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著者 中野 涼子

著者別表示 Nakano Ryoko

雑誌名 金沢法学

巻 60

号 2

ページ 109‑122

発行年 2018‑03‑01

URL http://doi.org/10.24517/00050366

͉̲͛ͅ

ࠉᅜ㝿㛵ಀㄽࡸᅜ㝿ᶵᵓㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᅜ㝿㐃ྜᩍ⫱⛉Ꮫᩥ໬ᶵ㛵࣭ࣘࢿࢫࢥ࡟

㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡣᛮ࠸ࡢ࡯࠿ᑡ࡞࠸¹ࠋࡑࡢ୺࡞⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࠕㅖᅜẸࡢᩍ⫱ࠊ⛉

Ꮫࠊᩥ໬ࡢ༠ຊ࡜஺ὶࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊᅜ㝿ᖹ࿴࡜ே㢮ࡢ⚟♴ࡢಁ㐍ࠖࢆ⌮ᛕ࡜ࡋ࡚

ᥖࡆࡿࣘࢿࢫࢥࡢάືࡣࠊᏳ඲ಖ㞀ࡸ㛤Ⓨ࡞࡝ࢆᢅ࠺ᅜ㐃ࡢ௚ࡢᶵ㛵࡜ẚ࡭

࡚ࠊᅜ㝿⛛ᗎࡸேࠎࡢ⏕Ṛ࡟ࡑࢀ࡯࡝ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡞࠸Ⅼࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ

ࣘࢿࢫࢥࡢᑓ㛛ⓗᶒጾ࡟ᑐࡍࡿಙ㢗ᗘࡀẚ㍑ⓗ㧗ࡃࠊᨻ἞ⓗ୰❧࡛࠶ࡿ࡜᝿ᐃ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ୍ᅉ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ2015ᖺ࡟ࠕ༡ி⹢ẅᩥ᭩ࠖࡀࣘࢿࢫ ࢥࡢࠕୡ⏺ࡢグ᠈୍ࠖぴ࡟Ⓩ㘓ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࠊࡑࡢ㑇⏘஦ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᨻ἞ᛶࡀ᪥ᮏ

࡛኱ࡁࡃྲྀࡾୖࡆࡽࢀࡓ²ࠋࡲࡓࠊࠕ᫂἞᪥ᮏࡢ⏘ᴗ㠉࿨㑇⏘ࠖࡀୡ⏺㑇⏘࡟Ⓩ

㘓ࡉࢀࡓᚋࠊࡇࡢ㑇⏘࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿ➃ᓥ㸦㌷Ⰴᓥ㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ປാࢆᙉ࠸ࡽࢀࡓᮅ 㩭ேࠕᚩ⏝ᕤࠖࡢグ᠈ࡢࡉࢀ᪉ࡶࠊ㡑ᅜᅜෆ࡛ၥ㢟࡟ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢㄽத ࡣࠊṔྐㄆ㆑ၥ㢟ࡀእ஺ၥ㢟࡬࡜Ⓨᒎࡍࡿᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔ᅜ㝿ᨻ἞ࡢሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࣘ

ࢿࢫࢥ㑇⏘஦ᴗࡀᙜึࡢ┠ⓗ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿᙺ๭ࢆᣢࡕጞࡵࡓ≧ἣࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ

ࡀࠊᐇࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ㑇⏘஦ᴗ࡟ࡣᨻ἞ᛶࡀᖖ࡟௜╔ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊ୺ᶒᅜ ᐙ࠿ࡽᡂࡿᅜ㝿♫఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ௨ୖࠊࣘࢿࢫࢥࡢ㑇⏘஦ᴗࡶࡑࢀࢆྲྀࡾ

ᕳࡃᅜ㝿ᨻ἞࡟ᙳ㡪ࡉࢀࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࠉࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊࣘࢿࢫࢥࡢ㑇⏘஦ᴗࢆᅜ㝿㛵ಀㄽࡢ㆟ㄽࡢ㐳ୖ࡟㍕ࡏࡿࡓ 1ࠉ ౛እ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ᭱ୖಇᶞࠗࣘࢿࢫࢥࡢ༴ᶵ࡜ୡ⏺⛛ᗎ࠘㸦ᮾ◊ฟ∧ࠊ1987ᖺ㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ 2ࠉ ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊࠕ༡ி⹢ẅᩥ᭩ࠖࡢⓏ㘓┤ᚋ࡟᪥ᮏᨻᗓࡀࣘࢿࢫࢥࢆᢈุࡋࡓ௚ࠊ⥲ྜ㞧ㄅ

ࠗୡ⏺࠘ࡀࣘࢿࢫࢥ㑇⏘஦ᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㰓ㄯࢆ௻⏬ࡋࠊࡲࡓࠊࠗṇㄽ࠘ࡀࣘࢿࢫࢥࢆᢈ

ุࡍࡿグ஦ࢆᩘᮏᥖ㍕ࡋࡓࠋ

ξΥΑ΋֒ॲমުͅࡉͥܰํ͈

έͻȜΡΨΛ·ȆσȜί

୰ࠉ㔝ࠉᾴࠉᏊ

ࡵࡢヨㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ♫఍Ꮫࢆ※ὶ࡜ࡍࡿࢥࣥࢫࢺࣛࢡࢸ࢕ࣅࢬ࣒㸦ᵓᡂ୺⩏㸧ࡢ つ⠊ศᯒᯟ⤌ࡳࢆ㐺⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊࣘࢿࢫࢥ㑇⏘஦ᴗࡢᣑ኱࡜ࡑࡇ࡟ෆᅾࡍࡿᨻ἞ᛶ

ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋᅜ㝿㛵ಀㄽࡢ୰࡛ࡶつ⠊ศᯒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡣࠊᅜ㝿♫఍ࡢほ ᛕⓗせ⣲࡛࠶ࡿつ⠊ࡢᙺ๭࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᅜ㝿ᵓ㐀࡜ࡑࢀࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿ࢔ࢡ ࢱ࣮࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆືⓗ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡿⅬࢆ≉ᚩ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢศᯒ᪉ἲࡣࠊேᶒࡸ⣮தண 㜵ࠊᖹ࿴ᵓ⠏࡞࡝ࡢศ㔝࡛Ⓨᒎࡋࡓࡀࠊࣘࢿࢫࢥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓ㑇⏘つ⠊

̿ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᑓ㛛ᐙ㞟ᅋ࡟ࡼࡿᑂᰝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓ㑇⏘ࡇࡑࡀࠕ㢧ⴭ࡛ᬑ 㐢ⓗ࡞౯್ࠖࢆ᭷ࡍࡿୡ⏺㑇⏘࡛࠶ࡿ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜ࡍࡿつ⠊̿ࡀᅜ㝿♫఍࡟ఏ᧛ࡍ

ࡿ㐣⛬ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿୖ࡛ࡶ᭷⏝࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣ≉࡟ࠊ᮲⣙࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᡂ❧ࡋࡓࣘ

ࢿࢫࢥࡢ஧ࡘࡢ㑇⏘஦ᴗ㸦ୡ⏺㑇⏘࡜↓ᙧᩥ໬㑇⏘³㸧ࡀⓎ㊊ࡍࡿࡲ࡛ࡢ㐨⛬࡟

╔┠ࡋࠊ㑇⏘࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ࡞つ⠊ࡀ࠸࠿࡟ྍኚⓗ࡛ᨻ἞ᛶࢆక࠺ࡶࡢ

࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ

ࠉᵓᡂࡣ௨ୗࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨୍⠇࡛ࡣࠊ」㞧࡞つ⠊ࡢఏ᧛࡜ಟṇࡢ࣓࢝ࢽ ࢬ࣒ࢆ⣣ゎࡃࡓࡵ࡟ࠊつ⠊࡟㛵ࡍࡿඛ⾜◊✲࡟ゐࢀ࡞ࡀࡽࠊⴭ⪅ࡀඹⴭㄽᩥ࡟

࠾࠸࡚ᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࠕつ⠊ࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࣝࣉࠖㄽࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋ➨஧⠇࡛

ࡣࠊࣘࢿࢫࢥࡢୡ⏺㑇⏘࡟ຍ࠼࡚᪂ࡓ࡟↓ᙧᩥ໬㑇⏘ࡢ஦ᴗࢆⓎ㊊ࡍࡿ࡟⮳ࡗ ࡓ⤒⦋ࢆࠊ㑇⏘つ⠊࡟╔┠ࡋ࡚ศᯒࡍࡿࠋ

ల1୯ȁܰํഥ෥͂ਘୃ͈ι΃ΣΒθ

ࠉ෭ᡓࡢ⤊ࢃࡾ࡜ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬ࡢ㐍ᒎ࡟క࠸ࠊேᶒࠊ⎔ቃࠊᏳ඲ಖ㞀࡞࡝ࡢศ 㔝࡛ᅜ㝿ⓗ࡟ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓつ⠊ࡢⓎᒎ࡜ࡑࡢຠᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࢥࣥࢫࢺ

ࣛࢡࢸ࢕ࣅࢬ࣒ࡢ◊✲ࡀࠊᅜ㝿㛵ಀㄽࡢ୰୍࡛ᐃ⛬ᗘࡢ⵳✚ࢆぢࡓࠋࡑࡢ୰࡛

ࡶࠊࢥࣥࢫࢺࣛࢡࢸ࢕ࣅࢬ࣒ࡢࠕ➨୍ୡ௦⁴ࠖ࡟ࡼࡿつ⠊ఏ᧛ࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊつ⠊ࡢ

3ࠉ ࣘࢿࢫࢥ࡟ࡣ➨୕ࡢ㑇⏘஦ᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕୡ⏺ࡢグ᠈ࠖࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡀࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣ⣬ᖜࡢ㛵 ಀୖࠊྲྀࡾᢅࢃ࡞࠸ࠋ

4ࠉ ࢥࣥࢫࢺࣛࢡࢸ࢕ࣅࢬ࣒ࡢࠕ➨୍ୡ௦ࠖࠕ➨஧ୡ௦ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ศ㢮࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ௨ୗࢆཧ

↷ࡋࡓࠋJeffrey S. Lantis, ͆Theories of International Norm Contestation: Structure and Outcomes,͇ Oxford Research Encyclopedias of Politics, 2017 (online). Thorsten Bonacker, et al.

ᣑᩓ㐣⛬࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕつ⠊㉳ᴗᐙࠖ㸦つ⠊ࢆసࡾฟࡍே㸧ࡢᙺ๭ࡸつ⠊ࢆཷᐜࡍ

ࡿഃࡢࠕ♫఍໬ࠖ࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊつ⠊ఏ᧛ࢆࢺࢵࣉࢲ࢘ࣥࡢ୍┤⥺ᆺ࡜ࡋ࡚

ᤊ࠼ࡿഴྥ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊࣇ࢕ࣥࣔ࢔࡜ࢩࢵ࢟ࣥࢡ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊつ⠊ࡀᅜ 㝿♫఍඲యࡢ኱ከᩘࡢᵓᡂဨ࡟ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࡲ࡛ࡢ㐣⛬㸦ࣛ࢖ࣇࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ㸧ࡣࠊ ㄌ⏕ࠊఏ᧛ࠊෆ㠃໬࡜࠸࠺୕ࡘࡢẁ㝵࡟ศࡅࡽࢀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢศᒱⅬ࡟╔┠ࡍࡿ

ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᅜ㝿つ⠊ࡢఏ᧛࡜ࡑࡢຠᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿ⁵ࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊつ⠊

ࡢࠕࣈ࣮࣓ࣛࣥຠᯝࠖࡸᅜෆᨻ἞せᅉࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓࠕࢫࣃ࢖࣭ࣛࣝࣔࢹࣝࠖࡣࠊ

࠶ࡿつ⠊ࡀᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ᅜ㐃࡞࡝ࡢሙ࡛ㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚ࡶࠊ┤ࡕ࡟ୡ⏺ྛᆅ

࡛ᒚ⾜ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸Ⅼࢆ♧ࡍ⁶ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢࣔࢹࣝࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶࠊつ⠊

ࢆཷᐜࡍࡿഃࡢ✚ᴟⓗᙺ๭ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊつ⠊ࡢኚᐜࢆྵ

ࡴ」㞧࡞㐣⛬ࢆໟᣓⓗ࡟⌮ゎࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ᪉ἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㝈⏺ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

ࠉࡇࡢၥ㢟࡟ᑐฎࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࡢࡀࠊつ⠊࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢぢ┤ࡋࠊ෌ホ౯ࠊㄽதࡢ 㐣⛬࡟㔜Ⅼࢆ⨨ࡃࠕ➨஧ୡ௦ࠖࡢࢥࣥࢫࢺࣛࢡࢸ࢕ࣅࢬ࣒࡟ࡼࡿつ⠊ఏ᧛ࡢ◊

✲࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ࢔ࢳࣕࣜ࢔ࡣࠊつ⠊ࡢ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣝ໬࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆᥦ♧ࡋࠊ

≉࡟㠀すḢᆅᇦࡢ஦౛ࢆ࡜࠾ࡋ࡚つ⠊ཷᐜ⪅ࡇࡑࡀ⌧ᆅࡢᐇ᝟ࡸ♫఍࣭ᩥ໬つ

⠊࡟ྜࢃࡏ࡚ᅜ㝿つ⠊ࢆཷᐜ࣭ኚᐜ࣭ᣄ⤯ࡍࡿᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋࡓ⁷ࠋ つ⠊ࡀᆅᇦ࡟ᐃ╔ࡍࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡣࠊᙳ㡪ຊࡢ࠶ࡿᅋయ࣭ಶேࡀつ⠊ࡢཷᐜ࡟ດ

ࡵࡿ࠿ྰ࠿࡟㛵ࢃࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ࢔ࢳࣕࣜ࢔⮬㌟ࡀ୺ᙇࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣝ໬࡜

࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡢ୰᰾࡟ࡣつ⠊ࢆཷᐜࡍࡿഃ࡬ࡢどⅬࡀᤣ࠼ࡽࢀࠊእ㒊࠿ࡽࡢつ⠊࡟

Localization in Development Aid: How Global Institutions Enter Local Lifeworlds (London:

Routledge, 2016), pp. 4-5.

5ࠉ Martha Finnmore and Kathryn Sikkink, ͆International Norm Dynamics and Political Change,͇

International Organization, 52:4 (1998), pp. 887-917.

6ࠉ Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998). Thomas Risse, et al. The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

7ࠉ Amitav Acharya, ͆How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism,͇ International Organization, 58:2 (2004), p. 245.

ᑐࡋ࡚ᆅᇦ࣭ᅜෆ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ཯ᛂࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࡀศᯒࡢ୺࡞ᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ࣮࣭ࣟ࢝ࣝ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡀつ⠊ཷᐜ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚఩⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࢢࣟ

࣮ࣂ࣭࣮ࣝࣟ࢝ࣝ㛫ࡢືⓗ㛵ಀᛶࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ

ࠉࡇࡢၥ㢟Ⅼࢆ⿵࠺ศᯒᯟ⤌ࡳࡀࠊᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞つ⠊ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆ⾲ࡍᯟ⤌

ࡳ࡛࠶ࡿつ⠊ࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࣝࣉ࡛࠶ࡿ⁸ࠋಶࠎࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ㸦ฟ ຊ㸧ࡣࠊつ⠊ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆసࡾୖࡆ࡚࠸ࡿᅜᐙ୺యࠊ㠀ᅜᐙ୺యࠊ♫఍㐠ືࠊつ

⠊㉳ᴗᐙ࡞࡝ከ᪉ྥ࠿ࡽ୚࠼ࡽࢀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡀつ⠊ࡢⓎᒎࠊᚋ㏥ࠊ೵ࢆಁࡍࡼ

࠺࡞᪂ࡓ࡞ධຊࢆᣢ⥆ⓗ࡟⾜࠺㐣⛬ࢆసࡾฟࡍࠋ᪂ࡓ࡟ධຊࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࡣ⵳✚

ࡉࢀࠊ࠶ࡿฟ᮶஦ࡀⓎ➃࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢつ⠊ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆኚᐜࡉࡏࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ

ᣢࡘࠋఱࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ኚ໬ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࠿ࢆ♧ࡍᅉᯝ㛵ಀࡣࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶ⤫୍ⓗ࡟

つᐃࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ኱ࡁ࡞ฟ᮶஦ࡀ୍ษᙳ㡪ࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊᑠࡉ࡞

ฟ᮶஦ࡀ㌿᥮Ⅼࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࠊࢩࢫࢸ࣒඲యࢆഴࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋつ⠊ࡢࣇ࢕࣮

ࢻࣂࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࣝࣉࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡣࠊࡑࡢᚋ࡟ಟṇࡉࢀࡓつ⠊ࡀ࣮࣭ࣟ࢝ࣝࣞ࣋ࣝ࠿

ࡽࢢ࣮ࣟࣂ࣭ࣝࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟ᡠࡉࢀࡿ㐣⛬࡟ὀ┠ࡋ࡚࢔ࢳࣕࣜ࢔ࡀ♧ࡋࡓࠕつ⠊ࡢ ᚠ⎔ࠖㄝ⁹ࡼࡾࡶࠊつ⠊ఏ᧛ࡢ」㞧ᛶࡸつ⠊ࡀᖖ࡟ྍኚⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟㔜Ⅼࢆ

⨨࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࠉつ⠊ࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡣࠊ⫯ᐃⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡶ࠶ࢀࡤྰᐃⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ⫯ᐃ

ⓗ࡞ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ࡜ࡣࠊᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿつ⠊ࢆᙉ໬࣭ᣑ኱ࡉࡏ࡚ࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢつ⠊ࢩ ࢫࢸ࣒ࢆኚᐜࡉࡏࡿຠᯝࢆᣢࡘࠋࡇࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡣࠊ㏻ᖖࠊ㌿ᶵࡸⓎ➃࡜

࡞ࡿฟ᮶஦࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚つ⠊ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢኚ

໬ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊྰᐃⓗ࡞ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ࡜ࡣࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢつ⠊ࢩࢫ ࢸ࣒ࡀືᦂࡍࡿࡢࢆ㜵ࡈ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞つ⠊ࢆ᏶඲

࡟ᣄ⤯ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᚲࡎࡋࡶព࿡ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞つ⠊ࡢ㔜ᚰࢆ௚ࡢ࣋ࢡ

8ࠉ Jochen Prantl and Ryoko Nakano, ͆Global Norm Diffusion in East Asia: How China and Japan Implement the Responsibility to Protect,͇ International Relations, 25:2 (2011), pp. 204-223.

9ࠉ Amitav Acharya, ͆The Responsibility to Protect and a Theory of Norm Circulation,͇ in Ramesh Thakur and William Maley, eds. Theorising the Responsibility to Protect (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), pp. 59-77.

ࢺࣝ࡟㐓ࡽࡍࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢつ⠊ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟ㄪ࿴ࡉࡏࡿࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊᑐ❧ࢆᅇ 㑊ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ᪉ࡀከ࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡀከࡅࢀࡤ ከ࠸࡯࡝ࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢつ⠊ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣ⥔ᣢࡉࢀࡿࠋ

ࠉ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊつ⠊ఏ᧛ࡣࠊ෌᳨ウࠊ෌ホ౯࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣㄽத࡞࡝ࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂ

ࢵࢡ࡟ᕥྑࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊ」㞧࡛ྍኚⓗ࡞࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶

ࡿࠋࡑࡢ㐣⛬ࡣࠊᅜ㝿ࠊᆅᇦࠊᅜෆࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࠊ⫯ᐃⓗ࣭ྰᐃⓗ࡞ධ ຊࢆྵࡴࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࣝࣉ࡟ぢࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ

ల2୯ȁξΥΑ΋͈֒ॲܰํ̷͈͂་ယȝȶଲٮ֒ॲȷ̥ͣȶྫࠁ໲ا֒ॲȷ

́͘

ࠉ๓⠇࡛⤂௓ࡋࡓつ⠊ࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࣝࣉࡣࠊࣘࢿࢫࢥ㑇⏘஦ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅ

ࡿ㑇⏘つ⠊ࡢఏ᧛࡜ኚᐜࢆศᯒࡍࡿୖ࡛࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟᭷⏝࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡇࡇ࡛

ࡣࠊࣘࢿࢫࢥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ≉ᐃࡢ㑇⏘つ⠊ࡢ⏕ᡂࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࠊࡑࢀࡀఏ᧛ࡍࡿ࡜ྠ᫬

࡟ࠊࡑࢀࡢつ⠊࡟ᑐࡍࡿᆅᇦ࣭ᅜᐙࣞ࣋ࣝࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ࡟ࡼࡾࠊࠕୡ⏺㑇

⏘ࠖ࠿ࡽࠕ↓ᙧᩥ໬㑇⏘ࠖ࡬࡜஦ᴗࡀᣑ኱ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋ

ξΥΑ΋̤̫ͥ֒ͅॲܰํ͈୆଼

ࠉ㑇⏘ࡣࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ࠊඹྠయ࡜῝ࡃ⤖ࡧࡘࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ≉ᐃࡢᩥ໬≀࣭⮬↛

≀ࢆ㑇⏘࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆࡵࠊಖᏑ࣭ಖ඲࡟ບࡴࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ㑇⏘ࡣேࠎ࡟ඹྠయ࡬ࡢᖐᒓ ព㆑ࢆ┠ぬࡵࡉࡏࠊࡲࡓࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព㆑ࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿࠋ㑇⏘࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࢆ౑⏝

ࡍࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࡣ࡜ࡶ࠿ࡃࠊ㐣ཤ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࡶࡢࢆᮍ᮶࡟ṧࡋ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺࡜ࡍࡿே㛫ࡢ Ⴀࡳࡣࠊከ࠿ࢀᑡ࡞࠿ࢀࠊ࡝ࡢඹྠయ࡟ࡶᏑᅾࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㏆௦௨㝆ࠊ୺ᶒ ᅜᐙࡀ㑇⏘ࡢᢸ࠸ᡭ࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓩሙࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࠕᅜẸࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚఩⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿேࠎࡢ

ᩥ໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿᑓ㛛ᐙࢆ㣴ᡂࡋࠊ⮬ᅜ࡟࠶ࡿ㐣ཤࡢ㑇≀ࢆಖ඲࣭ಖᏑࠊ୍⯡බ㛤 ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᅜẸඹ㏻ࡢ࢔࢖ࢹࣥࢸ࢕ࢸ࢕ࢆᙧᡂ࣭ᙉ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ຊࡀὀࡀࢀ

ࡓࠋ㑇⏘ࡣࠊከẸ᪘࣭ከᩥ໬ᅜᐙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅜẸ⤫୍ࡢᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡶࡢ

ࡶ࠶ࢀࡤࠊ㏫࡟ࠊ୍㒊ࡢᅜẸࢆ᤼㝖ࡋ࡚ࠊẸ᪘⣮தࡸே✀ᕪูࢆຓ㛗ࡉࡏࡿࡇ

࡜ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

ࠉࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ1972ᖺ࡟Ⓨ㊊ࡋࡓࣘࢿࢫࢥࡢࠕୡ⏺㑇⏘ࠖࡣࠊே㢮ඹ㏻ࡢ㑇⏘ࢆ

Ᏺࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺᪂ࡓ࡞⌮ᛕࢆ᥎㐍ࡋࡓࠋே㢮ඹ㏻࡜࠸࠺ㄆ㆑ࡣࠊ

ே✀࣭ᅜᐙ࣭࢚ࢫࢽࢩࢸ࢕࡞࡝࡟ศ᩿ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ேࠎࡢඹྠయព㆑ࢆୡ⏺඲య࡟

ࡲ࡛ᣑ኱ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ೧኱࡞㑇㊧ࡸᘓ⠏≀ࡢಖㆤ࣭ಖ඲ࡀࣘࢿࢫࢥࡢ⟶㎄

ෆ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞㈐௵ࢆᅜᐙ࡟㈇ࢃࡏࡿࡔ ࡅ࡛ࡣ୙༑ศ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡟௚࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ1960ᖺ௦࡟ࠊࢼ࢖ࣝᕝ ὶᇦ࡟࢔ࢫ࣭࣡ࣥࣁ࢖࣭ࢲ࣒ᘓタ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࢾࣅ࢔㑇㊧ࡢỈἐࡀᠱᛕࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࠊ

࢚ࢪࣉࢺ࣭ࢫ࣮ࢲࣥ୧ᨻᗓࡀࣘࢿࢫࢥ࡟ᩆ῭ࢆせㄳࡋࠊࡑࢀࢆᏲࡿࡓࡵࡢᩆ῭

࣮࢟ࣕࣥ࣌ࣥࡀ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࢆᶵ࡟ࠊ➨஧ᅇṔྐグᛕ ᘓ㐀≀㛵ಀᘓ⠏ᐙᢏ⾡⪅ᅜ㝿఍㆟࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕグᛕᘓ㐀≀࠾ࡼࡧ㑇㊧ࡢಖ඲࡜ಟ

᚟ࡢࡓࡵࡢᅜ㝿᠇❶㸦ࣦ࢙ࢽࢫ᠇❶㸧ࠖ㸦1964ᖺ㸧ࡀ᥇ᢥࡉࢀࠊᩥ໬㑇⏘ಖᏑ ศ㔝ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࡸᑓ㛛ᅋయ࠿ࡽᡂࡿᅜ㝿グᛕ≀㑇㊧఍㆟㸦࢖ࢥࣔࢫ㸧ࡀࣘࢿࢫࢥ ࡢᨭ᥼ࢆཷࡅ࡚⊂❧ᶵ㛵࡜ࡋ࡚タ❧ࡉࢀࡓࠋ௚᪉ࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ࣍࣡࢖ࢺࣁ࢘ࢫ ᅜ㝿༠ຊ༠㆟఍⮬↛㈨※ጤဨ఍ࡢാࡁ࠿ࡅ࡛ࠊ⮬↛ཬࡧኳ↛㈨※ࡢಖ඲࡟㛵ࡍ

ࡿᅜ㝿ྠ┕㸦ᅜ㝿⮬↛ಖㆤ㐃ྜ㸧ࡀࠊඃࢀࡓ⮬↛ࢆ㑇⏘࡜ࡋ࡚ಖ඲ࡍࡿᅜ㝿ⓗ

ᯟ⤌ࡳࠕୡ⏺㑇⏘ࢺࣛࢫࢺࠖࡢタ❧ࢆᅜ㐃ࡢሙ࡛ᥦ᱌ࡋࡓࠋ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࠊࡇࡢ஧

ࡘࡢືࡁࡀ⼥ྜࡍࡿᙧ࡛ࠊ1972ᖺ࡟ࠕୡ⏺ࡢᩥ໬㑇⏘ཬࡧ⮬↛㑇⏘ࡢಖㆤ࡟

㛵ࡍࡿ᮲⣙㸦ୡ⏺㑇⏘᮲⣙㸧ࠖࡀ᥇ᢥࡉࢀࡓࠋ

ࠉᑓ㛛ᐙ㞟ᅋ࡟ࡼࡿᑂᰝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓ㑇⏘ࡇࡑࡀࠊࠕ㢧ⴭ࡞ᬑ㐢ⓗ౯

್ࠖࢆ᭷ࡍࡿୡ⏺㑇⏘࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺つ⠊ࡀసࡾୖࡆࡽࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡛࠶

ࡿࠋே㢮ࡀඹ᭷ࡍࡿ㑇⏘ࢆ᫂♧ࡍࡿࠕୡ⏺㑇⏘ࣜࢫࢺࠖ࡬ࡢ᥎⸀᱌௳ࡢㄪᰝ࡜

஦๓ᑂᰝࡣࠊ⮬↛㑇⏘࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᅜ㝿⮬↛ಖㆤ㐃ྜࠊᩥ໬㑇⏘࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ࢖ࢥ

ࣔࢫࡀㅎၥᶵ㛵࡜ࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ௵࡟࠶ࡓࡾࠊࣘࢿࢫࢥࡢᨻᗓ㛫ጤဨ఍㸦ࠕୡ⏺㑇⏘

ጤဨ఍ࠖ㸧࡟່࿌ࡍࡿࠋⓏ㘓࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞Ỵᐃᶵ㛵ࡣᨻᗓ㛫ጤဨ఍࡛࠶ࡿ

ࡓࡵࠊ᫬࡟ࡣㅎၥᶵ㛵ࡢ່࿌࡟཯ࡍࡿᙧ࡛Ⓩ㘓ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ኱᪉ ࡢሙྜࠊᑓ㛛ᐙ㞟ᅋࡢỴᐃࡀᑛ㔜ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢᑓ㛛ᐙ㞟ᅋࡣࠊ኱ᅜࡢ฼┈ࢆ௦

⾲ࡋ࡚⾜ືࡍࡿእ஺ᐁ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ❧ሙ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊୡ⏺㑇⏘஦ᴗࡢ୰❧ᛶ

࡜ṇᙜᛶࡀ☜ಖࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࠋ

ࠉࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᙜ᫬ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙ㞟ᅋࡢ⪃࠼ࡿ㑇⏘ࡢつᐃࡣࠊࡶࡗࡥࡽ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃᇶ‽

࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ࢖ࢥࣔࢫ࡟ᒓࡍࡿᑓ㛛ᐙ࣭ᑓ㛛ᶵ㛵ࡢከࡃࡀ࣮ࣚࣟ

ࢵࣃࢆ୰ᚰ࡟άືࡋࠊᩥ໬㑇⏘࡜࠸࠼ࡤ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢᘓ⠏ᩥ໬࡞࡝ࡀ᝿ᐃࡉࢀ

ࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕ㢧ⴭ࡞ᬑ㐢ⓗ౯್ࠖࢆᣢࡘ㑇⏘࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࡓࡵࡢせ௳

࡛࠶ࡿࠕ┿ṇᛶࠖࡢᴫᛕࡶࠊᙧ≧ࡸᮦ㉁࡞࡝ࡀ࢜ࣜࢪࢼ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࢆၥ࠺

ࡇ࡜ࡀᛕ㢌࡟⨨࠿ࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊ㢼໬ࡍࡿᩥ໬㈈ࡸཱྀᢎఏ⤫࡞࡝ࡣᚲ↛ⓗ࡟

㍍どࡉࢀࡿࠋࣂ࣮ࣥ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ㑇⏘ࡢಖ඲࣭ಖᏑ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ⪃࠼᪉

ࡸ㧗ᗘ࡞ᢏ⾡࣭▱㆑ࡀᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚㠀࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃᆅᇦ࡟ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡓ᳜

Ẹᆅ᫬௦ࡢྡṧࡣࠊ࢖ࢥࣔࢫ࡟ࡶぢࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ¹⁰ࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ≀⌮ⓗຊ࡜࠸

ࡗࡓ┠࡟ぢ࠼ࡿᙧ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㑇⏘࡟㛵ࡍࡿࠕᶒጾ໬ࡉࢀࡓゝㄝࠖࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡋ࡚

సࡽࢀࡿᩥ໬ⓗ࣊ࢤࣔࢽ࣮ࢆ཯ᫎࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ¹¹ࠋ

֒ॲܰํ͈އࣣ͂ਘୃ

ࠉୡ⏺㑇⏘ࡀ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃᇶ‽ࡢ㑇⏘ㄆ㆑ࢆᣢࡘᑓ㛛ᐙ㞟ᅋࡢᶒጾࡢࡶ࡜࡟ᡂ❧

ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࢀࡤࠊ1980ᖺ௦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃㅖᅜࡀ᥎⸀ࡋࡓ᱌௳

ࡀୡ⏺㑇⏘ࣜࢫࢺࡢ኱ໃࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ㦫ࡃ࡟㊊ࡾ࡞࠸ࠋ☜࠿࡟ࠊ࣮ࣚࣟ

ࢵࣃࡢእ࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿᅜࠎࡀⓏ㘓ࡢ᮲௳࡟㐺ྜࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟᥎⸀᭩ࢆ‽ഛࡍࡿ⬟ຊ ࡀᙅ࠿ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᇶ‽ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡟೫ྥࡋ

࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶࠊࡸࡣࡾ኱ࡁ࡞୍ᅉ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊ࢔ࢪ࢔ࠊ࢔ࣇࣜ࢝ࠊࣛ

ࢸࣥ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊୡ⏺㑇⏘࡜ࡣ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡀ⮬ࡽࡢᆅᇦ࡟࠶ࡿ㑇⏘࡟ୡ

⏺ⓗ౯್ࢆ௜୚ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ஦ᴗ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺୙‶ࡀ⵳✚ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ¹²ࠋ

10ࠉ Denis Byrne, ͆Western Hegemony in Archaeological Heritage Management,͇ History and Anthropology 5:2 (1991), pp. 269-276.

11ࠉ Laurajane Smith, Uses of Heritage (London and New York: Routledge, 2006).

12ࠉ ᅜᯇ᠇ேࠗࣘࢿࢫࢥࠕ↓ᙧᩥ໬㑇⏘ࠖ̿⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ㑇⏘ࢆṌࡃ࠘㸦ᖹซ♫ࠊ2012ᖺ㸧 142-143㡫ࠋ

㑇⏘ᑂᰝࡢ୰᰾࡟ᑓ㛛ᐙ㞟ᅋࡀᤣ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࡶᣊࢃࡽࡎࠊࡑࡇ࡟ࡣࠊᅜᐙ 㛫ࡢࣃ࣮࣡ࡢ㐪࠸ࡀᩥ໬࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࡇ࡜࡬ࡢ༴᝹ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ

ࠉ㠀すḢㅖᅜ࠿ࡽୡ⏺㑇⏘ࡢつ⠊࡟ᑐࡍࡿᢈุࡣࠊつ⠊ࡢࢿ࢞ࢸ࢕ࣈ࣭ࣇ࢕࣮

ࢻࣂࢵࢡ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࣝࣉࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࢆᙜ࡚

ࡣࡵࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡀ㔜࡞ࡾࠊ⵳✚ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࣘࢿࢫࢥ ࡀࡑࡢᑓ㛛ⓗᶒጾ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ே㢮ඹ㏻ࡢ㑇⏘ࢆ㑅ᐃࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿつ⠊࡟ಟṇࡀ

᪋ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ1990ᖺ௨㝆ࡢືࡁࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊつ⠊ኚᐜࡢዎᶵ࡜ᖐ⤖

ࡀࠊ௨ୗࡢ஧ࡘࡢᙧ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚⾲ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊୡ⏺㑇⏘࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㑇⏘ᴫ ᛕࡢᣑ኱࡜↓ᙧᩥ໬㑇⏘᮲⣙࡜࠸࠺᪂ࡓ࡞᮲⣙ࡢ⥾⤖࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࠉつ⠊ࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡣࠊ➨୍࡟ࠊୡ⏺㑇⏘࡟࠾ࡅࡿᑂᰝᇶ‽࡟ኚ໬ࢆࡶࡓ

ࡽࡋࡓࠋᩥ໬㑇⏘ࢆᘓ⠏≀࡞࡝࡟㝈ࡽ࡞࠸࡜ࡍࡿ⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊ᪤࡟ࠊ1992ᖺ࡟

ࠕୡ⏺㑇⏘᮲⣙ᒚ⾜ࡢࡓࡵࡢసᴗᣦ㔪ࠖࡢᨵゞ࡟ぢࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋඖ᮶ࠊ⮬

↛㑇⏘࡜ᩥ໬㑇⏘ࡣูࠎ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡿഴྥ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊᨵゞࡢ㝿࡟ࠊࡇࢀࡽ஧

ࡘࢆࡲ࡜ࡵ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࠕᩥ໬ⓗᬒほࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡀຍࢃࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢᴫᛕࡣࠊ೧኱

࡞ᘓ㐀≀ࡢ࿘㎶ࢆྵࡵ࡚㑇⏘ࢆࠕⅬ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠕ㠃ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶

ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟⥆ࡁࠊ㑇⏘ᴫᛕࢆࡉࡽ࡟ᣑ኱ࡍࡿዎᶵࡀゼࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊ1993ᖺࡢ᪥

ᮏᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿࠕἲ㝯ᑎᆅᇦࡢ௖ᩍᘓ⠏≀ࠖࡢⓏ㘓᥎⸀࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅜᐆཬࡧ㔜せᩥ

໬㈈࡜ࡋ࡚᪥ᮏே࡟ࡣᗈࡃぶࡋࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿἲ㝯ᑎࡣࠊୡ⏺᭱ྂࡢᮌ㐀ᘓ⠏࡛࠶

ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢ᥎⸀ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿ㐣⛬࡛ࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ᮌᮦࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࡚ಟ᚟ࡋࡓᮌ㐀 ᘓ⠏ࡢሙྜࡣୡ⏺㑇⏘ࡢࠕ┿ṇᛶࠖ࡜࠸࠺᮲௳࡟㐺ྜࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜࠸

࠺ぢゎࡀ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ୍㒊ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙ࠿ࡽฟࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ᥎⸀ࡉࢀࡓ㑇⏘ࡀᮏ᮶ ࡢ౯್ࢆ⥅ᢎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ุ᩿ࡍࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࠉࡑࡇ࡛᪥ᮏࡣࠊ௚ࡢ࢔ࢪ࢔ㅖᅜ࡛ࡶᮌ㐀ᘓ⠏ࡀ኱ໃ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㚷ࡳࠊ㑇⏘

ᴫᛕࡢࠕ┿ṇᛶࠖࢆ෌᳨ウࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠊࣘࢿࢫࢥ࡟ാࡁ࠿ࡅࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ᪥ᮏ ࡢᩥ໬ᗇࡣࠊࣘࢿࢫࢥࠊ࢖ࢥࣔࢫ࡞࡝ࡢᚋ᥼ࢆᚓ࡚ࠊ1994ᖺ࡟ୡ⏺ᩥ໬㑇⏘

ዉⰋࢥࣥࣇ࢓ࣞࣥࢫࢆ㛤ദࡋࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡛⟇ᐃࡉࢀࡓࠕ࣮࢜ࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࢩࢸ࢕㸦┿

ṇᛶ㸧࡟㛵ࡍࡿዉⰋࢻ࣓࢟ࣗࣥࢺ㸦ዉⰋᩥ᭩㸧ࠖ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊᩥ໬㈈ࡀᣢࡘ౯್

࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢホ౯ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᩥ໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚␗࡞ࡿࡓࡵࠊࠕᖐᒓࡍࡿᩥ໬ࡢᩥ⬦

ࡢ୰࡛⪃៖ࡉࢀホ౯ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽࠖ࡞࠸¹³ࠋࡇࢀࡣ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢホ౯ᇶ‽ࢆ

㏥ࡅࡿព࿡࡛⏬ᮇⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊḢ⡿ࡢᩥ໬㈨※ಖㆤࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࡢ୰࡟ࡶࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢ㑇

⏘ᴫᛕ࡟ヱᙜࡋ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࢆྲྀࡾ㎸ࡶ࠺࡜ࡍࡿᐶᐜ࡛▱ⓗ࡞ୡ⏺ᕷẸⓗ࡞ែᗘ 㸦ࢥࢫ࣏ࣔࣜࢱࢽࢬ࣒㸧ࡀᏑᅾࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀᡂຌࡢ୍ᅉ࡛࠶ࡿ¹⁴ࠋᚋ࡟ࡇࡢᩥ᭩

ࡣࠊୡ⏺㑇⏘ࡢసᴗᣦ㔪ࡢ୍㒊࡜ࡋ࡚⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀࠊୡ⏺㑇⏘ጤဨ఍ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟࠾

࠸࡚ࡶᘬ⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࡞࡝ࡋ࡚ࠊ୍ᐃࡢຠຊࢆⓎ᥹ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ¹⁵ࠋ

ࠉࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢᩥ᭩࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㑇⏘つ⠊ࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࣝࣉࡀ᏶⤖ࡋࡓࢃ

ࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋዉⰋᩥ᭩ࡣᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞㑇⏘つ⠊ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ୰ᚰ ᛶࢆᦂࡿࡀࡍᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋࡓ࡟ࡏࡼࠊࡑࢀࢆ᏶඲࡟◚ቯࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡓ

ࡵࠊࡑࡢᚋࡢ࢔ࢪ࢔ྛᆅࡢ఍㆟࡛⟇ᐃࡉࢀࡓ᠇❶ࡸᐉゝ࡛ࡣࠊዉⰋᩥ᭩࡟♧ࡉ

ࢀࡓෆᐜࢆཷࡅ⥅ࡂ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ㑇⏘ಖ඲ࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࢆᬑ㐢ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿ

ࡇ࡜࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᙉ࠸୙‶ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓ¹⁶ࠋ࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࢔ࡢࢡ࣡ࣥࢲࡣࠊ࢔ࢪ࢔࡟

࠾࠸࡚࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ㑇⏘ಖ඲ࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚ᙉ࠸ᙳ㡪ຊࢆࡶࡘࡇ࡜

ࢆᢈุࡋࠊࣘࢿࢫࢥࡸ࢖ࢥࣔࢫࡢᑓ㛛ᐙ㞟ᅋ࡟ᇙࡵ㎸ࡲࢀࡓ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ㑇⏘

ಖ඲࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ࢔ࢪ࢔ࡢఏ⤫࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢⓎᒎࢆッ࠼ࡓ¹⁷ࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜

ࡣࠊ࢖ࢥࣔࢫࡢᑓ㛛ᐙ㞟ᅋࡀୡ⏺㑇⏘ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᚑ᮶ࡢ㑇⏘つ⠊࡟ᑐࡍ

13ࠉ ᪥ᮏ࢖ࢥࣔࢫᅜෆጤဨ఍ࠕ࣮࢜ࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࢩࢸ࢕㸦┿ṇᛶ㸧࡟㛵ࡍࡿዉⰋࢻ࣓࢟ࣗࣥࢺ 㸦ዉⰋᩥ᭩㸧ࠖ1994ᖺࠋhttp://www.japan-icomos.org/charters/nara.pdf

14ࠉ Christoph Brumann, ͆Shifting Tides of World-Making in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention: Cosmopolitanism Colliding,͇ Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37:12 (2014), pp. 2176- 2192.

15ࠉ ዉⰋᩥ᭩ࡣࠊୡ⏺㑇⏘᮲⣙ࡢసᴗᣦ㔪➨79᮲ཬࡧAnnex4࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࠕୡ⏺ᩥ໬㑇⏘

࡜࡞ࡿᘓ⠏≀ࡢ┿ᐇᛶࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿ㝿ࡢᐇົⓗ࡞ᇶ♏ࠖ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

16ࠉ ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊୖᾏ᠇❶㸦2012ᖺ㸧ࠊ࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࢔᠇❶㸦2003ᖺ㸧ࠊࠕ኱࿴ᐉゝࠖ㸦2004 ᖺ㸧ࠊすᏳ⥺※㸦2005ᖺ㸧ࠊ࣍࢖࢔ࣥ㆟ᐃ᭩㸦2009ᖺ㸧࡞࡝ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

17ࠉ Timoticin Kwanda, ͆Western Conservation Theory and the Asian Context: The Different Roots of Conservation,͇ International Conference on Heritage in Asia: Converging Forces and

&RQÀLFWLQJ9DOXHV-DQXDU\

ࡿࢿ࢞ࢸ࢕ࣈ࣭ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡀࠊ⌧ᅾࡶ⥅⥆ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ¹⁸ࠋ≉

࡟ࠊ࢔ࢪ࢔ㅖᅜࡢ⤒῭ⓗⓎᒎ࡟క࠸ࠊ࢔ࢪ࢔ࡢఏ⤫ࡢṇᙜᛶࢆᅜ㝿ⓗ࡟ㄆࡵࡽ

ࢀࡿࡓࡵࡢດຊࡀ㐍ࡵࡤ㐍ࡴ࡯࡝ࠊ㑇⏘つ⠊ࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࣝࣉࡣ」㞧

࡛ྍኚⓗ࡞࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡜࡞ࡿࠋ

ࠉ㑇⏘つ⠊ࡢኚᐜ࡟క࠺➨஧ࡢᖐ⤖ࡣࠊࣘࢿࢫࢥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ↓ᙧᩥ໬㑇⏘ࠖࡢ

Ⓩሙ࡛࠶ࡿ¹⁹ࠋே࠿ࡽே࡬࡜ఏ࠼ࡽࢀࡿఏᢎ≀ࡣࠊඖ᮶ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚

ಖㆤࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࠊࣘࢿࢫࢥ࡛ࡣ఩⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࠕఏ⤫ⓗᩥ໬ཬࡧ Ẹ㛫ఏᢎࡢಖㆤ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ່࿌ࠖ㸦1989ᖺ㸧ࡀᥦฟࡉࢀࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬ࡀ㐍ࡴ෭ ᡓᚋࡢୡ⏺࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊඛఫẸࡢᩥ໬ࡸᆅᇦᩥ໬ࡢಖᏑ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢㄆ㆑ࡀ㧗ࡲࡿ

࡜ࠊ࢔ࢪ࢔ࠊ࢔ࣇࣜ࢝ࠊࣛࢸࣥ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ㅖᅜ࠿ࡽ↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࡢಖㆤࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿ

᮲⣙ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢኌࡀ࠶ࡀࡗࡓ²⁰ࠋࡑࡢኌ࡟ᛂ࠼ࡿᙧ࡛ࠊࣘࢿࢫࢥࡣࡲ

ࡎࠊྛᅜࡢ↓ᙧᩥ໬ಖᣢ⪅ࢆᨭ᥼ࡍࡿࠕே㛫ᅜᐆࠖࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ㸦1993ᖺ㸧

ࢆⓎ㊊ࡉࡏࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣࠊ༟㉺ࡋࡓ↓ᙧᩥ໬ࢆㄆᐃࡍࡿࠕே㢮ࡢཱྀᢎཬࡧ↓ᙧ㑇

⏘࡟㛵ࡍࡿഔసࡢᐉゝࠖ㸦1997ᖺ㸧ࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡓࠋࡇࡢ㐣⛬࡛ࠊཱྀᢎఏ⤫ࡸ↓ᙧ 㑇⏘ࡢಖㆤࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿ᮲⣙ࢆ⟇ᐃࡍࡿ‽ഛࡀࣘࢿࢫࢥࡢᑓ㛛ᐙ఍ྜࡢ୰࡛㐍

ࡳࠊ㆟ㄽࡣ⣮⣕ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊ2003ᖺ࡟ࠕ↓ᙧᩥ໬㑇⏘ࡢಖㆤ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᮲⣙ࠖ

ࡀᡂ❧ࡋࡓ²¹ࠋࡇࡢ᮲⣙࡟ࡼࡾࠊ↓ᙧᩥ໬㑇⏘࡜ࡣࠊ5ࡘࡢศ㔝㸦஺΅࡟ࡼࡿఏ

⤫ཬࡧ⾲⌧ࠊⱁ⬟♫఍ⓗ័⩦ࠊ൤♩ཬࡧ⚍♩⾜஦ࠊ⮬↛ཬࡧ୓≀࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑

ཬࡧ㛫⩦ࠊఏ⤫ᕤⱁᢏ⾡㸧ࢆྵࡴࡇ࡜ࡀᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࠊ4ࡘࡢ㛵㐃ࣜࢫࢺ㸦௦⾲ࣜ

18ࠉ Tim Winter, ͆Beyond Eurocentrism? Heritage Conservation and the Politics of Difference,͇

International Journal of Heritage Studies 20:2 (2014), pp. 123-137.

19ࠉ ࣘࢿࢫࢥࡢ↓ᙧᩥ໬㑇⏘ࡢἢ㠉࣭ᴫせࢆ▱ࡿୖࡢཧ⪃᭩࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ୐ᾏࡺࡳᏊࠗ↓ᙧᩥ

໬㑇⏘࡜ࡣఱ࠿࠘㸦ᙬὶ♫ࠊ2012ᖺ㸧ࠋ

20ࠉ Noriko Aikawa-Faure, ͆From the Proclamation of Masterpieces to the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage,͇ in Laurajane Smith and Natsuko Akagawa, eds.

Intangible Heritage (London and New York: Routledge, 2009), pp. 13-44.

21ࠉ ↓ᙧᩥ໬㑇⏘࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡢ⣮⣕ࢆ᭱ࡶ㩭᫂࡟ఏ࠼ࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ 9DOGLPDU7U+DIVWHLQ͆Intangible Heritage as a List: From Masterpieces to Representation,͇ in Laurajane Smith and Natsuko Akagawa, eds. Intangible Heritage (London and New York:

Routledge, 2009), pp. 93-111.

ࢫࢺࠊ⥭ᛴಖㆤࣜࢫࢺࠊ࣋ࢫࢺ࣭ࣉࣛࢡࢸ࢕ࢫ࣭ࣜࢫࢺࠊ2༓5ⓒࢻࣝ௨ୖࡢ ᅜ㝿᥼ຓࣜࢫࢺ㸧ࢆసᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢไᗘ໬ࡀỴᐃࡋࡓࠋ

ࠉ↓ᙧᩥ໬㑇⏘ࡣࠊୡ⏺㑇⏘࡟ᑐࡍࡿつ⠊ࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡢ୰࡛㉳ⲡࡉࢀࡓ

࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡀࠊྠ᫬࡟ࠊࡇࡢ᫬௦࡟ᾋୖࡋࡓᩥ໬ከᵝᛶࡢつ⠊࡜ࡢぶ࿴ᛶࡀ㧗

࠸ࠋࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣜࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㐍ᒎࢆཷࡅ࡚ୡ⏺ྛᆅࡢఏ⤫ᩥ໬ࡀ⾶࠼ࡿ୰ࠊࣘ

ࢿࢫࢥ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚タ❧ࡉࢀࡓࠕᩥ໬࡜㛤Ⓨࡢୡ⏺ጤဨ఍ࠖࡣࠊୡ಑ⓗࠊᗢẸⓗࠊ

᪥ᖖⓗ࡞ᩥ໬ࢆᏲࡿࡼ࠺࿧ࡧ࠿ࡅࠊࡑࡢᚋࠊࣘࢿࢫࢥ⥲఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕᩥ໬ከᵝ ᛶ࡟㛵ࡍࡿୡ⏺ᐉゝࠖ㸦2001ᖺ㸧ࡀ᥇ᢥࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣᩥ໬⏘ᴗࡢ᥎㐍ࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿ

ࠕᩥ໬ⓗ⾲⌧ࡢከᵝᛶࡢಖㆤཬࡧಁ㐍࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᮲⣙㸦ᩥ໬ከᵝᛶ᮲⣙㸧ࠖ㸦2005 ᖺ㸧ࡀ⥾⤖ࡉࢀࡓࠋே㢮ࡢᩥ໬ከᵝᛶࢆᏲࡿ࡜࠸࠺つ⠊ࡢᾐ㏱࡜ྠ᫬ᮇ࡟↓ᙧ

ᩥ໬㑇⏘᮲⣙ࡀ᥇ᢥࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶഅ↛࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ↓

ᙧᩥ໬㑇⏘ࡣୡ⏺㑇⏘࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊࠕ㢧ⴭ࡞ᬑ㐢ⓗ౯್ࠖࡼࡾࡶࠊඹྠయ࡜ᩥ

໬ࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ࡟㔜Ⅼࢆ⨨ࡃࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

ࠉ↓ᙧᩥ໬㑇⏘ࡢⓎ㊊┤ᚋ࠿ࡽࠊࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࡉࡽ࡞ࡿࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡀ࠶ࡗ ࡓࡇ࡜ࡶὀどࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ࢖ࢠࣜࢫࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࠊ࢝ࢼࢲࠊ࢜

࣮ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ࠊࢽ࣮ࣗࢪ࣮ࣛࣥࢻࡣࠊᅜෆࡢඛఫẸ᪘ࡸ⛣Ẹ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡬ࡢᙳ㡪

ࢆᠱᛕࡋ࡚ࠊ᮲⣙᥇ᢥࡢ㝿࡟Რᶒࡋࠊ⌧ᅾࡶࡇࡢ᮲⣙ࢆᢈ෸ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ୍

᪉ࠊ᪥ᮏࡣ↓ᙧᩥ໬㑇⏘᮲⣙ࡢ᪝᣺ࡾᙺ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ1999ᖺ࡟ࣘࢿࢫࢥ஦ົᒁ㛗

࡟ᑵ௵ࡋࡓᯇᾆ᫭୍㑻ࡣࡑࢀࢆᙉຊ࡟ᨭ᥼ࡋࡓ²²ࠋ᪥ᮏ࠿ࡽࡢᙉ࠸ാࡁ࠿ࡅ ࡣࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞஦ᴗࢆᚋᢲࡋࡍࡿࡔࡅࡢ⤒῭ຊ࡜ᩥ໬ⓗᇶ♏ࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶

ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ᪤࡟ࠊ㔜せ↓ᙧᩥ໬㈈ࡸ㔜せ↓ᙧẸ಑ᩥ໬㈈࡜࠸ࡗࡓඛ㐍ⓗ࡞ไ ᗘࡸᩥ໬㈈ಖㆤἲ㸦1950ᖺ㸧ࡀഛࢃࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ≀㉁ⓗ࡞㑇⏘࡟㔜ࡁࢆ⨨ࡃࣘ

22ࠉ ᪥ᮏᨻᗓࡣ1993ᖺ࡟ࠕࣘࢿࢫࢥ↓ᙧᩥ໬㈈ಖᏑ᣺⯆᪥ᮏಙクᇶ㔠ࠖࢆタ❧ࡋ࡚ࠊᅜ 㝿఍㆟ࢆ㛤ദࡍࡿ࡞࡝ࡋ࡚ࠊୡ⏺ⓗ࡞࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈࢆ࡜ࡗࡓࠋAikawa, Noriko, ͆An Historical Overview of the Preparation of the UNESCO International Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage,͇ Museum International, 56:1-2 (2004), pp.

137-149.

ࢿࢫࢥࡢつ⠊ࡣࠊ୙༑ศ࡟ᫎࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ²³ࠋࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊḢ

⡿௨እࡢᅜࠎࡸඛఫẸ᪘࡞࡝ࡢඹྠయࡢᩥ໬ఏ⤫࡟㛵ࢃࡿᑓ㛛ᐙ㞟ᅋࡶㄆ㆑ࡍ

ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ◊✲ᶵ㛵࡞࡝ࡀ୰ᚰ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊ௚ᅜࡢᩥ໬㑇

⏘࡟㛵ࢃࡿἲᩚഛࢆᨭ᥼ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ↓ᙧᩥ໬㑇⏘࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆୡ⏺ⓗ࡟ᗈࡵ

ࡿᙺ๭ࡶᯝࡓࡋࡓ²⁴ࠋ⥾⣙ᅜࡢᩘࡣᚎࠎ࡟ቑຍࡋࠊ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣ175ࡢ⥾⣙ᅜࡀᏑ ᅾࡍࡿࠋ

ࠉࡉࡽ࡟ࠊつ⠊ࡢ➇ྜࡣࠊㄡࡀ㑇⏘ᑂᰝࢆ⾜࠺ࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺Ⅼࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚ࡶぢࡽ

ࢀࡓࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊࠕே㢮ࡢ↓ᙧᩥ໬㑇⏘ࡢ௦⾲ⓗ࡞୍ぴ⾲㸦௦⾲୍ぴ⾲㸧ࠖࡣࠊ

ྛᆅᇦ࠿ࡽ㑅ฟࡉࢀࡓᑓ㛛ᐙ6ྡ࡜NGOࡢ6ᅋయ࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿホ౯ᶵ㛵ࡀᑂ ᰝࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊⓎ㊊ᙜึ࡟ᑂᰝ࡟࠶ࡓࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡣࠊᨻᗓ㛫ጤဨ఍ࡢୗ࡟

タࡅࡽࢀࡿ⿵ຓᶵ㛵࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢᶵ㛵ࡣࠊ࢖ࢥࣔࢫࡸ⥭ᛴಖㆤࡢᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ

↓ᙧᩥ໬㑇⏘ࢆᑂᰝࡍࡿㅎၥᶵ㛵࡟ẚ࡭ࡿ࡜ࠊNGOࡢཧຍࡀ࡞ࡃࠊᨻ἞୺ᑟ ࡢឤࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᑂᰝ᪉ἲࡀ㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊ࢖ࢥࣔࢫࡢᑂᰝ࡛ୡ⏺

㑇⏘ࣜࢫࢺ࡬ࡢⓏ㘓ࢆ㏨ࡋࡓ᱌௳ࢆከࡃᣢࡘ㏵ୖᅜࡀࠊྠᵝࡢ᪉ᘧࢆᮃࡲ࡞࠿

ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ↓ᙧᩥ໬㑇⏘ࡢඖࠎࡢไᗘࡀᑓ㛛ᐙ㞟ᅋ࡟ࡼࡿỴ ᐃࢆ⤯ᑐどࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊᑓ㛛ᐙ㞟ᅋࡀ㑇⏘Ⓩ㘓ࡢ᫝㠀ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺つ

⠊࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㏵ୖᅜ࠿ࡽࡢࢿ࢞ࢸ࢕ࣈ࣭ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡀ཯ᫎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ゝ࠼

ࡿࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀࡑࡢᚋࠊ2012ᖺࡢసᴗ㒊఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࢖ࢥࣔࢫࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᑓ㛛ᛶ

ࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟NGOࢆྵࡴㅎၥᶵ㛵ࡢタ⨨ࡀ㆟ㄽࡢಋୖ࡟࠶ࡀࡗࡓ²⁵ࠋࡇࡢ

᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡣࠊ⿵ຓᶵ㛵ࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㡑ᅜࡀ཯ᑐࡋࠊ୰ᅜ࡞࡝ࡀ㈶ྠࡍࡿᙧ

࡛㆟ㄽࡀ཰᮰ࡋࡓࡀࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣ2014ᖺ࡟ࠊ⿵ຓᶵ㛵࡟௦ࢃࡗ࡚⌧ᅾࡢホ౯ ᶵ㛵ࡀタ⨨ࡉࢀࡿ㐠ࡧ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢ୍㐃ࡢ㦁ືࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡣࠊᑓ㛛ᐙ㞟ᅋ࡟㑇⏘

23ࠉ Ἑ㔝ಇ⾜ࠕ↓ᙧᩥ໬㑇⏘᮲⣙ࡢᛮ᝿࡜ᵓ㐀ࠖࠗ᭷ᙧ࣭↓ᙧࡢᩥ໬㑇⏘ࡢໟᣓⓗ࢔ࣉࣟ

࣮ࢳ࠘2004ᖺ3᭶27᪥ࠋhttps://www.jpf.go.jp/j/project/culture/archive/information/0412/

img/pdf/report05.pdf

24ࠉ ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ஑ᕞ኱Ꮫࡣ2012ᖺ࡟ࠊࣘࢿࢫࢥࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࠊࣈ࣮ࢱࣥᨻᗓ࡜㐃ᦠࡋ࡚ࠊࣈ

࣮ࢱࣥࡢᩥ໬㑇⏘㛵ಀἲᨭ᥼ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࢆసࡗࡓࠋ

25ࠉᅜᯇࠊୖᥖࠊ179-180㡫ࠋ

ᑂᰝࢆࡲ࠿ࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚ࡢつ⠊ࡢ➇ྜࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

ࠉ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊୡ⏺㑇⏘࡛ᇵࢃࢀࡓ㑇⏘つ⠊࡬ࡢᣮᡓࡣࠊつ⠊ࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂ

ࢵࢡࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࡑࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࣝࣉࡣ᏶

⤖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡞࠸」㞧࡛ྍኚⓗ࡞࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶࠊࡇࡢ஦౛࡟ぢࡿࡇ

࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊே㢮ඹ㏻ࡢ㑇⏘ࢆಖ඲࣭ಖㆤࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺㠀ᨻ἞ⓗ࡞

┠ⓗࢆᥖࡆࡿࣘࢿࢫࢥࡶࠊつ⠊ࡢ➇ྜ࡟௜㝶ࡍࡿᨻ἞ᛶࡢၥ㢟࠿ࡽ㏨ࢀࡿࡇ࡜

ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸Ⅼࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

̤ͩͤͅ

ࠉᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊࠕつ⠊ࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࣝࣉࠖࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊࣘࢿࢫࢥ㑇⏘஦ᴗ

࡟ෆᅾࡍࡿᨻ἞ᛶࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࠋ㑇⏘ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙ㞟ᅋ࡟ࡼࡿᑂᰝࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ே㢮 ඹ㏻ࡢ㑇⏘ࢆಖ඲࣭ಖㆤࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺㑇⏘つ⠊ࡣࠊୡ⏺ࡢᅜࠎ࡟ᗈࡃཷࡅධࢀࡽ

ࢀࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃᇶ‽࡛సࡽࢀࡓ㑇⏘ᴫᛕࡣࠊ⮬ࡎ࡜㠀࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ

ᩥ໬ࢆ᤼㝖ࡍࡿ᪉ྥ࡬࡜స⏝ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞㑇⏘つ⠊࡜ᅜෆࡢ㑇⏘

つ⠊ࡢ㛫ࡢࡎࢀࢆ᭱ࡶᙉࡃឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡓ࢔ࢪ࢔ࠊ࢔ࣇࣜ࢝ㅖᅜࠊࡑࡢ୰࡛ࡶ≉࡟

⤒῭ຊࡢ࠶ࡿ᪥ᮏ࠿ࡽࠊࢿ࢞ࢸ࢕ࣈ࣭ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᚑ ᮶ࡢ㑇⏘つ⠊ࡣಟṇࢆ㏕ࡽࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢಟṇࡢ㐣⛬࡛ࠊ່࿌ࡸᐉゝࡀ⟇ᐃࡉࢀࠊ ࡉࡽ࡟ࡣࠕ↓ᙧᩥ໬㑇⏘ࠖ᮲⣙ࡀⓎ㊊ࡋࡓࠋ

ࠉࣘࢿࢫࢥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㑇⏘つ⠊ࡢኚᐜࡣࠊᅜ㝿♫఍ࡀ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ୰ᚰ୺⩏࠿ࡽከ ඖ୺⩏ⓗ࡞᪉ྥ࡬ྥ࠿࠸ࠊࡼࡾከᵝ࡞ᩥ໬ࢆಖㆤࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿືࡁࢆ཯ᫎࡋ࡚

࠸ࡿࠋ㏆ᖺ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊᅜ㝿ᨻ἞࣭⤒῭࡟࠾࠸࡚Ꮡᅾឤࢆ㧗

ࡵࡓ୰ᅜࡸ㡑ᅜ࡞࡝ࡀࠊᩥ໬㠃࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⮬ࡽࡢࣈࣛࣥࢻຊࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᙳ㡪 ຊࡢᣑ኱ࢆヨࡳ࡚࠸ࡿ²⁶ࠋ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞኱ᅜࡀศᢸ㔠ᨭᡶ࠸ࡢಖ␃ࡸࣘࢿ

ࢫࢥ࠿ࡽ⬺㏥ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ᪥ᮏࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡍࡿ㠀࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃㅖᅜࡢࣘࢿࢫࢥ࡬

ࡢ㈉⊩ᗘࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊࣘࢿࢫࢥࡣࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᅜࠎ࠿ࡽࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ࡟⪥ࢆഴ

26ࠉ ⓑᯇᙉࠕ⤒῭኱ᅜ࠿ࡽᩥ໬኱ᅜ࡬̿ ᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔୰᪥㡑୕ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ↓ᙧᩥ໬㑇⏘ಖㆤ࡟

㛵ࡍࡿ୍⪃ᐹ̿ࠖࠗᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔◊✲࠘➨15ྕ2014ᖺ3᭶ࠊ1-26㡫ࠋ

ࡅࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢព࿡࡛ࠊᶒຊᨻ἞ࡢㄽ⌮࡜ྥࡁྜ࠸࡞ࡀࡽࠊ⮬ࡽタᐃࡋ ࡓ┠ⓗࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㐩ᡂࡍࡿ࠿ࡀࠊࣘࢿࢫࢥ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢㄢ㢟࡜࡞ࡿࠋᅜ㝿㛵ಀ ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ศᯒᑐ㇟࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᑡ࡞࠸ࣘࢿࢫࢥࡔࡀࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣜࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ

ࢆྵࡴᅜ㝿♫఍ࡢ኱ࡁ࡞ኚ໬࡟ࡉࡽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᅜ㝿ᶵᵓࡢጼࢆዴᐇ࡟♧ࡋ࡚࠸

ࡿࠋ

ㅰ ㎡ࠉᮏ◊✲ࡣࠊJSPS⛉◊㈝ 17K03582ࡢຓᡂࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࠊJSPSㄢ㢟タᐃ࡟ࡼ

ࡿඛᑟⓗேᩥᏛ࣭♫఍⛉Ꮫ◊✲᥎㐍஦ᴗࡢጤクࢆཷࡅࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ