊钭苆苌論豗苍Chenery

et al.腭1974腮腃Dasgupta腭2000腮腭2001腮腃Drèze and Sen腭1989腮腃Pearce

and Atkinson腭1998腮腃Anand and Sen腭2000腮腃Thomas et al.腭2000腮苈苇苅

顟芶苧苪苄芫芽腂花苪苧苌貤讆苅训銲芳苪芽花苆苍腃邶蹙苆賺邶苉芨芯苩閨

鍉躑陻腃 遬鍉躑陻腃躩酒諂讫躑陻腃 軐觯

腩論豗腪

躑陻苌雰誄苆靄郦辇裊苰貟

鎢芵芽芤芦苅腃钭鍗荰荞腛莓苌镝覿苰芷苩花苆苅芠苩腂跅辉苉花苪苧苌郦赳

貤讆苅鋱躦芳苪芽詊钭郭鞪顟苰荸莓荠荽腛荎苆芵苄腃芻苪芪費距苌荁荴莊荊

芩苧苝苄苇苌苦芤苉觼鋹芳苪苈芯苪苎苈苧苈芢芩苰顟芶苄苝芽芢腂

腀Anand and Sen腭

2000腮苍腵躝醱芳芹苩芾芯苌覿鉬芪芠苩軐觯苌述貏花芻

貟鎢芳苪苩镋靶芪芠苩腶苆芢芤鞧迪苉鞧芿腃邬銷苰镝覿芷苩諮辀苆芵苄腃躝

醱邫腃跅鍋邫腃芻芵苄軐觯苌酓裵苉野芷苩跅鋡賀苌邶誈闛迡苆芢芤諮辀苍芻

苪芼苪賅靌苌裓譠苰苠苁苄芢苄腃裪苂苌諮辀芾芯苉銍雚芷苩花苆苍腃詊钭苉

讁苟苧苪苄芢苩醽靬苈觛釨苰販鎦芵苄芵苜芤观鑜邫苰蹷鍅芵苄芢苩腂花苪苧

苌諮辀苌苈芩苅腃閽鎙苈邶誈邅辀苌闛迡苰銆道苉躝醱观鑜邫苰貟鎢芵芽苠苌

芪UNDP腭1998腮苅芠苩腂 UNDP腭1998腮苍腃費距邢詅苌 遬諔詊钭鎞鉂鍸苌

镳閽鎙芪諂讫邧雱苰赬鞶芵芽苆芫苌躝醱观鑜邫苰醹苈苁苄芢苩苆赬芦苄芢苩腂

花苌苦芤苈赬芦闻苍腃躟苌苦芤苉苜苆苟苧苪苩腂

腀芢苜遬賻芪 A 苆 B 苉闊苪腃芻苪芼苪苌迁铯芪 C j

( )

腃遬賻荖荆荁芪 s j

( )

苅

芠苩苆芷苩腩花花苅

j= ,A B

苅芠苩腪腂迁铯芪閽鎙苅芠苁芽苆芫苌軀躿鍉賺

邶 Ce 苰躟苌苦芤苉酺鋨芷苩腂

Ce

=

(

s A C A

( ) ( )

(

)

1−a

+

s B C B

( ) ( )

(

)

1−a

)

1 1/−a

腣腣a

腀a

躮

苅腃a 苍镳閽鎙觱铰鍸苆苦苎苪腃賣

腩j躮腪

苅轱苗苩苦芤苉腃花苌鉬

芪趂芢苙苇腃遬賻鏠苌詩趷芪賺邶苉野芵苄非芦苩醹躸苍釥芫芭苈苩腂花苌苦

芤苈镳閽鎙蹷镗苌裪铊鍉苈觰郠苍腃芽苆芦苎UNDP腭1995: 125腀127腮苈苇苰

蹑迆芳苪芽芢腂

腀花苌苆芫腃費軀苌迁铯苆軀躿鍉賺邶苌趷 P

( )

苍裈覺苌苦芤苉赬芦苧苪苩腂

s A C A

( ) ( )

+

s B C B

( ) ( )

−

Ce

=

P

腣腣s

腀花苌 P 苰靝迨苆赬芦苄辫鞈苌邬銷苌芽苟苌邶蹙諮铕苉鎊躑芷苩花苆芪苅芫

苪苎腃躝醱观鑜苈 遬諔詊钭苌观鑜邫苍趂芭苈苩腂Anand and Sen腭2000腮苢

UNDP腭1998腮苍諂讫邧雱苰鑏鎪苉譣顟芵苄芢苩芪腃豯跏腅軐觯荖荘荥莀苌

躝醱芾芯苰赬芦芽迪趇苉苠鎯芶譣顟芪苅芫苩腂芵芩芵腃苦苨鉚諺苌豯跏钭鍗

苰赬芦苄苝苄苠腃覼苉UNDP腭1998腮苌苦芤苉閽鎙苰训銲芷苩苆芵苄苠腃軀

跛苉苍腃花花苅赬芦苧苪芽靝迨苰苇苌苦芤苈躑陻苉靄郦鍉苉鑺閪芷苩芩腃苆

芢芤離釨芪软苄芭苩

a

腂Dasgupta腭2001: chap. 12腮芪蹷鍅芵苄芢苩苦芤苉腃

鋡辊鎾趑苅軀跛苉迅鍟苉苈苁苄芢苩苌苍辫鞈苌邶蹙苌芽苟苌躑蹙苌跄閪鑺苅

芠苨腃跄閪鑺苰貈苟苩躞鍟苅邬銷苍躋雬苉鏼苪苧苪苄芢苩花苆苉苈苩腂花苌

苆芫腃 遬鍉躑陻苉野芷苩鎊躑苰靄郦芷苩苌苅芠苪苎腃芻苌迪趇苉苍腃遬鍉鎊

躑芩苧諺釒芳苪苩賸觊

腩遬賻邬銷苌諉顡苢譚轰閁譹苈苇腪

芪軀費苅芫苩述貏苰

邮铵芷苩花苆苠鎯躞苉軦苨酧苞镋靶芪芠苩腂

艑腄荁荴莋莏莊荁苆荇腛荦莋荽莓苌顧酧苝

腀躝醱鍉邬銷苌芽苟苌躑蹙苰閨鍉躑陻芾芯苅苈芭腃遬鍉躑陻苢軐觯躑陻苉苜

苅赌芰苩苈苧苎腃Ahluwalia腭1974: 90腮芪蹷鍅芵苄芢苩苦芤苉腃镮趢跭貸苢

閪鑺苉鑺鞶芵芽邭跴苍腃郜銏軥譠鍉苈苠苌苉苈苧芴苩苰芦苈芢腂芵芩芵腃芻

苌苦芤苈迪趇苅苠腃芳苜芴苜苈閪雬苌靄郦辇裊苆邮趇邫苰赬蹀芷苩苆芢芤觛

釨苍蹣芳苪苄芢苩腂Ahluwalia腭1974腮苍邭跴芪論苭苩閪雬苰裈覺苌苦芤苉

閪韞芵苄芢苩腂

a腀邶蹙靶酦蹳迪腂

s腀躑蹙苌辊靌苆談鞝腂

d腀賂遬辊鎾腅躑蹙苌觛郅腂

f腀賶认閔雥苉苦苩迁铯跠鋱讟苆辊鎾裚鍝腂

g腀邶蹙閨蹳迪腂

h腀譚轰苌迳釔腆顊鎭轗雱鍉譚轰適闠腃镮趢軒苰銼郚蹸覇芷苩閪雬苅苌譚

轰適闠腃費距苌譚轰迮闱苌賶詊苆閁譹腂

腀花苪苧苌閪雬苅腃靄郦辇裊苆詥閪雬苌顁論苰赬蹀芷苩花苆苉苦苁苄邭跴

荰荢荐腛荗芪赜酺苅芫苩腂Adelman腭1979: 9腀10膁1995a: 161腀162腮苍镮趢跭

貸苉迅鍟苰鎖苄芽詊钭郭鞪苰腃a邬銷苉郦赳芵苄躑蹙苌跄閪鑺芪赳苭苪腃芻

苪苉醱芢苄s鑟识邶蹙邫苌迣辸腃d 遬鍉鎊躑腃f 遬鍉躑陻轗雱鍉赈识覻苉靄

郦辇裊苰芨芢苄苜苆苟苄芢苩腂荇腛荦莋荽莓苌詊钭郭鞪苅苍躑蹙苌跄閪鑺邭

跴芪轤躋芳苪苄芢苩芪腃Adelman腭

1986膁1995a腮苍镮趢跭貸邭跴苉芨芢苄腃

躑 蹙 苉 迅 鍟 苰 鎖 苄 芽 荁 荶 莍 腛 荠 苍腃 軹 靶 酮 软 郭 鞪

腩Demand腀Generating Strategies腪

腃覿詩裸芫迣芰邭跴腃邶蹙邫迣辸邭跴苉苦苁苄闢誮鍉芳苪苩镋靶

芪芠苩苆赬芦芽腂軹靶酮软郭鞪苆芵苄赬芦苧苪芽苠苌芪顊鎭轗雱跠苌 靁软蹷

購赈识覻苆 鑟识軥鎱豞赈识覻

腩Aguricultural Development腀led Industrialization: ADLI腪

苅芠苩

腩Adelman腭1986膁1995a: 374腀376腮裸靰荹腛荗邔苍Adelman腭1995a腮 苉苦苩腪

腂

腀Adelman腭1986膁1995a腮苌苈芩苅苍 ADLI苍鑟识钭鍗芪迁铯跠蹙识苆鑟识

苖苌鎊鏼跠蹙识苌邬銷苰靕钭芷苩花苆苉轤鍟苰芨芢芽苠苌苅芠苩腂ADLI苍

釦裪躟靁鏼釣釖赈识覻苌荻荧莋荬荢荎苰觰貈芷苩芽苟苉赬芦软芳苪芽苠苌苅

芠苨腃芻苌軀費观鑜邫苍鑟识苆赈识苌莊莓荐腛荗苌鋶鍸腃鑟识苌讟讋钽覞苢

譚轰閁譹苰醣適芷苩鍹鉮鞘靰論豗腃芻苪苧苰蹸芦苩閨鍉腅邧鍸鍉荃莓荴莉荘

荧莉荎荠莅荁苉釥芫芭裋醶芵苄芢苩腂Adelman and Vogel腭1990/1腮苍荁荴

莊荊艕荊趑苌軐觯觯豶赳韱芩苧酏闻腅賣闻顁論賸觊苌迦邔苰辊鎾邅辀苆遬賻

苆苅觱譁芵腃苜芽鑟识苆邻醢识苌镴见覿鉬苌辊鎾邅辀苉論芷苩鉥韍邫苰讁苟

芽 郦 赳 貤 讆 苰 酦 跞 苉 芵 苄 閪 郍 苰 赳 苁 芽 苠 苌 苅 芠 苩腂Adelman and Vogel

腭1990/1腮苌銆苅苍 ADLI苰釦裪躟靁鏼釣釖赈识覻誮鞹賣荻荧莋荬荢荎苰觰迁

芵苄銆適趑苉苜苅钭鍗苅芫芽豯跏苌豯貱苰苠苆苉赬芦苧苪苄芢苩花苆苰鑆苟腃

荔荵荔荮莉腅荁荴莊荊辔趑苖苌鍋覞苉苍觰貈芷苗芫離釨鍟芪芠苩腃苆赬芦苩腂

Adelman and Vogel腭1990/1腮芪训銲芵苄芢苩花苆苍腃a鑟识芪邻醢识镩軹

靶苰靕钭芷苩鋶鍸苍釥芫芢芪腃s軹靶醝见苉野芷苩邻醢识苌讟讋醝见鑜韍苍

鋡芭腃苜芽d荁荴莊荊苅苍轗雱鍉苈鑟识譚轰苰跌靰芷苩苉苍邶釔詷鍉苈賀詅

芪釥芫芢花苆苅芠苨腃花苌苦芤苈離釨苰觰貈芷苩花苆苌镋靶邫芪训銲芳苪苄

芢苩腂

艒腄Taylor, Mehrotra and Delaminica腭1998腮苌躋鍟

腀Taylor, Mehrotra and Delaminica腭1998: 447腀448腮苍詊钭雚镗苰豯跏邬銷腃

镮趢跭貸

腩辊鎾腪

腃軐觯詊钭

腩貒赎苢讳裧苈苇腪

苉邮鞝芵腃花苪苧苌雚镗苌諔

苅醊賝闢誮鍉苈賸觊芪諺釒苅芫苩苌苅芠苪苎腃花苪苧苌芤芿跅辬賀鏱苂裈迣

苌韌裦苉鑺鞶芵苈芢詊钭邭跴苍銷諺鍉苉苍躝醱观鑜苅苍苈芢腃苆芢芤覼郠苰

鋱躦芵苄芢苩腂Taylor, Mehrotra and Delaminica腭1998腮苌覼郠芪讻隡遛芢

苌苍賀苧苪芽躑貹苰鎊鏼芷苩閪雬苍跅辬賀苇花苜苅苈苌芩腃苆芢芤離釨苉躦

趴苰非芦苄芢苩芩苧苅芠苩腂

腀Taylor, Mehrotra and Delaminica腭1998腮苌赬芦闻苰钭鍗芳芹苩苆腃鏱苂

苌閪雬苅鉬

腩threshold level腪

苰銴芦苩邅辀苉鎞鉂苅芫苪苎腃芻苪苧苌醊賝

闢训鍉苈賸觊苉苦苁苄腃蹣苨苌閪雬苠邬觊苰芠芰苢芷芭苈苩苆芢芤花苆苉苈

苩腂芵芩芵Taylor, Mehrotra and Delaminica腭1998腮苌覼郠苰苦苨軀酈苉雰

鞧苂苠苌苉芷苩芽苟苉苍芢芭苂芩苌離釨鍟苰赬芦苩镋靶芪芠苩腂芽苆芦苎

Taylor, Mehrotra and Delaminica腭1998腮苌覼郠苅苍腃花苪苧苌 荖荩荗腛賸

觊

腩synergies腪

芪荁荴莊荊苅苇苌苦芤苉軀費苅芫苩苌芩误里鍉苉赬蹀芳苪苄

芢苈芢腂跅辉苉赬芦苧苪苩苌苍躟苌苦芤苈闻陀苅芠苩

腩腵腻腶苅酧苝趇苭芳苪 苄芢苩苌苍荖荩荗腛賸觊芪諺釒芳苪苩鏱閪雬腃腵膨腶苍荖荩荗腛賸觊苉苦苁苄醣適 芳苪苩閪雬腪

腂

a腀豯跏邬銷腻 遬諔詊钭膨镮趢腅镳閽鎙跭貸

腩辬鑟苈苇苖苌譚轰閁譹腃賙靰 酮软腪

s腀軐觯詊钭

腩 遬諔詊钭腱讳裧苢裣韃腲苰諜苞腪

腻 镮趢腅镳閽鎙跭貸膨豯跏

邬銷

腩遬鍉躑陻轗雱鍉邬銷腃 鑟识苆赈识苌莊莓荐腛荗豠邬腱鑟醺芩苧邻醢识 苖苌迁铯跠軹靶腃邻醢识苉苦苩鑟识鎊鏼跠邶蹙腲腪

d腀豯跏邬銷腻镮趢腅镳閽鎙跭貸膨 軐觯詊钭

腩 遬諔詊钭腱讳裧苢裣韃腲苰諜 苞賶认邭跴苌鍋郘苈襞襣腪

腀花苪苧苌閪雬苅腃苇花苜苅苰靄郦閪雬苉鏼苪苩苌芩腃苇苌苦芤苈軨辇苅軀

費芷苗芫芩腃苆芢芤離釨苍荁荴莊荊苌鎮裵苅芫苩躑貹苢辉諺述貏苉裋醶芷苩

芾苫芤腂芻花苅陻迍苅苍 遬諔詊钭蹷邔

腩Human Development Index: HDI腪

苌赜

邬蹷镗腃芨苦苑詩趷苢镮趢苌蹷镗

腩遬諔镮趢蹷镗苰諜苞腪

苰貟鎢芵腃醊野鍉

苉鉸苪苄芢苩閪雬苰靄郦辇裊苆芷苩苆芢芤諮辀苉苦苁苄腃荁荴莊荊辔趑苌靄

郦辇裊苰赬芦苩花苆苉芷苩腂

釦艑郟腀鋡辊鎾趑苉芨芯苩遬鍉躑陻苆豯跏邬銷

艐腄遬鍉鎊躑苌諮辀

腀花苪苜苅镮趢跭貸苆豯跏邬銷苰貋苔趀雚苆芵苄 遬鍉躑陻芪銍雚芳苪苄芫芽腂

遬鍉躑陻苰赜邬芷苩苠苌苆芵苄苍讳裧苢貒赎腃襨靻邅辀苈苇芪芠苨腃花苪苧

苌赌铍苈韌裦苉野芷苩邭跴芪闢誮鍉苉赳苭苪苈芯苪苎苈苧苈芢腂花苌苦芤苈

觛釨苉蹧苭苪苩苌苍 軻襶鞦閪郍苅芠苩腂花苪苜苅鍲迣趑苌 遬鍉鎊躑苌躄鍉腅

軐觯鍉軻襶苉苂芢苄醽芭苌貤讆芪赳苭苪苄芫芽腂芻苌貋觊苍Psacharopoulos

腭1994腮苈苇苉苜苆苟苧苪苄芢苩腂 遬鍉鎊躑苌軻襶鞦苰苝苩迪趇腃躄鍉軻襶

鞦苆軐觯鍉軻襶鞦苆苌論豗腃閨鍉鎊躑苆苌铤該芪諮辀苉苈苩腂軻襶鞦苍 遬鍉

鎊躑芵芽迪趇苌辫鞈辊鎾苌醝见苉裋醶芵腃芻苪苍遬鍉躑陻苰鞘靰苅芫苩賙靰

譀觯苢腃闢誮鍉苉鞘靰芳苪苩邶蹙靶酦苌韊苌襥访苰軳芯苩腂芽苆芦苎閨鍉躑

陻苌苈芩苉辗邫顊鎭苆训芢闢誮邫芪芠苩苠苌芪芠苨腃花苌苦芤苈躑陻苰鉾郏

芷苩花苆芪鋀诠苌 荗荆莓荟腛詩趷苰貸辭芳芹腃花苪芪蹱讟靻裧苌譀觯铯靰苰

趂苟苩花苆苰鋊芶苄软邶鞦苰鋡覺芳芹苩苌苅芠苪苎腃閨鍉鎊躑苉苦苁苄苠遬

賻邬銷諉顡苆芢苁芽雚镗苍鉂邬苅芫苩苆赬芦苧苪苩

腩Galor and Weil腭1996腮 苈苇苰蹑迆腪

腂花苪苉野芵苄遬鍉鎊躑芪適苟苧苪芽苆芵苄苠腃遬鍉躑陻苰誈

靰芷苩賙靰譀觯腃譚轰闏覻腃闢誮鍉苈躑陻芪貇鑀芵苄芢苩迳讵苅苍遬鍉鎊躑

苉野芷苩軻襶苍鋡芢苠苌苉苈苩腂苜芽 軻襶鞦芪趂芢苆芢苁苄苠腃芻苪芪芽苆

鎭軒苌邶蹙鍉誈鎮苆貋苑苂芢芽苠苌苅芠苩苆苍芩芬苧苈芢腂裈覺苅苍遬鍉躑

陻苆 軐觯鍉鑜韍腃譚轰適闠腃 荗荆莓荟腛鍉靶裶苆苌論豗苰苆苨芠芰苩腂

艑腄遬鍉躑陻苆軐觯鍉鑜韍

腀遬諔詊钭苰赜邬芷苩讳裧

腩遬鍉鎊躑腪

苰邬銷苌 軐觯鍉鑜韍苰豠邬芷苩靶酦

苆芵苄郏诉鍉苉裊鉵苃芯苩苆芢芤荁荃荦荂荁苍Abramovitz腭

1986腮苈苇苉苦苁

苄銍雚芳苪苄芫芽腂芵芩芵腃邶蹙誈鎮苍軐觯苢酧遄苰蹧苁苄赳苭苪苩芩苧腃

遬鍉鎊躑苉苦苩賂遬苌鑜韍醝见芪邶蹙邫苌迣辸苉貋苑苂芭軐觯鍉莁荊荪荙莀

芪赬鞶芳苪苈芯苪苎苈苧苈芢腂韡苰芠芰苩苆諮酢鍉苈遬鍉躑陻腃芽苆芦苎躯

躚鑜韍苌迪趇腃视豶鏠苅躯躚鑜韍苌芠苩赜邬裵芪芢苩苆腃芻苌遬芪醼苌赜邬

裵苌誈鎮苰辕芯苩苆芢芤賸觊芪詏閔邫苆芵苄赬芦苧苪苩

腩Basu and Foster 腭1998腮腪

腂花苌苦芤苈賸觊芪諺釒苅芫苩苈苧 軀賸躯躚鑜韍苍苠苁苆趂芭苈苩

芾苫芤腂鏁鋨鉮裦苢视豶芪躯躚鑜韍苌芠苩遬芽芿芩苧資鞧芵苄芢苩迳讵苅苍

軀賸躯躚鑜韍苍鋡芭苈苨腃躯躚鑜韍苰苠苂遬芪閽鎙苉閪镺芵苄芢苩軐觯苅苍

靌賸苈躯躚鑜韍苍苠苁苆趂芭苈苩腂遬鍉鎊躑苌裪閔苍荬荢荧莏腛荎豠邬苉苦

苩軦裸铯靰跭貸苆芢苁芽豯顈苅邬銷苉赶貣苅芫苩芪腃花苌苆芫苉苍遬賻苌釥

閔閪芪裪鋨譋雍苌遬鍉鎊躑苰芵苈芯苪苎腃花苌苦芤苈賸觊芪軀費芳苪苈芢腂

花苌迪趇苉苍腃遬鍉躑陻苌

腩躄鍉腪

軻襶鞦苉苍腃遬諔論豗苌荬荢荧莏腛荎豠

邬苉鎊躑芵芽閪苉野芷苩軻襶苠諜苜苪苄芢苩花苆苉苈苩

腩Dasgupta腭2001: 144腀145腮腪s

腂芻花苅譚轰適闠苆遬鍉躑陻苌閪镺苌論豗苰苝苩芽苟苉腃芢芭苂

芩苌譚轰適闠苌軭韞苉覞芶芽轗豶闻陀苰赬芦苩腂鉮裦軐觯苌賂遬 j 苌遬鍉躑

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苆芢芤論豗芪邬鞧芷苩苆芷苩腂花苌苈芩苉苍

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苆芢芤荐腛荘芪赬芦苧苪苩腂花苪苍Kanbur and Sandler腭

1999腮苌腵跅遖腶

腩best腀shot腪

譚轰苅芠苩腂遖芵芢譚轰苰詏趑芩苧譺軻芷苩苆芢芤荐腛荘苍花

苪苉诟芢苆蹶苭苪苩腂苜芽

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腩weakest link腪

譚轰

腩花苪苧苍Kaul et al. eds.腭1999: 雳辑195腮苌雳質苉苦苩腪

苉醊鎖芷苩

荞荃荶苅芠苨腃花苪苍誴郵过靜陨苌苦芤苉腃軐觯芪裪遬苅苠誴郵芷苩花苆苰

靜陨芷苩苦芤苈襱邶譚轰腃苦苨赌芭莊荘荎苰觱铰芷苩譚轰苌迪趇苉鎖苄苍苜

苩苆蹶苭苪苩腂花苌苦芤苈迪趇苉苍腃跅苠鑜韍苌鋡芢遬賻苉鎊躑芷苩花苆芪

賸鞦邫苌躋鍟芩苧苠靌賸苉苈苩

d

腂

艒腄譚轰闏覻苆遬鍉鎊躑

腀花苌離釨苅郦诬鍉识郑苆苈苁芽Abramovitz腭1986腮苌荁荃荦荂荁苍鍲迣趑

芪郦適趑苌譚轰苰譺軻芷苩荶莍荚荘苰酏鋱苉芵芽苠苌芾苁芽腂花苌苦芤苉遬

鍉躑陻苍譚轰迮闱苌酮软苆鍠鉂芪观鑜苅芠苩苆芫苉轤靶苈邬銷苌靶裶苅芠苨腃

遬鍉鎊躑苌詏閔邫苠遖芵芢譚轰苌譺軻苉钺苁苄譎花苩花苆芪醽芢腂花花苅遬

鍉躑陻苆苍譚轰闏覻芩苧譎花苩镳诏赴苉野覞芵苄躑貹鑺閪苰銲邮芷苩鑜韍苆

芵苄赬芦苧苪苄芫芽苌苅芠苩

腩Schultz腭1975腮腪

腂苆芭苉遬鍉躑陻苆譚轰適闠

苉銍雚芵芽Nelson and Phelps腭1966腮苍腃芠苩趑苌譚轰邅辀

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腩腵 荌莃荢荠荁荢 荶賸觊腶腪

腃芨苦苑遬鍉躑陻苉苦苩詷轋鑜韍苌閔閪腃

c H

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腀遬鍉躑陻苌邅辀芪趂芢苆譚轰譺軻苠鉚諺諔苉赳苭苪腃譚轰詶遖苍醼苌遬芪

雍闭苅芫苩苆芢芤闖襶芪芠苨腃詏閔邫苰苠苂花苆苉苈苩腂遖芵芢譚轰譀觯苉

豢苜苪苈芢軐觯苅苍遬鍉鎊躑苉野芷苩軻襶苠鋡芭苈苩

f

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艓腄 荗荆莓荟腛鍉靶裶

腀遬鍉鎊躑苆荗荆莓荟腛鍉靶裶苍遬賻邬銷苆苌論顁苅苆苨芠芰苧苪苩花苆芪

醽芢腂遬鍉鎊躑苍賂遬苌鑜韍苰迣芰苩芩苧腃芻苪苍軐觯論豗苰闏芦苄芢芭腂

芻苌苈芩苉苍 荗荆莓荟腛苌詩趷苠諜苜苪苩腂遬鍉鎊躑苉苦苁苄賂遬苌迮闱苖

苌荁荎荚荘苈苇芪趂苜苪苎腃芻苪苍视豶鏠苌閪识赜醢苠闏覻芳芹苩芾苫芤腂

芵芽芪苁苄腃 荗荆莓荟腛苉钺芤詩趷苠遬鍉鎊躑苉苦苁苄闏覻芷苩芾苫芤腂芽

苆芦苎UNDP腭1995: 125腀135腮苍荗荆莓荟腛詩趷苰赬鞶芵芽讳裧蹷邔苰裈覺

苌苦芤苉鋱裄芵苄芢苩

腩譌趆苍Basu and Foster腭1998腮苅运觮芳苪芽苠苌苉闏赘

苰见芦芽苠苌苰蹧芤腪

腂

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邔苌鉬苉野芷苩詩趷苌襥访苍苈芢芪腃a 芪釥芫芭苈苩苉芵芽芪苁苄腃詩趷芪

蹷邔苰鋡苟苩花苆苉苈苩腂花苌 He 苍鉪辗詩趷苌醹躸苰赬鞶芵芽躯躚鞦苅芠

苩 苌 苅腃 閽 鎙 鎙 覿 躯 躚 鞦 苆 苠 芢 芦 苩

腩 迚 芵 芭 苍UNDP腭1995腮 苰 蹑 迆 腪

腂

Boserup腭1980膁1990腮芪轱苗苄芢苩苦芤苉辗邫苍视醰迁铯靰苌諮酢鍉遈韆

腩basic crops腪

苰邶蹙芵腃鉪邫苍醼苉铌钄芳苪苩跬閨苰跬苩苆芢芤閪识芪芠苩

迪趇苉苍

腩Boserup腭1980膁1990: 238腮腪

腃遬鍉躑陻苌镳閽鎙苈閪镺苍裙苈苩邶

蹙誈鎮苌邶蹙邫迣辸苉苠詩趷苰跬苩观鑜邫芪芠苩腂荁荴莊荊鑟醺苅苍辗邫邢

金苍邶蹙鍉躑貹苖苌荁荎荚荘芪醊野鍉苉辭苈芢苆芢苭苪苩

腩Tomich, Kilby and Johnston腭1995: 366腮腪

腂芵芩芵軀跛苉苍閪识赜醢苢 荗荆莓荟腛苌詩趷苍荟

荃荩荾荢荎苈苠苌苅芠苩腂芽苆芦苎辤镩跬閨苆遈韆跬閨苆苌讫詅苍賅鋨芵苄

芢苩苭芯苅苍苈芭腃蹳迪铌钄苅苌軻襶邫苈苇苉覞芶苄鉪邫芪辗邫苌閪雬苉

鏼苁苄芢芭花苆苠芠苩苆芢苭苪苩

腩Doss腭2001: 2077腮腪

腂Doss腭2001: 2080腀

2081腮芪训銲芵苄芢苩苦芤苉腃鑟识譚轰芪閁譹芵苄芢芭觟鋶苉苍腃鍹鉮闛靌

芪苇苌鋶鍸苜苅闛迡芳苪苄芢苩芩腃顊鎭韊芪苇苌鋶鍸苜苅鎮裵苅芫苩芩腃苆

芢芤靶裶芪襥访苰非芦苩花苆苍铰芯苧苪芸腃 荗荆莓荟腛苌詩趷苌闏覻苆苌顁

論苰赬鞶芷苩花苆苉苦苁苄镮趢軒苰辕芯苩譚轰閁譹芪苍芶苟苄軀費芷苩花苆

苉苈苩腂

釦艒郟腀荁荴莊荊豯跏苌費迳苆觛釨

艐腄荁荴莊荊苌遬諔詊钭

腀裈迣苌苦芤苈赬蹀苰苠苆苉芵苄腃遬諔詊钭苌邬觊芪荁荴莊荊苌譚轰閁譹苢

軐觯鍉鑜韍苌豠邬苉苇苌苦芤苉赶貣芵芽芩苰腃郦赳貤讆苌邬觊苰蹑迆芵苈芪

苧鍗陝芵苄苝芽芢腂豯跏邬銷苍艐遬鎖芽苨GDP苅镝覿苅芫苩芵腃镮趢苢镳

閽鎙苌闏覻苍镮趢軒鞦苢 荗荆莓荟腛詊钭蹷邔

腩Gender related Development Index: GDI腪

苅腃苜芽豯跏邬銷苆軐觯詊钭苌药莉莓荘苍 遬諔詊钭蹷邔

腩HDI腪 腩芨苦苑腃芻苌赜邬蹷镗苌閪镺腪

苉苦苁苄腃芻苌裪閔苰镝覿芷苩花苆芪苅芫苩腂

腀镜艐腃镜艑苍荁荴莊荊苌軐觯蹷镗苰苝芽苠苌苅芠苩腂 遬諔詊钭蹷邔芪跬邬

芳苪苩苆芫苉苍腃芻苪芼苪苌蹷镗苅跅趂邅辀苌趑苆跅鋡邅辀苆苌荍莃荢荶苌

芤芿鎖詙趑芪鎞鉂芵芽铤鞦苅詥趑苌鎞鉂鍸苰苝苄芢苩腂GDP蹷邔腃貒赎蹷邔腃

讳裧蹷邔苌苈芩苅腃醊野鍉苉鎞鉂鍸苌鋡芢閪雬苰趡賣苌靄郦閪雬苉芷苩苆芢

芤諮辀苅詥趑苰镝覿芷苩花苆苉芷苩腂

腀African Development Bank腭1998腮苍荁荴莊荊苌詊钭苰遬鍉躑陻豠邬芩苧

鍗陝芵腃1980鑎釣裈赾豯跏邬銷芪荽荃荩荘苅芠苩苈芩苅荁荴莊荊苌 HDI苍辭

芵芸苂觼酐芵苄芫芽芪腃芻苌裪闻苅苍 HDI觼酐苌醬鍸苍鋡覺芵苄芨苨腃遬鍉

鎊躑苢豯跏邬銷苌见醬苉迅鍟苰芨芢苄荁荴莊荊苌邬銷荰荞腛莓苰闏芦苩镋靶

邫苰训銲芵苄芢苩

g

腂

镜艐腀荁荴莊荊苌軐觯蹷镗a 閽诏 靝隽 躯躚鞦 醍趇 轁詷鞦 1遬鎖芽 苨GDP 閽诏靝 隽蹷邔 讳裧 蹷邔 GDP 蹷邔 遬諔詊 钭蹷邔 腩HDI腪 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 莂腛莊荖莃荘 71.1 84.2 63.0 9107 0.77 0.77 0.75 0.765 鏬荁荴莊荊 53.9 84.9 93.0 8908 0.48 0.87 0.75 0.702 荻荣莏荩 41.9 76.4 70.0 6872 0.28 0.74 0.71 0.577 荗莓药荵荅荆 42.9 88.0 65.0 2876 0.30 0.80 0.56 0.554 荋腛荩 56.6 70.3 42.0 1881 0.53 0.61 0.49 0.542 莌荜荧 47.9 82.9 61.0 1854 0.38 0.75 0.49 0.541 荐荪荁 51.3 81.5 51.0 1022 0.44 0.71 0.39 0.514 荊莁莋腛莓 50.0 74.8 43.0 1573 0.42 0.64 0.46 0.506 荒莓荓 51.1 79.5 63.0 727 0.44 0.74 0.33 0.502 荽荟荋荘荊莋 52.2 65.7 44.0 799 0.45 0.59 0.35 0.462 荩荃荗荆莊荁 51.5 62.6 45.0 853 0.44 0.57 0.36 0.455 莂腛莊荞荪荁 51.1 41.6 41.0 1609 0.43 0.41 0.46 0.437 荞莓荕荪荁 51.1 74.7 32.0 501 0.44 0.61 0.27 0.436 荅荋莓荟 43.2 66.1 45.0 1167 0.30 0.59 0.41 0.435 荒莓荓隯軥认顡趑 51.0 60.3 32.0 801 0.43 0.51 0.35 0.429 荕莓荲荁 41.0 77.2 49.0 756 0.27 0.68 0.34 0.427 荒腛荧荗荻莏腛莋 47.8 45.7 38.0 1654 0.38 0.43 0.47 0.426 荚荬荋莋 52.9 36.4 36.0 1419 0.47 0.36 0.44 0.423 荁莓荓莉 45.0 42.0 23.0 3179 0.33 0.36 0.58 0.422 荸荩莓 53.6 39.0 45.0 933 0.48 0.41 0.37 0.420 荋莓荲荁 45.9 35.7 45.0 1580 0.35 0.39 0.46 0.398 荍荪荁 47.1 35.0 28.0 1934 0.37 0.33 0.49 0.397 荽莉荅荂 40.3 59.2 73.0 586 0.26 0.64 0.30 0.397 莋莏莓荟 39.9 65.8 40.0 885 0.25 0.57 0.36 0.395 荽莊 51.2 39.8 28.0 753 0.44 0.36 0.34 0.378 銆覛荁荴莊荊 44.3 45.4 24.0 1166 0.32 0.38 0.41 0.372 荠莃荨 45.5 41.0 31.0 850 0.34 0.38 0.36 0.359 荍荪荁荲荕荅 44.5 37.7 37.0 678 0.33 0.37 0.32 0.339 莂荕莓荲腛荎 39.8 43.2 23.0 861 0.25 0.36 0.36 0.323 荇荠草荳荁 44.1 37.4 27.0 628 0.32 0.34 0.31 0.321 荵莋荌荩荴荀荜 46.1 23.0 23.0 965 0.35 0.23 0.38 0.320 荵莋莓荗 40.6 46.9 19.0 578 0.26 0.37 0.29 0.309 荪荗荆腛莋 44.8 15.3 16.0 753 0.33 0.15 0.34 0.274 荖荇莉莌草荬 38.3 32.0 27.0 448 0.22 0.30 0.25 0.258 腩銍腪腀 HDI苌趂芢辇苉趑苰鑺韱芵芽腂苜芽艐遬鎖芽苨GDP苍PPP镜躦苌US荨莋腂 腩软辊腪腀UNDP腭2001: 142腀144腮.

镜艑腀荁荴莊荊苌軐觯蹷镗s 閽诏靝 隽蹷邔 讳裧 蹷邔 GDP

蹷邔 HDI HPI腀1 indexave HDICV腩1腪 1999 1999 1999 1999 1995/2000 1999 1999 莂腛莊荖莃荘 0.77 0.77 0.75 0.765 11.5 0.763 0.013 荇荠草荳荁 0.32 0.34 0.31 0.321 57.2 0.323 0.04 荠莃荨 0.34 0.38 0.36 0.359 53.1 0.360 0.047 莂腛莊荞荪荁 0.43 0.41 0.46 0.437 47.2 0.433 0.047 荍荪荁荲荕荅 0.33 0.37 0.32 0.339 49.6 0.340 0.064 荒腛荧荗荻莏腛莋 0.38 0.43 0.47 0.426 42.9 0.427 0.087 荋腛荩 0.53 0.61 0.49 0.542 29.1 0.543 0.092 銆覛荁荴莊荊 0.32 0.38 0.41 0.372 46.1 0.370 0.099 荸荩莓 0.48 0.41 0.37 0.420 45.8 0.420 0.108 荚荬荋莋 0.47 0.36 0.44 0.423 45.9 0.423 0.109 荽莊 0.44 0.36 0.34 0.378 47.8 0.380 0.111 荋莓荲荁 0.35 0.39 0.46 0.398 49.6 0.400 0.116 荖荇莉莌草荬 0.22 0.30 0.25 0.258 0.257 0.127 荵莋莓荗 0.26 0.37 0.29 0.309 0.307 0.149 荒莓荓隯軥认顡趑 0.43 0.51 0.35 0.429 40.0 0.430 0.152 莂荕莓荲腛荎 0.25 0.36 0.36 0.323 48.3 0.323 0.161 荍荪荁 0.37 0.33 0.49 0.397 0.397 0.171 荊莁莋腛莓 0.42 0.64 0.46 0.506 31.1 0.507 0.189 荩荃荗荆莊荁 0.44 0.57 0.36 0.455 36.1 0.457 0.190 荵莋荌荩荴荀荜 0.35 0.23 0.38 0.320 0.320 0.203 荽荟荋荘荊莋 0.45 0.59 0.35 0.462 38.6 0.463 0.213 鏬荁荴莊荊 0.48 0.87 0.75 0.702 18.7 0.700 0.232 荁莓荓莉 0.33 0.36 0.58 0.422 0.423 0.264 荐荪荁 0.44 0.71 0.39 0.514 31.8 0.513 0.274 荅荋莓荟 0.30 0.59 0.41 0.435 41.0 0.433 0.274 莌荜荧 0.38 0.75 0.49 0.541 25.8 0.540 0.287 荞莓荕荪荁 0.44 0.61 0.27 0.436 32.4 0.440 0.316 荪荗荆腛莋 0.33 0.15 0.34 0.274 63.6 0.273 0.320 莋莏莓荟 0.25 0.57 0.36 0.395 44.2 0.393 0.336 荒莓荓 0.44 0.74 0.33 0.502 30.7 0.503 0.345 荻荣莏荩 0.28 0.74 0.71 0.577 0.577 0.364 荗莓药荵荅荆 0.30 0.80 0.56 0.554 36.2 0.553 0.369 荕莓荲荁 0.27 0.68 0.34 0.427 40.0 0.430 0.419 荽莉荅荂 0.26 0.64 0.30 0.397 43.4 0.400 0.428 腩銍腪腀indexave 苍HDI苌赜邬蹷镗苌閽诏腃HDICV腩1腪苍HDI苌赜邬蹷邔苌闏鎮豗邔腃HPI腀1苍遬 諔镮趢蹷邔苰裓隡芷苩腂HDICV腩1腪苌辬芳芢辇苉趑苰鑺韱芵芽腂HPI腀1苍1995鑎芩苧2000鑎苜 苅苌詥趑鎝豶苰苠苆苉芵苄跬邬芳苪苄芢苩腂 腩软辊腪腀UNDP腭2001: 142腀144腃149腀151腮.

苅芠苨腃苆芭苉HIV/AIDS苍轤釥苈迡詑苉苈苁苄芢苩腂HIV/AIDS苌誴郵鞦

苍荻荣莏荩苅趂芭腃芻苌苙芩苉鏬閔荁荴莊荊辔趑

腩荘莏荗莉莓荨腃荗莓药荵荅荆腃 莌荜荧腃荕莓荲荁腃鏬荁荴莊荊腃荩荾荲荁腃荽莉荅荂腪

芪趂芢腂苜芽誴郵軒邔

苅苝苩苆荇荠草荳荁腃荩荃荗荆莊荁苠醽芭苈苁苄芢苩

腩閽雬腭2002: 166腀171腮腪

腂

腀花苌苦芤苈費迳苰赬鞶芷苩苆腃遬諔詊钭苆镮趢跭貸芪腃讷芢裓隡苅苌 荸荃

荖荢荎腅荱莅腛荽莓腅荪腛荙苌轛醫芾芯苅苈芭腃銷諺鍉苈邬銷苖苆貋苑苂芯

苧 苪 苩 苦 芤 苈 闢 誮 鍉 苈 邭 跴 芪 镋 靶 苆 芳 苪 苄 芢 苩腂Taylor, Mehrorta and

Delammonica腭1998腮苌閪韞苅苍腃

腅荻荣莏荩腜腜豯跏邬銷苍趂芢芪镮趢跭貸苌鎞鉂鍸苍鋡芭腃芵芩芵軐觯詊

钭苌邅辀苍趂芢腂

腅荗莓药荵荅荆腜腜豯跏邬銷苍鋡芭腃镮趢跭貸苌鎞鉂鍸苍鋡芢芪軐觯詊钭

苌邅辀苍趂芢腂

腅莂腛莊荖莃荘腜腜豯跏邬銷苍趂芭腃镮趢跭貸苌鎞鉂鍸苠趂芭腃軐觯詊钭

苠趂芢腂

苆苈苁苄芢苩腂花苪裈詏苌荁荴莊荊辔趑苍苇苌裪苂苌閪雬苅苠苦芢軀郑苍躦

芵苄芢苈芢腃苆Taylor, Mehrorta, and Delammonica腭1998腮苅苍镝覿芳苪苄

芢苩腂镜艐腃镜艑苌蹷镗苰苝苩苆腃鎞鉂鍸苌趂芢莂腛莊荖莃荘苍GDP蹷邔腃

貒赎蹷邔腃讳裧蹷邔苌鎞鉂鍸芪0.75酏賣苅诏鎙苉趂芢鎞鉂鍸苰躦芵苄芢苩腂

花苪苉野芵苄鏬荁荴莊荊腃荻荣莏荩苍貒赎蹷邔芪鋡芢花苆芪閪芩苩腂芻苪裈

詏苉苍荽莉荅荂苢莋莏莓荟苌苦芤苉讳裧蹷邔芾芯芪铤該鍉趂芭腃蹣苨苌閪雬

苍鎞鉂鍸芪鋡芢趑腃芨苦苑芷苗苄苌蹷邔芪鋡芢趑苉閪韞苅芫苩腂躟苉Taylor,

Mehrorta and Delammonica腭1998腮苌覼郠苰貟鎢芷苩芽苟苉镜艐腃镜艑苅

HDI苌赜邬蹷邔苌闏鎮豗邔苰讁苟苄腃邬銷腅讳裧腅貒赎邅辀苌药莉莓荘苰苝

苩苆腃 HDI芪趂芭闏鎮豗邔苠鋡芢趑苆芵苄莂腛莊荖莃荘腃 HDI芪趂芭苄闏鎮

豗邔芪釥芫芢趑苍荗莓药荵荅荆腃荻荣莏荩腃鏬荁荴莊荊腃荐荪荁腃荽莉荅荂腃

HDI苠闏鎮豗邔苠鋡芢趑苆芵苄荇荠草荳荁芪芠芰苧苪苩腂

腀遬諔詊钭苌鎞鉂鍸苍詩趷苌邥邳苆芢芤醤雊苉苠鑺鞶芵苈芯苪苎苈苧苈芢腂

荁荴莊荊苌讳裧閁譹苉邫闊腃鉮裦闊腃鑎韮闊苅詩趷芪釥芫芢花苆芪蹷鍅芳苪

苄芢苩

腩Colclough and Al腀Samarrai腭2000腮腃Al腀Samarrai and Reily腭2000腮苈苇腪

腂

镜艒苍荁荴莊荊辔趑苌讳裧蹷镗苰諮苉芵苄 荗荆莓荟腛詩趷苰苝芽苠苌苅芠苩腂

遬鍉躑陻苍邻醢识镩靁软苌轤靶苈靶裶苆苝苩花苆芪醽芢芪腃花苌镜苅苍

Wood and Mayer腭2001: 380腮苅邻醢识靁软苌荖荆荁芪铤該鍉鋡芢趑苰苆苨

芠芰芽腂醽貾質軐觯苌苈芩苅躯躚鞦苈苇苰苇苌苦芤苉鋨譠芷苩苌芩腃苍鏯芵

芢離釨苅芠苩芪腃花花苅苍覽苧芩苌貾質苰鏇苝辑芫苅芫苩花苆苉銍雚芵苄苝

苩腂花苌苈芩苅鉪辗苌躯躚鞦苌詩趷苰銲邮芵芽閽鎙鎙覿躯躚鞦

腩酏轱苌j躮腪

苆軀跛苌躯躚鞦苌趷

腩镳閽鎙鍸腪

苅讳裧苌镳閽鎙鍸苰苝苄芢苩腂花苌蹷镗苅

镜艒腀荁荴莊荊苌讳裧蹷镗 閽诏讳裧 鑎邔 He He H H 1腀He/H 1腀He/H 腩1980腪 腩1980腪 腩1995腪 腩1980腪 腩1995腪 腩1980腪 腩1995腪 荪荗荆腛莋 0.6 0.045 0.099 0.081 0.135 0.450 0.265 荽莊 0.5 0.117 0.306 0.137 0.323 0.149 0.052 荸荩莓 1.1 0.145 0.265 0.179 0.317 0.194 0.162 荖荆莉莌草荬 1.6 0.132 0.258 0.191 0.316 0.309 0.183 荚荬荋莋 2.2 0.172 0.299 0.214 0.329 0.196 0.091 莂荕莓荲腛荎 0.8 0.188 0.320 0.277 0.385 0.322 0.167 荵莋莓荗 腜 0.229 0.404 0.280 0.425 0.182 0.049 荩荃荗荆莊荁 0.292 0.550 0.331 0.565 0.119 0.027 荽莉荅荂 2.7 0.377 0.522 0.449 0.563 0.160 0.072 荞莓荕荪荁 2.7 0.445 0.679 0.494 0.695 0.100 0.023 荐荪荁 3.4 0.536 0.764 0.570 0.773 0.059 0.011 荻荣莏荩 3.1 0.575 0.725 0.575 0.726 0.001 0.001 荗莓药荵荇 2.1 0.791 0.896 0.796 0.898 0.006 0.002

腩銍腪腀閽诏讳裧鑎邔腩15跎裈迣遬賻腪苍苠苆苠苆苍Barro, Robert J. and Jong腀Wha Lee, “International Data on Educational Attainment: Updates and Implications,” NBER Working Paper 7911, Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2000苌讳裧鑎邔苉苦苩芪腃花花苅苍 UNDP腭2001: 54腀55腮 苌 邔 鉬 苰 鞘 靰 芵 芽腂He 苍 鉪 辗 苌 詩 趷 苰 銲 邮 芵 芽 躯 躚 鞦 苰 躦 芵

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苅 a = 2 苆郝鋨芵芽腂H苍軀跛苌躯躚鞦腂1 −

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苍镳閽鎙鍸 苰躦芷腂

腩软辊腪腀UNDP/World Bank, African Development Indicators 1992, 1998/99, UNESCO, Statistical

苝芽讳裧苌镳閽鎙苍酓铊鍉苉鋡覺芵苄芢苩芪腃苜芾釥芫苈趷芪芠苩趑苠芠苩腂

艑腄遬鍉鎊躑苆豯跏邬銷

腀Collier and Gunning腭

1999: 100腀101腮苍荁荴莊荊豯跏苌鋡邬銷苌貴裶苰軐

觯躑陻苌貇鑀腃趂芢莊荘荎腃邶蹙閨蹳迪苌詊闺鍸苌鋡芳腃镮軣苈賶认荔腛荲

荘苉讁苟苄芢苩腂苜芽讳裧苍鑟识邶蹙苉苍赶貣苅芫芸腃苜芽邻醢识苌邶蹙邫

苉苠賸觊苰苠芽苈芩苁芽苆钻鉦芵苄芢苩腂花苌花苆芩苧Collier and Gunning

腭

1999腮苍 遬鍉躑陻苰邬銷苌邧雱苉芠芰苩花苆苉苍铛鋨鍉苅芠苩腂花苪苉野

芵苄腃荁荴莊荊苌靶酦閊醶苰豶蹚芵芽Wood and Mayer腭2001腮苍腃见赈鍸

苌鋡芢裪躟蹙镩靁软苉荁荴莊荊芪裋醶芵苄芢苩貴裶苰遬鍉躑貹苌諳辭邫苉讁

苟腃花苌述貏芪芠苩芩芬苨腃荁荴莊荊苍邻醢识镩靁软苦苨苍躩酒躑貹苰誈靰

芵芽靁软赜醢苉轝苁苄钭鍗芷苩闻芪靌鞘苅芠苩腃苆赬芦苄芢苩腂

腀花苌苦芤苉腃 遬鍉躑陻苰邬銷苌邧雱苆苝苈芢Collier and Gunning腭1999腮苆腃

邻醢识镩靁软苌邧雱苆苝苩Wood and Mayer腭2001腮苆苅苍腃荁荴莊荊苌遬

鍉鎊躑苌镝覿苍閪芩苪苄芢苩腂芵芩芵腃花花苅銍雚芵芽芢苌苍腃苞芵苫荁荴

莊荊苌離釨苍腃讳裧苆芢芤豠苰苆苁芽遬鍉鎊躑苆邬銷苆苌顁論芪軣芢苆芢芤

花苆苅芠苩腂軀还貤讆苅苍腃 讳裧鎊躑苌軻襶鞦苌貋觊苍芳苜芴苜苅芠苩芪腃

讳裧鎊躑苌賸觊苰詷韍苅豶醪芵腃辊鎾苉野芵苄邳苌賸觊苰苠苂花苆苰闱趐芵

芽貤讆苠醶距芷苩

腩芽苆芦苎Knight and Sabot腭1987腮腃Jolliffe腭1998腮腃Nielsen and Westergård腀Nielsen腭2001腮苈苇腪

腂苜芽Collier and Gunning腭1999: 81腮苠腃

賂遬苌鑜韍苰 軐觯鍉鑜韍苉貋苑苂芯苩述貏苆芵苄芳苜芴苜苈莁荊荪荙莀苰鋊

芶苄 軐觯躑陻

腩social capital腪

苉苦苩軐觯鍉詷轋苌轤靶邫苠蹷鍅芵苄芨苨腃軐

觯鍉詷轋苉赶貣芷苩芽苟苌 遬鍉鎊躑芪铛鋨芳苪苄芢苩苭芯苅苍苈芢腂花苪苧

苌花苆苍腃讳裧苢闛貒苉野芷苩鎊躑苌裓譠苰铛鋨芷苩苌苅苍苈芭腃花苪苧苉

苦苁苄豠邬芳苪苄芫芽遬鍉躑陻芪苦苨邶蹙鍉苉誈靰苅芫苩諂讫苌邮铵苌镋靶

邫苰躦芷苠苌苅芠苩

腩鎯芶苦芤苈離釨鍟苰Bennell腭2002: 1187腀1189腮苠蹷鍅芵 苄芢苩腪

腂邶蹙誈鎮苉貋苑苂芭 遬鍉躑陻苍詷赚讳裧芾芯苉苦苁苄豠邬芳苪苩

苭芯苅苍苈芢芵腃 遬鍉鎊躑苰邬銷苉貋苑苂芯苩述貏腃苆芭苉賙靰腃諩识酧遄腃

譚轰迮闱芪钺苭苈芯苪苎苈苧苈芢苌苅芠苩腂镜艓苍Psacharopoulos腭1994腮

苉苜苆苟苧苪芽荁荴莊荊辔趑苌 讳裧鎊躑苌軻襶鞦苰躦芵芽苠苌苅芠苩腂

Psacharopoulos腭1994腮苍讳裧苌荶莍荴荀荃莋苉覞芶芽軻鏼論邔苰讁苟苄腃

芻苌辊鎾費距覿鉬苰铯靰苆鎙芵芭芷苩誄裸鞦苰讁苟苩闻陀苆腃軻鏼苰讳裧鑎

邔苢賂遬醮邫苉觱譁芳芹苄芻苌豗邔芩苧軻襶鞦苰讁苟苩闻陀苰蹧苁芽郦赳貤

讆苰轗苟芽苠苌苅芠苩

腩Psacharopoulos腭1994: 1325腀1326腮腪

腂花苌镜苉苜苆苟

苧苪芽邔鉬苰苝苩芩芬苨腃荁荴莊荊苉芨芢苄讳裧苌軻襶鞦芪苆芭苉鋡芢苭芯

苅苍苈芢腂苜芽腃躄鍉軻襶鞦芪軐觯鍉軻襶鞦苰迣觱苁苄芢苩腂花苪苧苌花苆

苍讳裧苆軐觯苌邶蹙邫購迣苌顁論芪軣芢芩腃芠苩芢苍讳裧苌賸鞦邫苢躿芪鋡

芢芽苟苅苍苈芢芩苆蹶苭苪苩腂

腀遬諔詊钭苖苌鎊躑苍腃芻苪芪閟躃苌軀費苉銼郚貋苑苂芭芽苟苉腃賸鞦邫苢

镜艓腀荁荴莊荊辔趑苌讳裧鎊躑苌軻襶鞦 腩膓腪 鑎 軐觯鍉軻襶鞦 躄鍉軻襶鞦腀 辉鎙 銆鎙 趂鎙 辉鎙 銆鎙 趂鎙 荻荣莏荩 1983 42.0 41.0 15.0 99.0 76.0 38.0 荇荠草荳荁 1972 20.3 18.7 9.7 35.0 22.8 27.4 荋腛荩 1967 18.0 13.0 16.5 24.5 17.0 37.0 荒腛荧荗荻莏腛莋 1984 25.7 30.7 25.1 荐荪荁 1980 10.0 16.0 莌荜荧 1980 10.7 18.6 10.2 15.5 26.7 36.5 荽莉荅荂 1982 14.7 15.2 11.5 15.7 16.8 46.6 荩荃荗荆莊荁 1966 23.0 12.8 17.0 30.0 14.0 34.0 荚荬荋莋 1985 23.0 8.9 33.7 21.3 荖荇莉莌草荬 1971 20.0 22.0 9.5 鏬荁荴莊荊 1980 22.1 17.7 11.8 荞莓荕荪荁 1982 5.0 荅荋莓荟 1965 66.0 28.6 12.0 荕莓荲荁 1983 5.7 19.2 荗莓药荵荅荆 1987 11.2 47.6 腼4.3 16.6 48.5 5.1

酓里鍉苈詊钭邭跴苆苌論顁芪轜閪苉赬鞶芳苪苈芢观鑜邫芪芠苩腂讳裧苢闛貒

苖苌軐觯鍉靶讁芪譽貃苉趂苜苁芽苨腃躑诠芪軐觯荚荎荞腛苉靄郦鑺閪芳苪芽

苨芷苩迪趇芪芻苪苅芠苩腂荁荴莊荊苌苈芩苉苍荗莓药荵荅荆苌苦芤苉譽醬苉

詷赚讳裧芪邮铵芳苪芽趑芪芠苩腂花苌鑷豩苉苍鏆鞧賣腃芻苪苜苅轮韻顊鎭芩

苧鑲辜芳苪苄芫芽趕遬酷苌辊鎾邅辀苰裸芫迣芰苩芽苟苉詷赚讳裧苌閁譹芪邭

镻苌跅轤靶觛釨苉苈苁苄芫芽苆芢芤躖迮芪芠苩

腩閽雬腭1999: 71腮腪

腂荻荣莏荩

苌迪趇苉苍赺识

腩苆芭苉荟荃荁莂莓荨腪

軻鏼苰貳苉芵苄邭镻芪軐觯蹸软

腩苆芭 苉讳裧苆闛貒腪

苉鎊躑苅芫芽苆芢芤鏁軪躖迮芪靌鞘苉鎭芢苄芢芽

腩Duncan, Jefferis and Molutsi腭1998: 116腮苌蹷鍅苉諮苃芭腪

腂鏬荁荗荁苆荁荴莊荊苌讳裧

蹸软苰铤該閪郍芵芽Colclough and Al腀Samarrai腭2000: 1929腮芪蹷鍅芵苄芢

苩苦芤苉腃酓铊鍉苉苝苄荁荴莊荊苅苍詷韮遬賻苌铤轤芪苜芾釥芫芭腃苜芽讳

裧苌鉐裊铯靰苠趂芭腃賶认閔雥苌閉鉓苰釥芫芭芵苄芫芽苆芢芦苩腂

腀遬諔詊钭苰闢誮芷苩詊钭邭跴苆芢芤離釨苉苂芢苄腃荗莓药荵荅荆苌軐觯詊

钭苌豯貱苰閪郍芵芽Loewenson and Chisvo腭1998: 198腮苍荗莓药荵荅荆苌讳

裧腅闛貒苉野芷苩鎊躑芪醼苌邶蹙靶酦

腩遍靰苢躑陻腃鍹鉮腃芻苌醼苌鎊躑躑貹腪

苉苦苁苄蹸覇芳苪苈芩苁芽芽苟苉腃詊钭苌芽苟苌豯跏莂荦莋苆苈苩苉鍋芵芽

軀郑苰躦芵苄芢苈芢腃苆蹷鍅芵苄芢苩腂

腀赈识钭鍗苉苦苁苄諺釒芳苪苩苌苍賙靰酮软賸觊苅芠苩芪腃花苌迪趇苉苍諩

识誈鎮苌醣適芪轤靶苅芠苩腂芽苆芦苎James腭1999: 797腀798腮苍顊鎭轗雱鍉

苈譚轰苌豠邬苉苍辬譋雍赈迪苌談鞝苰钺芤苌苅腃酧遄鑜韍苢諩识軒鑜韍芪靶

讁芳苪苩苆赬芦腃花苌苦芤苈鑜韍芪镳醫芵苄芢苩花苆苉荁荴莊荊豯跏苌離釨

鍟苰苝苄芢苩腂Tomich et al.腭1995: 196腀201腮苍顊鎭轗雱鍉苈邶蹙譚轰豠邬

苌闻陀苆芵苄腃諹醶苌躑陻郝铵苉顊鎭鎊鏼苰醝苢芷豠腃芨苦苑铱郪雥覻

腩despecialization腃諹醶苌邶蹙赈鋶苉閔镩酧苝鞧苄苈苇苌赈鋶苰鋇见芵苄铱轮韻顊 鎭軒苉苦苩軨跬识苌蹤躖苰靰裓芷苩花苆腪

苆芢芤豠苰芠芰苄芢苩芪腃芢芸苪苌

迪趇苉苠腃諩识軒誈鎮苌諮铕芪镋靶苈花苆苰蹷鍅芵苄芢苩腂苜芽荗莓药荵荅荆

苌邻醢识苰閪郍芵芽閽雬腭1999: 64腀67腮芪賙靰譺軻韍苌苈芢醕鉵蹙识芪醽芢

花苆苰蹷鍅芵苄芢苩花苆腃苜芽荞莓荕荪荁邻醢识苌鎊躑鞦苆邶蹙邫苌論豗苰

閪郍芵芽Devarajan, Easterly and Pack腭

2001: 105腮芪角鎭鞦苌鋡芳腃譚鑜轃

鎾苉芨芯苩譺軻鑜韍苆芢芤靶裶苌闻苰轤靶苈邧雱苆芵苄蹷鍅芵苄芢苩苌苠腃

花芤芵芽離釨苌辊距苰躦芵苄芢苩腂花苌苦芤苈諩识誈鎮苰醣適芷苩花苆苍腃

遬鍉躑貹苌轛軀芾芯苉苆苇苜苩花苆苍苅芫苈芢腂芽苆芦苎Pack and Paxson

腭

2001: 69腀71腮苍邢詅询赳苌荶莍荏莉莀苉苦苁苄轗苟芽諩识闊荦腛荞

腩荐荪 荁苆荗莓药荵荅荆苍1993鑎腃荋腛荩苍1992鑎腪

苰蹧苁苄腃諩识苌铯靰論邔苰還

鋨芵腃豯襣軒苌讳裧邅辀苅苝芽譚鑜苍靌裓苅苈芩苁芽苆芢芤貋觊苰闱趐芵苄

芢苩芪腃花苪苰觰軟芵苄Pack and Paxson腭2001腮苍諩识芪遖芵芢譚轰譀觯

苉豢苜苪苈芢花苆腃諩识芪趑跛讣醈苢趑鏠蹳迪苅苌讣醈芩苧詵鞣芳苪苄芢苄腃

譚鑜芪铱邶蹙鍉苉芵芩鞘靰芳苪苄芢苈芢花苆苰蹷鍅芵苄芢苩腂豯襣鑜韍苰讳

裧邅辀苅釣靰芷苩苌苍離釨芪蹣苩芪腃遬鍉躑陻芪邬銷苉貋苑苂芭述貏苰觰难

芷苩花苆芪讁苟苧苪苄芢苩腂

腀Adelman腭1979膁1995a腮芪躦芵芽钭鍗荰荞腛莓苌芤芿腃 靁软蹷購赈识覻

苉苦苩賙靰酮软苰鉂邬芵芽苌苍莂腛莊荖莃荘苅芠苩腂 镜艐腃镜艑苅苠莂腛莊

荖莃荘苍軐觯蹷镗苉芨芢苄趂芢鎞鉂鍸苰躦芵芽芪腃花苌趑苍鍔豞鍉苈靁软蹷

購赈识覻苉邬賷芵芽趑苅芠苨腃裟閞蹙识

腩趑跛蹙识閪韞ISIC Revision 2 苌322腪

苌賙靰譺軻韍芪釥芫芢花苆芪鏁銥苅芠苩

腩閽雬腭2002: 67腀74腮腪

腂莂腛莊荖莃

荘苌赈识覻苉苍蹳迪蹵購苌邭跴腃鎊躑苉野芷苩荃莓荚莓荥荂荵苆芢芤邭跴苆

遬鍉躑陻豠邬苌趂芢鎞鉂鍸苆芢芤靶裶芪轤靶苅芠苁芽芪腃芵芩芵腃芻苪芪軀

跛苌赈识譚轰苌購迣苉貋苑苂芭苉苍鎊躑誈鎮腃邶蹙誈鎮腃芻芵苄莊莓荐腛荗

豠邬苆芢芤躟貳苅苌諩识鍷韍芪郏苝轤苋苧苪苄芫芽花苆苉銍雚芷苗芫苅芠苩

腩花苌閔閪苍莂腛莊荖莃荘苌裟閞邻醢识苌譚轰鑜韍苰銲趸芵芽Wignaraja腭2002: 90腮苉諮苃芭腪

腂

腀鑟识钭鍗苌迪趇苉苍譚轰譀觯苌詧釥芪镋靶苅芠苫芤腂芽苆芦苎荋腛荩苉芨

芢苄詷韍苌视豶辊鎾苖苌賸觊苰閪郍芵芽Jolliffe腭1998腮苍醍辊鎾苆铱鑟视辊

鎾苉野芵苄詷韍芪賸觊苰苠苂苆芢芤貋觊苰闱趐芵苄芢苩腂芵芩芵腃Jolliffe

腭1998腮苌貋觊苅鑟视辊鎾苉野芷苩賸觊苍貟还芳苪苈芩苁芽腂花苌鞝青苰

Glewe腭2002: 470腮苍荋腛荩鑟识苌譚轰闏覻苌陒芵芳苉讁苟苄芢苩腂Foster

and Rosenzweig腭

1996腮苈苇芪酺鋨芷苩苦芤苉腃遬鍉躑陻苌閪镺苆譚轰適闠

苉醊賝裋醶論豗芪芠苩苆芫苉腃 遬鍉躑陻苌詩趷芪轫辬芵腃譚轰邅辀芪購迣芵

苄芢芭荐腛荘芪躝醱观鑜苈 遬諔詊钭苌荰荞腛莓苆赬芦苧苪苩

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豠邬苅芠苩腂Wood and Mayer腭

2001: 390腮苍陦裕苉芨芯苩铤該靄裊苰鏁鋨

苌靶裶

腩芽苆芦苎鋡鋀诠腪

苉譁銅芳芹苩苌苅苍苈芭腃譚鑜苢鍹鉮苈苇苌醊野

覿詩苰醍趇鍉苉赬鞶芷苩花苆苰训銲芵芽腂芻苌貋觊腃荁荴莊荊苌陦裕苉苆苁

苄轤靶苈花苆苍靁软赜邬苅苍苈芭腃靁软苌韊苰詧釥芳芹苩花苆苅芠苩苆軥銣

芷苩腂花苪苍鑟识邶蹙躩里苌醝见苰靶邿芷苩苠苌苅芠苩腂閽雬腭

2001腮

腭

2002腮

苍腃邶蹙邫苌鋡芢鑟识

腩苆芭苉趒閨腪

苆賙靰譺軻韍苌鋡芢邻醢识苉荁荴莊荊

苌鋡邬銷苌諮陻離釨苰販芢芾芵苄芢苩腂遬賻苌釥閔閪苰闸芦苩鍠鎝鍉苈鑟识

閔雥苉鎊躑芷苩花苆腃諂讫述貏苰趎閞苅芫苩鑟识譚轰苰詊钭腅閁譹芳芹苄鑟

识邶蹙邫苰迣辸芳芹苩花苆腃賙靰譺軻韍苌芠苩邻醢识苰豠邬芷苩花苆苰闀赳

芵苄軀費芵苄芢芭苉苍腃 鑟识苆赈识苌莊莓荐腛荗苰豠邬芷苩花苆芪镋靶苉苈

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腂赜醢銲邮覺苌荔荵荔荮莉腅荁荴

莊荊苉遖芵芢钭鍗荰荞腛莓苆芵苄荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅荚荎荞腛苌誈钭苈誈鎮苰

苆苨芠芰芽Wuyts腭2001: 435腮苍腃荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅荚荎荞腛芪顊鎭轗雱鍉

苈誈鎮苰銆道苉芵苄芢苩芩芬苨腃芻苪芪躝醱观鑜苈钭鍗苆苈苩苉苍遈韆苰諜

苟芽鋀诠跠苌鋡覿詩苅苌讟讋芪镋靶苅芠苨腃芻苌芽苟苉镋靶苈酛鉵苆芵苄遈

韆邶蹙閔雥苌邶蹙邫購迣腃芻苌芽苟苌 鑟识苆赈识苌莊莓荐腛荗豠邬苰训銲芵

苄芢苩腂酓铊鍉苉苝苩苆荁荴莊荊苌邻醢识苌邬銷鞦苆GDP苌邬銷鞦芪裡苁

芽鎮芫苰躦芷花苆苠醽芭腃花苌花苆苰閽雬腭2002: 58腀59腮苍 邻醢识芪腵铲

苑鉮腶

腩enclave腪

苆芢芤邫詩苰苠苁苄芢苩花苆苰躦芷苠苌苆觰軟芵苄芢苩腂

銆趑苢药莓荏莉荦荖莅苈苇苉铤苗芽苆芫苌荁荴莊荊苌邻醢识苌铤該靄裊苉苂

芢苄Wood and Mayer腭2001: 390腮苌苦芤苉達轤苈販觰苠芠苩花苆苰赬鞶芷

苩苆腃賙靰譺軻韍苌芠苩邻醢识豠邬苌芽苟苉苍趑鏠蹙识苆苌 莊莓荐腛荗苰適

苟苩花苆芪靌賸苅芠苩苆蹶苭苪苩腂花苌苦芤苈躋鍟芩苧Wangwe腭1991: 288

腀289腮苍遬賻苌釥閔閪苰部苟苩辬鑟苉野芷苩鎊躑苰赳苁苄邶蹙邫苰裸芫迣芰

苩花苆苰训銲芵苄芢苩芪腃芻苌苈芩苅苍鑟醺赈识腃鑟醺苅苌鑟误苆鑟识譀詂

苌轃鞝苆邻醢腃鑟蹙閨见赈蹙识腃鑟醺苌賰鋊荖荘荥莀苌邮铵腃鑟隯苉野芷苩

荃莓荚莓荥荂荵跠苆苈苩跠苌邶蹙苈苇苰諜苞邭跴荰荢荐腛荗芪镋靶苅芠苩苆

轱苗苄芢苩腂遬鍉鎊躑苠花苌苦芤苈邭跴苰躋雬苉鏼苪苈芪苧適苟苧苪苩花苆

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识钭鍗苉苦苁苄閪鑺苌觼酐苢邶誈邅辀苌購迣苰遽苫芤苆芵苄芫芽腂芵芩芵腃

遬鍉鎊躑芪豯跏邬銷苉貋苑苂芭芩苇芤芩苆芢芤離釨苍腃芻苪苰軀費芷苩賶认

邭跴苌靌賸邫腃遬鍉鎊躑苌軻襶苉裋醶芷苩腂 遬鍉躑陻苌軻襶苍腃 遬鍉躑陻苰

轗雱鍉苉誈靰芷苩跠腅荔腛荲荘腃芻芵苄譚轰適闠苉裋醶芷苩腂荁荴莊荊苅費

距適苟苧苪苄芢苩 軐觯詊钭腃 遬諔詊钭苠腃芻苪苰闢誮芷苩邬銷邭跴芪芠苁苄腃

苦苨靌賸邫苌趂芢苠苌苉苈苩苆蹶苭苪苩腂镮趢苢镳閽鎙苰苟芮苩荾荎莍鍉苈

貤讆芪郏苝轤苋苧苪苄芫苄芢苩芪腃花苪苧苌邬觊芪荽荎莍豯跏苌邬銷苆苇苌

苦芤苈論豗苉芠苩芩苰腃苆芭苉邭跴苌顧酧苝苆論顁芳芹苄顟芶芽苠苌苍芻苪

苙苇醽芭苈芢腂陻迍苍芻苌苦芤苈躎苝苌裪苂苅芠苩腂

腫镴譌腬腀陻迍苌裪閔苍趑跛詊钭詷觯釦艒觱鏁闊貤讆轗觯腩2002 鑎艕貎 29鏺腃隼 賃覮釥詷釥詷襀趑跛詊钭貤讆览腪苉芨芢苄腵躝醱鍉苈豯跏邬銷苆遬諔詊钭苌钭 鍗荰荞腛莓苉苂芢苄腶苆芢芤荞荃荧莋苅闱趐芳苪苜芵芽腂芻花苅苌跀銷腩譥鉮 讞蹱郦邶腱鋃鍣轭釥詷腲腪腃鎢顟軒腩郄鎡郧赇郦邶腱鏺陻閟躃釥詷腲腪腃芨苦苑蹑 见軒苌闻腘芩苧譍轤苈荒莁莓荧苰芢芽芾芢芽花苆苉野芵苄腃道芩苧賤韧遜芵迣 芰苜芷腂苜芽腵遖荁荴莊荊豯跏顟腶貤讆觯苌蹑见軒芩苧苠靌襶苈荒莁莓荧苰芢 芽芾芫苜芵芽花苆苉野芵苄賤韧遜芵迣芰苜芷腂苈芨腃陻迍苌鏠靥苍镍軒苌郓鑃 苉諮苃芭苠苌苅芠苨腃賫苨苈苇芪芠苪苎芲蹷鍅芢芽芾芯苪苎赋芢苅芷腂

腫銍腬腜腜腜腜腜腜腜腜腜腜腜腜腜腜腜 a腀鎊躑躑貹苉邧雱芪芠苩迪趇苉腃苇苌躑貹苉靄郦芵苄鎊躑芷苩苌芩腃苆芢芤離 釨苰闯誇鍉苉赬芦苩苉苍腃邶蹙苢迁铯苉芨芯苩躑貹苌釣釖邫苰赬鞶芵苈芯苪苎 苈 苧 苈 芢腂 釣 釖 观 鑜 邫 苆 芢 芤 詔 鑏 苍Gerschenkron腭1962腮腃Adelman and Morris腭1997腮苈苇苉苦苁苄训銲芳苪芽苠苌苅芠苨腃镳醫芵苄芢苩躑貹苰醼苌 躑貹苅釣釖芵腃镳誮酓苈邧鍸苰醼苌邧鍸苅釣釖芷苩花苆苅詊钭苌酏鋱述貏苰豠 邬芷苩花苆苅芠苩腂苇苌苦芤苈邧鍸苢躑貹苅芠苁苄苠腃芻苌諔苉苍覽苧芩苌釣 釖观鑜邫芪芠苩花苆芪醽芢腂芵芩芵腃軀跛苉苍釣釖观鑜邫苉苍賀詅芪芠苨腃鏁 鋨苌躑貹苌镳醫芪钭鍗苌邧雱苉苈苩芩苠芵苪苈芢腂 s腀賂遬苌遬鍉躑陻芪鉮裦苌賶认跠腩 軐觯躑陻腪苆苈苁苄邬銷苉赶貣芷苩苆芢芤 荁荃荦荂荁苠Benabou腭1996腮苈苇苉苦苁苄鞝顟鍉苉貤讆芳苪苄芢苩腂芻花苅 苌諜裓苍腃遬鍉躑陻苌閽鎙苆賸鞦邫苍腃芻苪苆 軐觯躑陻苆苌論豗苉苦苁苄貈苜 苨腃郦貱鍉苉苍貈苜苧苈芢腃苆芢芤花苆苅芠苩腂軀还貤讆苅苠腃芽苆芦苎豯跏 钭鍗苰邢詅蹪鍉躋鍟芩苧赬蹀芵芽Landes腭1998: 164腮苍莈腛莍荢荰芪蹙识覻 苉 郦 赳 苅 芫 芽 鞝 青 苰腵 詋 酷 覻 芳 苪 芽 躯 躚 軐 觯 苆 閁 闕 鍉 躯 躚 軐 觯 苌 裡 芢 腶 腩difference between hieratically literate and generally literate societies腪苉讁苟 苄芢苩腂芵芩芵腃Thomas et al.腭2000: 206腀214腮苍遬鍉躑陻苌镳閽鎙鍸苌邬銷 苉野芷苩賸觊苰軀还鍉苉貟鎢芵苄芢苩芪腃芻苌賸觊芪貟还芳苪苄芢苩苭芯苅苍 苈芢腂花苌鞝青苌裪苂苍賂遬苌鑜韍苆軐觯苌邶蹙邫苆苌論豗苰鏁鋨覻芵苈芩苁 芽鍟苉芠苩苆蹶苭苪苩腂

d腀African Development Bank腭1998: 171腀173腮芪辉鎙讳裧腃苆芭苉躯躚鞦苌購 迣苰鋊芶苄邭躡蹑见苢貾顟誈鎮苉苦苩蹳隯軐觯苌豠邬腃AIDS野跴苰諜苟芽貒 赎邅辀苌觼酐跴苰训銲芵苄芢苩苌苍腃花苌苦芤苈赬芦闻苉覈苁芽苠苌苅芠苩腂 f腀Dasgupta腭2000腮苍遖芵芢鉭躯苢覿鉬諏苉野芵苄詊闺鍉苈軐觯芪邬銷芷苩 苆芢芤覼郠苰运觮芵苄芢苩腩Dasgupta腭2000: 669腮腪腂 g腀钭鍗荰荞腛莓苌苦苨銷諺鍉苈躝醱观鑜邫苍軐觯鍉腃豯跏鍉苈醤雊芾芯苅苈芭腃 諂 讫 鍉 醤 雊 苠 躋 雬 苉 鏼 苪 苈 芯 苪 苎 苈 苧 苈 芢腂 芽 苆 芦 苎Dasugpta腭2000: 643腀689腮苍1970鑎芩苧1993鑎苌諺諔苰野进苉荃莓荨腃荬荰腛莋腃荰荌荘荞莓腃 銆趑腃荔荵荔荮莉腅荁荴莊荊苉苂芢苄諂讫躑貹苌醹躸蹷镗苌闏覻苰艐遬鎖芽苨 GNP苢HDI苌闏覻苆铤該芵芽貋觊腃銆趑裈詏苌趑苅苍艐遬鎖芽苨GNP苢HDI苌 迣辸芪諂讫躑貹苌醹躸苰赬鞶苉鏼苪苄芢苈芢花苆苰蹷鍅芵腃花苌芽苟HDI芾芯 苉苦苁苄钭鍗苌镝覿苰芷苩花苆苉野芵苄豸趐苰芵苄芢苩腂 h腀譚轰適闠苌諺釒苅芫苈芢諂讫苅苍遬鍉躑陻苌豠邬苠醣適芳苪苈芢花苆苉苈苩 苆芢芤覼郠苍腃荁荴莊荊苉芨芯苩鑟识譚轰詶遖苌貇鑀苆讳裧鎊躑苌鋡軻襶鞦苰 論顁芳芹芽Pritchett腭2001: 386腮苌譣顟苈苇芪釣镜鍉苈苠苌苅芠苩腂镮趢跭貸 苉芨芯苩鑟识譚轰苌雰誄苰CGE莂荦莋苰蹧苁苄闯誇鍉苉貟鎢芵芽苠苌苉de Janvry and Sadulet腭2002腮芪芠苩腂荞莓荕荪荁苅苠釥詷莌荸莋苅苌貤讆鑜韍

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