ࠕࡔࠞߩೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߦ㑐ߔࠆ৻⠨ኤ
ጟ ජᕺሶ
1ጟ ᘮ
2(1੩ㇺᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇ㕖Ᏹൕ⻠Ꮷ2㜞⍮ᄢቇ✚ว⑼ቇ♽ⶄว㗔ၞ⑼ቇㇱ㐷)
A Study on Educational Reform in Elementary and Secondary Education of the U.S.A. with Centering on Middle Level Education
Chieko OKAMURA1 and Kei OKAMURA2
1Kyoto University of Foreign Studies; 2Interdisciplinary Science Unit, Multidisciplinary Science Cluster,
Research and Education Faculty, Kochi University
Abstract:
The number of middle schools has been gradually increasing and becoming more widespread since th e late 1960·s, substituting for traditional junior high schools in the U.S.A. Nowadays, junior high schools are dramatically decreasing. In 2000, U.S. Department of Education issued an important report, that is, the title,
In the Middle: Characteristics of Public Schools With a Focus on the Middle Schools. The report said that
¶middle level· education definitely exists between elementary education and secondary education today.
Educators, parents, policymakers, and researchers have focused considerable attention on middle-level education in the recent years in the U.S. This paper discusses the issues related to articulation between those school·s levels, specific examples of American schools· reform, and a trend of school reform mainly connected elementary level education with middle level education. We devoted some space to discussion of the number of
various types of schools by using the information we obtained from Common Core of Data (CCD).
1. ߪߓߦ ᣣ㧘ࠕࡔࠞߦ߅ߌࠆ ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ ߩቇᩞᢙߩ Ⴧടߣߘߩቯ⌕߱ࠅߪ㧘 ⋡ࠍᒛࠆ߽ߩ߇ ࠆ߇㧘 ᥲ 2000 ᐕߦวⴐ࿖ᢎ⢒⋭ႎ๔ᦠߦ߅ߡ㧘ೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ߩਛ㑆Ბ㓏ߦޟࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ޠ㧔 㧝 㧕ߣ߁ ᢎ⢒ Ბ㓏߇ ሽ ߔࠆߣ߁ߎߣ߇ᑼߦឭ␜ߐࠇߚߎߣߪ㧘1960 ᐕઍએ㒠ᣣ߹ߢࠕࡔࠞߢᵴᕈൻߒߡ߈ߚࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ ࡞ㆇേߣ߫ࠇࠆᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ㆇേߦᄢ߈ߥࠗࡦࡄࠢ࠻ࠍਈ߃ߚߣ߃ࠆ㧚߆ߟߡࠫࡘ࠾ࠕࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞ߦઍᦧߔࠆ ቇᩞߣߒߡߒߚࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞߇ 㧘ޟ೨ᦼਛ╬ᢎ⢒ޠߣ߁ᓥ᧪ߩᨒ⚵ߺ߆ࠄޟࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ᢎ⢒ޠߣ ߁ᣂߒᔨߦၮߠߚᢎ⢒Ბ㓏߳ߣቢోߦ⟎߈឵߃ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ 㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ߩ⁛⥄ᕈ߇ࠄࠇࠆࠃ ߁ߦߥߞߚߎߣߪ㧘ᣣ㧘ࠕࡔࠞߦ߅ߡೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ోߩቇᩞ♽ߩࠅᣇ߿ᢎ⢒ᣇᴺࠍ⠨߃ࠆߢᄢ߈ ߥ೨ㅴߢߞߚߣ߃ࠆ㧚 ㄭᐕࠊ߇࿖ߢ߽㧘᭴ㅧᡷ㕟․ߩቯ߿ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߩ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒ቇᩞߩᜰቯࠍฃߌߡ 㧘ዊਛ৻⽾ᢎ⢒ࠍⴕߥ߁⥄ᴦ 㧘ዊቇᩞߣਛቇᩞߩㅪ៤ࠍᒝൻߔࠆޟዊਛㅪ៤ޠߦขࠅ⚵ቇᩞ߇Ⴧ߃ߡ߈ߚ㧚ߘߩᄢ߈ߥℂ↱ߩ৻ߟߣߒߡߪ㧘 ޟਛ 1 ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊޠߥߤ㧘ዊਛߩធ⛯⒖ⴕ߇ࠬࡓ࠭ߦㆇ߫ࠇߡߥࠤࠬ߇㧘ㄭᐕ㧘ᢎ⢒႐ߩ㗴ߣߒߡᄙޘ㧘 ᷓೞߦขࠅᴕ᳸ߐࠇߡ߈ߚ߆ࠄߣ߃ࠃ߁㧚ߘߒߡ㧘ߘߩ⢛᥊ߣߒߡ㧘ዊቇᩞ 6 ᐕ㑆㧘ਛቇᩞ 3 ᐕ㑆ߣߔࠆ㧘63 ߣ߁ⴕߩ⟵ോᢎ⢒ߩ ಽ߇ᣣߩࠊ߇࿖ߩ ሶߤ ߽ߩᚑ㐳ߦวࠊߥߊߥߞߡ߈ ߡࠆߎߣ߽ᜰ៰ߐ ࠇߪ ߓ ߡࠆ㧔 㧞 㧕㧚ߎ߁ߒߚࠊ߇࿖ߩ⁁ࠍ㐓ߺߚߣ߈ 㧘ࠕࡔࠞߩೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ోࠍⷞ㊁ߦࠇࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ᢎ ⢒ࠍਛᔃߦᝪ߃ߚቇᩞ♽ߩౣ⠨㧘ߘߒߡߘࠇߦߣ߽ߥ߁㧘ቇᩞᡷ㕟ߪᵈ⋡ߦ୯ߔࠆ㧚ᧄⓂߢߪ㧘ࠕࡔࠞߩࡒ࠼ ࡞ࡌ࡞ᢎ⢒ࠍਛᔃߦߒߚೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ߩో㧘ߥࠄ߮ߦ㧘ࠕࡔࠞߦ߅ߌࠆዊਛ৻⽾㧘ࠆߪ㧘ዊ ਛㅪ៤ߦߚࠆ⹜ߺ㧔㧕ࠍขࠅߍࠆߎߣߢ㧘ࠕࡔࠞߩᣣ⊛ߥೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ ߩേ ะߦ ߟߡ ⠨ኤ ߔࠆ 㧚 2. ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߩᱠߺߣ⁁ ࠕࡔࠞߩࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ㆇേߪ 1960 ᐕઍᓟඨߦᆎ߹ߞߚߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ߇㧔 㧟 㧕㧘৻⥸⊛ߥࠅᣇߣߒߡ ߪ╙ 6 ቇᐕࠍਛቇᩞߦขࠅㄟߺ㧘ઁᣇ㧘╙ 9 ቇᐕࠍ㜞╬ቇᩞߦ⒖േߐߖߡߢ߈ࠆ╙ 6㧘╙ 7㧘╙ 8 ቇᐕ߆ࠄߥࠆᣂߒቇ ᩞߢࠆ㧔 㧠 㧕㧚ߔߥࠊߜ㧘ࠕࡔࠞߦ߅ߌࠆࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߣߪ 㧘ߘߩฬ߇␜ߔߣ߅ࠅ㧘ዊቇᩞߣ㜞╬ቇᩞߩ̌ ਛ 㑆̍ߦ⟎ߔࠆᯅᷰߒ⊛ߥᯏ㑐ߢࠆ 㧚ߟ߹ࠅ㧘ዊቇᩞߣ㜞╬ቇᩞߩਔ⠪ߩᯅᷰߒࠍߔࠆߎߣࠍਥߥᓎഀߣߒߡ⥄ ⷡߒߚᣂߒቇᩞߎߘޟࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ޠߣ߃ࠆ㧚ߎߩ⥄ⷡߪ 1985 ᐕએ㒠㧘․ߦᒝߊ㧘㕍ᐕᦼ೨ᦼߩ↢ᓤߚ ߜ(early adolescence)ࠍ࡙࠾ࠢߥሽ㧔 㧡 㧕ߣߒߡߣࠄ߃㧘ߘߩ࠾࠭ߦᔕߓߚቇᩞߦᡷ㕟ߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆࡒ࠼࡞ ࠬࠢ࡞ㆇേߣ߫ࠇࠆᄢ߈ߥㆇേ߳ߣ⊒ዷߒߡߞߚ 㧚߹ߚ㧘ߘߩᢎ⢒ᡷༀߩᦨᄢߩ․⦡ߪ㧘ࠞࠠࡘࡓߦ߅ ߌࠆ✚วᕈߣᨵエߦዷ㐿ߐࠇࠆ⁛⥄ߩቇᩞߠߊࠅߦࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚߃߫㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߢߪ㧘ዊቇᩞ߆ ࠄ㜞╬ቇᩞ߳ߩធ⛯⒖ⴕࠍࠬࡓ࠭ߦߔࠆߎߣ߇⋡ᜰߐࠇࠆߚ 㧘ޟᢎ⑼ߩᨒࠍ߃ߚ࠹ࠖࡓߦࠃࠆᜰዉޠ߇ ⴕߥࠊࠇߡࠆ㧚ߎࠇߪ㧘ࠊࠁࠆ㧘ᢎ⑼ߣ߁ቇಽ㊁߿ቇ㗔ၞࠍ߃ߡ㧘࠹ࡑࠍਛᔃߦቇ⠌㛎ࠍഃㅧߔ ࠆᢎ⢒ࠍᗧߔࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘࠹ࡑࠍਛᔃߦᝪ߃ߚߘߩࠃ߁ߥቇ⠌ᒻᘒߪ㧘႐วߦࠃߞߡߪ㧘ࠢࠬ㧘ቇᐕ㧘࠹ ࠖࡓࠍ߃ߡ㧘ቇᩞోࠍⷞ㊁ߦ⟎ߡࠆ㧚ߘ߁߁ᗧߢߪ㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߢߪ㧘ޟࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ޠ ߣ߁ᢎ⢒Ბ㓏ߦኻߔࠆ⿰ᣦߣ⋡⊛ࠍ⏕ൻߒߚߢ㧘ᄙ᭽ߥᢎ⢒ߩࠅᣇ߇᳞ࠄࠇߡ߈ߚߣ߃ࠆ㧚 ߐߡ㧘ࠕࡔࠞߦ߅ߌࠆࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ㆇേߪ 1960 ᐕઍߩᓟඨࠃࠅ㐿ᆎߐࠇ㧘ᣣߦߚߞߡࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄ ࠇߡࠆ߇㧔 㧢 㧕㧘ೋᦼߩㆇേߪ╙৻ᰴࡌࡆࡉࡓ㧔 㧣 㧕ߢᕆჇߒߡߊࠆ↢ᓤࠍ߆ߦኈߒ㧘ᓐࠄߦਛ╬ᢎ⢒ࠍ ߶ߤߎߒߡߊ߆ߣߞߚ⺖㗴ߦᔕ߃ߚ߽ߩߢߞߚ㧔 㧤 㧕㧚ߘߩᗧ߆ࠄߒߡ㧘ቇᩞᣉ⸳ߩലᵴ↪ߣ߁ߎߣ߇ ਥߥὶὐߢߞߚߣߞߡࠃ㧚ߘࠇߦኻߒߡ㧘1985 ᐕએᓟߩࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߩേ߈ߪ㆑ߞߡࠆ 㧚ᡷߡዊ ቇᩞߣ㜞╬ቇᩞߣߩ̌ਛ㑆̍ߦ⟎ߔࠆቇᩞߣߒߡ 㧘㕍ᐕᦼ೨ᦼߦࠆ↢ᓤߚߜߩᢎ⢒⊛࠾࠭ߦኻᔕߒߚቇᩞࠍ ഃㅧߒࠃ߁ߣ߁ߩߢࠆ㧚1990 ᐕઍߦࠆߣ㧘ዊቇᩞߣ㜞╬ቇᩞߩᯅᷰߒߣ߁ᢎ⢒⺖⒟ߩⷐ⺧ߦኻᔕߒߚ ᢎ⢒⺖⒟ߩᒻᚑߦ߹ߔ߹ߔജὐ߇⟎߆ࠇ 㧘ᣣߦ⥋ߞߡࠆ㧔 㧥 㧕㧚ᣣߎߩേ߈ߪ߈ࠊߡ⋓ࠎߢ㧘̌ᣂߒ̍ਛቇ ᩞߩഃㅧߣࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘ߘ߁߁ᗧߢߪ㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߢߪߐ߹ߑ߹ߥ⹜ⴕ㍲⺋ߣߣ߽ߦߎࠇ ߹ߢቇᩞᡷ㕟ቇᩞᡷༀ߇㊀ߨࠄࠇߡ߈ߚߣ߃ࠆ 㧚㧘ࠕࡔࠞߢߪ㧘ਛቇᩞࡌ࡞ߩቇᩞߩᄢㇱಽ߇ 㧘ߎߩ
ޟࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ޠߣ߫ࠇࠆቇᩞߦᡷ⚵ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧔 㧝 㧜 㧕㧘ᣣᧄ߇╙ੑᰴ⇇ᄢᚢᓟߦࠕࡔࠞߦ୮ߞߡዉߒ ߚࠫࡘ࠾ࠕࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞㧘ߔߥࠊߜ㧘7㧙9 ቇᐕߩቇᩞߪ㧘ࠕࡔࠞߦ߅ߡߪቢోߥዋᢙᵷߦߥߞߡߒ߹ߞߡ ࠆ㧚㧔ᓟឝߩ㧝ෳᾖ㧚㧕 㕍ᐕᦼ೨ᦼߩ↢ᓤߚߜߩᢎ⢒⊛࠾࠭ߦว߁ᢎ⢒ᣇᴺߩᡷ㕟ᡷༀߣ߁ᗧߢߪ 㧘ࠞࠠࡘࡓ✬ᚑߩⶄ ᢙᢎ⑼ߩㅪ㑐㧘ቇ⠌ౝኈߩ⛔วߣߞߚ⹜ߺߪ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢࠕࡔࠞߩࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߡᢙᄙߊታ〣ߐࠇ ߡ߈ߚ㧚߃߫㧘વ⛔⊛ߥᢎ⑼㗔ၞߪߥ߇ࠄ߽ 㧘දหቇ⠌߿ว⑼⊛ߥᜰዉߣߞߚᢎ⢒ᣇᴺߩኻᔕࠍᎿᄦߔ ࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ㧘ቇ⠌ౝኈࠍ㕍ᐕ೨ᦼߩሶߤ߽ߦࠃࠅฃߌࠇ߿ߔߊߔࠆ㧘ࠆߪࡉࡠ࠶ࠢ࠲ࠗࡓࠍ⸳ߌߡࠦ ࠕࡊࡠࠣࡓࠍታᣉߔࠆ㧔 㧝 㧝 㧕ߣߞߚᎿᄦ߇㊀ߨࠄࠇߡ߈ߚߎߣߥߤ߇㧘ߘࠇߦߚࠆ㧚 3. ࠕࡔࠞߩೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ࠍߋࠆቇᩞ㓏᪽ߩᄌㆫߣࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߩ వߦㅀߴߡ߈ߚߣ߅ࠅ㧘߽ߣ߽ߣࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞߇㨯᥉ߒߚ⢛᥊ߦߪ 㧘ࠫࡘ࠾ࠕ㨯ࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞ߩᜰዉ ߿ࠞࠠࡘࡓ߇㕍ᐕᦼ೨ ᦼߩ↢ᓤߚߜߩᢎ⢒ ⊛࠾ ࠭ߦวߞߡߥߣ߁ ߎߣߦኻߔࠆᛕ್߇ ᄢ߈ ߊ㑐 ࠊߞߡࠆ㧚ߘ߁ߒߚ৻ㅪߩࠞࠠࡘࡓᡷ㕟㧘ቇᩞ♽ߩᡷ⚵ߩേ߈ߦ㑐ࠊߞߡࠕࡔࠞߩೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ࠍ ߋࠆቇᩞ㓏᪽㧔 㧝 㧞 㧕ߩᄌㆫߦߟߡⷰߒߡ߅߈ߚ㧚 ࠕࡔࠞߢߪධർᚢ㧔1861́1865㧕ᓟ㧘㜞╬ቇᩞ㧔ࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞㧧high school㧕ߩᕆᚑ㐳ߦࠃࠅ㧘⚿ᨐߣߒ ߡೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒Ბ㓏ߦ߅ߡߊߟ߆ߩቇᩞ㓏᪽ࡄ࠲ࡦ߇⠨᩺ߐࠇߚ㧔 㧝 㧟 㧕㧚ᒰᤨ㧘⠨᩺㧘ࠆߪታᣉߐࠇ ߚ ቇᩞ㓏᪽ࡄ࠲ࡦߣߒߡߪ㧘8-5 ࡊࡦ㧔ዊቇᩞ߇ 8 ᐕ㧘㜞╬ቇᩞ߇ 5 ᐕ㧕㧘8-4 㧔ዊቇᩞ߇ 8 ᐕ㧘㜞╬ቇ ᩞ߇ 4 ᐕ㧕㧘6-6 㧔ዊቇᩞ߇ 6 ᐕ㧘㜞╬ቇᩞ߇ 6 ᐕ㧕߇ਥߚࠆቇᩞ㓏᪽ࡄ࠲ࡦߣߒߡߍࠄࠇࠆ߇ 㧘ਛߢ ߽ 19 ♿ߩ⚳ࠊࠅ㗃߹ߢߪ㧘8-4 ߇ೋ╬ਛ╬Ბ㓏ߩቇᩞ㓏᪽ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߣߒߡᐢߊ᥉ߒߡߚ㧔 㧝 㧠 㧕㧚ߎߩ 8-4 ߢߪޟዊቇᩞޠߪ㜞╬ቇᩞߩḰᲑ㓏ߩቇᩞ 㧘ޟ㜞╬ቇᩞޠߪᄢቇᢎ⢒߳ߩḰᯏ⢻ࠍ߃ߚቇᩞߣߒߡ 2 ߟߩ ᯏ㑐ߢ᭴ᚑߐࠇࠆࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠄࠇߡߚ㧚1800 ᐕઍᓟඨ߆ࠄ 1900 ᐕઍߩ೨ඨߦ߆ߌߡߪ㧘ࠕࡔࠞߢߪ ࿖ኅࡌ࡞ߢਛ╬ᢎ⢒⎇ⓥࠍⴕߥ߁ߚߩᆔຬળ߿ᯏ㑐߇ᢙᄙߊ⚵❱ߐࠇߚ㧔 㧝 㧡 㧕㧚৻⥸ߦߘ߁ߒߚᆔຬળߩᄙߊߪ㧘 ਛ╬ቇᩞߩᢎ⢒ౝኈࠍዊቇᩞ߳⒖േߐߖࠆߎߣߦᅢᗧ⊛ߥ⸃ࠍ␜ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧔 㧝 㧢 㧕㧘߃߫㧘ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ᡷㅧክ⼏ળ
(The National Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary Education) ߆ࠄᒰᤨߐࠇߚᢥᦠޡਛ╬ᢎ⢒ߩ
ၮᧄේℂ(Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education)ޢߢߪ 6 ᐕߩዊቇᩞߣ㧘12 ᱦ߆ࠄ 18 ᱦᐕ㦂ߩ↢ᓤߢ
᭴ᚑߐࠇࠆ 6 ᐕߩ㜞╬ቇᩞߣ߁ࡄ࠲ࡦࠍේ᩺ߣߔࠆቇᩞ㓏᪽ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߇ផᅑߐࠇߡߚ㧚ߎߩᢥᦠߢ┙᩺ߐ ࠇߚ㜞╬ቇᩞߪ㧘ࠫࡘ࠾ࠕࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞(junior high school)ߣࠪ࠾ࠕࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞(senior high school)ߣ
߁㧘2 ߟߩᦼ㑆ߦಽᢿߐࠇߚਛ╬ᢎ⢒᭴ᗐߣߒߡ߹ߣࠄࠇឭ᩺ߐࠇߡߚ㧔 㧝 㧣 㧕㧚ߔߥࠊߜ㧘1900 ᐕઍೋ㗡㧘ࠫ ࡘ࠾ࠕࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞ߪ 1 ߟߩಽ㔌ߒߚቇᩞߣߒߡឭ໒ߐࠇߚ৻ᣇߢ㧘නߦࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞ߩ৻ㇱߣߒߡߥߐࠇߡ ߚߎߣߦߥࠆ㧔 㧝 㧤 㧕㧚 ߆ߊߒߡ㧘1909 ᐕߦࠫࡘ࠾ࠕࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞ߪ 7㧘8㧘9 ቇᐕ߆ࠄᚑࠆቇᩞߣߒߡࠝࡂࠗࠝᎺࠦࡠࡦࡃࠬቇߦޟࠫ ࡘ࠾ࠕࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞ޠߩฬߢೋߡዉߐࠇ 㧘1920 ᐕ߹ߢߦ߅ࠃߘ 400 ᩞ㧘1950 ᐕઍඨ߫߹ߢߦ߅ࠃߘ 6500 ᩞ ߩࠫࡘ࠾ࠕࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞߇ో☨ߦᐢ߇ߞߡߞߚ㧔 㧝 㧥 㧕㧚⸒឵߃ࠇ߫㧘1920 ᐕ㗃ߦߪ 5 ੱߩޟࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞ޠ තᬺ⠪ߩ߁ߜ㧘4 ੱߪ 8-4 ߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߢᢎ⢒ࠍฃߌߚ⠪ߢࠆ৻ᣇ㧘40 ᐕᓟߩ 1960 ᐕ㗃ߦߥࠆߣ㧘5 ੱߩ߁ߜ㧘 4 ੱߪ 6-3-3 ߩᢎ⢒ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ⚻㛎ߒߚ⠪ߢߞߚ㧔 㧞 㧜 㧕㧚ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘ࠫࡘ࠾ࠕࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞ߩࠞࠠ ࡘ ࡓߪࠪ࠾ࠕࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞ߩᢎ⑼ಽ┙ဳߩࠞࠠࡘࡓࠍᮨ୮ߒߚ߽ߩߢࠅ㧘⚦ಽൻߐࠇߚᢎ⑼ࠍ⠌ᓧߒߡߊ ߎߣߦਥ⌒߇⟎߆ࠇߡߚߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘ࠫࡘ࠾ࠕࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞ߩ↢ᓤߩᢎ⢒⊛࠾࠭ߦㆡߒߡߥߣ߁ᛕ್߇ ᩮᒝߊߞߚ㧔 㧞 㧝 㧕㧚߹ߚ㧘ᒰᤨߩࠫࡘ࠾ࠕࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞ߩᢎᏧ㙃ᚑߪޟਛ╬ᢎ⢒ޠߣ߁ᄢ߈ߥᨒ⚵ߺߢߥߐ ࠇ ߡߚߦߔ߉ߕ㧘೨ᦼਛ╬ᢎ⢒ኾ㐷ߩ⎇ୃ߿⎇ୃᯏ㑐ߪ߶ߣࠎߤߥߊ㧘ࠫࡘ࠾ࠕࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞ߩᢎᏧߪࡂࠗࠬࠢ ࡞ߩᢎᏧߣห᭽ߩ⎇ୃࠍฃߌࠆߣ߁ߩ߇ᒰᤨߩታᖱߢߞߚ㧔 㧞 㧞 㧕㧚 ߎ߁ߒߚ⋭߆ࠄ㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߩᢎຬ⸵ᐲߪᓢޘߦᡷༀߐࠇ 㧘1968 ᐕߦߪ 2 Ꮊ㧘1975 ᐕߦߪ 8 Ꮊ㧘 1978 ᐕߦߪ 15 Ꮊ㧘1982 ᐕߦߪ 25 Ꮊ㧘1992 ᐕߦߪ 33 Ꮊߦ߅ߡ㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞Ბ㓏ߦኾ㐷ൻߒߚᢎຬ⸵
ᐲ߇ో☨ߩᄙߊߩᎺߢᰴޘߣ⏕┙ߐࠇߡߊߎߣߣߥࠆ㧔 㧞 㧟 㧕㧚߹ߚ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚേ߈ߣ㑐ㅪߒߡ㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ ࡞
ߩᢎ⢒ታ〣ߦ߅ߡߪត᳞ࡊࡠࠣࡓ߿ࠦࠕࠞࠠࡘࡓࠍዉߔࠆߎߣߢࠫࡘ࠾ࠕࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞ߩࡊࡠࠣ ࡓ߿ᢎ⢒⚵❱ߩᡷ㕟߇⹜ߺࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ 㧚ታ㓙㧘ߎ߁ߒߚᡷ㕟ߩၮ␆ߣߥࠆ⠨߃ᣇߪ㧘ߔߢߦ 1940 ᐕઍ㗃 ߆ࠄࠣ࡞ࡦ(Gruhn, William)߿࠳ࠣࠬ(Douglass, Harl)ࠄߦࠃࠆ㧘ࠊࠁࠆ㧘ࠫࡘ࠾ࠕࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞⎇ⓥߩ ਛߢ߽ℂ⺰⊛ߦߪㅀߴࠄࠇߡߚ㧚ߘࠇࠄߩ⎇ⓥߢߪ㧘̌ࠫࡘ࠾ࠕࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞ߩ 6 ߟߩၮ␆⊛ᯏ⢻̍߇ឭ໒ߐ
ࠇ㧘ޟ⛔ว(integration)ޠ㧘ޟត᳞(exploration)ޠ㧘ޟࠟࠗ࠳ࡦࠬ(guidance)ޠ㧘ޟ(differentiation)ޠ㧘ޟ␠ળൻ
(socialization)ޠ㧘ޟធ⛯(articulation)ޠߩ㊀ⷐᕈ߇ᒝ⺞ߐࠇߚ߇㧘ᓥ᧪㧘ࠫࡘ࠾ࠕࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞ߦ߅ߡ㧘
ߘ߁ߒߚޡၮᧄේℂޢ߇ታ〣ߩ႐㕙ߢ↢߆ߐࠇࠆߎߣߪ߶ߣࠎߤߥ߆ߞߚߩߢࠆ㧔 㧞 㧠 㧕㧚
ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘ߔߢߦ 1940 ᐕઍ㗃߆ࠄࠄࠇࠆ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚࠫࡘ࠾ࠕࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞ࠍᡷ㕟ߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆầᵹ
㧔ޟࠫࡘ࠾ࠕ㨯ࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞ㆇേޠ㧔 㧞 㧡 㧕㧧junior high school movement㧕ߪ㧘ᰴ╙ߦࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߩ߳ߣᒻ
ࠍᄌ߃ߡߊߎߣߦߥࠆ㧔 㧞 㧢 㧕㧚ߘߒߡ㧘1950 ᐕઍᓟඨ߆ࠄ 60 ᐕઍߩೋߦߪ㧘ࠫࡘ࠾ࠕ㨯ࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞ߦઍᦧ
(substitute)ߔࠆቇᩞߣߒߡ㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞߇ߒߚߩߢࠆ㧚ߘ߁ߒߚቇᩞߦޟࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ޠߣ ߁ฬ⒓ࠍᦨೋߦ↪ߒߚߩߪ㧘ࠕࠠࠨࡦ࠳㧔Alexander, W.M.)ߢࠅ㧘ᓐ߇ᒰᤨࠕࡔࠞߩߊߟ߆ߩ⑳┙ቇ ᩞߢ↪ߐࠇ㧘߆ߟ࡛ࡠ࠶ࡄߢߪ೨ᦼਛ╬ቇᩞࠍᜰߔฬ⒓ߣߒߡવ⛔⊛ߦ↪ߐࠇߡ߈ߚ 㧘ߘߩ⒓ޟࡒ࠼࡞ ࠬࠢ࡞ޠࠍౣ↢ߐߖߚߩߢࠆ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߥቇᩞߘߩ߽ߩࠍౣ✬ߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆേ߈ࠍ⢛᥊ߦߒߡ㧘ߘߩᓟ㧘࠼࠽
࡞࠼ࠕࠗࠢࡎࡦߪࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ㆇേߦ߅ߌࠆೋᦼߩឭ໒⠪ߩ৻ੱߣߒߡ̌The Middle School̍㧔1966㧕
ࠍ⪺ߒ㧘㕍ᐕᦼ೨ᦼߦዻߔࠆ⠪ߚߜߩ․ᕈߦၮߠߡࠞࠠࡘࡓߪ✬ᚑߐࠇࠆߴ߈ߛߣ߁ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ㆇ
േߩ⏕࿕ߚࠆਥᒛࠍᠩ⼔ߒࠃ߁ߣ㧘⁛⥄ߩឭ᩺ߐࠇࠆߴ߈ࠞࠠࡘࡓࠍਥᒛߒߚ㧔 㧞 㧣 㧕㧚߹ߚ㧘ࠕࠠࠨࡦ࠳ߪ㧘
̌The Emergent Middle School̍㧔1968㧕ߦ߅ߡ㧘̌ᣂߒ̍ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ࠍഃㅧߔࠆߚߩࠞࠠࡘ
ࡓ✬ᚑߦߟߡ⺰ߓߡࠆ㧚ߎߩઁ㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ㆇേߦ㑐ߔࠆೋᦼߩࡄࠗࠝ࠾ࠕߣߒߡᄙߊߩഞ❣߇ࠆ ⎇ⓥ⠪ߣߒߡߪ㧘࡚ࠫࡦH.ࡦ࠭ࡌ㧔Lounsbury, J. H.㧕㧘ࠧ࠼ࡦF.ࡧࠔࠬ㧔Vars, G. F.㧕ߥߤ߇ ߍࠄࠇࠆ㧚ࠕࡔࠞߦ߅ߡࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞߇ 㧘߶߷㘻⁁ᘒߦ㆐ߒߚߣ߃ࠆ߶ߤ᥉ߒߚᣣ 㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ ࠬࠢ࡞ߩ⸳┙߿ߘߎߢⴕߥࠊࠇࠆᜰዉ߿ᜰዉᔨߩ᭴▽ࠍታ㓙ߦഥߌߡ߈ߚ 㧘ߎࠇࠄߩࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ᢎ⢒ ⎇ⓥ⠪ࠄߩഞ❣ߪᄢ߈㧚 ޟࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ޠߪ㧘߆ߊߒߡ⺀↢ߒߚߩߢࠆ㧚ߟ߹ࠅ㧘ࠕࡔࠞޟ೨ᦼਛ╬ᢎ⢒ޠᲑ㓏ߪ㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ ᱧผࠍ⚻ߡޟࡒ࠼࡞ޠᲑ㓏ߣ߁ᣂߒዻᕈ߳ߣォ឵ߐࠇߡߞߚ 㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߦߡߺࠆߣ㧘ࠫࡘ࠾ࠕࡂࠗࠬࠢ ࡞ߩḮߪ㧘8-4 ߣ߁ 2 ߟߩᲑ㓏ߦࠃߞߡᒻᚑߐࠇࠆೋ╬㨯ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ߩቇᩞ㓏᪽ߦኻߔࠆਇḩ⿷ 㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬ ࠢ࡞ߩḮߪ㧘ࠫࡘ࠾ࠕࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞ߩࠞࠠࡘࡓ߿ᜰዉ߮ 6-3-3 ߦኻߔࠆਇḩ⿷ߣᷓߊ߆߆ࠊߞ ߡࠆ㧔 㧞 㧤 㧕ߣ߹ߣࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ㧚ߟ߹ࠅ㧘ᱧผ⊛ߦࠆߣ㧘߹ߕޟਛ╬ᢎ⢒ޠ߇⏕ൻߐࠇߡޟೋ╬ᢎ⢒ޠ ߣߐࠇߚᓟ㧘ᰴߢ㗴ߣߥߞߚߩ߇ਔ⠪ߩߟߥ߉ធ⛯㑐ଥࠍߤ߁ߔࠆ߆ߣ߁ߎߣߢߞߚ㧔 㧞 㧥 㧕㧚ࡒ࠼ ࡞ ࠬࠢ࡞ߣߪ㧘ᢥሼㅢࠅ㧘ዊቇᩞߣ㜞╬ቇᩞߩ̌ਛ㑆̍ߦ⟎ߔࠆᯏ㑐ߢࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ 㧘ሶߤ߽ߩ⊒㆐⊛⺖㗴ߦ㑐 ࠊߞߡ㧘ߘߩ೨ᓟߦߟߥ߇ࠆቇᩞߩធ⛯㑐ଥߩ㗴ࠍᏱߦᛴ߃ᣣ߹ߢ⊒ዷߒߡ߈ߚߣ߃ࠆ 㧚 4. ᄙ᭽ൻߔࠆࠕࡔࠞߩೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ ో☨ⷙᮨߩవ㚟⊛ߥ⛔⸘⺞ᩏߦࠃࠆߣ 㧘2001 ᐕߩ⺞ᩏᤨὐߢ㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߩਥߚࠆቇᐕ✬ᚑࡄ࠲ࡦߣ ߪ 6㧙8 ቇᐕ㧔3 ᐕ㧕㧘5㧙8 ቇᐕ㧔4 ᐕ㧕㧘7㧙8 ቇᐕ㧔2 ᐕ㧕ߩ 3 ࠲ࠗࡊߢࠆߣߐࠇߡࠆ㧚ᓥߞߡ㧘 ⁁߆ࠄ⸒߃߫㧘ਥߣߒߡߘࠇࠄߩ 3 ࠲ࠗࡊߩቇᩞ߇ᣣࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߣࠄࠇ 㧘ߘߩ 3 ࠲ࠗࡊࠍ൮ߔࠆ ቇᐕ㧘ߔߥࠊߜ╙ 5 ቇᐕ߆ࠄ╙ 8 ቇᐕ߹ߢߩ▸࿐ࠍᜰߒߡޟࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ޠߣ⠨߃ࠆߩ߇৻⥸⊛ߣ߃ࠆ 㧚 ޟࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ޠߣ߁ᢎ⢒Ბ㓏߇␜ߔ▸࿐߇⏕ൻߐࠇ㧘ࠛࡔࡦ࠲ߣࠞࡦ࠳ߩ㑆ߩᯅᷰߒߩᓎ ഀࠍฃߌᜬߟޟࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ޠߣ߁ᢎ⢒Ბ㓏߇ ߔߞ߆ࠅቯ⌕ᦼߦߞߚታߪ㧘ࠕࡔࠞߩೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ో ⊛⁁ᴫ㧔ቇᩞᢙ㧕ࠍ㧘ታᢙ୯ߢ␜ߔᎺߏߣߦ㓸⸘ߐࠇߚ 1ޟ2000 ᐕ㧙2001 ᐕߩቇᩞᐕᐲߦ߅ߌࠆࠕࡔࠞว ⴐ࿖ ೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒Ბ㓏 ቇᩞᢙ࠺࠲ޠ㧔 㧟 㧜 㧕߆ࠄ⚦ߦ⏕ߢ߈ࠆ㧚ߎߩ࠺࠲߇␜ߒߡࠆߩߪ㧘ฦᎺ ߦ߅
ว⸘ ዊ⸘ 㪧 㪢 㪄㪈䌾㪏 㪢㪄㪈䌾㪏 㪈㪄㪋䌾㪈㪄㪏 㪧 㪢㪃㪢䈱䉂 ዊ⸘ 6-8 7-8 5-8 Ꮐ⸥એᄖ ዊ⸘ 7-9 9-12 8-12 Ꮐ⸥એᄖ ዊ⸘ P K -12 K -12 U G Ꮐ⸥એᄖ 93, 378 54, 857 18, 876 30, 215 4, 478 1, 288 13, 535 8, 639 2, 638 1, 419 839 19, 19 1 870 797 12, 826 4, 698 5, 795 1, 111 1, 285 774 2, 625 AL 䉝䊤 䊋䊙 1, 515 734 75 575 76 8 186 120 17 36 13 377 10 30 214 123 218 13 133 0 7 2 AK 䉝䊤 䉴 䉦 502 176 115 54 7 0 33 14 17 1 1 68 0 1 40 27 225 126 83 0 1 6 AZ 䉝䊥䉹䊅 1, 688 972 81 806 67 18 178 105 59 9 5 310 13 8 249 40 228 107 52 33 36 AR 䉝䊷䉦䊮䉸䊷 1, 125 603 70 449 75 9 107 31 6 2 7 4 3 391 46 52 65 228 24 0 1 0 23 CA 䉦䊥䊐䉤䊦䊆䉝 8, 758 5, 506 0 5 ,306 189 11 1, 161 768 324 58 11 1, 704 22 14 1, 393 275 387 0 320 0 6 7 CO 䉮䊨 䊤䊄 1, 592 936 436 421 46 33 255 191 40 20 4 327 9 4 233 81 74 7 1 9 1 1 3 7 CT 䉮䊈䊁䉞䉦䉾䊃 1, 073 678 305 277 62 34 170 106 25 30 9 184 2 2 164 16 41 9 4 0 28 DE 䊂䊤䉡䉢䉝 191 106 27 48 28 3 3 2 1 6 1 1 1 4 3 1 0 0 2 9 2 22 1 1 13 7 DC 䉮䊨 䊮䊎䉝․ 197 124 118 2 2 2 7 6 0 1 0 3 5 6 0 2 8 1 31 4 0 20 7 FL 䊐䊨 䊥䉻 3, 233 1, 731 1, 308 336 30 57 460 436 15 7 2 420 1 2 342 75 622 230 23 0 369 GA 䉳䊢䊷䉳䉝 1, 957 1, 210 850 274 81 5 381 362 13 2 4 326 0 1 302 23 40 11 2 0 27 HI 䊊䊪䉟 261 175 126 49 0 0 33 21 12 0 0 38 0 0 29 9 1 5 1 8 1 5 ID 䉝䉟䉻䊖 654 354 138 170 37 9 7 4 4 2 1 6 8 8 195 26 19 89 61 31 14 5 0 12 IL 䉟䊥䊉䉟 4, 282 2, 708 1, 156 1, 137 304 111 632 350 166 86 30 792 2 8 624 158 150 40 10 1 9 9 IN 䉟䊮䊂䉞䉝䊅 1, 915 1, 174 199 880 73 22 307 217 65 14 11 363 5 4 251 103 71 4 1 7 2 48 IA 䉝䉟䉥䊪 1, 530 847 321 411 94 21 262 152 55 45 10 374 6 8 265 95 47 4 1 6 36 KS 䉦䊮䉱䉴 1, 427 831 354 411 58 8 218 127 49 24 18 375 16 9 259 91 3 0 1 0 2 KY 䉬䊮䉺 䉾䉨䊷 1, 392 800 512 261 24 3 215 163 31 18 3 290 2 2 217 69 87 2 7 17 61 LA 䊦䉟䉳䉝 䊅 1, 509 872 520 202 127 23 199 125 46 15 13 270 15 1 1 9 235 168 56 41 21 50 ME 䊜䉟䊮 690 461 53 336 70 2 100 52 24 19 5 112 0 1 94 17 17 4 7 0 6 MD 䊜䊥䊷䊤䊮䊄 1, 343 875 526 295 31 23 227 202 20 4 1 212 3 2 188 19 29 7 2 3 17 MA 䊙䉰䉼䊠䊷䉶䉾䉿 1, 898 1, 255 382 628 179 66 262 145 33 62 22 310 2 1 256 51 71 16 7 0 48 MI 䊚䉲 䉧䊮 3, 955 2, 183 380 1, 565 202 36 584 395 83 62 44 732 19 20 539 154 456 14 64 300 78 MN 䊚䊈䉸䉺 2, 109 1, 074 324 538 122 90 203 105 40 33 25 704 35 70 235 364 128 5 2 1 0 102 MS 䊚䉲 䉲䉾䊏 1, 037 479 64 337 76 2 139 57 32 29 21 297 8 2 0 187 82 122 6 5 5 1 9 4 2 MO 䊚䉵 䊷䊥 2, 266 1, 261 398 718 98 47 340 203 57 45 35 510 4 1 5 284 207 155 12 12 56 75 MT 䊝䊮 䉺䊅 884 475 360 92 23 0 228 33 185 0 1 0 179 0 1 175 3 2 0 1 0 1 NE 䊈䊑䊤䉴䉦 1, 299 918 155 676 61 26 20 0 2 0 0 0 316 13 8 9 0 205 45 44 0 0 1 NV 䊈䊋䉻 510 318 183 112 18 5 7 1 4 7 1 7 5 2 108 2 6 69 31 13 0 2 6 5 NH 䊆䊠䊷䊊䊮䊒䉲䊞䊷 524 362 4 214 78 66 80 45 14 20 1 8 1 3 1 7 6 1 1 0 0 0 1 NJ 䊆䊠䊷䉳䊞䊷䉳䊷 2, 407 1, 606 584 754 197 71 362 194 63 79 26 385 4 1 4 304 63 54 3 0 43 8 NM 䊆䊠䊷䊜䉨䉲䉮 810 480 188 231 44 17 141 89 29 7 1 6 166 6 7 105 48 23 4 7 0 12 NY 䊆䊠䊷䊣 䊷䉪 4, 294 2, 533 690 1, 470 301 72 647 436 76 103 32 859 29 24 574 232 255 28 55 97 75 NC 䊉䊷䉴䉦䊨䊤䉟䊅 2, 225 1, 341 593 672 74 2 411 363 13 24 11 362 8 4 324 26 111 4 1 7 2 9 6 1 ND 䊉䊷䉴䉻䉮䉺 548 318 87 205 19 7 3 1 1 5 1 0 5 1 193 4 4 41 144 6 0 4 0 2 OH 䉥䊊䉟䉥 3, 827 2, 264 960 980 291 33 599 276 154 104 65 790 22 11 555 202 174 38 11 4 121 OK 䉥䉪 䊤䊖䊙 1, 817 1, 014 674 221 102 17 250 168 40 12 30 547 68 64 396 19 6 0 0 1 5 OR 䉥䊧䉯䊮 1, 266 766 17 691 55 3 203 145 36 17 5 240 2 5 192 41 57 5 2 5 9 18 PA 䊕䊮䉲䊦䊔䊆䉝 3, 184 1, 973 53 1, 729 168 23 492 301 70 88 33 661 34 36 391 200 58 3 7 10 38 RI 䊨䊷䊄䉝 䉟䊤 䊮䊄 328 220 65 105 39 11 49 33 9 7 0 5 3 0 3 4 7 3 6 2 0 3 1 SC 䉰䉡䉴䉦䊨䊤䉟䊅 1, 073 627 414 157 49 7 218 153 24 25 16 204 3 2 160 39 24 4 6 1 13 SD 䉰䉡䉴䉻䉮䉺 776 391 155 223 8 5 174 61 92 16 5 182 3 1 175 3 2 9 0 17 4 8 TN 䊁䊈䉲 䊷 1, 589 982 110 815 48 9 239 147 26 52 14 297 14 3 233 47 71 5 3 6 5 25 TX 䊁䉨䉰䉴 7, 528 3, 927 2, 887 515 402 123 1, 329 802 284 79 164 1, 455 44 10 1, 102 299 817 225 107 0 485 UT 䊡䉺 795 472 82 375 11 4 5 5 1 9 1 6 4 16 239 69 68 46 56 29 0 4 16 9 VT 䊔䊦䊝䊮䊃 353 258 82 140 7 2 9 2 1 9 7 5 0 4 9 1 0 2 6 2 2 2 5 1 2 5 1 7 VA 䊋䊷䉳 䊆䉝 1, 859 1, 182 250 864 61 7 310 258 29 11 12 332 3 8 257 64 35 4 6 1 24 WA 䊪䉲 䊮䊃䊮 2, 149 1, 199 272 811 82 34 270 170 66 18 16 542 55 41 313 133 138 7 5 5 0 76 WV 䉡䉣䉴䊃䊋䊷䉳 䊆䉝 819 512 282 203 19 8 105 65 8 3 0 2 182 26 14 103 39 20 6 3 2 9 WI 䉡䉞䉴䉮䊮䉲 䊮 2, 185 1, 251 701 407 93 50 358 246 59 47 6 502 10 15 379 98 74 12 10 0 5 2 WY 䊪䉟䉥䊚䊮䉫 393 226 0 213 13 0 5 8 3 2 2 0 1 5 9 1 1 4 5 61 11 18 0 9 2 7 AS 䉝䊜䊥䉦㗔䉰䊝䉝 3 1 2 3 0 2 2 0 11 0 0 106 0 0 601 0 0 1 0 GU 䉫䉝 䊛 3 8 2 7 1 7 8 2 0 7700 0 4 004 0 0 000 0 MP ർ䊙䊥䉝䊅⻉ፉ 2 9 2 4 0 1 2 0 1 2 1010 0 3 001 2 1 001 0 PR 䊒䉣䊦䊃䊥䉮 1, 542 927 100 773 51 3 1 6 1 6 0 9 373 180 148 8 3 7 226 2 0 35 189 VI 䊋䊷䉳 䊮⻉ፉ 3 6 2 3 1 2 2 0 06 1 5 006 1 0 501 0 0 0 1 AA ࿖㒐✚⋭䉝䉳䉝 00 0 0 0 0 0000 0 0 000 0 0 000 0 AE ࿖㒐✚⋭䊣 䊷䊨䉾䊌 118 69 50 16 3 0 12 9 0 3 0 27 0 0 9 18 10 7 2 0 1 AP ࿖㒐✚⋭ᄥᐔᵗ 4 3 2 4 2 2 1 1 0 6330 0 1 0004 6 3 300 0 䋱 䋮 㩷㩷㪉㪇㪇㪇ᐕ㪄㪉㪇㪇㪈ᐕ䈱ቇᩞᐕᐲ䈮䈍䈔䉎䉝䊜䊥 䉦วⴐ࿖䇭ೋ╬䊶ਛ╬ᢎ⢒Ბ㓏䇭ቇᩞᢙ䊂䊷 䉺 ⚿วဳ䋨 䉮䊮 䊋䉟䊮䋩 Ꮊฬ ว⸘ ೋ╬ᢎ⢒Ბ㓏䋨 䉣䊧䊜䊮䉺 䊥䊷䋩 䊚䊄䊦䊶䊧䊔䊦ᢎ⢒Ბ㓏䋨 䊚䊄䊦䋩 ਛ╬ᢎ⢒Ბ㓏䋨 䉶䉦䊮䉻䊥䊷䋩
ߌࠆቇᐕߩࠅᣇߩ⁁㧔ࠛࡔࡦ࠲㧘ࡒ࠼࡞㧘ࠞࡦ࠳ߩฦᲑ㓏ߦ⟎ߠߌࠄࠇࠆቇᐕ▸⇵㧘ߥࠄ߮ ߦ㧘ฦᲑ㓏ߦ߅ߌࠆਥߚࠆቇᐕ✬ᚑࡄ࠲ࡦ㧕߮㧘Ꮊߏߣቇᐕߏߣߦ㓸⸘ߐࠇߚቇᩞᢙ㧔ታᢙ㧕ߢࠆ㧚߹ ߚ㧘ߎߩ࠺࠲ߪᰴߩߎߣ߽␜ߒߡࠆ㧚ㄭᐕ㧘ࠕࡔࠞߩೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ߢߪ 㧘ޟࠛࡔࡦ࠲(Elementary)ޠ ޟࡒ ࠼ ࡞(Middle)ޠޟ ࠞ ࡦ ࠳ (Secondary)ޠߣ ߁Ბ 㓏 ಽ߇ ቯ ⌕ߒ ߡ ߅ࠅ 㧘 ߘ ࠇߦ ട ߃ߡ 㧘ޟࠦ ࡦ ࡃࠗ ࡦ (Combine)ޠ㧔⚿วဳ㧕ߣ߁ዞቇ೨ᢎ⢒߆ࠄ 12 ቇᐕ߹ߢࠍ৻ߒߡᢎ⢒ߔࠆᯏ㑐߿ UG㧔ungraded; ήቇᐕ㧕ߦ ࠃࠅㆇ༡ߐࠇࠆቇᩞߥߤ㧘ߐ߹ߑ߹ߥቇᩞߩࠅᣇ߇ሽߒߡࠆߎߣ 㧚ߟ߹ࠅ㧘ೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ోࠍⷞ㊁ߦ ࠇߚቇᐕ߳ߩᡷ⚵߇ㅴࠎߢࠆߎߣ㧘ࠕࡔࠞߩᄙߊߩㇺᏒߢߪࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߣೋ╬ᢎ⢒ࠍ৻ൻߐߖߚቇ ᩞࠍߟߊࠆࠤࠬ㧘ࠆߪ㧘ೋ╬ᢎ⢒߆ࠄਛ╬ᢎ⢒߹ߢߩ 12 ᐕ㑆ࠍ৻⽾ᢎ⢒ߣߒߡᛒ৻ߟߩᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ߢᢎ⢒ ࠍⴕߥߞߡࠆࠤࠬߥߤ㧔 㧟 㧝 㧕㧘ዊ́ਛ́㜞ߩធ⛯⒖ⴕ߮ߘߩ৻⽾ᕈߦ㊀ὐࠍ⟎ߚߐ߹ߑ߹ߥข⚵ߺ߇ⴕߥ ࠊࠇߡࠆߎߣࠍ⍮ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ㧚ߎߎߢ㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߩዊቇᩞ߆ࠄ㜞╬ቇᩞ߳ߩធ⛯⒖ⴕߩ㗴ߦ㑐 ㅪߒߡ㧘ㄭᐕߩࠕࡔࠞߩቇᩞᒻᘒߩᄌൻߦ⋡ࠍะߌߡߺࠆߎߣߦߒߚ㧚 ᰴߦ␜ߔ 2 ߪ㧘ో☨ߦ߅ߌࠆ㧘K㧙8 㧘K㧙12 ߩቇᩞᢙߩផ⒖ߢࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘ߐࠄߦ K㧙8㧘K㧙12 ߦ㘃ߔࠆ ቇᩞᒻᘒߣߒߡ㧘ㄭᐕ⪺ߒߊჇടߒᆎߡࠆ PK㧙8㧘PK㧙12 ߩቇᩞᢙߩផ⒖߽૬ߖߡᰴߦ␜ߒߡߺࠃ߁㧔 㧟 㧞 㧕㧚
1970-71 1986-87
1992-93
1999-00
2001-02
2002-03
K-8
4431
4789
3494
3249
3299
3410
PK-8
157
550
1075
1455
2020
2048
✚⸘
4588
5339
4569
4704
5319
5458
K-12
444
875
819
1227
1334
1476
PK-12
27
183
570
949
1318
1443
✚⸘
471
1058
1389
2176
2652
2919
ᵈ䋺䇭㪈㪐㪎㪇㪄㪎㪈ᐕ䈮䈧䈇䈩䈲䇮
䌃䌃䌄
ౝ䈮䊜䉟䊮Ꮊ䋨㪐㪌㪋ᩞ䋩䇮䊆䊠䊷䉳䊞䊷䉳䊷
Ꮊ䋨㪉㪃㪌㪊㪐ᩞ䋩䈱ቇᐕ✬ᚑ䊂䊷䉺䈏䈭䈇䇯ᓥ䈦䈩䇮ᧄ䇮㪈㪐㪎㪇䋭㪎㪈ᐕ䈱ᢙ
ሼ䊂䊷䉺䈲▚䈪䈅䉎䇯䈢䈣䈚䇮ో☨䈱ቇᩞᢙ䋨㪏㪏㪃㪈㪍㪎ᩞ䋩䈮භ䉄䉎䇮⸥䋲
Ꮊ䈱ഀว䈲㪋䋦䈪䈅䉍䇮ታᢙ䈫䈱Ꮕ䈲ᄢ䈐䈭䉅䈱䈪䈲䈭䈇䇯
ቇᩞᢙ
㪉㪅䇭㪢䋭㪏䋬㪧㪢䋭㪏䋬㪢䋭㪈㪉䋬㪧㪢䋭㪈㪉䇭ቇᩞᢙ䈱ផ⒖
ቇᐕ✬ᚑ
2 ߆ࠄࠊ߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘K㧙8 ߪ 1980 ᐕઍᓟඨ㗃㧘ߘߩᢙߪࡇࠢߦߥߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߘߩᓟ 1990 ᐕઍߦߞߡ৻ ᣤᷫዋะߦォߓࠆ߇㧘ㄭᐕౣ߮Ⴧടะࠍ␜ߒߡࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘1980 ᐕઍᓟඨ㗃ߦߪో☨ߦࠊߕ߆ 550 ᩞߒ߆ߥ߆ ߞߚ PK㧙8 ߣ߁ቇᩞᒻᘒߪ㧘2002 ᐕߦߪ㧘2,000 ᩞࠍ߃ࠆߢჇടߒߡࠆ㧚ઁᣇ㧘K㧙12 ߪ㧘1980 ᐕઍ ᓟඨߏࠈߦߪ 875 ᩞߢߞߚߩ߇㧘2002 ᐕߦߪ 1,476 ᩞ߹ߢჇടߒߡࠆ㧚ߐࠄߦ㧘PK㧙12 ߪ㧘1980 ᐕઍᓟඨ㗃 ߦߪࠊߕ߆ 183 ᩞߒ߆ሽߒߡߥ߆ߞߚߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕ㧘2002 ᐕߦߪߘߩ⚂ 8 ߩ 1,443 ᩞߦ߹ߢჇടߒߡࠆ㧚 K㧙8㧘PK㧙8 ߣ߁ቇᩞᒻᘒߩ႐ว㧘ዊቇᩞ(elementary school)ߣࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߩធ⛯⒖ⴕ߇ᡷ㕟ߩᄢ ߈ߥὶὐߣߥࠆ㧚ઁᣇ㧘K㧙12㧘PK㧙12 ߩ႐วߪ㧘ዊቇᩞ㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞㧘㜞╬ቇᩞ(high school)ߩฦቇᩞ 㑆ߩធ⛯⒖ⴕ߇ᡷ㕟ߩᄢ߈ߥὶὐߣߥࠆ 㧚ߚߛߒ㧘K㧙8㧘PK㧙8 ߣ㧘K㧙12㧘PK㧙12 ߩቇᩞᢙߩផ⒖ࠍᲧセߒ ߡߺߚ႐ว㧘ᦨㄭߦ߅ߌࠆቇᩞᢙߢߪ㧘K㧙8㧘PK㧙8 ߩᣇ߇㧘K㧙12㧘PK㧙12 ࠃࠅ߽ఝߢࠆߎߣߪᵈ⋡ߔߴ ߈ߢࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘1980 ᐕઍᓟඨ㗃ߦߪ㧘ߘࠇࠄߩቇᩞ࠲ࠗࡊ㑆㧔✚⸘㧕ߦߪ 5 ㄭቇᩞᢙᩰᏅ߇ߞߚߦ߽߆ ߆ࠊࠄߕ㧘2000 ᐕߦߞߚߋࠄ߆ࠄߘߩਔ⠪㑆ߩቇᩞᢙᩰᏅߪ⚂ 2 ⒟ᐲߦࠍ❗㧘ᤨὐ߹ߢߦ․ߦ PK 㧙12 ߇ടㅦߒߡჇ߃ߡ߈ߚߎߣߪ㧘ㅏߔߎߣߪߢ߈ߥ㧚 ߎ߁ߒߚቇᩞᒻᘒߩᄌ㕟ߪ㧘ਥߦ 1980 ᐕઍ߆ࠄ 1990 ᐕઍߦ߆ߌߡߩㅪ㇌ᐭ㧘Ꮊᐭࡌ࡞ߢߩ࠻࠶ࡊ࠳ ࠙ࡦဳߩᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߣ㧘ቇᩞ႐ࡌ࡞ߢߩࡏ࠻ࡓࠕ࠶ࡊဳߩᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟߇⢛᥊ߦߥߞߡࠆ 㧚ౕ⊛ߦ⸒߁ߣ㧘1983 ᐕߩวⴐ࿖ᢎ⢒⋭ႎ๔ᦠޡෂᯏߦ┙ߟ࿖ኅޢߩ⊒ࠍᄾᯏߣߒߡ㧘߶ߣࠎߤߩᎺ߇ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ࠍਛᔃߣߒߚᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߦะߌߚ⁛⥄ߩข⚵ߺࠍዷ㐿ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ㧔 㧟 㧟 㧕㧚߹ߚ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚะߪ㧘Ꮊᐭ߇ᴺߥߤߦࠃࠅ㧘1960 ᐕ ઍ߆ࠄ 1970 ᐕઍߦ߆ߌߡߩⴕ߈ㆊ߉ߚᄙ᭽ൻࠍᤚᱜߒ 㧘ၮḰൻㅢൻࠍ⋡ᜰߔ߽ߩߢ㧘ࠊࠁࠆ࠻࠶ࡊ࠳࠙ ࡦߩᣇᑼߢⴕߥࠊࠇߚߩߢࠆ㧔 㧟 㧠 㧕㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘Ꮊߦࠃࠆ࠻࠶ࡊ࠳࠙ࡦߩᡷ㕟߇ㅴࠄࠇࠆ৻ᣇߢ㧘႐ߩᢎᏧ߿ ⷫ㧘⎇ⓥ⠪ߩ㑆߆ࠄߪ࠻࠶ࡊ࠳࠙ࡦߦࠃࠆၮḰൻㅢൻߛߌߢߪ 㧘ฦቇᩞߩታᖱߦߞߚᡷ㕟ߪߢ߈ߥߣ ߁ᛕ್߇ߥߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ㧚࠻࠶ࡊ࠳࠙ࡦߦࠃࠆᡷ㕟ߩᛕ್⠪ߪ㧘ᢎ㧙ቇ⠌ࡊࡠࠬߘߩ߽ߩߩᡷༀࠍ⋡ ᜰߒ㧘ቇᩞࡌ࡞߆ࠄߩᡷ㕟ࠊࠁࠆࡏ࠻ࡓࠕ࠶ࡊࠍឭ໒ታ〣ߒߚߩߢࠆ 㧚ߘ߁߁ᗧߢߪ㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ ࡌ࡞ᢎ⢒ߩᡷༀࠍ࿑ࠈ߁ߣߔࠆ 1980 ᐕઍᓟඨએ㒠ߩផㅴജߪ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚข⚵ߺߩ৻Ⅳߣ߃ࠆ㧚 ߹ߚ㧘ޡෂᯏߦ┙ߟ࿖ኅޢએ㒠㧘ᐭࡌ࡞ߢߩೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ߩᡷ㕟ߩὶὐߪቇജߩะߦะߌࠄࠇߡࠆ 㧚ߐ ࠄߦ 1990 ᐕઍߦߞߡ߆ࠄ߽㧘ߎ߁ߒߚะߪ৻ጀ⏕ൻߒ㧘ᓥ᧪ߩⴕ߈ㆊ߉ߚᄙ᭽ൻ߆ࠄᢎ⢒ౝኈߩၮḰൻ ㅢൻࠍ࿑ࠆ৻ᣇߢ㧘ᢎ⢒ᚑᨐߦኻߔࠆ⽿છ㧔ࠕࠞ࠙ࡦ࠲ࡆ࠹ࠖ㧕ࠍߥ߇ࠄ 㧘ቇࠆߪቇᩞߩਥ⊛ߢ Ⓧᭂ⊛ߥข⚵ߺࠍᒁ߈ߔߎߣߦദജ߇ᛄࠊࠇߡࠆ㧔 㧟 㧡 㧕㧚߃߫㧘ࡑࠣࡀ࠶࠻ࠬࠢ࡞ߥߤቇᩞㆬᛯᐲߩዉ 㧘࠴ࡖ࠲ࠬࠢ࡞㧔 㧟 㧢 㧕ߩ⸳┙㧘⸳⟎ߥߤߩⷙ✭╷߇ታᣉߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚߎߣ߇ߘࠇߦߚࠆ㧚 ߘ߁߁ᗧߢߪ㧘K㧙8 ߣߩ㑐ㅪߢ㧘ᰴߦขࠅߍࠆࠝࠧࡦᎺߩߪ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚߐ߹ߑ߹ߥⷐ࿃߇߽ߚࠄ ߔቇᩞᄌ㕟ߩ৻ߟߣࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߛࠈ߁㧔 㧟 㧣 㧕㧚એߩࠃ߁ߥᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩ⢛᥊ࠍ〯߹߃ߡ㧘ޟࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ᢎ ⢒ޠࠍේὐߣߒߡᣂߒቇᩞᒻᘒࠍዷ㐿ߒߡࠆㄭᐕߩേะߦߟߡᰴߦ㧘⸒ߔࠆߎߣߦߒࠃ߁㧚 5. ࠝࠧࡦᎺࡐ࠻ࡦ࠼Ꮢߩᢎ⢒㧙ቇᩞㆬᛯᐲ㧘K㧙8 ┙ቇᩞߩቇᩞㆬᛯᐲߪⷙ✭ߩേ߈ߣߒߡߔߢߦࠕࡔࠞߩᄙߊߩᎺߢታᣉߐࠇߡࠆ 㧚ࠝࠧࡦᎺߩ႐ ว߽ᄖߢߪߥߊ㧘ㄭᐕቇᩞㆬᛯᐲߩዉߦࠃࠆ․⦡ࠆቇᩞߠߊࠅ㧘ቇᩞᡷༀ߇ⴕߥࠊࠇߡ߈ߚ㧚ߘߩ⚿ᨐ㧘 ఽ┬↢ᓤߩ࠾࠭ߦᔕߓߚቇᩞߠߊࠅ߇⋡ᜰߐࠇ 㧘ߊߟ߆ߩቇᩞߢߪቇᩞ⁛⥄ߩ࠹ࡑ߿ᣇะᕈࠍឝߍࠆߎߣ ߢၞ߿⼔⠪ߣㅪ៤ߒߟߟ⁛⥄ߩࡊࡠࠣࡓࠍ㐿⊒ߒߡࠆ 㧚ߘߒߡ㧘ߘ߁ߒߚⷙ✭ߦࠃߞߡ߹ߔ߹ߔࠞ ࠠࡘࡓߩᎿᄦᣂ㧘ᢎ⢒ᣇᴺࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߩᡷༀᡷ㕟߇ⴕߥࠊࠇ 㧘․⦡ࠆታ〣ߩዷ㐿߇ߥߐࠇߡ߈ߚߣ ߃ࠆ㧚 ߐߡ㧘ో☨ߩᎺߩਛߢ߽ࠝࠧࡦᎺࠍߊߟ߆ߩᎺߢߪ㧘ఝ⑲ᩞߩቯᐲࠍታᣉߒߡࠆߎߣߢ߽⍮ࠄࠇ ߡࠆ㧔 㧟 㧤 㧕㧚߹ߚ㧘ࠝࠧࡦᎺߩਛߢ߽ࡐ࠻ࡦ࠼┙ቇᩞߪ㧘ߣࠅࠊߌఝ⑲ߥ⚿ᨐࠍ␜ߒߡࠆ㧚2000 ᐕ ߦߞߡએ㒠ߩㄭᐕߩ⚻ㆊࠍߡ߽㧘ఝ⑲ᩞߣߒߡߩቯࠍฃߌࠆቇᩞ߇ࡐ࠻ࡦ࠼ᏒߢߪᐕޘჇടะߦࠆ㧚 ߎߩࠃ߁ߥਛߢ㧘ࡐ࠻ࡦ࠼Ꮢߢߪ 6㧙8 ቇᐕߩࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߩ৻ㇱ߇㧘K㧙8 ߳ᡷ⚵ߐࠇߡࠆ㧚ߎ ߁ߒߚะߪ㧘ᣣ㧘ࠕࡔࠞߢޟࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ᢎ⢒ޠߣ߫ࠇࠆᢎ⢒Ბ㓏ߩ▸⇵߇߶߷࿕߹ߞߡ߈ߚ ৻ᣇߢ㧘 ࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ࠍೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ߩㅪ⛯ᕈࠍᗧ⼂ߒߚ┙ቇᩞᢎ⢒ߦ߽ജὐ߇⟎߆ࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ߈ߚߎߣ ࠍ␜ߒߡࠆ㧚 ᰴߦ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚㄭᐕ㧘Ⴧ߃ߟߟࠆᒻᘒߩቇᩞࠍ߽ⷞ㊁ߦࠇߡ⸒ߔࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ 㧘એਅ㧘ޟࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ޠ ᢎ⢒ߣߪ㧘⁜⟵ߦߪ⁛┙⊛ߦㆇ༡ߐࠇߡࠆࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ࠍᜰߔ߇㧘ᐢ⟵ߦߪࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞߆ࠄߐࠄߦᡷ ⚵ߐࠇᣂߚߦ K㧙8 ߳⒖ⴕߒߡ߈ߚቇᩞࠍࠎߢࠆߎߣࠍߎߎߢᢿߞߡ߅߈ߚ㧚ߕࠇߦߒߡ߽㧘ߔߢߦㅀ ߴߡ߈ߚߣ߅ࠅ㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߩ⊒ዷߩᱧผߦ߅ߡޟዊቇᩞ߆ࠄࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞߳ߩធ⛯⒖ⴕࠍࠬࡓ ࠭ߦⴕߥ߁ޠߣ߁⺖㗴ߪ㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߩቇᩞᡷ㕟ߦ߅ߌࠆߣ⥄ⷡߩ৻ߟߢߞߚ㧚ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘╩ ⠪߇ታ㓙ߦ⸰ߒߚࡐ࠻ࡦ࠼ߩ K㧙8 ߩᩞ㐳ࠄߩߦࠃࠇ߫㧘ࠝࠧࡦᎺ㧘ࡐ࠻ࡦ࠼Ꮢߩ႐วߢ߃߫㧘 6㧙8 ቇᐕ߆ࠄ K㧙8 ߳ߩᄌ㕟ߪ㧘ቇᩞ☋⠪ᢙ߿㧘ߘࠇߦ㑐ଥߔࠆᩞ⥢ߩഀࠅᒰߡߩ㗴ߥߤⴕ⽷⊛ߥ㗴 ߦଐሽߔࠆߣߎࠈ߇ᄢ߈ߣ߁㧚ࠕࡔࠞߩ႐ว㧘ೋ╬ਛ╬Ბ㓏ߦߞߡ߽㧘ቇᩞᡷༀߩขࠅ⚵ߺߩਛߦ㧘ߘ ߁ߒߚ⽷⊛ߥ㗴߽ᔅߕ⛊ࠎߢߊࠆࠃ߁ߢࠆ 㧚ߢߪ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚ K㧙8 ࠍࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ᢎ⢒ߣߪ㧘ᣣ ߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⹏ଔߔߴ߈ߛࠈ߁߆㧚
6. ࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ᢎ⢒ࠍޟේὐޠߣߒߚ․⦡ࠆᢎ⢒ࡊࡠࠣࡓߩ ᰴߦ␜ߔޟࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ޠ3 ᩞߪ㧘ࠝࠧࡦᎺᢎ⢒ዪ߆ࠄޟఝ⑲ᩞޠߣߒߡߩቯࠍฃߌߡࠆߎߣߢ⍮ࠄࠇ ߡࠆ㧚ߘࠇߙࠇߩቇᩞߪ㧘⁛⥄ߩ࠹ࡑᕈࠍᛂߜߒߡࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߦ⁛⥄ߦࠞࠠࡘࡓ✬ᚑߦᎿᄦ ࠍಝࠄߒߡࠆߚ㧘ฦቇᩞߩࠅᣇߪታߦᄙ᭽ߢࠆ 㧚ߕࠇߩቇᩞ߽ࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ᦼߩ↢ᓤߩ⥝㑐ᔃߣ ⚿߮ઃߌߡࠆὐߢᵈ⋡ߦ୯ߔࠆ㧚એਅߦߘߩⷐߦߟߡ߹ߣߡߺࠃ߁ 㧚 Ԙ ࠛࡦࡃࠗࡔࡦ࠲࡞ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞̆̆ޟⅣႺޠࠍ࠹ࡑߦߒߚቇᩞߠߊࠅ ԙ ࠳ࡧࠖࡦ࠴ࠕ࠻ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞̆̆ޟ⧓ⴚޠࠍ࠹ࡑߦߒߚቇᩞߠߊࠅ Ԛ ࠙ࠗࡦ࠲ࡂࡧࡦࠬࠢ࡞̆̆̆̆̆̆ޟℂᢙޠࠍ࠹ࡑߦߒߚቇᩞߠߊࠅ ⸥ 3 ᩞߪߕࠇ߽㧘ቇࠍ߃ߡߐࠄߦᐢၞ⊛ߦ↢ᓤࠍ㓸ߡࠆὐ㧘ޟࠆ․ቯߩ࠹ࡑࠍਛᔃߦᝪ߃ߚቇ ᩞ(Special Focus School)ޠߣߒߡㆇ༡ߐࠇߡࠆὐߢ㧘ቇࡌ࡞ߢㆇ༡ߐࠇࠆޟㅢᏱߩቇᩞ㧔Regular School㧕ޠ ߣߪ㧘⇣ߥߞߚቇᩞ⚻༡߇ߥߐࠇߡࠆ㧚ᰴߦ␜ߔ 2 㗁ߦࠊߚࠆ 3 ߪ㧘⸥ 3 ᩞߩࠞࠠࡘࡓߩ․⦡ࠍߊߟ ߆ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ⋧ߦᲧセߢ߈ࠆᒻߦಽᨆᢛℂߒߚ߽ߩߢࠆ㧔 㧟 㧥 㧕㧚 ฦቇᩞߩቇᐕ✬ᚑߦߟߡߪ㧘ਛߦ⸥ߒߚߣ߅ࠅߢࠆ߇㧘ߎߎߢࠃࠅ◲ẖߦ⸥ߒߡ߅ߎ߁㧚╩⠪߇⸰ߒߚ 2004 ᐕ 1 ᤨὐߢ㧘3 ߟߩߩਛߢߪ㧘Ԛߪߔߢߦ K㧙8 ߳ᡷ⚵ߐࠇߡߚ㧚Ԙߦߟߡߪ 6㧙8 ቇᐕࡒ࠼࡞ ࠬࠢ࡞ߢߞߚ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘ߘߩᓟ㧘K㧙8 ߳ᡷ⚵ߐࠇߡࠆ㧚㧔╩⠪ߩ⸰ᤨὐߢߪߔߢߦ㧘Ԙߪ K㧙8 ߳ߩᡷ ⚵ ߇ ߹ ߞ ߡ ߚ 㧚 ߘ ߩ ᓟ 㧘 K㧙 8 ߦ ᡷ ⚵ ߐ ࠇ 㧘 ࠨ ࠾ ࠨ ࠗ ࠼ ࠛ ࡦ ࡃ ࠗ ࡔ ࡦ ࠲ ࡞ ࠬ ࠢ ࡞ 㧧 Sunnyside Environmental School ߣᡷ⒓ߐࠇ㧘ᣣߦ⥋ߞߡࠆ㧚㧕ߘߒߡ㧘ԙߪ㧘6㧙8 ቇᐕߩࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߢࠆ㧚 ԙߦߟߡߪߦ⥋ߞߡ߽ቇᐕ✬ᚑߩᄌᦝߪߥ 㧚 ࡐ࠻ࡦ࠼ߩߎࠇࠄ K㧙8 ߩቇᩞߩ႐วߢ⸒߁ߣ㧘K㧙5 ߹ߢߩೋ╬Ბ㓏ߣ 6㧙8 ቇᐕߩࡒ࠼࡞Ბ㓏ߪ㧘หߓᩞ ⥢ౝߦሽߒߡߚ߇㧘ቇᩞౝߩᢎ⢒⚵❱ߣߒߡߪ㧘K㧙5 ߹ߢߩೋ╬ᢎ⢒ߣ㧘6㧙8 ቇᐕߩࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ᢎ⢒ߪ ߦㆇ༡ߐࠇߡߚ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘ᔅⷐߦᔕߓ㧘ೋ╬ᢎ⢒ߣࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ᢎ⢒ߩ㑆ߩࠞࠠࡘࡓߪޟℂᢙޠࠍ ㅢ㗄ߣߒߡㅪ㑐ᕈߪߚࠇߡߚߣ߃ࠆ 㧚߃߫㧘ቇᩞోߩขࠅ⚵ߺߣߒߡ㧘ޟࠨࠗࠛࡦࠬࡈࠚࠕޠࠍ㐿 ߔࠆߣ߈㧘ೋ╬Ბ㓏ߣࡒ࠼࡞Ბ㓏ߪ㧘วหߢⴕߦෳടߔࠆߥߤ㧘ቇᩞⴕߥߤࠍㅢߒߡ㧘Ᏹߦೋ╬Ბ㓏ߣࡒ࠼ ࡞Ბ㓏ߩㅪ៤ߪ㧘ᩞౝߦ߅ߡ࿑ࠄࠇߡߚ㧚ߘ߁߁ᗧߢߪ㧘K㧙8 ߩ႐ว㧘ᢎ⢒⚵❱ߣࠞࠠࡘࡓߩ㑐ଥ ߪ߿߿ⶄ㔀ߣ߃ࠆ߇㧘หߓᩞ⥢ౝߦ K㧙5 ߹ߢߩᢎ⢒ߦ៤ࠊࠆᢎᏧ㧘6㧙8 ቇᐕߦ៤ࠊࠆᢎᏧߩਔᣇ߇ሽߒߡ ࠆߚ㧘ਔ⠪ߪ߅ߦኻߒߡㅪ៤߇ขࠅ߿ߔߣ߁ὐ߇ࠆߎߣߪ⏕߆ߢࠆ㧚 એߩࠃ߁ߥ K㧙8 ߩ․ᓽ߽〯߹߃ߡ㧘3 ߟߩቇᩞߩߘࠇߙࠇߩ․ᓽࠍᰴߩߢߡߺࠆߎߣߦߒࠃ߁ 㧚 7. 3 ߇ᤋߒߔᣣߩࠕࡔࠞߩࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ᢎ⢒ ㅢᏱ㧘┙ቇᩞߦߟߡߪቇ߇ㅢቇၞࠍ⸳ߌߡ߅ࠅ 㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ߩ↢ᓤߪዬၞౝߩ੍ࠄࠇ ߚ ቇᩞ߳ቇ☋ߔࠆߩ߇৻⥸⊛ߢࠆ㧚ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘 3 ߦឝߍߚࡐ࠻ࡦ࠼ߩޟࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ޠ 3 ᩞߪ ߕࠇ߽㧘↢ᓤ߇⥄ࠄ⥄ಽߩㆡᕈࠍᭂ㧘ᢙࠆㆬᛯ⢇ߩਛ߆ࠄㆬ߮ขߞߡቇߒߡߊࠆቇᩞߢࠆ 㧚ߘ߁߁ ᗧߢߪ㧘↢ᓤ߿⼔⠪߇ޟㆬᛯޠߢ߈ࠆޟࠝࡊ࡚ࠪࡦޠߣߒߡᯏ⢻ߒߡࠆቇᩞߣ߃ࠆ㧚ߟ߹ࠅ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚቇ ᩞߩࠅᣇߪ㧘ቇᩞㆬᛯᐲߩዉߦࠃߞߡ㧘ฦቇᩞ㑆ߦᢎ⢒ᡷༀ߳ߩਥ⊛ข⚵ߺࠍᒁ߈ߔ߽ߩߢࠅ 㧘߆ߟ㧘 ߘࠇߙࠇߩ↢ᓤ߇⥄ಽߦߣߞߡࠃࠅㆡಾߥቇᩞߦㅴቇߔࠆ⥄ⷡߣᮭࠍࠆ߽ߩߢ߽ࠆ 㧚߹ߚ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚ⿰ᣦ ࠍ↢߆ߒߟߟ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩᎺ߿ቇߢߪ㧘ᢎ⢒ߦᦨᄢ㒢ߩᢎ⢒ᚑᨐࠍᒁ߈ߔߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߡࠆߩߢࠆ㧚 ߐߡ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚᐲ߇ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ዬၞౝߩ੍ࠄࠇߚቇᩞ߳ㅴߣ߁ㆬᛯߔࠆ㧘ࠆߪ㧘ዬ ၞࠍࠃࠅᐢၞߩਛ߆ࠄ⥄ಽߩㅴߺߚޟቇᩞޠࠍㆬᛯߔࠆ㧘ߣߞߚߊߟ߆ߩㆬᛯ⢇߇↪ᗧߐࠇࠆߎ ߣߪ㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ߩ↢ᓤߚߜߦߣߞߡߤߩࠃ߁ߥᗧ߇ࠆߩߛࠈ߁߆ 㧚ዊቇᩞ߆ࠄ㜞╬ቇᩞ߹ߢߩ 12 ࡨᐕ ߩ㑆㧘↢ᓤߚߜߪ㧘⥄ಽߪ᧪ߤߩࠃ߁ߥߎߣࠍߔࠆߩ߆㧘⥄ಽߩㆡᕈߪ߆㧘⥄ಽߪߦ⥝߇ࠅ㧘ߤࠎߥߎ
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䈪䈲
30
ฬ
⒟ᐲ䈱䉮
䉝
䉪
䊤
䉴
䋨⇣ᐕ㦂
㓸࿅䋩
䈏⚵
❱䈘
䉏
䋬
䇸
䊥
䊷䊂䉞
䊮
䉫
䇹
䋬
䇸
䊤
䉟
䊁
䉞䊮
䉫䇹
䋬䇸
␠ળ
⑼䇹䉕✚ว⊛䈮ቇ䈹
䋮䈖
䈱ઁ䋬
1
䊏
䊥
䉥䊄䈲䇸
ᢙ
ቇ䇹䋨
ㅴᐲ
㓸
࿅✬
ᚑ䋩
䋬
䈱
1
䊏䊥
䉥
䊄
䈲
䇸
ℂ
⑼䇹䋨⇣ᐕ
㦂㓸࿅
䋩䉕ቇ
䈹䋮
䈠
䈚
䈩䋬ᱷ
䉍
䈱
2
䊏䊥
䉥䊄䈲
䋬
2
⑼
⋡
䈱
䇸
ㆬ
ᛯ
⑼
⋡䇹䋨
⥝
䊶㑐
ᔃ
䈱
⇣ᐕ㦂㓸
࿅䋩䉕
ቇ䈹䋮
৻ᣣ䈱䉴
䉬
䉳䊠䊷䊦
䈱ၮᧄ
䈲
䋬
Ფ
ᦺ
16
ಽ㑆䈱
HR
䈫
1
䉮䊙
56
䌾
62
ಽන
䈱䊏
䊥
䉥
䊄
䈏
5
䊏䊥
䉥
䊄
䈪
᭴ᚑ
䈘
䉏
䈩䈇䉎
䈏
䋬
ㅳ
䈮
2
࿁䋬
2
䊏䊥
䉥
䊄
⛯
䈐
䈱䊑
䊨
䉾
䉪
䊶
䉺
䉟
䊛
䈏
৻ᣣ䈮
䈧䈐
2
䉮
䊙䋨ฦ
12
0
ಽ
⒟ᐲ䋩ዉ䈘
䉏
䉎
䋮
䉁
䈢䋬৻ᣣ
䈱⚳䉒䉍
䈮
20
ಽ
㑆䈱䇸䉴
䉺䊂䉞䊶䊖䊷䊦䇹
䈏
⸳ቯ
䈘
䉏
䈩䈇䉎
䋮
ᢙ
ቇ䋬ℂ⑼
䋬⸒⺆
ᛛ
ⴚ䋬
␠ળ⑼
䈱
4
䈧䈱
䉮
䉝
⑼
⋡
䈲
ቇ
ᐕ
㓸࿅
✬ᚑ
䋮ㆬ
ᛯ⑼
⋡
䈲
䋬
⇣
ᐕ
㦂㓸࿅
✬ᚑ䉕ታ
ᣉ䈚
䈩䈇䉎䋮
ቇᩞฬ㧔
࠹ࡑ
㧕
䉣
䊮
䊋
䉟
䊤
䊜
䊮
䉺
䊦
䊶
䊚
䊄
䊦
䊶
䉴
䉪
䊷
䊦
䋨
Ⅳ
Ⴚ
䋩
䉻
䊯
䉞
䊮
䉼
䉝
䊷
䊃
䊶
䊚
䊄
䊦
䊶
䉴
䉪
䊷
䊦
䋨
⧓
ⴚ
䋩
䉡
䉟
䊮
䉺
䊷
䊊
䊷
䊯
䊮
䊶
䉴
䉪
䊷
䊦
䋨
ℂ
䊶
ᢙ
䋩
䉦䊥
䉨
䊠
䊤䊛
䈱
․⦡
EMS
䈱Ⅳ
Ⴚ
䉮
䉝
䊶
䉦䊥
䉨
䊠
䊤
䊛
䈲
䋬
Ꮉ
䋬
ጊ䋬
䈮ὶὐ䉕
ᒰ䈩䈢
㵰
3
ᐕ
1
䉰䉟
䉪
䊦
㵱䈱
ቇ
⠌
ᒻ
ᘒ
䉕
䈫
䈦䈩
䈇䉎
䋮
ㄭ
㓞
䈱
䊘
䊷
䊃
䊤
䊮
䊄
䊌䊷
䉪
䈫
⼾
䈎
䈭
✛Ꮺ䈲
ቇ⠌䈱㊀ⷐ䈭৻ㇱ䉕䈭䈚
䈩䈍
䉍䋬
EM
S
䈮
㵰↢䈐
䈢
ታ
㛎
ቶ㵱䉕
ឭଏ
䈚
䈩
䈇䉎
䋮
ቇᩞ䈱ᢝ
ౝ
䈮
䈲
⥄ὼ⼾
䈎
䈭
ᐸ䈨䈒䉍
䉕
ታ
〣䈚
䋬䉮
䊚
䊠
䊆䊁
䉞䊶䉰䊷
䊎䉴
䉇Ⅳ
Ⴚᢎ⢒
䈻⚿
䈶
ઃ
䈔
䈩䈇
䉎
䋮
Ḩ
Ꮺ䈭
䈬
․ᱶ䈭
ⅣႺ
䉕䈧
䈒
䉍䋬㊁↢ᬀ‛䈏ᄙ
ᢙ⢒䈩䉌䉏
䈩
䈇
䉎
䋮
ᐸ
䈲
䈜
䈼䈩䈱
ᬺ䉕
ㅢ䈚
䈩⛽ᜬ
▤ℂ
䈘
䉏
䈩䈇䉎
䋮
䂓䂓
3
䈧䈧
䈱
䊁
䊷
䊙
⟲
䇸Ꮉ䇹䊶
䊶䊶
ዊᎹ䈱
ᕈ⾰
䋬᳓
⾰⺞
ᩏ
䋬
᳓ㄝ
䈱ᬀ
‛䊶േ‛䋬ർ
䉝
䊜䊥
䉦
䈱
ᴡᎹ䋬
ዊᎹ䈱ᓳ
ᣥ䋬᳓
䈱ൻቇ䋬ㇺᏒ䈱᳓㗴䋬ᴡᎹ䈱⧓ⴚ䋺䈫㖸
ᭉ䋬Ḩ䈫
ᴡญ䋬
ᴡ
Ꮉ
䈮
䉁
䈧䉒䉎
ᱧผ
䋮
䇸ጊ䇹䊶䊶䊶䊘䊷
䊃
䊤䊮
䊄
䈱⾰䈫Ṛ
䋬
ጊጪ
䉮
䊚
䊠
䊆
䊁
䉞
䈱ᢥൻ
䋬ᢥ
ൻ
䈫
ⅣႺ
䈱ᓇ
㗀
䋬
⇇
䈱
ጊ䇱䋬Ἣ
ጊ
䈫㔡
䋬
⾰
䈱⎇ⓥ
䋬ጊ䈱
⧓ⴚ䋺
䈫㖸ᭉ䋬
⠨ฎቇ
䈫ੱ㘃
ቇ
䋮
䇸䇹䊶䊶䊶ᬀ‛ቇ䋬⇇䈱䋺↢‛ቇ䋬ᱧผ䈫
ᢥ
ൻ
䋬᳃
ᣖᬀ‛
ቇ
䋬
ᄥ
ᐔᵗർ
ㇱ
䈱
䋬
ർ
ㇱ
䈱᧚
ᧁ↥
ᬺ䈱
ᱧผ䈫
ᢥൻ
䋬
䈱⧓
ⴚ䋺
䈫㖸ᭉ
䋬▵
⿷േ‛䈫
䋬
䈱વ
⺑䈫᳃
䋬
ᨋᬺ䈮
㑐䈜
䉎
ᢙ
ቇ
䈫
ጊᨋ
▤ℂ
䋬
ᨋ
㗴䋮
ㆬᛯ⑼⋡
䈲
䈜
䈼䈩
⇣ᐕ㦂
㓸࿅✬
ᚑ䈪
ⴕ䈭䉒
䉏
䋬
⧓ⴚ㑐ㅪ䈱䊁䊷䊙䉕ਛᔃ䈮⑼⋡䈏⸳ቯ䈘
䉏
䈩
䈇䉎䋮⧓ⴚ䈮㑐䈜䉎
⑼⋡䉕㐿⻠䈜䉎
䈮䈅
䈢䈦䈩
䋬
ቇᩞ䈲
⧓ⴚ
䈱ኾ㐷
ኅ
7
ฬ
䉕ᢎᏧ
䈫
䈚
䈩ណ↪䈚
䈩䈇䉎䋮ㆬᛯ⑼⋡䈱ጁୃᦼ㑆䈲
ㅢᏱ
1
ᐕන
䋬䉅
䈚
䈒
䈲
䋬
3
ቇᦼ
䈱ฦ
ಾ䉍䈗
䈫
䈮
ቢ⚿䈜䉎
䉋䈉䈮⸳ቯ䈘
䉏
䈩䈇䉎䋮ਥ䈭⑼⋡䉕
䈕䉎
䈫
䋬
䇸Ṷ
䇹䋬
䇸
㖸
ᭉ
䇹䋬
䇸䉻䊮
䉴
䇹
䉕
ᷙ
ว
䈚
䈢
Ბ㓏䉪
䊤䉴
✬ᚑ
䋬
䇸ᢥቇ⊛䈭⧓ⴚ䇹
䋬䇸䊁䉪
䊉
䊨䉳䊷䉕
↪䈇䈢
⧓ⴚ䇹
䋬䇸ⷞ
ⷡ⧓ⴚ
䇹䈭䈬
䈏
䈅
䉎䋮
䂓䂓
⧓
ⴚ
㑐
ㅪ
䈱
ㆬ
ᛯ
䊁
䊷
䊙
⟲
䇸Ṷ
䇹䊶
䊶䊶
ೋᔃ
⠪ะ
䈔
䉪
䊤䉴
䋬ਛ
⚖⠪
ะ
䈔
䉪䊤
䉴䋬⚖
⠪ะ
䈔
䉪
䊤䉴
䋮
䇸䉻
䊮
䉴
䇹
䊶䊶䊶䉺䉾
䊒
䋬
䉳
䊞
䉵
䋬
䊋
䊧䊷
䋬
ઍ
᭽
ᑼ
䈱䉻
䊮
䉴
䈫᳃ᣖ᭽ᑼ
䈱䉻
䊮
䉴
ઁ
䋬
䈘䉁
䈙䉁
䈭䉳
䊞䊮
䊦䈱
䉻
䊮
䉴
䋮
䉪䊤
䉴䈲
䊧䊔
䊦✬
ᚑ
䋮
䇸㖸ᭉ䇹䊶䊶
䊶䉮
䊷
䊤
䉴
䋬
䊄
䊤
䊛䋬ᭉ
㓌
䈫ᒏᭉ
ེ
䋮
䇸
ᢥ
ቇ
⊛
䈭
⧓ⴚ䇹
䊶
䊶䊶䉪
䊥
䉣
䉟
䊁
䉞
䊑
䊶䊤
䉟
䊁
䉞
䊮
䉫䋬
䉴
䊕
䉟
䊮
⺆
䋮
䇸
䊁
䉪䊉
䊨
䉳
䊷
䉕
↪䈇
䈢
⧓ⴚ䇹
䊶䊶䊶
䊎
䊂
䉥
䋬
䊂䉳
䉺䊦
䉦
䊜
䊤
౮
⌀
䋬
䊜
䊝
䊥
䊷䊑
䉾
䉪
䋮
䇸ⷞⷡ
⧓ⴚ
䇹䊶䊶
䊶
⚛
ឬ䋬
⦡ᓀ
⛗↹
䋬
↹
䋬
౮
⌀
䋬
❱‛䈫Ꮣ
䉕
䈦䈢
ഃ䋬
㒻⧓䋬
䈭䈬䋮
ℂᢙ
ᢎ⢒
䈮㊀
ὐ䉕
⟎
䈐
䈧䈧
䉅
䋬
䉦
䊥
䉨
䊠
䊤
䊛
䈱
㛽ሶ䈲
䈅䈒䉁
䈪
䉅ㅢᏱ
䈱
䉝
䉦
䊂
䊚
䉾䉪
䈭
4
ᢎ⑼
䈪
䈅
䉎
䋮
ቇ⠌ᵴേ䈱ㅴ䉄
ᣇ䈫
䈚
䈩
䈲
䋬
㗴䉕⸃
䈒䈖䈫
䉕ਥ⌒䈮⟎䈒䉋䈉䈭ᣇᴺ䈪
䈲
䈭
䈒
䋬
ታ㛎䉇
ⷰኤ
䋬តⓥ⊛
䈭ᵴേ
䋬
ᕁ
⠨
䈘
䈞
䉎
ᵴ
േ
䋬
ታ
⊛
䈭
㛎
ᵴേ䈭
䈬
䉕
චಽ䈮
ข䉍
䉏
䈩
䈇
䉎
䋮
ᢎ⢒ᣇᴺ䈱㐿⊒
䈫
䈇
䈉ᗧ
䈪
䈲
ၞ䈫
䈱ㅪ
៤䋬⼔
⠪䈫
䈱ㅪ៤
䉅
✕ኒ
䈮࿑䈦
䈩
䈐䈢
䋮
↢
ᓤ
䈱ⷫ䈢䈤䈏
ㆬᛯ⑼⋡
䈱ᬺ
䈮
䉍ㄟ䉃
䈖
䈫
䈮
䉋䈦䈩⼔⠪䈏㵰ᢎᏧ㵱䈱ᓎഀ䉕ᨐ䈢䈜႐㕙䉅
䈅䉎
䋮䈖
䈉䈚
䈢ㅪ៤䈮
䉋䉍䉮
䊚
䊠
䊆
䊁䉞䊶
䉰
䊷䊎䉴
䈱ᯏળ䉕ᓧ
䋬
ㅢᏱ䈱ᬺ
䈫
⚿䈶ઃ䈔
䉎
ታ〣䉅
䈅䉎
䋮
䂓ℂ
ℂ
ᢙ
♽
䊁
䊷
䊙
䉕
䉃
ㆬ
ᛯ
⑼
⋡
⟲
䉮
䊮
䊏
䊠
䊷
䉺
䊒䊨
䉫
䊤
䊛
䋯
䉡
䉢
䊑䊂
䉱䉟
䊮
䋬
ᢙቇ
⊛䉨
䊦䊃䋬䊨
䊗
䉾
䊃Ꮏቇ
䋮
Ṷ䋨ೋ
⚖䊶ਛ
⚖䊶
⚖䋩
䋬
⢒䋨
ቇᐕ
䋩䋯㒽
┹ᛛ䋨
⇣ቇᐕ
✬ᚑ䋩䋮
䊨
䉾䉪䊮
䊨
䊷
䊦䈱ᱧ
ผ䋨⹖䊶
ᦛ䈱䉪
䊤䉴䋩䋯
䉮
䊷
䊤䉴䋮
உᄢ䈭⧓ⴚ䈫ഃㅧ⊛䈭⥄ಽ
䋬䊜䊝
䊥
䊷
䊑
䉾䉪
ᚑ䉪䊤䊑
䋨ቇᐕ
䋩䋬౮
⌀䋯䊎
䊂
䉥
✬
㓸䋮
䉼䉢䉴
䋮
䊁䉞䊷䉼䊮䉫
䊶
䉝
䉲
䉴
䉺䊮䊃
䋮
䉴䉺䊂
䉞
䊶
䊖
䊷
䊦
䋮
ߣ߇ᅢ߈ߥߩ߆㧘Ᏹߦߘ߁ߒߚ⇼ࠍᛴ߈ߟߟᚑ㐳ߔࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘ߘ߁ߒߚㆊ⒟ߦ߅ߡ㧘ᤨߦ↢ᓤߚߜߪᝂ᛬ߐ߃ ߽⚻㛎ߔࠆ㧚ߘߒߡ㧘ታ㓙ߪߘ߁ߒߚߐ߹ߑ߹ߥዪ㕙ࠍ⚻ߡ㧘ሶߤ߽ߪ↢߈ࠆᗧࠍត᳞ߒ㧘ߘߩ╵߃ࠍߒߡ ߊ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ⠨߃ߚߣ߈㧘12 ᐕ㑆ߩሶߤ߽ߩᚑ㐳ߩㆊ⒟߇㧘ߚߛᐔမߢ㧘੍ࠄࠇߚߣ߅ࠅߩ↹৻⊛ߥ߽ ߩߢߞߚߣߔࠆߥࠄ߫㧘ޘߩሶߤ߽ߪߤߩࠃ߁ߦᚑ㐳ߒߡߊߩߢࠈ߁߆㧚ߔߴߡหߓଔ୯ⷰߦࠃߞߡ⥄ಽ ࠍߣࠅ߹ߊ⇇߇ࠄࠇ㧘߶ߣࠎߤㆬᛯߩ߽ߥࠍߚߛ೨ߦㅴࠎߢߊߩߢࠇ߫㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߦ⇣ߥࠆᚽ ⢻ࠍ߽ߞߚሶߤ߽ߚߜߪ㧘ߘߩᚽ⢻߿ㆡᕈߦ᳇ߠߊߎߣ߽ߥߊᚑ㐳ߔࠆߢࠈ߁㧚߹ߚ㧘ߘ߁ߒߚ⁁ᴫਅߢߪ㧘ᤨ ߣ႐วߦࠃࠅ㧘ሶߤ߽ߪߒઃߌࠄࠇߚଔ୯ⷰߦᓥ߁ߛߌߦߥߞߡߒ߹㧘ሶߤ߽ߘߩ߽ߩ߇㧘⪜❗ߒߡߒ߹߁ߎ ߣ߽ߎࠅ߁ࠆ㧚ߘ߁߁ᗧߢߪ㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ᦼߦ߅ߌࠆ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚቇᩞߩޟㆬᛯޠߪ㧘⥄Ꮖߩㆡᕈ߿㑐ᔃ ࠍ↢ᓤ⥄ࠄߟ⋥ߔ㧘ࠃᯏળ㧘ࠃ߈ߞ߆ߌߣߥࠅ߃ࠆߣ߃ࠃ߁㧚 వߩ 2 㗁ߦࠊߚࠆ 3 ߆ࠄ߽ࠊ߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘೨ㅀߩ 3 ߢߪ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩቇᩞߪޟⅣႺޠ㧘ޟ⧓ⴚޠ㧘ޟℂᢙޠߣ ߁⁛⥄ߩ࠹ࡑࠍឝߍ․⦡ࠍߔߎߣߦࠃߞߡ㧘ߐ߹ߑ߹ߥᢎ⢒ᣇᴺᢎ⢒ᒻᘒࠍណࠅࠇߥ߇ࠄၮ␆ၮᧄߩ ቇജࠍၭ߁৻⥸ᢎ⢒߳ߣ⚿߮ઃߌߡߚ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߦߡߺࠆߣ㧘12 ࡨᐕߩ̌ਛ㑆̍ߦߚࠆᤨᦼ㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ ࡞ᦼߣߪ㧘ሶߤ߽߇ߘࠇ߹ߢ᭴▽ߒߡ߈ߚ⇇㧔⚻㛎⍮⼂ⅣႺ㧕ࠍบߦߒߡ㧘ሶߤ߽⥄ࠄߘߩน⢻ᕈࠍ⊒ ߒㆡᕈ߿⥝㑐ᔃࠍត᳞ߔࠆ㊀ⷐߥᤨᦼߣߒߡ⟎ߠߌࠄࠇߡࠆ㧚ቇᩞߢߩቇ߮㧘␠ળߢߩቇ߮ࠍ⥄ಽ⥄りߩ 㗴ߦᒁ߈ߟߌ㧘ߘࠇࠍિ㐳ߐߖࠆቇ⠌ߎߘ㧘ߎߩᤨᦼߦᔅⷐߥߩߢࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘ߘ߁߁ࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ᦼߩㆊ ߏߒᣇߎߘ㧘ሶߤ߽߇ᄢੱ߳ᚑ㐳ߒߡߊㆊ⒟ߦߪਇนᰳߢࠆ㧚ߟ߹ࠅ㧘ሶߤ߽߇ᜬߜ߁ࠆήᢙߩน⢻ᕈ߿㧘ߘ ߩ᧪ᕈࠍᝪ߃ߚᚑ㐳ߩᡰេߎߘ㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ᢎ⢒ߩ㊀ⷐߥ⋡⊛ߣ߃ࠆߛࠈ߁㧚 8. ߔ߮ ߐߡ㧘ㄭᐕࠕࡔࠞߩᲧセ⊛ᄢ߈ߥㇺᏒߢߪ㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ࠍߐࠄߦ K㧙8 ߳ᡷ⚵ߒ㧘㕍ᐕ೨ᦼߩ↢ᓤߩዬ ႐ᚲࠍౣቯ⟵ߔࠆࠃ߁ߥ⸘↹߇㐿ᆎߐࠇߡࠆ㧚⸥ 3 ߩ߁ߜੑߟߩቇᩞߪ߹ߐߦߘߩᵄߦߩߞߡࠆߣᕁࠊ ࠇࠆ߇㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞߆ࠄ K㧙8 ߳ߩߎ߁ߒߚቇᩞᒻᘒߩᡷ⚵⊒ዷߪ㧘නߦቇᩞᒻᘒߩᄌ㕟ߣ߁ᗧߢ㑐 ᔃࠍᗖ߈ߟߌࠆߛߌߢߥߊ㧘ߊߟ߆ߩ⇼ࠍߔߢߦ↢ߺߒߡࠆ㧚ߟ߹ࠅ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚᡷ⚵ߩേ߈߇ࠕࡔࠞߩ ೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒႐ߦ㕒߆ߦߒነߖࠆ⢛᥊ߦߪ㧘ᧄ᧪ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞߇ᨐߚߔߴ߈ߣߒߡવ⛔⊛ߦឝߍࠄ ࠇߡ߈ߚࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߩᢎ⢒ᔨ㧔 㧠㧜㧕એߦ㧘Ꮊ߿ቇߩᢎ⢒ࠕࠞ࠙ࡦ࠲ࡆ࠹ࠖࠍḩߚߔߚߦ㧘᭽ޘߥ ࠹ࠬ࠻ߢḩ⿷ߩߊ⚿ᨐࠍ↢ߺߔߎߣߦべߦߥࠆࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞߇ሽߔࠆߣߒߡ 㧘⎇ⓥ⠪ࡌ࡞ߢᜰ៰ ߐࠇߡࠆ㧔 㧠㧝㧕㧚⸒឵߃ࠇ߫㧘ߘࠇߪޟቇᩞ߇ࠕࠞ࠙ࡦ࠲ࡆ࠹ࠖࠍᨐߚߔޠߣ߁ᢎ⢒ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߦ߅ߌࠆᢎ ⢒⊛⺖㗴ߣ㧘ޟቇ⠌⠪ߩᢎ⢒⊛࠾࠭ߦᔕ߃ࠆޠߣ߁ታ〣႐ࡌ࡞ߦ߅ߌࠆᢎ⢒⊛⺖㗴ߩ㑆ߦ⊒↢ߔࠆࠫ ࡦࡑ߿ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊߦߤߩࠃ߁ߦᢛวᕈࠍߟߌࠆߩ߆ߣ߁ߎߣ߇ᣣߩࠕࡔࠞߩᢎ⢒ߦߪࠊࠇߡࠆߣ߁ ߎߣߢࠆ㧚 ⠡ߞߡ㧘ࠊ߇࿖ߩᣣߩೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ߩ⁁ࠍߚߣ߈㧘ࠆߪ㧘․ቯߩቇᩞᲑ㓏ߦ㑐ࠊࠄߕ㧘ࠄࠁࠆ ᢎ⢒ߩ႐ߦ⋡ࠍะߌߡߺߚ႐วߦ㧘หߓࠃ߁ߥ㗴߇⊒↢ߒߡߥ߆㧘৻ᐲὐᬌߒߡߺࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆࠃ߁ߦ ᕁࠊࠇࠆ㧚ᢎ⢒ߩਛߦ߅ߡ߽㧘ޘੱࠍዅ㊀ߔࠆ⑳ᕈࠍ㧘߆ߟߡߥ߶ߤߡߎ߁ߣߔࠆઍ␠ળߩầ ᵹߩਛߢ㧘ࠕࡔࠞߢ߈ߡࠆࠃ߁ߥࠫࡦࡑ߿ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊ߇㧘ࠊ߇࿖ߦ߅ߡ߽ዋߥ߆ࠄߕሽߒߡࠆߎߣߪ㧘 ታ㗴ߣߒߡุߥߢࠈ߁㧚ߘ߁ߒߚࠫࡦࡑ߿ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊߦ㒱ߞߚߣ߈ߦ㧘߹ߕ㧘ߦ┙ߜࠆߴ߈߆㧚ߘ ࠇߪ㧘ᢎ⢒ߩᧄ⾰ߦߟߡߩ⼏⺰ߢࠅ㧘␠ળ߇ᔅⷐߣߒߡࠆੱ᧚ߩ⢒ᚑߦߟߡߩ⼏⺰ߢࠈ߁㧚߹ߚ㧘ೋ╬ ਛ╬ᢎ⢒Ბ㓏ߩሶߤ߽ߚߜߣߪ㧘ᄢੱ߳ߩᚑ㐳ㆊ⒟ߦࠆሽߢࠆ㧚ᧄⓂߢㅀߴߡ߈ߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘ࠕࡔࠞߢߪ ߊߟ߽ߩᤨઍࠍ⚻ߡࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ᢎ⢒ߦߟߡߩ⼏⺰߇ߥߐࠇ㧘ᣣߘࠇ߇ࠃ߁߿ߊ⏕┙ߐࠇߚߣߞߡࠃ㧚 ߘߒߡ㧘ߘࠇߦߣ߽ߥߞߡ㧘ߐ߹ߑ߹ߥቇᩞᒻᘒ㧘ቇᩞㆇ༡ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߇ߔࠆਛߢ㧘ሶߤ߽ߩ⊒㆐Ბ㓏ߦᔕߓߚ ᢎ⢒ߩਛり߿ᢎ⢒ᔨߩࠅᣇ߇㐳ᤨ㑆ࠍ߆ߌߡߘߩㇺᐲౣ⠨ߐࠇ ⼏⺰ߐࠇߡ߈ߚ㧚ᣣࠊ߇࿖ߢ߽ዊਛ৻⽾ ߿ዊਛㅪ៤㧔 㧠㧞㧕ߣߞߚ⠨߃ᣇ߿ታ〣߇ᐢ߇ߞߡߊࠆߥ߆ߢ㧘ߘ߁ߒߚขࠅ⚵ߺ߇㧘ࠆ․ቯߩቇᩞߢታ㛎⊛
ߦⴕߥࠊࠇߡࠆ㧘߭ߡߪ㧘⋡ᣂߒขࠅ⚵ߺߣߒߡ⟎ߠߌࠄࠇߡࠆ̆̆ߣ߁એߦ㧘ᐢߊ৻⥸⊛ߥᢎ ⢒ߩਛߢ㧘ߘߩޟᧄ⾰ޠߦߟߡߩ⼏⺰߇㜞߹ࠅ㧘ሶߤ߽ߚߜߩ⊒㆐ߦ㑐ߔࠆㆡಾߥℂ⸃ߣߘࠇߦኻᔕߒߚᢎ⢒ ߠߊࠅߩᬌ⸛߇㧘ኾ㐷ኅ߿ቇᩞࠨࠗ࠼㧘ߘߒߡ㧘⼔⠪߿ሶߤ߽ߚߜࠍ߽Ꮞ߈ㄟࠎߢࠄࠁࠆ⋡✢߆ࠄߓߞߊࠅ ㅴࠄࠇࠆߎߣ߇ᦼᓙߐࠇߡࠆ㧚ߘ߁ߒߚߎߣߪ㧘ᓟߩࠊࠇࠊࠇߦ⺖ߖࠄࠇߚ㧘ೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ߩᡷༀࠍ⠨߃ ߡߊߢߩ㊀ⷐ⺖㗴ߣ߃ࠆߛࠈ߁㧚
㧔㧝㧕 ޟࡒ࠼࡞ࡌ࡞ᢎ⢒ޠߣߪዊቇᩞߣ㜞╬ቇᩞߩਛ㑆ߦ⟎ߔࠆ㧘ࠊࠁࠆޟਛቇᩞᢎ⢒ޠࠍᜰߒߡ߁㧚 㧔㧞㧕 ᄤ═⨃⋙ୃ㧘✬⪺㧦ᐢፉ⋵๓Ꮢ⇟↸ዊቇᩞੑᴡዊቇᩞੑᴡਛቇᩞ㧘ޡ┙ቇᩞߢഃࠆ৻⽾ᢎ⢒ 432 ߩࠞࠠࡘࡓ߇ᜏߊᣂߒቇ߮ޢ㧘p.2㧘߉ࠂ߁ߖ㧘᧲੩㧘2005 ᐕ 㧔㧟㧕 ᯅῪ⽵ᄦ㧘ޡ2000 ᐕߩࠕࡔࠞ́ᢎ⢒ᚢ⇛́ߘߩ⢛᥊ߣᛕ್ޢ㧘㤡ᦠᚱ㧘1992 ᐕ㧘201́213 㗁㧚 㧔㧠㧕 ࡚ࠫࠫࠄߦࠃࠇ߫㧘ޟࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߦߪㅢᏱ 6́8 ቇᐕ㧘5́8 ቇᐕ㧘ߘߒߡ 7́8 ቇᐕߐ߃ሽߒޠ ቇᐕ✬ᚑߪ߭ߓࠂ߁ߦᄙ᭽ߢࠆߣ⸒ߐࠇߡࠆ㧚ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߣߪޟዊቇᩞ߆ࠄ㜞╬ቇᩞ㧘ߘߒߡሶߤ ߽ᤨઍ߆ࠄ㕍ᐕᦼ߳ߣ߁㧘ሶߤ߽ߩ⒖ⴕᦼࠍࠬࡓ࠭ߦⴕߥ߁ߎߣࠍᗧ࿑ߒߡቇᐕ✬ᚑߐࠇߚቇᩞޠߢࠅޟ20
♿ߩᦨᓟߩ 10 ᐕ㑆ߦᐢߊ⍮ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚޠߣߐࠇࠆ㧚㧔George, P. S. and Alexander, W. M., The
Exemplary Middle School, 2nd Edition, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1993., p.23.㧕
㧔㧡㧕 ߎߎߢ⸒߁ޟ࡙࠾ࠢߥሽޠߣߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߥᗧߢࠆ㧚ߎࠇ߹ߢ㜞╬ቇᩞߩޟਅߩᲑ㓏ޠߢቇ߱ሶߤ߽ߚ ߜ㧘ߣߒߡਥߦᝒ߃ࠄࠇߡ߈ߚ߇㧘ޟ㜞╬ቇᩞߩਅޠߣ߆ޟዊቇᩞߩޠߣߞߚࠃ߁ߥ㧘ਥᕈߩߥᝒ߃ᣇ ߢߪߥߊ㧘ޟࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞Ბ㓏ޠߩሶߤ߽ߚߜߣ߁ᝒ߃ᣇ߇ᔅⷐߢࠆߣߐࠇߚ㧚ߘ߁߁ᗧߢޟ࡙࠾ ࠢߥሽޠߣ⼂ߐࠇ㧘ߘߩᮨ⚝߇ᆎ߹ߞߚ㧚 㧔㧢㧕 ട⮮ᐘᰴ㧘ޟࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߦ߅ߌࠆᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߦቇ߱ޠ㧘ޡࠕࡔࠞᢎ⢒ቇળ♿ⷐޢ╙ 9 ภ㧘1998 ᐕ 9 㧘 57́58 㗁㧚 㧔㧣㧕 ࡌࡆࡉࡓߣߪ৻ᤨ⊛ߦᣂ↢ఽ⺀↢₸߇ᕆߔࠆ⽎ߩߎߣ㧚╙ੑᰴ⇇ᄢᚢ㧔1939́1945㧕ᓟ㧘 ⇇⊛ߦࠄࠇߚ⽎ߢ㧘೨ᓟߩઍߦᲧߴߡᭂ┵ߦੱญᲧ߇㜞㧚 ౝ㑑ᐭߩ⊕ᦠߦࠃࠇ߫㧘ᣣᧄߩ╙৻ᰴࡌࡆࡉࡓߣߪ㧘1947㧔ᤘ 22㧕㨪1949㧔ᤘ 24㧕ᐕߣߐࠇࠆ㧚ࠕ ࡔࠞߩ႐ว߽ห᭽ߦ╙ੑᰴ⇇ᄢᚢ⚳⚿ᓟߩ৻ᤨᦼࠍᜰߔ㧚ߘߩᤨᦼߦ↢߹ࠇߚሶߤ߽ߚߜ߇ 60 ᐕઍߩਛ㗃㧘 ዊቇᩞ߆ࠄਛቇᩞ߳ߩㆊᷰᦼߦߐߒ߆߆ߞߚ㧚㧔ౝ㑑ᐭ㧘ޡዋሶൻ␠ળ⊕ᦠߩࠄ߹ߒޢቭႎ⾗ᢱ 㧘2005 ᐕ 3 㧚㧕 http://www.gov-online.go.jp/publicity/book/kanpo-shiryo/2005/050309/siry0309.htm#mokuji1
㧔㧤㧕 Beane, J. A., A Middle School Curriculum : From Rhetoric to Reality, 2nd Edition., National Middle School
Association, 1993., pp.7́8. 㧔㧥㧕 ↢㊁᩵ሶ㧘ޟࠕࡔࠞߦ߅ߌࠆ✚วቇ⠌ߩዷ㐿㧔Σ㧕́ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߢߩኅᐸ⑼ߩ✚วቇ⠌ൻߩታ〣ࠍㅢ ߒߡ́ޠ㧘ޡࠕࡔࠞᢎ⢒ቇળ♿ⷐޢ╙ 10 ภ㧘1999 ᐕ㧘4 㗁㧚 ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ㆇേࠍዉߊ࿅ߣߒߡ 1973 ᐕߦഃ┙ߐࠇߚో☨ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞දળ(National Middle School Association)߇ࠆ㧚ࠝࡂࠗࠝᎺࠦࡠࡦࡃࠬߦോዪࠍ߽ߟߎߩᯏ㑐ߪ 1982 ᐕߦቯߐࠇߚᙗ┨ߣ߽⸒ ߃ࠆޡ⑳ߚߜߩା᧦(This We Believe)ޢߦࠃߞߡዉ߆ࠇߡࠆ㧚ߎߩᙗ┨ߪ 10 ᧦߆ࠄᚑࠆ㧚ԘᢎᏧߪ㧘ޟ⒖ⴕ ᦼߦࠆ⠪ߚߜ(transescents)ޠߦߟߡℂ⸃ߒ㧘ߘߩᢎ⢒ߦߚߕߐࠊࠆߎߣ㧘ԙޟ⒖ⴕᦼߦࠆ⠪ߚߜߩ࠾ ࠭ޠߦᔕߓߚࡃࡦࠬࠆᢎ⢒⺖⒟ࠍ✬ᚑߔࠆߎߣ㧘Ԛ↢ᓤߩ࠾࠭ߦᔕߓߚᄙ᭽ߥᜰዉࠍ⚵ߎߣ㧘 ԛᄙ᭽ߥᜰዉᣇ⇛ࠍណ↪ߔࠆߎߣ㧘Ԝචಽត᳞⊛ߥࡊࡠࠣࡓࠍឭଏߔࠆߎߣ㧘ԝ✚ว⊛ߥࠕ࠼ࡃࠗࠬߣࠞ࠙ ࡦࡦࠣࠍឭଏߔࠆߎߣ㧘Ԟ↢ᓤߦ⛮⛯⊛ߥ⊒㆐ߩ⸽ࠍߔࠆߎߣ㧘ԟޟ⒖ⴕᦼߦࠆ⠪ߚߜޠߦ߰ߐࠊߒ ⹏ଔᴺࠍ⠨ᘦߔࠆߎߣ㧘Ԡหߒߡࡊࡦ࠾ࡦࠣߔࠆߎߣ㧘ԡ⢐ቯ⊛ߥቇᩞᢥൻࠍഃㅧߔࠆߎߣ㧔↢㊁᩵ሶ 㧘 ೨ឝ⺰ᢥ㧘10 㗁㧚㧕 㧔㧝㧜㧕 ↢㊁᩵ሶ㧘೨ឝ⺰ᢥ㧘3́4 㗁㧚 ㊄ሶᔘผ㧘ޟࠕࡔࠞߩਛ╬ᢎ⢒ࠍਛᔃߣߒߚធ⛯㑐ଥߩ⎇ⓥޠ㧘ޡࠕࡔࠞߩਛ╬ᢎ⢒ޢ㧘ᣣ☨ᢎ⢒දജ⎇ⓥ ᣣᧄ⎇ⓥࠣ࡞ࡊਛ╬ᢎ⢒⃰㧘1987 ᐕ㧘113 㗁㧚㊄ሶᔘผߦࠃࠆߣ㧘╙ 4 ቇᐕࠍቇᐕ᭴ᚑ߽ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬ ࠢ࡞ߣߺߥߔ⛔⸘ߢߪ㧘ᰴߩࠃ߁ߥႎ๔߽ࠆ㧚ޟ1926 ᐕߩ⺞ᩏߢ㧘ోቇᩞᐲߩ߁ߜ㧘ᓥ᧪ߩࠫࡘ࠾ࠕ ࡂࠗࠬࠢ࡞ߣ߫ࠇߡߚቇᐕ᭴ᚑ߇╙ 7㨪9 ቇᐕ(13㨪15 ᱦ)73.5㧑߅ࠃ߮╙ 7㨪8 ቇᐕ(13㨪14 ᱦ)15.2㧑ߢ ว⸘ 88.7㧑ߩୟ⊛ᄙᢙࠍභߡߚߩߦኻߒ㧘1969 ᐕᐲߩ⺞ᩏߢߪ㧘ᣂߚߦࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߣ߫ࠇࠆ ቇᐕ᭴ᚑ߇╙ 6㨪8 ቇᐕ㧘㧔12㨪14 ᱦ㧕58.2㧑㧘╙ 5㨪8 ቇᐕ(10㨪14 ᱦ)25.8㧑㧘╙ 4㨪8 ቇᐕ(9㨪14 ᱦ) 6.1㧑 ߢว⸘ 89.7㧑ߣୟ⊛ᄙᢙࠍභࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ㧚
George, P. S. and Alexander, W. M.., op.cit., p.29. cf㧚̈Middle School Become Widespread and Numerous̉㧚
߹ߚ㧘1960 ᐕઍએ㒠㧘1990 ᐕઍ߹ߢߩࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞ߩቇᩞᢙߦ㑐ߔࠆߒᐕઍߩផ⒖ߪ㧘ߎߩᢥ₂ ߦ⸥ㅀߐࠇߡࠆ㧚 㧔㧝㧝㧕 ࡉࡠ࠶ࠢ࠲ࠗࡓ㧔block time㧕ߣߪ㧘߭ߣ߆ߚ߹ࠅߦߥߞߚᤨ㑆ߩߎߣࠍᜰߒ㧘ߒ߫ߒ߫ࡇࠝ࠼㧔period㧕 ߣ߁ᤨ㑆ᔨߣኻᲧ⊛ߦ↪ߐࠇࠆ㧚1 ࡇࠝ࠼ߣߪ㧘ߚߣ߃߫㧘45 ಽࠆߪ㧘50 ಽߣߞߚ⍴ᤨ㑆 ߢࠆߩߦኻߒ㧘ࡉࡠ࠶ࠢ࠲ࠗࡓߪࡇࠝ࠼߇ 2 ߟ㧘ࠆߪ㧘3 ߟ㧘ࠆߪ 4 ߟߣㅪߥߞߚ߭ߣ߆ߚ߹ ࠅߩᤨ㑆ᨒࠍᜰߔ㧚ࠦࠕࡊࡠࠣࡓߣߪ㧘߹ߕ೨ឭߣߒߡࠦࠕ⑼⋡ߣ߁㧘ࠊࠁࠆਥⷐ⑼⋡㧔ᢥᴺ㧘ᢙቇ㧘 ℂ⑼㧘␠ળ㧕߇ࠅ㧘ߘࠇࠄࠍޘߩᢎ⑼ߣߒߡᜰዉߔࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘ߘࠇࠄߔߴߡࠍ൮⊛ߦᜰዉߒࠃ߁ߣ ߔࠆࡊࡠࠣࡓߩߎߣࠍ߁㧚ߘࠇߪ㧘ೋ╬ਛ╬ቇᩞߦ߅ߌࠆ̌interdisciplinary instruction̍㧔ޟቇ㓙⊛ޠ
