ࢃࡀᅜࡢ୰➼ᩍ⫱࠾ࡅࡿᩍ⫱᪉ἲᏛ⩦ᣦᑟࡢືྥ㛵ࡍࡿ୍⪃ᐹ
̿ࠕయⓗ࡞Ꮫࡧࠖࢆࡵࡄࡿ㆟ㄽ̿
A Study on the Trend of Educational Method and Instructional Guidance for
Secondary Education in Japan:
Discussion on “Subjective Learning”
ᒸᮧ༓ᜨᏊ
せ᪨
The term "Active Learning" has been used extensively at school sites from the primary education to higher education in Japan nowadays. With the keyword "active, interactive and deep learning" in the new Course of Study, it will be aimed to improve class practice at elementary and secondary schools from the viewpoint of "Active Learning". By this trend, in what direction are the educational activities of primary and secondary schools going today?
In this paper, the author focuses on various problems of secondary education and clarifies the "subjective learning" required at the site of today's secondary education through considering the trends of today's educational method and instructional guidance.
At that time, by understanding that mutual educational activities of teachers and students "Teaching - Learning" are the definite stones and guidelines for learning in schools, it is important to reconsider subjective learning under a broader perspective including not only students but also teachers. ࣮࣮࠙࢟࣡ࢻࠚ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࠊᩍ⫱᪉ἲࠊᏛ⩦ᣦᑟࠊయⓗ࡞Ꮫࡧࠊࢡࢸࣈ࣭࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢࠊ ᤵᴗᨵၿࠊᩍᖌࡢయᛶࠊᏛࡧ⥆ࡅࡿᩍᖌࠊ࣒࣭࣐࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ 㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ ᪥ࠊึ➼ᩍ⫱ࡽ㧗➼ᩍ⫱⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ᩍ⫱⌧ሙ࡛ࡣࢡࢸࣈ࣭࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢ࠸ ࠺⏝ㄒࡀ┒ࢇ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪂Ꮫ⩦ᣦᑟせ㡿1࡛ࡶࠕయⓗ࣭ᑐヰⓗ࡛῝࠸Ꮫࡧࠖ ࢆ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻࠕࢡࢸࣈ࣭࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢࠖ2ࡢどⅬࡽึ➼୰➼ᩍ⫱ࡢᏛᰯ⌧ሙ࠾ ࡅࡿᤵᴗᨵၿࡢᐇࡀ┠ᣦࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓືࡁ┦ࡲࡗ࡚ࠊ᪥ࠊึ ➼୰➼Ꮫᰯࡢᩍ⫱άືࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪉ྥືࡁฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ➨ 6 ᅇᏛ⩦ᣦᑟᇶᮏㄪᰝ㸦࣋ࢿࢵࢭᩍ⫱⥲ྜ◊✲ᡤࠊ2016 ᖺ㸧ࡼࢀࡤࠊᩍᖌࡀᚰࡀࡅ࡚ ࠸ࡿᤵᴗ㛫ࡢ࠸᪉ࡋ࡚ࠊ୰Ꮫ࣭㧗ᰯ࡛ࡣ㏆ᖺࠕ⏕ᚐࡀ⪃࠼ࡓࡾヰࡋྜࡗࡓࡾࡍ ࡿ㛫ࠖࢆព㆑ࡍࡿᩍᖌࡀቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊࠕᩍᖌࡽࡢゎㄝࡢ㛫ࠖࡘ࠸࡚ࡣῶ ᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࢆཧ↷ࡋࡓࡁࠊ᪥ࠊ୰Ꮫ࣭㧗ᰯࡢᏛᰯ⌧ሙ࡛ࡣᏛ⩦ ⪅୰ᚰࡢᏛࡧࡀ㔜Ⅼࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿྠࠊᩍᖌࡀᩍ࠼ࡿάື ࡣ⦰ ᑠ࣭ᚋ㏥ࡍࡿࡋࢆⓎぢ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ 国際言語文化第 4 号（2018 年 3 月）
๓ᥦࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡓୖ࡛ࠕ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࠖ࠸࠺ᯟ⤌ࡳࡔࡅࢆྲྀࡾฟࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ⌧≧ࢆ㚷ࡳࡿ ࠊ᪥ࠊᏛᰯ⌧ሙࡣᩍ⫱ᐇ㊶ୖࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ㄢ㢟ࢆᢪ࠼࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢᨵၿ⟇ࡀᶍ⣴ࡉ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࡑࢀࡣᩍ⫱᪉ἲࡢၥ㢟ࡲࡽࡎࠊᏛᰯᙧែࡢዴఱࡲ࡛Ⓨᒎࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ୰Ꮫᰯ㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡢ᥋⥆࣭⛣⾜㛵ಀࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊᏊࡶࡢ Ⓨ㐩ẁ㝵ࡸಶࠎࡢᩍ⫱ⓗࢽ࣮ࢬᛂ࠼ࡼ࠺ࡍࡿ୰㧗୍㈏ᩍ⫱4ࡢྲྀࡾ⤌࡞ࡣࡑࢀ ࠶ࡓࡿࠋ୰㧗୍㈏ᩍ⫱ࡢᐇ㊶ࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࠊ⚾❧ࡢ୰Ꮫᰯ࣭㧗➼Ꮫᰯేタᰯࡸᅜ❧Ꮫ 㝃ᒓ୰Ꮫᰯ࣭㧗➼Ꮫᰯ࠾࠸࡚ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡲࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡀ㸦ⱝ 2016:795-796㸧ࠊ㏆ᖺࠊබ ❧ࡢ୰㧗୍㈏ᰯࡀฟ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡣὀ┠ࡍࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸦ᑠᯘ 2013㸧ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓືࡁ ࡣࠊࡼࡾᗈ࠸ᒙࡢᏊࡶࡓࡕ㑅ᢥ⫥ࢆ࠼ࠊࡼࡾ᪩࠸ẁ㝵Ꮚࡶࡓࡕ⮬㌟ࡀ⮬ࡽ ࡢ㐺ᛶẼ࡙࠸ࡓࡾ⪃࠼ࡓࡾࡍࡿᶵࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓྠࠊ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࡀ ༢Ỵࡲࡾࡁࡗࡓ᪉ἲ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿ⏬୍ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡶࡗᰂ㌾ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࠊ “ྍኚែ”ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡇࢆពࡍࡿࠋ㏆ᖺࡢࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࣁ࣮ࢻ㠃 ࡢᨵ㠉ࡢ╔ᡭࡣࠊ⌧ᐇࡢࡇࡶࡢ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᩍ⫱ⓗࢽ࣮ࢬᛂ࠼ࡼ࠺ࡍࡿヨࡳ࡛࠶ࡿ ࡇ㛫㐪࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊูࡢぢ᪉ࢆࡍࡿࠊ㛫᥋ⓗࡣ⌧ሙࡢᩍᖌᑐࡍࡿ“ኚࡢせㄳ” ࠸࠺ഃ㠃ࡶేࡏᣢࡘࠋಶࠎࡢᏊࡶࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࢆㄞࡳྲྀࡾࠊࡑࢀぢྜࡗࡓᩍ⫱ࢆᥦ ౪ࡍࡿࠊ㛤Ⓨࡍࡿࡇࡢ࡛ࡁࡿᩍᖌࡸᩍᖌᅋࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾲1 ࡣࠊ ᪥ࡢ୰➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ヱᙜࡍࡿᏛᰯ✀Ꮫᰯᩘࡢෆヂࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾲1 ♧ࡍ ࠾ࡾࠊ᪥ࠊ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࡢᏛᰯᐇᙧែࡣᐇከᵝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࡢᏛᰯ⌧ሙ࡛ồ ࡵࡽࢀࡿᩍ⫱ᐇ㊶ࡀከᵝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⾲ࢀ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ ⾲1 ࢃࡀᅜࡢ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࡢᏛᰯ✀Ꮫᰯᩘ ୰Ꮫᰯ 10,404 ᰯ㸦ᅜ❧ 73 බ❧ 9,555 ⚾❧ 776㸧ేタᆺ 464 㐃ᦠᆺ 205 㧗➼Ꮫᰯ 4,925 ᰯ㸦ᅜ❧ 15 බ❧ 3,589 ⚾❧ 1,321㸧ేタᆺ 465 㐃ᦠᆺ 87 ୰➼ᩍ⫱Ꮫᰯ 52 ᰯ㸦බ❧ 4 බ❧ 31 ⚾❧ 17㸧 ⩏ົᩍ⫱Ꮫᰯ 22 ᰯ㸦බ❧ࡢࡳ 22㸧 ࡓࡔࡋࠊ⩏ົᩍ⫱Ꮫᰯࡣ➨1 Ꮫᖺ㹼➨ 9 Ꮫᖺࡲ࡛ࡢᏛᰯࠋ ࡇࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ➨7 Ꮫᖺ㹼➨ 9 Ꮫᖺࡀ୰➼ᩍ⫱࠶ࡓࡿࠋ ᖹᡂ28 ᖺᗘ ᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬ࠕᏛᰯᇶᮏㄪᰝࠖཧ↷ 㸱㸬ࠕ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࠖ㛵ࡍࡿඛ⾜◊✲ࡢᴫほᮏ◊✲ࡢ⨨࡙ࡅ ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࢆࡘࡢᮇࠕ๓ᮇࠖࠕᚋᮇࠖศࡅ࡚⪃࠼ࡓሙྜࠊࢃࡀᅜ࡛ࡣ୰Ꮫᰯ ࢆࠕ๓ᮇ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࠖࠊ㧗➼Ꮫᰯࢆࠕᚋᮇ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࠖࡪࠋ㸦Ᏻᙪ 1997:15-17㸧୧⪅ࡣ ྠࡌࠕ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࠖ࠸࠺ᯟ⤌ࡳ࠶ࡾ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ୰Ꮫᰯࡣ⩏ົᩍ⫱ࠊ㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡣ⩏ົᩍ ⫱࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠸࠺ไᗘⓗ᰿ᮏⓗ࡞㐪࠸ࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ᰿ᮏⓗ㐪࠸ࡽࠊᚲ ↛ⓗࡇࡢࡘࡢᩍ⫱ẁ㝵ࡣಶࠎ┠ᣦࡉࢀࡿᩍ⫱┠ⓗࡸᩍ⫱┠ᶆࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࢃࡀᅜࡢࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᩍ⫱Ꮫ◊✲࠾࠸࡚୰➼ᩍ⫱㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡀࡶࡗࡶᡭ࡛ⷧ࠶ࡾࠊ Ṧࠊࡑࡢᩍ⫱ㄢ⛬㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣᮏ᱁ⓗ࡞◊✲ࢆࡋࡓⴭ᭩ࡸㄽᩥࡣࡁࢃࡵ࡚ᑡ࡞࠸ࡇࡀ ࡍ࡛ᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㸦Ᏻᙪ 1997:11, ▮㔝 2000:ix㸧ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ୰࡛୰➼ᩍ⫱㛵 ࡍࡿඛ⾜◊✲ࢆ୍ᮃࡋ࡚ࡳࡿࠊࠕ๓ᮇ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࠖ◊✲ࠕᚋᮇ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࠖ◊✲ࠊࡍ࡞ ࢃࡕࠕ୰Ꮫᰯࠖ◊✲ࠕ㧗➼Ꮫᰯࠖ◊✲࠸࠺ࡘࡢᑐ㇟ࡀࡑࡇࡣෆᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ ࡀࢃࡿࠋ୰➼ᩍ⫱࠸࠺ᯟ⤌ࡳࡢ୰࠶ࡿࡇࢀࡽࡘࡢ◊✲ࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶࠊձไᗘ ⓗ◊✲ࠊղṔྐⓗ◊✲ࠊճᩍ⫱ㄢ⛬◊✲ูࡉࢀࠊࡇࡢ3 ᮏᰕࡀඛ⾜◊✲ࡢ୰ᚰࢆ ᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏㄽᩥࡢ◊✲ࢸ࣮࣐ࡣࠊᏛᰯ⌧ሙ࠾ࡅࡿᏛ⩦ᣦᑟࡸᩍ⫱᪉ἲ㛵ࡍࡿ ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡽࠊճࡢᩍ⫱ㄢ⛬◊✲ᐦ᥋࡞㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊᏛ⩦ᣦᑟࡸᩍ⫱᪉ ἲ㔜Ⅼࢆ⨨ࡁࡘࡘࡶࠊ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࡣᚑ᮶ࡽఱࡀ┠ᣦࡉࢀ᪥ఱࢆ┠ᣦࡑ࠺ࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࡢ࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀᩍ⫱ㄢ⛬◊✲ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡽࠊᮏㄽᩥ࡛ ࡣࠊࡑࡢṔྐⓗ᰿ᣐࡸไᗘⓗኚ㑄ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶⱝᖸࡢ⣬ᖜࢆ㈝ࡸࡋࡓࠋ ๓ᮇ୰➼ᩍ⫱㸦୰Ꮫᰯ㸧ࡢᩍ⫱ㄢ⛬࣭࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛ◊✲ࢆᑓ㛛ศ㔝ࡍࡿᏳᙪᛅᙪ ࡣࠊ➨ḟୡ⏺ᡓᚋࡢࢃࡀᅜࡢ୰Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱ࡢኚ㑄ࢆࡾ㏉ࡾࡘࡘࠊ㧗ᰯ㐍Ꮫ⋡ࡢୖ ᪼ࡶ୰Ꮫᰯࡢᩍ⫱ㄢ⛬࡛ᙜึ┠ᣦࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓᩍ⫱┠ᶆࡀᚎࠎኚࡋ࡚࠸ࡃᵝ ┦ࢆ᫂ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㸦Ᏻᙪ 1997:11, 289㸫299㸧࠼ࡤࠊ㧗ᰯ㐍Ꮫ⋡ࡀࡲࡔ 50㸣 ๓ᚋࡔࡗࡓ30㸦1955㸧ᖺ㡭ࡣࠊ୰Ꮫ༞ᴗᚋࠊᐇ♫࡛⫋ᴗࡘ࠸࡚ാࡃ⪅ࡀ༙ ᩘᒃࡓ࠸࠺≧ἣࡢ୰࡛ࠊ୰Ꮫᰯࡢᩍ⫱┠ᶆࡣࠕ⮬❧ࠖࡸࠕ⫋ᴗࠖ࠸࠺ࡇࡀ㔜せ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊ40㸦1965㸧ᖺࡣ㧗ᰯ㐍Ꮫ⋡ࡣ 70㸣๓ᚋ࡞ࡾධヨ➇தࡀ⃭ ࡋࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ≧ἣୗ࡛ࡣ୰Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱ࡣࠕ⮬❧ࠖࡢᡂᩍ⫱ࡽ㧗ᰯ ࡢධヨࠕ‽ഛࠖᩍ⫱ᚎࠎኚ㉁ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ㸦Ᏻᙪ 1997:295㸧⩻ࡗ࡚ࠊ ࠾ࡼࡑ30 ᖺᚋࠊࡇࢀྠᵝࡢ⌧㇟ࡀࠕᚋᮇ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࠖࡶ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㧗➼Ꮫᰯᩍ ⫱ࡢ㐍Ꮫ⋡ࡢ㧗ࡲࡾࡣࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࠊࡘࡲࡾᏛࡢ㐍Ꮫ⋡ࡢቑྥ࠺ࠋ ᚋᮇ୰➼ᩍ⫱㸦㧗➼Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱㸧ࡢᩍ⫱ㄢ⛬࣭࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࢆᑓ㛛ศ㔝ࡍࡿ▮㔝⿱ಇ ࡼࢀࡤࠊࠕ㧗➼Ꮫᰯ༞ᴗ⪅ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊᏛ࡞ࡢ㐍Ꮫ⪅ᩘࡀᑵ⫋⪅ᩘࢆୖᅇࡿࡢࡣᖹ ᡂ 5㸦1993㸧ᖺࡢࡇ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡣ㧗➼Ꮫᰯ༞ᴗ⪅ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᑵ⫋⋡ࡀ㐍Ꮫ⋡ ࡼࡾ㧗ࡗࡓࠖࡇゐࢀࠊᖹᡂ 4㸦1992㸧ᖺࡲ࡛ࡣ㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡣᡂᩍ⫱ࡋ࡚ࡢഃ 㠃ࡢ᪉ࡀࡲࡔせࡔࡗࡓ㏙ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㸦▮㔝 2000:166㸧ࡇࡢࡼ࠺୰Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱ ࡶ㧗➼Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱ࡶࠊࡑࡇ࡛ồࡵࡽࢀࡿᩍ⫱ෆᐜࡸᩍ⫱┠ᶆࡣ♫࣭⤒῭ࡢໃࠊ㞠⏝ ໃࠊᅜẸࡢᐇ࡞௦ࡢせㄳࡼࡾḟ➨␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ ࡓ௦ࢆ⤒࡚ࠊ᪥ࠕᏛධ௦ࠖࡤࢀࡿࠊ㧗➼Ꮫᰯ༞ᴗ⪅ࡢ⣙༙ᩘ㸦Ꮫ➼ 㐍Ꮫ⋡ 54.7㸣㸸ᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬ࠊᖹᡂ 29 ᖺᗘᏛᰯᇶᮏㄪᰝࡼࡿᩘ್㸧ࡀᏛ㐍Ꮫࡍ
ࡿ௦✺ධࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᒁ㠃ࢆ㏄࠼ࡓࠊ୰Ꮫᰯࡢᙺࠊ㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡢᙺࡣࡑ ࢀࡒࢀ୍యఱ࡞ࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠸࠺ၥ㢟✺ࡁᙜࡓࡿࠋ ⩏ົᩍ⫱ࡋ࡚ࡢ୰Ꮫᰯࠊ⩏ົᩍ⫱࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㧗➼Ꮫᰯࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊඛ㏙ࡢࡼ࠺࡞୰Ꮫ ᰯᩍ⫱ࠊ㧗➼Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱ࡾᙜ࡚ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ௦ࡈࡢせㄳࡢኚʊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞୰➼ ᩍ⫱ࡀࡶࡘ≉᭷ࡢ」㞧ᛶࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ♫ᏛⓗどⅬࡽ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࢆ◊✲ࡍࡿᚿỈᏹྜྷࡣࠊ ึ➼ᩍ⫱㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡽḟࡢࡼ࠺ゝ࠸⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࡣࠊࠕᡂ ᩍ⫱ࠖࠕ‽ഛᩍ⫱ࠖ࠸࠺ࡘࡢ␗࡞ࡿ࣋ࢡࢺࣝࢆࡶࡘᩍ⫱ෆᐜ࣭࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࢆ ⏝ពࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ୧⪅ࡣࠊࠕ⫋ᴗᩍ⫱ࠖࠕᬑ㏻ᩍ⫱ࠖࡧ࠼ࡿࡇࡶ࡛ ࡁࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࠕ⫋ᴗ⏕ά┤᥋ᙺ❧ࡘ▱㆑࣭ᢏ⬟ࢆఏᤵࡍࡿࠖᙺࠊࠕᏛ㐍Ꮫ ᚲせ࡞ᩍ㣴ᩍ⫱ࢆ⾜࠺ࠖᙺࡢࡘࢆᢸ࠺ࡇࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠕࡇࡢ ࡘࡢ࣋ࢡࢺࣝࡣࠕᖹ➼⩏ࠖࠕ⬟ຊ⩏ࠖ࠸࠺ᩍ⫱ࡢࡘࡢࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮⤯ጁ ࢡࣟࢫࡍࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊึ➼ᩍ⫱ࡢഃࡽࡣࠊ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࢆࡼࡾᖹ➼࡞ࡶࡢࡏ ࡼ࠸࠺せㄳࡀࠊ㏫㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢഃࡽࡣࠊࡼࡾ⬟ຊ⩏ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡏࡼ࠸࠺せㄳ ࡀࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ୰➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡣࠊ࠸ࡘࡶࡑࡢᯈᣳࡳ≧ែⱞࡋࡲ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࠖ 㸦ᚿỈ 2010:122㸫123㸧୰➼ᩍ⫱ࡀ⨨ࢀࡿ」㞧࡞❧ሙࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ ࡞୰➼ᩍ⫱ࡢᇶᮏⓗᛶ᱁ࡇࡑ᪥⏕㉳ࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᩍ⫱ၥ㢟ࡢ᰿※࡞ࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ ௨ୖࠊࠕ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࠖࡀࡶࡘၥ㢟Ⅼࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࡑࡢඛ⾜◊✲ࢆᴫほࡋࡓࠋ ࡑࡇࡽࠊ࠸ࡃࡘࡢၥࡀ❧ࡕୖࡀࡿࠋ୍ࡘ┠ࠊ᪥ࡢ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᒁ 㠃ࢆ㏄࠼ࠊఱࢆ┠ⓗࡋ࡚ఱࢆ┠ᶆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡘ┠ࠊࡼࡾṇ☜ゝ ࠺࡞ࡽࡤࠊ᪥ࡢ୰Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱ࠊ᪥ࡢ㧗➼Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱࡛ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢࡼ࠺࡞せㄳ ࡽࠊࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᩍ⫱ㄢ⛬࣭࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࡀ┠ᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࠋࡲࡓᚋ┠ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࠋࡑࡋ࡚୕ࡘ┠ࠊᏛᰯ⌧ሙ࡛ࡣᤵᴗࡸᏛ⩦ᣦᑟሙ㠃࡛ࡑࢀࢆࡢ ࡼ࠺ල⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ୍㐃ࡢၥ࠸ࡣࠊᮏ✏࠾ࡅࡿၥ㢟ࡢタᐃࡢฟⓎ Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 㸲㸬᪥ࡢ୰Ꮫ༞ᴗ⪅ࡢ㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡢ㐍Ꮫ≧ἣ㧗➼Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱ࡢከᵝ ᖹᡂ28㸦2016㸧ᖺᗘᏛᰯᇶᮏㄪᰝࡼࢀࡤࠊ᪥ࡢࢃࡀᅜࡢ୰Ꮫᰯ༞ᴗ⪅ࡢ㧗ᰯ㐍 Ꮫ⋡ࡣࠊ2016 ᖺ 3 ᭶ࠊ98.7(㏻ಙไࢆ㝖ࡃ㸸96.6)㸣࠸࠺ᩘᏐࡀฟ࡚࠸ࡿ5ࠋࡰဨ ㏆࠸ከᩘࡀ୰Ꮫ༞ᴗᚋࠊ㧗ᰯ㐍Ꮫࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ98㸣ྎࡢᩘᏐࡀࠊ࠸ࡘ㡭ࡽ ㄪ࡚ࡳࡿࠊᖹᡂ23㸦2011㸧ᖺࡽᖹᡂ 28㸦2016㸧ᖺࡢ㛫ࠊẖᖺ⥆࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑ ࢀࡼࡾ௨๓ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆぢࡿࠊᖹᡂ18㸦2006㸧ᖺ 3 ᭶Ⅼ࡛ 97.7(㏻ಙไࢆ㝖ࡃ㸸96.5)%
࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࠾ࡼࡑ30 ᖺ๓ࡢᖹᡂඖ㸦1989㸧ᖺࡢ㐍Ꮫ⋡࡛ 94.7㸣㸦ᨻᗓ⤫ィ㸧ࠊᖹᡂ 2㸦1990㸧 ᖺࡣ95.1%㸦ྠ㸧࡛࠶ࡿ6ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡣ⩏ົᩍ⫱࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊ ᪥ࢃࡀᅜ࡛ࡣ୰Ꮫᰯ༞ᴗ⪅ࡢࡰဨ㏆࠸ከᩘࡀ⩏ົᩍ⫱࡛࠶ࡿࡢࡈࡃ㧗 ➼Ꮫᰯ㐍Ꮫࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ἣ࠶ࡿࠋࡣ࠸࠼ࠊᐇ㝿ࡣ㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡣ⩏ົไ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ᏛࡪᏛࡤ࡞࠸ࡣᮏேࡢ⮬⏤࡛࠶ࡿࠋᕼᮃ⪅ࡣᏛࡪᶵࢆ⏝ពࡍࡿࡶᕼᮃ ࡋ࡞࠸⪅ࡣᙉไࡋ࡞࠸࠸࠺㛤ᨺไ࡛࠶ࡿⅬࡣ㧗➼Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱ࡢ᰿ᮏཎ⌮࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㧗 ➼Ꮫᰯࡣࡇࡢ㛤ᨺไཎ⌮ࢆ๓ᥦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊ᪥ࡑࡢ㐍Ꮫ⋡ࡣ9 ᙉ 㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㔞ⓗᣑࢆぢࡿ㝈ࡾࠊ㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡣ⾗ࡢẁ㝵ࢆ㏻ࡾ㉺ࡋ࡚ࠊࣘ ࢽࣂ࣮ࢧࣝẁ㝵ࡀࡍࡗࡾᐃ╔ࡋࡓ࠸࠼ࡿࠋ㸦▮㔝 2000:166-167㸧ࡑࢀక࠸ࠊ୰ ㏥⪅ࡢቑࡸᏛᰯ⏕άࡢ㐺ᛂ࡞ࢆ㉳ࡇࡍ⏕ᚐࡢቑຍࡶၥ㢟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣘࢽࣂ ࣮ࢧࣝẁ㝵ࡣࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⏕ᚐࡢ㓄៖ࢆకࡗࡓࠊࡑࢀࡩࡉࢃࡋ࠸ᩍ⫱ࡢෆᐇᏛᰯ ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ㸦▮㔝 2000:167㸧 ࡉ࡚ࠊḟ᪥ࡢ㧗➼Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱ࡢ≉Ⰽࡢ୍ࡘࡋ࡚Ꮫ⛉ࡢከᵝᛶࢆᣲࡆࡿࡇࡀ࡛ ࡁࡿࠋᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬බ⾲㈨ᩱࠕ㧗➼Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱ࡢ⌧≧ࠖ7ࡼࡿࠊ᪥ࡢ㧗➼Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱࡛ ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ꮫ⛉ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 45㸦1970㸧ᖺ௨᮶ࠊ ᪥࠾࠸࡚ࡶᏛᰯᩘࡢⅬ࡛ᅽಽⓗከᩘࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊᬑ㏻⛉㸦3,928 ᰯ㸧࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋḟ࠸࡛Ꮫᰯᩘࡢከ࠸㡰ࠊၟᴗ⛉㸦697 ᰯ㸧ࠊࡑࡢࡢᑓ㛛Ꮫ⛉㸦587 ᰯ㸧ࠊᕤᴗ ⛉㸦586 ᰯ㸧ࠊ⥲ྜ⛉㸦338 ᰯ㸧㎰ᴗ⛉㸦332 ᰯ㸧ࠊᐙᗞ⛉㸦319 ᰯ㸧ࠊ┳ㆤ⛉㸦97 ᰯ㸧ࠊ Ỉ⏘⛉㸦44 ᰯ㸧⥆࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㸦௨ୖࠊᣓᘼෆᏛᰯᩘࡣ 2010 ᖺࡢᩘ್ࢹ࣮ࢱ㸧ࡇࡢ୰ ࡛ࠊ➨ 3 ⨨ࡍࡿࠕࡑࡢࡢᑓ㛛Ꮫ⛉ࠖ587 ᰯࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞Ꮫ⛉ࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋࢆᣲࡆࡿࠊ⌮ᩘࠊయ⫱ࠊ㡢ᴦࠊ⨾⾡ࠊእᅜㄒࠊᅜ㝿㛵ಀ➼ࡢᏛ⛉࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ ࢀࡽࡢᑓ㛛Ꮫ⛉ࡣࠊ 50㸦1975㸧ᖺ 222 ᰯࠊ 55㸦1980㸧ᖺ 234 ᰯࠊ 60㸦1985㸧ᖺ 261 ᰯᶓࡤ࠸ࡋቑ࠼࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡀࠊᖹᡂ 2㸦1990㸧ᖺ 363 ᰯࠊ ᖹᡂ22㸦2010㸧ᖺࡣ 587 ᰯ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᖹᡂධࡗ࡚௨㝆ᛴ㏿ቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ ᖹᡂ 6㸦1994㸧ᖺᗘࡼࡾࠕ⥲ྜᏛ⛉ࠖࡀไᗘࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢᩘࡣయࡢ㸯ᮍ‶ ࡲࡗ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡿࡀᖺࠎቑ࠼⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺᪥ࡢ㧗➼Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱ࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡽࡢ ᬑ㏻⛉࣭⫋ᴗ⛉ຍ࠼ࠊࡑࡢ୍➃ࠊ᪂ࡓᑓ㛛Ꮫ⛉ࡸ⥲ྜᏛ⛉ࢆ᥎㐍ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡲࡍ ࡲࡍከᵝࡢ᪉ྥ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ ᮏ✏㸰㸬࡛♧ࡋࡓ୰➼ᩍ⫱࠾ࡅࡿᏛᰯ✀ࡢከᵝࡣࠊࡑࢀࡶ࡞࠺ධヨࡢከᵝ ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࠊඛ㏙ࡢ㧗➼Ꮫᰯ࠾ࡅࡿᏛ⛉ࡢከᵝࡣࠊ୰Ꮫᰯࡽ㧗➼Ꮫᰯ㐍Ꮫ ࡍࡿ㝿ࡼࡾᖜᗈ࠸㑅ᢥ⫥ࡢ୰ࡽ㐍㊰㑅ᢥࢆࡍࡿᶵࢆᏊࡶࡓࡕࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࠋ ࡋࡋࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⌧≧ࡢ୰࡛ࠊࡍ࡚ࡢᏊࡶ୍ᐃࣞ࣋ࣝࡢᆒ㉁ࡢᩍ⫱ㄢ⛬ࡸᩍ⫱
Ỉ‽ࡀᥦ౪ࡉࢀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡶ࠸࠼ࡿࠋᅜබ⚾❧ࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢタ⨨⪅ࡼࡿࠊ ᑠᏛᰯࡽ୰Ꮫᰯ㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ୰㧗୍㈏ᰯ㸧ࡢ㐍Ꮫࠊ୰Ꮫᰯࡽ㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡢ㐍Ꮫࠊ ࠸࠺ከᵝ࡞ධヨ࣭㐍Ꮫయไࢆ⫼ᬒࡋ࡚Ꮚࡶࡓࡕࡢ㛫࡛Ꮫຊ➇தࡸᏛຊࡢᗎิ࡙ ࡅࡣ࠸ࡗࡑ࠺ᙉࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍㒊ࡢ⪅ࡢ㛫࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᏛຊ➇தࡸᏛᰯ㑅ᢥࡢపᖺ 㱋ࡢᑐᒁࡢࡇࢁ࡛ࡣࠊᏛ⩦ືᶵࡍࡽࡘࡵࡎᏛ⩦⩦័ࢆࡘࡅࡿࡇ࡞ࡃᏛ⩦ࢆ ඛ㏦ࡾࡍࡿᏊࡶࡓࡕࡀ୍ᐃᩘᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊཝࡋ࠸Ꮫຊヨ㦂࣭ධヨࡢᑐᒁࡢ ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊ㸦㠃᥋࣭ᐇᢏࡼࡿ⡆౽࡞᪉ἲ࡛ࡢ㸧↓㑅ᢤࡼࡿ㧗ᰯධᏛ࡞ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊᏛ ᰯ⌧ሙ࡛ࡣ⏕ᚐࡢᏛ⩦ពḧ8ࢆ࠺ᘬࡁฟࡍࡀㄢ㢟࡞ࡿ୰࡛ࠊ᪥ࠊᏛ⩦ྥ࠺ ⪅Ꮫ⩦ࡽ㐲ࡊࡿ⪅ࢆ⏘ࡳฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⌧≧ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ≉୰Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱ࢆ⤊࠼㧗➼ Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱ཧධࡍࡿ㡭ࡣࠊᏊࡶࡓࡕࡢᏛຊูࡢᗎิ࡙ࡅࡀ♫ࡢ୰࡛㢧ⴭ࡞ࡾࠊ ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠊᏛຊ᱁ᕪࢆ᫂♧ࡍࡿࡾศࡅࡀ⣽ࡃ㐍ࡴࠋ୰Ꮫᰯࡢᩍᐊࡢ୰࡛₯ᅾࡋ ࡚࠸ࡓᏛຊ᱁ᕪࡀࡇࡇ࡛࠸ࡗࡁ⾲㠃ࡍࡿࠋḟ♧ࡍࠊ⾲ 2ࠕ⏕ᚐ㌟ࡘ࠸࡚࠸ ࡿຊࠖࡣࠊࡑࡢࡇࢆ㢧ⴭ♧ࡍࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾲♧ࡍ࠾ࡾࠊ㧗ᰯධᏛࡢᏛຊ Ỉ‽ูබ❧ᬑ㏻⛉㧗ᰯࢆ4 ẁ㝵ࠊA㹼D ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉศࡅ࡚ࢹ࣮ࢱฎ⌮ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ⾲2 ⏕ᚐ㌟ࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿຊ㸦ධᏛᏛຊỈ‽ู㸨㹙බ❧ᬑ㏻⛉㹛㸧 ࠕ㌟ࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ࡰဨ㸧ࠖ㸩ࠕࡲ࠶㌟ࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸦༙ᩘ௨ୖ㸧ࠖࡢྜ ࣋ࢿࢵࢭᩍ⫱⥲ྜ◊✲ᡤ(2016b)ࡼࡾ A ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ ホᐃᖹᆒ 5.0, 4.5 B ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ ホᐃᖹᆒ 4.0, 3.5 C ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ ホᐃᖹᆒ 3.0 D ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ ホᐃᖹᆒ 2.5, 2.0 1.5, 1.0 ྛᩍ⛉ࡢᇶ♏ⓗ࣭ᇶᮏⓗ࡞▱㆑࣭ᢏ⬟ 88.5 % 78.8 % 57.9 % 40.9 % ⮬ศࡢ⪃࠼ࢆᩥ❶ࡲࡵ࡚⾲⌧ࡍࡿຊ 55.3 % 35.3 % 19.6 % 12.9 % ⮬ศࡢ⪃࠼ࢆࢃࡾࡸࡍࡃヰࡍຊ 51.6 % 29.7 % 20.0 % 12.4 % ᩥ❶ࡸ㈨ᩱࡢሗࢆⓗ☜ㄞࡳྲྀࡿຊ 70.7 % 45.6 % 22.6 % 15.2 % ࡶࡢࡈࢆㄽ⌮ⓗ⪃࠼ࡿຊ 64.7 % 36.0 % 17.2 % 10.5 % ᰿ᣐࡶ࡙࠸ุ࡚᩿ࡍࡿຊ 64.4 % 41.7 % 21.8 % 12.5 % ᪂ࡋ࠸Ⓨࡸࢹࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍຊ 27.8 % 19.9 % 15.9 % 15.2 % ே༠ຊࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡶࡢࡈࢆ㐍ࡵࡿຊ 73.0 % 66.5 % 56.3 % 42.1 % ⮬ࡽᏛࡧ⥆ࡅࡿຊ 66.0 % 41.4 % 22.7 % 15.6 % 㸨ධᏛᏛຊࡢỈ‽ࡣࠕ㈗ᰯධᏛࡋࡓᖹᆒⓗ࡞⏕ᚐࡢ୰Ꮫᰯ௦ࡢᡂ⦼㸦ホᐃᖹᆒ㸧ࠖ ᑐࡍࡿᰯ㛗ᅇ⟅ࡼࡿ 㸳㸬᪥ࡢ୰Ꮫᰯ࣭㧗➼Ꮫᰯ⌧ሙ࠾ࡅࡿᩍ⫱᪉ἲᏛ⩦ᣦᑟࡢᐇែ ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊෑ㢌ゝཬࡋࡓ࣋ࢿࢵࢭᩍ⫱⥲ྜ◊✲ᡤࡼࡿ➨6 ᅇࠕᏛ⩦ᣦᑟᇶᮏㄪᰝࠖ ࢆヲࡋࡃཧ↷ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢㄪᰝࡣࠊ2016 ᖺ 8 ᭶㹼9 ᭶ᅜࡢබ❧ࡢᑠ࣭୰Ꮫᰯࠊබ❧࣭ ⚾❧ࡢ㧗➼Ꮫᰯ㸦Ꮫ⛉㸧ࡢᰯ㛗ཬࡧᩍဨᑐࡋ࡚㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝࡉࢀࡓ⤖ᯝᇶ࡙࠸ࡓ ᩘ್ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛࠶ࡿࠋㄪᰝࢸ࣮࣐ࡣࠊࠕᑠᏛᰯ࣭୰Ꮫᰯ࣭㧗ᰯ࠾ࡅࡿᏛ⩦ᣦᑟࡢᐇែ ᩍဨࡢព㆑࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊᏛᰯ⌧ሙࡢᩍᖌࡀ᪥ࠎࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᛮ࠸ࡸᚰࡅ࡛ᩍ⫱ᐇ㊶ᦠ
ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢆ▱ࡿᡭࡀࡾ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢㄪᰝࡣࠊ୍㐃ࡢㄪᰝࡋ࡚1997 ᖺ௨᮶ࠊࡍ ࡛6 ᅇ㸦➨ 1 ᅇ㹼➨ 6 ᅇ㸧ࡢㄪᰝࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ᪥ᮏᅜࡢᏛᰯࢆᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚࠾ ࡾࠊ↓సⅭࡢᢳฟㄪᰝ࡛࠶ࡾẕ㞟ᅋࡢつᶍࡶẚ㍑ⓗࡁࡃಙ㢗ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣ᪂ Ꮫ⩦ᣦᑟせ㡿ࡢᨵゞࢆࡵࡄࡿ୰➼ᩍ⫱⌧ሙࡢᏛ⩦ᣦᑟࡢືྥࢆど㔝⨨࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡇ ࡽࠊ≉᭱᪂ࡢືྥࡋ࡚2010 ᖺࡽ 2016 ᖺࡢኚࡸ᥎⛣ὀ┠ࡍࡿࠋ ᅗ1 ࡣࠊࠕᩍဨࡢᣦᑟほࠖࢆ⤒ᖺẚ㍑ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡼࡿࠊ୰Ꮫᰯ࣭㧗ᰯ ᩍဨࡶࠕᙉไⓗ࡞Ꮫ⩦㸦カ⦎㔜ど㸧ࠖࡼࡾࡶࠕ⮬ⓗ࡞Ꮫ⩦㸦⮬ᛶ࣭ྍ⬟ᛶᨭ㸧ࠖ ࢆ㔜どࡍࡿഴྥࡀᙉࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋࠕ⮬ⓗ࡞Ꮫ⩦ࠖࢆ㔜どࡍࡿഴྥࡣࠊ୰ Ꮫᰯ࡛ࡣ65㸬2㸣ࡽ 73㸬1㸣ࠊ㧗ᰯ࡛ࡣ 60㸬2㸣ࡽ 74㸬3㸣ቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㸦2010 ᖺࡽ2016 ᖺࡢኚ㸧ࡲࡓࠊࠕᏛၥⓗ㔜せ࡞ࡇࡀࡽࢆᢲࡉ࠼ࡿࡇࠖࡼࡾࡶࠕ⏕ ᚐࡀᴦࡋࡃᏛࡿᤵᴗࡍࡿࡇࠖࢆ㔜どࡍࡿഴྥࡀࠊ୰Ꮫ࣭㧗ᰯࡶ 2010 ᖺࡽ 2016 ᖺࡢẚ㍑࡛ᙉࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡶྠㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ᫂ࡽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᅗ㸯 ᩍဨࡢᣦᑟほ㸸⮬ᛶ࣭ྍ⬟ᛶᨭカ⦎㔜ど ࣋ࢿࢵࢭᩍ⫱⥲ྜ◊✲ᡤ(2016b)ࡼࡾ 㸫 ᩍᖌࡀᚰࡀࡅ࡚࠸ࡿᤵᴗ᪉ἲ ḟ♧ࡍᅗ㸰ࡣࠊ㸦ᩍဨࡀ㸧ࠕᚰࡀࡅ࡚࠸ࡿᤵᴗ᪉ἲࠖ㛵ࡋ࡚2010 ᖺ 2016 ᖺࡢ 㸰Ⅼࢆᢤ⢋ࡋ࡚ẚ㍑ࡋࡓࢢࣛࣇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࡀᑠᏛᰯࡽ⧅ࡀࡿࡶࡢ ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆど㔝࠾࠸࡚ࠊ୰Ꮫᰯ࣭㧗ᰯࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊᑠᏛᰯࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡶⱝᖸཧ↷ࡋ ࡚ࡳࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊᑠᏛᰯ࣭୰Ꮫᰯ࣭㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡶඹ㏻ࡢഴྥࡋ࡚ࠊᤵᴗࡢ୰࡛ࡢࠕ(a) ィ⟬ࡸ₎Ꮠ࡞ࡢⓗ࡞⦎⩦ࠖࡀᴟ➃ῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡣὀ┠ࡍࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ2010 74.3% 60.2% 73.1% 65.2% 25.7% 39.8% 26.9% 34.8% 2010ᖺ 2016ᖺ 2010ᖺ 2016ᖺ ୰Ꮫᰯ 㧗ᰯ䠄බ❧䠅 ⮬Ⓨⓗ䛻Ꮫ⩦䛩䜛 ពḧ䜔⩦័䜢㌟䛻 䛴䛡䛥䛫䜛䛣䛸 䛯䛸䛘ᙉไ䛧䛶 䛷䜒䚸䛸䛻䛛䛟 Ꮫ⩦䛥䛫䜛䛣䛸
ᖺࡽ2016 ᖺࡢኚࢆぢࡿࠊ≉ᑠᏛᰯ࡛ࡢᛴ⃭࡞ⴠࡕ㎸ࡳ㸦51.5ĺ36.8㸧ࡣⴭࡋ ࠸ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ୰Ꮫᰯ࡛ࡣ29.0ĺ23.2ࠊ㧗ᰯ࡛ࡣ 18.0ĺ14. 1 ࠸࠺ῶᑡࡢ᥎⛣࡞ࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋ᪉ࠊࠕ(b)ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉάືࢆྲྀࡾධࢀࡓᤵᴗࠖࡣ 2010 ᖺࡽ 2016 ᖺࡢẚ㍑࡛ ࡁࡃୖ᪼ഴྥ࠶ࡿࠋ୰Ꮫ࡛ࡣ 37.1ĺ45.7 8.6 ࣏ࣥࢺࡢୖ࡛᪼࠶ࡿࠋ㧗ᰯ࡛ࡣ ᛴቑࡋ࡚8.6 ĺ 24.4 15.8 ࣏ࣥࢺࡢୖ᪼ࠊࡰ 3 ಸ᥎⛣ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊࡇ ࢀࡽࡢືࡁ㐃ືࡍࡿᙧ࡛ࠕ(c)ᩍᖌᑟࡢㅮ⩏ᙧᘧ࡛ࡢᤵᴗࠖ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ୰Ꮫ࣭㧗ᰯ ࡶῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋヲࡋࡃᩘ್ࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡿࠊ୰Ꮫ࡛ 9.6ĺ6.6ࠊ㧗ᰯ࡛ 32.5ĺ24.5 ῶᑡ᥎⛣ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ≉㧗ᰯ࡛ࡢ8.0 ࣏ࣥࢺࡢⴠࡕ㎸ࡳࡣⴭࡋ࠸ࠋ ᅗ㸰 ᚰࡀࡅ࡚࠸ࡿᤵᴗ᪉ἲ㸦⤒ᖺẚ㍑㸧 ࣋ࢿࢵࢭᩍ⫱⥲ྜ◊✲ᡤ(2016a)ࡼࡾᢤ⢋ ࢢࣛࣇࡣឡࡍࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀ㛵㐃ࡋ࡚ࠕᚰࡀࡅ࡚࠸ࡿᤵᴗ᪉ἲ࡛ࠖࡣ୰Ꮫ࣭㧗ᰯ ඹ㏻ࡍࡿഴྥࡋ࡚ࠕᩍ⛉ᶓ᩿ⓗ࡞ᤵᴗࡸྜ⛉ⓗ࡞ᤵᴗࠖࡀᴟ➃ᑡ࡞࠸ࡇࡀྠㄪ ᰝ⤖ᯝ࡛♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୰Ꮫ࡛ࠕࢢ࣮ࣝࣉάືࢆྲྀࡾධࢀࡓᤵᴗࠖࡀ47.5㸣ࠊࠕ⏕ᚐ ྠኈࡢヰࡋྜ࠸ࢆྲྀࡾධࢀࡓᤵᴗࠖࡀ47.0㸣࡛࠶ࡿࡢᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࠕᩍ⛉ᶓ᩿ⓗࡸྜ⛉ ⓗ࡞ᤵᴗࠖࡣࢃࡎ5.3㸣࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㧗ᰯ࡛ࡣᩍᖌࡢࠕ⮬సࣉࣜࣥࢺࢆࡗࡓᤵᴗࠖࡀ 39.6㸣ࠊࠕᩍᮦࢆᕤኵࡋࡓᤵᴗ㸦ලయ≀ࢆ࠺࡞㸧ࠖ31.9㸣ࡀ┠❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢᑐࡋࠊ ࠕᩍ⛉ᶓ᩿ⓗ࣭ྜ⛉ⓗ࡞ᤵᴗࠖࡣ5.9㸣࠸࠺್ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࢢࣝ ࣮ࣉάືࢆྲྀࡾධࢀࡿࠊලయ≀ࢆ࠺࡞୰Ꮫ࣭㧗ᰯࡶࠊᩍဨࡣᏛ⩦⪅యࡢάືࠊ ࠕᴦࡋ࠸ᤵᴗࠖࡢ㐀ຊࢆධࢀ࡚ᕤኵࢆจࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᵝᏊࡣ❚࠼ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ㒊ศ ࡣᩍ⛉ศ❧ᆺࡢᤵᴗࡢ୰࡛ࡑࢀࡽࡣ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ㸦ᩍဨࡀ㸧ࠕᚰࡀࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ 㛫ࡢ࠸᪉࡛ࠖࡣࠕᮘ㛫ᣦᑟࡸ⏕ᚐಶูᑐᛂࡍࡿ㛫ࠖ㸦୰Ꮫ㸸36.9ĺ31.9ࠊ㧗ᰯ㸸 26.2ĺ25.6㸧ࡸࠕ⦎⩦ࡸ₇⩦ࡢ㛫ࠖ㸦୰Ꮫ㸸44.3ĺ39.7ࠊ㧗ᰯ㸸38.3ĺ34.0㸧ࡣῶᑡࡋ ᖺ ᖺ ᖺ ᖺ ᖺ ᖺ ᑠᏛᰯ ୰Ꮫᰯ 㧗ᰯ ᑠᏛᰯ ୰Ꮫᰯ 㧗ᰯ ᑠᏛᰯ ୰Ꮫᰯ 㧗ᰯ D ィ⟬ࡸ₎Ꮠ࡞ࡢ ⓗ࡞⦎⩦ E ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉάືࢆ ྲྀࡾධࢀࡓᤵᴗ F ᩍᖌᑟࡢ ㅮ⩏ᙧᘧ࡛ࡢᤵᴗ
࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⏕ᚐಶูࡉࢀࡿࡁࡵ⣽࡞ᣦᑟࡣ୰Ꮫ࣭㧗ᰯࡶᡭⷧ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࡽ୰Ꮫ࣭㧗ᰯ࡛ࡣ᪥࠾࠸࡚ࡶ࡞࠾ᩍ⛉ศ❧ᆺࡢయไ࡛ᤵᴗࢆ ⾜࠺ഴྥࡀᙉ࠸㠃ࠊࢢ࣮ࣝࣉᏛ⩦࡞ࡀᙉࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᏛ⩦ࡢಶูࡸカ⦎㔜ど ഴྥࡢᏛ⩦ㄢ㢟ࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡣ௨๓ࡼࡾࡶᡭⷧ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ 」ᩘᩍ⛉㛫ࡢ㐃ᦠࡸᶓ᩿ࠊಶูᣦᑟࡢᐇࠊ⦎⩦࣭₇⩦࡞ࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋᏛ⩦ࡢ ᙉ࡞ࡀࠊᚋࡢ⌧ሙ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢᤵᴗᐇ㊶ᨵၿࡢㄢ㢟࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ 㸫 ⏕ᚐ㌟ࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿᏛຊ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ꮫᰯ⌧ሙ࡛ࡢᏛ⩦ᣦᑟࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᚋᮇ୰➼ᩍ⫱⮳ࡿ㡭ࡣࠊ๓ᥖࡢ⾲ 2 ࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ꮫᰯ㛫Ꮫຊ᱁ᕪࡀ㢧ᅾࡍࡿࠋ⾲ 2 ࡛ࡣࠊࡢ㡯┠࠸ࡎࢀࡢຊ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶ ᭱ࡶ㧗࠸Ꮫຊࢆ᭷ࡍࡿA ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ㧗ᰯࡢ⏕ᚐࡓࡕࡀࠊᅽಽⓗ▱㆑ࡸᢏ⬟ࢆ⩦ᚓ࣭ 㐩ᡂࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ᭱ࡶᏳⓗ࡛ప࠸Ꮫຊࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡉࢀࡿ D ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ㧗ᰯࡢ⏕ᚐࡣࠊ ࡢ㡯┠࠸ࡎࢀࡢຊ࠾࠸࡚ࡶ⩦ᚓ࣭㐩ᡂࡀ࠺ࡲࡃᯝࡓࡏ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋ➨ 6 ᅇᏛ⩦ᣦᑟᇶᮏㄪᰝࡢ࠸ࡃࡘࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ┦㛵ࡸ᥎⛣ࡽࠊᏊࡶࡢయᛶࡸ⮬ ᛶࢆ㔜どࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊ᪥ࠊࠕᴦࡋ࠸ᤵᴗࠖࢆ㐀ࡍࡿࡇࠊࢢ࣮ࣝࣉάືࢆᙉࡍࡿ ࡇࡋ࡚Ꮫᰯ⌧ሙ࡛ࡣゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡿഴྥ࠶ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ⏕ᚐ⮬㌟ ࡀάືࡍࡿࡇ㔜Ⅼࡀ⨨ࢀࡿ࠶ࡲࡾࠊᩍᖌࡀᩍ࠼ࡿάືࡽᡭࢆᘬࡃࡇ⧅ࡀ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡶྠ❚࠼ࡓࠋ 㸴㸬ࢡࢸࣈ࣭࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢࠕయⓗ࡞Ꮫࡧࠖࡢከ⩏ⓗពྜ࠸̿ࡴࡍࡧ௦࠼࡚ ᮏ✏࡛ࡣ᪥ࡢ୰Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱ࡀ┠ᣦࡍࡶࡢࡣఱ࡞ࡢࠊ㧗➼Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱ࡀ┠ᣦࡍࡶࡢࡣ ఱ࡞ࡢ࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࢆᥦ㉳ࡍࡿྠࠊࡑࡢᏛᰯ⌧ሙ࠾ࡅࡿᩍ⫱᪉ἲࡸᏛ⩦ᣦᑟ ࡢᐇែࢆᢕᥱࡋࠊࠕయⓗ࡞Ꮫࡧࠖࡀࡑࡇ࡛ࡢࡼ࠺ල⌧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࠋ ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝᩘ್ࡸࢢࣛࣇ࡛ぢࡓ୍㐃ࡢᏛᰯ⌧ሙࡢືྥࡸᩍᖌࡢព㆑ࡣࠊࠕࢡࢸࣈ࣭ࣛ ࣮ࢽࣥࢢࠖࡀࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ᩍ⫱ㄢ⛬ࡢᑂ㆟࣭㐀㐣⛬࠾࠸࡚๓㠃♧ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ ↓㛵ಀ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ ࡉ࡚ࠊࠕࢡࢸࣈ࣭࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢࠖࢆ᪥ᮏㄒヂࡍࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊࠕ⬟ືⓗᏛ⩦ࠖࠕయⓗ ࡞Ꮫࡧࠖ࡞࡚ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊᅇࡢᏛ⩦ᣦᑟせ㡿ᨵゞࡢ㐣⛬࠾࠸ ࡚ࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓࢃࡾࡸࡍ࠸᪥ᮏㄒヂ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᩒ࠼࡚࢝ࢱ࢝ࢼ⾲グࡢࠕࢡࢸࣈ࣭ ࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢࠖ㸦⁁ୖ࣭ᏳỌ࣭㛵⏣࣭Ỉ㔝 2016㸧ࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡣࡾࢃࡅὀ┠ࡍ ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠕ⬟ືⓗᏛ⩦ࠖࡸࠕయⓗ࡞Ꮫࡧࠖ⾲⌧ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡁࢃࡵ࡚㝈ᐃ ⓗ࡞ព࡛ࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿ㠃ࠊࠕࢡࢸࣈ࣭࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢࠖ࢝ࢱ࢝ࢼ࡛⾲⌧ࡋ
ࡓሙྜࡣࡑࡇከ⩏ⓗ࡞ពࢆࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡋ࡚ࡶ“ࡼࡾࡼ࠸ᩍ ⫱ᐇ㊶ࢆ㐀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ”࠸࠺ほⅬ❧ࡗࡓࠊࡑࡢከ⩏ᛶࡢ㏣✲ࡣ῝࠸ពࡀ࠶ࡿ ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ㏆ ᖺ ࠊ ᅜ ෆ ࡣ ࡶ ࡼ ࡾ ᅜ 㝿 ⓗ ࡶ 㸺 ᪂ ࡋ ࠸ ⬟ ຊ 㸼 ᴫ ᛕ ࡀ ỏ ℃ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ㸦 ᯇ ୗ 2011:39㸧ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⌧≧ࡣᏛᰯ⌧ሙࢆΰࡉࡏࡿྠࠊᏊࡶࡓࡕࡢᏛࡧࢆ࠺ᑟ ࡃࡁ࡞ࡢ⟅࠼ࢆฟࡉࡏࡎࠊ㏞㊰㏞࠸㎸ࡲࡏⱞ៖ࡉࡏࡿ⤖ᯝ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㐪࠸ ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢ㸺᪂ࡋ࠸⬟ຊ㸼ᴫᛕࡣ1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࠊࡾࢃࡅ 2000 ᖺ௦ධࡗ࡚ࡽࠊ ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞⬟ຊࡀᩍ⫱ࡢ㆟ㄽࡢಋୖࡢࡏࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࠼ࡤࠊࠕ⏕ࡁࡿຊࠖ 㸦ᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬㸧ࠊࠕࣜࢸࣛࢩ࣮ࠖ㸦OECD㸧ࠊࠕ࣮࣭࢟ࢥࣥࣆࢸࣥࢩ࣮ࠖ㸦OECD㸧ࠊࠕே㛫ຊࠖ 㸦ෆ㛶ᗓ㸧ࠊࠕᑵ⫋ᇶ♏⬟ຊࠖ㸦ཌ⏕ປാ┬㸧ࠊࠕ♫ேᇶ♏ຊࠖ㸦⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬㸧ࠊࠕᏛኈຊࠖ 㸦ᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬㸧ࠊࠕ࢚ࣥࣉࣟࣖࣅࣜࢸ㸦㞠⏝ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿ⬟ຊ㸧ࠖ㸦᪥ᮏ⤒Ⴀ⪅ᅋయ㐃┕㸧 ࡞࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽ㸺᪂ࡋ࠸⬟ຊ㸼ࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶㄆ▱ⓗ࡞⬟ຊࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊᑐ ே㛵ಀⓗ࡞⬟ຊࡸே᱁≉ᛶ࣭ែᗘ࡞ࢆྵࡴே㛫ࡢయⓗ࡞⬟ຊཬࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ㸦ᯇୗ 2011:39㸧ࡲࡓࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣᗂ࠸ᏊࡶࡸⓎ㐩ࡢ┿ྈ୰࠶ࡿᑡᖺᮇࡢᏊࡶᮇᚅࡍࡿ ⬟ຊࡤࡾ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ㟷ᖺᮇࡢⱝ⪅ࠊࡦ࠸࡚ࡣᡂேࡋࡓேồࡵࡿ⬟ຊᛮࢃࢀࡿࡶ ࡢࡶྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㸺᪂ࡋ࠸⬟ຊ㸼ࢆ㌟ࡘࡅࡓ୍ே๓ࡢே࡞ࡗ࡚ᑗ᮶ࠊ ♫ࡢᙧᡂ⪅࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡓࡵึ➼୰➼ᩍ⫱࠾࠸࡚ࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ꮫࡧࡀᚲせ ⪃࠼ࡓࡁࠊ☜ࠕࢡࢸࣈ࣭࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢࠖࡢᴫᛕࡣࠊࢆᚓ࡚Ꮫ⩦ᣦᑟせ㡿 ᑟධࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓ⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡓࡔࠊࡇࡇ࡛㔜せ࡞ࡇࡣࠊࢡࢸ ࣈ࣭࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢࡢゎ㔘ࡑࡢ⏝࠸᪉࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊỴࡋ࡚Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡢࡓࡵࡔࡅࡢᏛ ⩦ㄽ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇࡔࠋᩍᖌࡗ࡚ࡶࢡࢸࣈ࣭࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢࡣ⮬ࡽࡢ◊㛑ࡢ ࡓࡵࡢ♏࡞ࡿᴫᛕࢆከศ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࠕᩍ࠼ࡿࠖᑓ㛛ᐙࡋ࡚ᩍᖌࡇ ࡑࠊࡑࡢᢏ⾡ࡢྥୖ࣭ᨵၿࡣᚲ㡲࡛࠶ࡾࠊᩍ⫱ࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃ“ᖜᗈ࠸ᑓ㛛▱㆑”ࡀ㇏ᐩ࡛ ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡽࡔࠋᩍᖌ⮬㌟ࡶ⬟ືⓗᏛࡪጼໃࢆ㌟ࡘࡅࡿࡇࡀồࡵࡽࢀ ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᇶ♏ⓗ࡞ຊࢆ㌟ࡘࡅ࡚࠸࡞࠸⏕ᚐࠊᮏே㸦ࡓࡕ㸧ࡢࡸࡾࡓ࠸ࡼ࠺௵ࡏ࡚άື ࡉࡏࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣࠊᙼࡽᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿᚲせ࡞Ꮫࡧࡀ㐩ᡂࡉࢀࡿࡇࡣ࠶ࡾ࠼࡞࠸ࠋࠕᩍ࠼ ࡎ⪃࠼ࡉࡏࡿᤵᴗ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠕᩍ࠼࡚⪃࠼ࡉࡏࡿᤵᴗࠖ㸦ᕷᕝ 2010:202㸫209, ᑠ⋢ 2013:73㸧ࡇࡑࠊࠊồࡵࡽࢀࡿᏛ⩦ᣦᑟࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉࠸࠼ࡿࠋࢡࢸࣈ࣭࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢ ࡢᴫᛕࡣࠊࡇࡢࠕᩍ࠼࡚⪃࠼ࡉࡏࡿࠖ࠸࠺Ⓨࡼࡃఝ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ୍ࡘࡦ ࡘࢩࣕࢶࡢ࣎ࢱࣥࢆࡅ࡚࠸ࡃࡼ࠺ࠊᑀ࡞Ꮫ⩦ࢧࢡࣝࢆ㋃ࡴࠋᏛ⩦ࡸಶู Ꮫ⩦ࠊᏊࡶ୍ேࡦࡾࡢᛮ⪃㐣⛬ࢆᤞ㇟ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡃᏛ⩦㐣⛬ࢆ㐀ࡍࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋ
ࡓᏛ⩦ᣦᑟ⩦័ࡢ㔊ᡂࡇࡑ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸦Edwards, Susan 2016:4㸧ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᏛ⩦ᣦᑟ㐣 ⛬ࡣࠊᖖᩍᖌᏊࡶࡢࠕᩍ࠼ʊᏛࡧࠖࡢཎീࡀ୍ᑐ࡞ࡗ࡚⌧ࢀࡿࠋ ୰Ꮫᰯ࣭㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡢሙྜࠊ୍ேࡦࡾࡢᩍᖌࡣࠊ⮬ศࡢᩍ࠼ࡿࠕᩍ⛉ࠖ࠸࠺ᯟࢆ ㉸࠼ࡓࡇࢁ࡛ࠕᩍ⫱ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࠖࡋ࡚ࠊᏛ⩦⪅ࡢᏛ⩦࣭ㄆ▱ࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࠊ ホ౯ࡢ᪉ἲࠊᤵᴗࡢ᪉ἲ࣭ᢏἲࢆᗄ㔜ࡶ㌟ࡘࡅࡿࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊᏊࡶࡢᏛ⩦ෆᐜ ♫ࡢ⧅ࡀࡾࢆࠕᩍ⛉ࠖࡢᯟࢆ㉸࠼࡚᪥ࠎ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠊ࠸ࡗࡓᛂ⏝ຊࢆ☻ࡃࡇ ࡀồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊᩍᖌ⮬㌟ࡀయⓗᏛࡪࡇࠊᏛࡧ⥆ࡅࡿࡇࢆពࡍ ࡿࠋ⮬ࡽࡢᤵᴗࡸ᪥ࠎࡢᐇ㊶⏑ࢇࡌࡿࡇ࡞ࡃࠊ⮬ࡽࡢᤵᴗࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࢆⅬ᳨ࡋ┬ ⓗᛮ⪃ࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡍࡇࠊᖖࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ၥ㢟ព㆑ࢆᣢࡕᩍ⫱άືᙜࡓࡿࡇࢆព ࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࡑࢀࡣᩍᖌ⮬㌟ࡀㄽ⌮ⓗᛮ⪃ຊࢆ☻ࡁᐇ㊶⏕ࡍࡇ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ ᩍᖌࡢ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞ࡣࠊᩍ⫱ࡢ᪉ἲ࣭ෆᐜࢆ⇍▱ࡋࡓୖ࡛ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ྲྀᤞ㑅ᢥࢆ ⾜࡞࠸࡞ࡀࡽᩍ࠼ࡿάື࣭⾜Ⅽ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡘࡲࡾࠕ࣒࣭࣐࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺຊ࡛ࠖ ࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺࠸࠺ព࡛ࠊࢡࢸࣈ࣭࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢࡣᏛ⩦⪅ࡢయⓗάືࡔࡅ║ ࢆ⨨࠸ࡓᴫᛕ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊᩍᖌࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࡋ࡚ࡢࠕᩍ࠼ ࡿࠖάືࠊᩍᖌࡢ⮬┬ࡸෆ┬ᨭ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠕᩍᖌ⮬㌟ࡢయⓗάືࠖࡶ࠸ຊⅬ ࡀ⨨ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇࡀᏛᰯ⌧ሙᗈࡃᾐ㏱ࡍࡿࡇࡀᛴົ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣᰯ ෆ◊ಟ࣭ᰯእ◊ಟࡢᐇࡣࡶࡼࡾࠊ⫋ሙࡢྠᛶ࡞ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⮬Ⓨⓗ࣭✚ᴟⓗ࡞ព ㆑ᨵ㠉ࡀ㐍ࡳࠊᩍᖌࡢᏛࡪయไᏛࡪពḧࡀಁ㐍ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡀྍḞ࡞ࡿࠋᚋࠊ ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࡢ⌧ሙ࡛ᗈࡃࢡࢸࣈ࣭࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢࢆᶆᴶࡍࡿᐇ㊶ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿ୰࡛ࠊᩍᖌ ⏕ᚐࡢࠕᩍ࠼ࡿ㸫Ꮫࡪࠖࡢ㛵ಀࡀࡼࡾ㉁ࡢ㧗࠸ࡶࡢ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡇࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿࠋ ௨ୖࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠕయⓗ࡞Ꮫࡧࠖࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࡍࡿ࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࠊ୰➼ᩍ⫱࠸࠺ᯟ ⤌ࡳࡢ୰ࠊ୰Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱㧗➼Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱࠸࠺ࡘࡢᩍ⫱ẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓ ୖ࡛ㄽ㏙ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡘࡢỴᐃⓗ࡞┦㐪Ⅼࡣࠊ⩏ົᩍ⫱࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡞ ࠸࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡘ࠸࡚ࡶゝཬࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢⅬࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡿࠊ୰Ꮫᰯࡢᩍᖌ 㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡢᩍᖌࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ⌧ሙ࡛┤㠃ࡍࡿㄢ㢟ࡣࠊ㸦ྠࡌᯟ⤌ࡳࡢ୰ᒓࡍࡿ࠸࠺ Ⅼ࡛ࠊ୍㒊ࠊඹ㏻ࡢ㒊ศࡀ࠶ࡿࡏࡼࠊ㸧⌧ᐇࡣࡃࡢྠ୍࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇࡶ᥎ ࡉࢀ ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ୰Ꮫᰯ㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡢ᥋⥆࣭⛣⾜㛵ಀ╔┠ࡋࡘࡘࠊ㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡢ≧ἣ ࡼࡾຊⅬࢆ⨨࠸࡚୰➼ᩍ⫱ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽ㏙ࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ୰Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱≉᭷ࡢ⌧≧ࡸㄢ㢟ࡘ ࠸࡚ࡣ༑ศヲ㏙ࡋࡁࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ㒊ศࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᚋࡼࡾ῝࠸⪃ᐹࢆࡋࠊูࡢ ᶵሗ࿌ࡍࡿࡇࢆ➹⪅ࡢᚋ᪥ࡢㄢ㢟ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
ὀ 1 ⌧ ⾜ ࡢ Ꮫ ⩦ ᣦ ᑟ せ 㡿 ௦ ࢃ ࡗ ࡚ ⏝ ࠸ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࡇ ࡞ ࡿ ḟ ᮇ Ꮫ ⩦ ᣦ ᑟ せ 㡿 㸦 ᪂ Ꮫ ⩦ ᣦ ᑟ せ 㡿 㸧 ࡀ 2017 ᖺ 3 ᭶ᨵゞ࣭බ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋᅇࠊᨵゞ࣭බ♧ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊᑠᏛᰯࠊ୰ᏛᰯࡢᏛ⩦ᣦᑟせ㡿࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋ㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ 2018 ᖺࡣᨵゞࡉࢀࡿぢ㏻ࡋ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ┠ୗࠊ᪂Ꮫ⩦ᣦᑟせ㡿ࡢᐇ ྥࡅ࡚2017 ᖺᗘ୰ࢆ┠㏵ࡑࡢ࿘▱࣭ᚭᗏࡀᅗࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୰Ꮫᰯࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ 2021 ᖺᗘࡽ᪂ㄢ ⛬ࡀ㠃ᐇࡉࢀࡿぢ㏻ࡋ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡉࡽࡑࡢᚋࡢ 2022 ᖺᗘࡼࡾᖺḟ㐍⾜࡛ ᐇࡉࢀࡿணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸦ᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬ HP,ࠕᨵゞࡢࢫࢣࢪ࣮ࣗࣝࠖཧ↷,2017 ᖺ 10 ᭶ 18 ᪥⌧ᅾ㸬 http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/new-cs/1384662.htm 2 ࢡࢸࣈ࣭࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢ࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡣࠊࠕࢡࢸࣈ࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢࠖ⾲グࡍࡿ⪅ࠊࠕࢡࢸࣈ࣭ ࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢࠖ⾲グࡍࡿ⪅ࠊㄽ⪅ࡼࡗ࡚ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋඛ㏙ࡢᏛ⩦ᣦᑟせ㡿ࡢ୍㐃ࡢ㆟ㄽ࣭ᨵ ゞࡢ㐣⛬࠾࠸࡚ᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬ࡣࠕࢡࢸࣈ࣭࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢࠖ࠸࠺⾲グἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣ ࡇࢀೌࡗ࡚ࠕࢡࢸࣈ࣭࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢࠖ࠸࠺⾲グἲࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࠋ 3 ᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬ HP,ࠕึ➼୰➼ᩍ⫱ࡢᙺࠖཧ↷, 2018 ᖺ 1 ᭶ 30 ᪥⌧ᅾ. http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/old_chukyo/old_chukyo_index/toushin/attach/1309726.htm 4 ୰㧗୍㈏ᩍ⫱ࡀึࡵ࡚ไᗘࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊ1998 ᖺࡢࠕᏛᰯᩍ⫱ἲ➼ᨵṇἲ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊ1999 ᖺ 4 ᭶ࡽᐇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋṔྐⓗぢࡿࠊ୰㧗୍㈏ᩍ⫱ࡢᵓࡣࡑࡢࠎᥦ㉳ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ࡞ ࡶࡢࢆᣲࡆࡿࠊࠕ୰㧗୍㈏ᰯࠖ㸦୰ᩍᑂ⟅⏦1971㸧ࠊࠕභᖺไ୰➼Ꮫᰯࠖ㸦⮫ᩍᑂ⟅⏦ 1985㸧ࠊࠕᆅᇦ ⥲ྜ୰➼ᩍ⫱Ꮫᰯࠖ㸦᪥ᩍ⤌࣭➨ḟᩍ⫱ไᗘ᳨ウጤဨ 1983㸧࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡶᐇ⌧ࡣ⮳ࡽ ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ㸦ⱝ 2016:795-796㸧ࡋࡋࠊࡇࡢไᗘࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ୰Ꮫᰯ㧗➼Ꮫᰯ୪ิࡉ ࡏࡿᙧ࡛ࠊ୰㧗୍㈏ᰯࢆタ⨨ࡍࡿࡇࠊ୰㧗୍㈏ᰯࡢタ⨨ࡣᆅ᪉⮬య࡞ࡢタ⨨⪅ࡢุ᩿ጤࡡ ࡽࢀࡿࡇࠊබ❧ᰯ࡛ࡶタ⨨࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢἲᨵṇࡀዎᶵ࡞ࡾࠊ᪥ࡲ࡛ࡢ㛫බ❧ ࡢ୰㧗୍㈏ᰯࡀタ⨨ࡉࢀࡿࡀከᩘぢཷࡅࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ⌧ᅾࠊไᗘୖࠊㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ୰ 㧗୍㈏ᰯࡢᐇᙧែࡣࠊḟࡢ୕㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸦㸯㸧୰➼ᩍ⫱Ꮫᰯ㸦㸰㸧ేタᆺࡢ୰Ꮫᰯ࣭㧗➼Ꮫᰯ 㸦㸱㸧㐃ᦠᆺࡢ୰Ꮫᰯ࣭㧗➼Ꮫᰯࠊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 5 ᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬ࠊࠗᖹᡂ 28 ᖺᗘᏛᰯᇶᮏㄪᰝʊㄪᰝ⤖ᯝᴫせʊ࠘ࠊᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬ࠊ18 㡫ࠋ 6 http://www.e-stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/List.do?bid=000001015843㸦ᨻᗓ⤫ィ⥲ྜ❆ཱྀ㸧 7http://www.mext.go.jp/component/a_menu/education/detail/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2011/09/27/1299178_01.p df㸦ᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬බ⾲㈨ᩱࠕ㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡢ⌧≧ࠖࠊ6 㡫ࠊཧ↷ࠋ㸧 8 ୰ኸᑂ㆟ึ➼୰➼ᩍ⫱ศ⛉࣭Ꮫᰯẁ㝵㛫ࡢ㐃ᦠ࣭᥋⥆➼㛵ࡍࡿసᴗ㒊ࠗ୰㧗୍㈏ᩍ⫱ไ ᗘ㛵ࡍࡿ࡞ពぢ࡞ࡢᩚ⌮࠘㸦2011 ᖺ㸧࡛ࡣࠊᏊࡶࡓࡕࡢᏛ⩦ពḧ㛵ࡍࡿၥ㢟ࡀ㆟ㄽࡉࢀ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ Ᏻᙪᛅᙪ㸦1997㸧ࠗ୰Ꮫᰯ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࡢ⊂⮬ᛶᵓᡂཎ⌮㸫๓ᮇ୰➼ᩍ⫱ㄢ⛬ࡢẚ ㍑◊✲࠘᫂ᅗ᭩㸬 ᕷᕝఙ୍ࠕࠕᩍ࠼࡚⪃࠼ࡉࡏࡿᤵᴗࠖࡣఱࢆࡵࡊࡍࡢࠖ㸦ᮾிᏛᩍ⫱Ꮫ㒊㝃ᒓ୰➼ ᩍ⫱Ꮫᰯ⦅ⴭ㸦2010㸧ࠗᏛࡧྜ࠸࡛⫱ࡘᮍ᮶ࡢᏛຊʊ୰㧗୍㈏ᩍ⫱ࡢࢳࣕࣞࣥ ࢪ࠘᫂▼᭩ᗑ㸬ᡤ㸧
Edwards, Susan (2016) Active Learning: in the Middle Grades Classroom, cf. Figure1, Association for Middle Level Education.
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