温室栽培におけるコナジラミ類の総合的病害虫管理（IPM）に関する研究

Title 温室栽培におけるコナジラミ類の総合的病害虫管理_{（IPM）に関する研究( 本文(Fulltext) )} Author(s) 杉山, 恵太郎 Report No.(Doctoral Degree) 博士(農学) 乙第148号 Issue Date 2017-03-13 Type 博士論文 Version ETD URL http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12099/56208 ※この資料の著作権は、各資料の著者・学協会・出版社等に帰属します。

 

 ᐊ᱂ᇵ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢ

⥲ྜⓗ⑓ᐖ⹸⟶⌮㸦

IPM㸧࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲

㸰㸮㸯㸴ᖺ

ᒱ㜧኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔㐃ྜ㎰Ꮫ◊✲⛉

ᮡᒣᜨኴ㑻













 ᐊ᱂ᇵ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢ

⥲ྜⓗ⑓ᐖ⹸⟶⌮㸦,30㸧࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲

























ᮡᒣᜨኴ㑻









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┠ ḟ

㡫 ➨㸯❶ ⥴ゝ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 1 ➨㸰❶ 㟼ᒸ┴࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢⓎ⏕ᐇែ࡜2002 ᖺࡢ IPM࣭࣭ 9  ➨㸯⠇ Ⓨ⏕ᐇែ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 11 ᮦᩱ࠾ࡼࡧ᪉ἲ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 11 ⤖ᯝ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 13 ⪃ᐹ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 13  ➨㸰⠇ 2002 ᖺࡢ IPM࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 18 ᮦᩱ࠾ࡼࡧ᪉ἲ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 18 ⤖ᯝ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 20 ⪃ᐹ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 24 ➨㸱❶ ᙉไ᥮Ẽࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ౵ධ㜵Ṇຠᯝ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 26  ➨㸯⠇ 㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࡢ㑅ᐃ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 27 ᮦᩱ࠾ࡼࡧ᪉ἲ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 27 ⤖ᯝ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 29 ⪃ᐹ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 32 ➨㸰⠇ 㝜ᅽᘧᙉไ᥮Ẽ࡜ᐤ⏕⻏ࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡓ IPM࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 34 ᮦᩱ࠾ࡼࡧ᪉ἲ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 34 ⤖ᯝ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 37 ⪃ᐹ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 43 ➨㸱⠇ 㝧ᅽᘧᙉไ᥮Ẽࡢ౵ධᢚไຠᯝ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 45 ᮦᩱ࠾ࡼࡧ᪉ἲ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 45 ⤖ᯝ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 48 ⪃ᐹ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 54

➨㸲❶ ᐤ⏕⻏࡟ࡼࡿ⏕≀ⓗ㜵㝖࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 56 ➨㸯⠇ ࢜ࣥࢩࢶࢶࣖࢥࣂࢳ㸪ࢧࣂࢡࢶࣖࢥࣂࢳ࠾ࡼࡧࢳࢳࣗ࢘࢝࢖ࢶࣖ ࢥࣂࢳࡢ㜵㝖ຠᯝࡢẚ㍑࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 58 ᮦᩱ࠾ࡼࡧ᪉ἲ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 58 ⤖ᯝ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 60 ⪃ᐹ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 66 ➨㸰⠇ ࢳࢳࣗ࢘࢝࢖ࢶࣖࢥࣂࢳࡢ⏘༸⾜ື࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 68 ᮦᩱ࠾ࡼࡧ᪉ἲ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 68 ⤖ᯝ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 72 ⪃ᐹ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 77 ➨㸱⠇ 㹂㹌㸿࣐࣮࣮࢝ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᐤ⏕⻏ࡢ㆑ูἲ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 80 ᮦᩱ࠾ࡼࡧ᪉ἲ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 80 ⤖ᯝ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 84 ⪃ᐹ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 85 ➨㸲⠇ ẅ⹸๣࡜ᚤ⏕≀㎰⸆ࡢᙳ㡪࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 88 ᮦᩱ࠾ࡼࡧ᪉ἲ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 88 ⤖ᯝ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 93 ⪃ᐹ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 99 ➨㸳❶ ⥲ྜ⪃ᐹ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 101 ᦬せ࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 106 Summary࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 109 ᘬ⏝ᩥ⊩࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭࣭ 113

1

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➨㸯❶ ⥴ゝ

 ᐊ᱂ᇵࡣ㧗ရ㉁ࡢ㎰స≀ࢆࡼࡾ᪩ࡃᏳᐃⓗ࡟⏕⏘࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪1950 ᖺ ௦௨㝆࡟ࡑࡢ᱂ᇵ㠃✚ࡀᛴ㏿࡟ቑຍࡋ㸦ΎỈ㸪1964㸧㸪᭱㏆ࡣ 1ha ௨ୖࡢ኱つᶍ  ᐊࡶࡳࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪋タつᶍࡢᣑ኱࡟ࡣ ᐊᵓ㐀ࡢ ᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞㐍Ṍࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ㸦᳃ᒣ㸪2015㸧ࠋ୍᪉㸪స≀ࡢ⏕⫱࡟㐺ࡋࡓ ᐊ⎔ቃࡣ⑓ ᐖ⹸࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶዲ㐺࡞⎔ቃ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪 ᐊෆ࡟౵ධࡋࡓ⑓ᐖ⹸ࡣᛴቑࡋ㸪 ࡋࡤࡋࡤ⏒኱࡞⿕ᐖࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᅜࡢෆእࢆၥࢃࡎ㸪 ᐊ᱂ᇵ࡛ၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᐖ⹸ࡣ࢜ࣥࢩࢶࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ

Trialeurodes vaporariorum㸦Westwood㸧㸦van Lenteren and Noldus㸪1990㸧㸦Fig. 1 a,

b㸧㸪ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ Bemisia tabaci㸦Gennadius㸧㸦Stansly and Naranjo㸪2010㸧㸪

࣐࣓ࣁࣔࢢࣜࣂ࢚ Liriomyza trifolii㸦Burgess㸧㸦Spencer㸪1973㸹すᮾ㸪1992b㸧㸪

ࢺ࣐ࢺࣁࣔࢢࣜࣂ࢚Liriomyza sativae Blanchard㸦Spencer㸪1973㸹Parrella㸪1987㸹

ᒾᓮࡽ㸪2000㸧㸪࣑࢝ࣥ࢟࢖ࣟ࢔ࢨ࣑࣐࢘ Frankliniella occidentalis㸦Pergande㸧

㸦᪩℩࣭⚟⏣㸪1991㸹Brødsgaard㸪2004㸧࡞࡝࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᐖ⹸࡟ࡣ㸪ᚤ ᑠ㸪ᗈ㣗ᛶ㸪㧗࠸ቑṪ⋡㸪ẅ⹸๣᢬ᢠᛶ࡜࠸ࡗࡓඹ㏻ࡢ≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦Stansly and Naranjo㸪2010㸧ࠋࡇࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡣୡ⏺ྛᆅࡢ⇕ᖏ㸪ள⇕ᖏᆅᇦ ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ᵝࠎ࡞᳜≀ࡸ㎰స≀ࢆᐟ୺࡜ࡋ࡚⏕ᜥࡋ㸪࣋ࢦࣔ࢘࢖ࣝࢫࡢ፹௓᪻⹸

࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶᗈࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Brown and Bird㸪1992㸹Brown㸪2000㸧ࠋ⌧ᅾ㸪ᮏ

✀ࡣᩘከࡃࡢࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉࡸ㑇ఏⓗ࡟␗࡞ࡿኚ␗య➼࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪✀࡜

ࡋ࡚ࡢࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡣ✀」ྜయ㸦species complex㸧࡜࠸࠺ㄆ㆑ࡀ୍⯡໬ࡋ

࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Brown et al., 1995㸹Brown㸪2000㸹Perring㸪2001㸧ࠋᅜෆ࡛ࡣ 1986 ᖺ࡟

ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉB㸦Fig. 1 d, e, f㸧ࡢᾏእ࠿ࡽࡢ౵ධࡀึࡵ࡚☜

ㄆࡉࢀ㸦኱ᡞ㸪1990㸧㸪2004 ᖺ࡟ࡣࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ Q㸦Fig. 1 c㸧

2

ࡢࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ௨እ࡟㸪ࢫ࢖࢝ࢬࣛࢆ୺せᐤ୺࡜ࡋᅾ᮶࡜ࡉࢀࡿࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ JpL ࡀศᕸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Ueda and Brown, 2006㸹Ueda et al., 2009㸧ࠋࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡣ ྾Ồ࡟ࡼࡾ㎰స≀ࡢ⏕⫱ࢆ㜼ᐖࡍࡿࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪᤼ἥ≀㸦⏑㟢㸧࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿ

ࡍࡍ⑓ࡀᯝᐇࢆởᦆࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ගྜᡂࢆ㜼ᐖࡍࡿ㸦Schuster et al.㸪1996㸧㸦Fig.

3 a㸧ࠋࡉࡽ࡟㸪ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢᐤ⏕ࡣࢺ࣐ࢺᯝᐇࡢ╔Ⰽ␗ᖖ㸦すᮾ࣭ᑿᓮ㸪 1991㸹ᯇ஭㸪1992㸹Schuster et al.㸪1996㸹Masuda et al.㸪2016㸧㸦Fig. 3 b㸧㸪࢘ࣜ ⛉㸪࢔ࣈࣛࢼ⛉㸪࣐࣓⛉స≀࡞࡝࡟ⴥⱼࡢⓑ໬ࡸ㏥⥳㸦すᮾ㸪1992a㸹ᘅ⏣ࡽ㸪 1993㸹እ㛫ࡽ㸪1993㸹㟷ᮌ㸪1994㸹Schuster et al.㸪1996㸹ୖ㛛࣭኱ⷵ㸪2008㸹 ᯇᾆ㸪2010㸹Masuda et al.㸪2016㸧㸦Fig. 3 c㸧࡞࡝Ⰽ⣲࡟㛵㐃ࡋࡓ⏕⌮㞀ᐖࡢཎ ᅉ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡣ300 ✀௨ୖࡢࢪ࢙࣑ࢽ࢘࢖ࣝࢫ⛉ࡢ࢘࢖ࣝࢫࢆ፹௓ࡍࡿ ࡇ࡜ࡀ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Varma et al.㸪2011㸧ࠋᅜෆ࡛ࡣࢪ࢙࣑ࢽ࢘࢖ࣝࢫ⛉࣋ࢦࣔ

࢘࢖ࣝࢫᒓࡢࢺ࣐ࢺ㯤໬ⴥᕳ࢘࢖ࣝࢫTomato yellow leaf curl virus㸦TYLCV㸧㸦Fig.

3 d, e㸧ࡀ 1996 ᖺ࡟㟼ᒸ┴㸪ឡ▱┴㸪㛗ᓮ┴ࡢࢺ࣐ࢺ⏘ᆅ࡛ᅜෆࡢึⓎ⏕ࡀ☜ ㄆࡉࢀ㸦Kato et al.㸪1998㸧㸪ࡑࢀ௨㝆㸪஑ᕞ㸪す᪥ᮏ㸪㛵ᮾ࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡀᣑ኱ࡋࡓ

㸦ᮏከ㸪2005㸧ࠋᮏ࢘࢖ࣝࢫ࡟ឤᰁࡋࡓࢺ࣐ࢺࡣⴥᕳ⑕≧ࢆ࿊ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪⤖

ᐇࡋ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸦Czosnek and Laterrot㸪1997㸧㸪ከ኱࡞⤒῭ⓗ࡞ᦆኻࢆᘬ

ࡁ㉳ࡇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪ࢡࣟࢫࢸࣟ࢘࢖ࣝࢫ⛉ࢡࣜࢽ࢘࢖ࣝࢫᒓࡢ࢘ࣜ㢮㏥⥳

㯤໬࢘࢖ࣝࢫCucurbit chlorotic yellows virus㸦CCYV㸧㸦⾜ᚨࡽ㸪2009㸹Okuda et

al.㸪2010㸧㸦Fig. 3 f, g㸧ࡣ㸪2004 ᖺ⇃ᮏ┴ࡢ᪋タ᱂ᇵ࣓࡛ࣟࣥⓎ⏕ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀ ࡚௨㝆㸦⾜ᚨ㸪2009㸧㸪஑ᕞ඲┴࡟ᣑ኱ࡋ㸪㟼ᒸ┴ෆ࡛ࡶ 2014 ᖺ࡟ ᐊ࣓ࣟࣥ ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓࠋⓎ⑓ࡢึᮇࡣ㸪ⴥ࡟㏥⥳ᑠᩬⅬࡀ⏕ࡌ㸪ᩬⅬࡀቑຍ࣭⒵ ྜࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㯤໬࣭ᣑ኱ࡋ࡚ᩬ≧ࡢ㯤໬ⴥ࡜࡞ࡾ㸪ⲡໃࡀపୗࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ရ㉁ ࡀపୗࡋῶ཰࡜࡞ࡿ㸦⾜ᚨࡽ㸪2009㸹Okuda et al.㸪2010㸧ࠋ㎰స≀࡟ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ ከᵝ࡞⿕ᐖࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡣ ᐊ᱂ᇵ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㔜せᐖ⹸࡜࡞

3

ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛㸪ࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣ୍⯡࡟ẅ⹸๣ࡀ౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ ࡀ㸪ẅ⹸๣࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᢬ᢠᛶࡀⓎ㐩ࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽẅ⹸๣୍㎶ಽࡢ㜵㝖ࡣ

ᅔ㞴࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Horowitz et al.㸪2005㸹Nauen and Denholm㸪2005㸹ᚫ୸࣭ᯘ

⏣㸪2010㸧ࠋࡲࡓ㸪TYLCV ࡸ CCYV ࡞࡝ࡢ᪻⹸፹௓ᛶ࢘࢖ࣝࢫ⑓ࡢ㜵㝖࡟࠾࠸ ࡚ࡣ㸪࢘࢖ࣝࢫ፹௓᪻⹸࡜࢘࢖ࣝࢫ※㸪᱂ᇵస≀ࡢ㛫ࡢఏᰁ⎔ࢆ᩿ࡕษࡿࡇ࡜ ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵ㸦ᮏከ㸪2005㸧㸪࢘࢖ࣝࢫࢆಖẘࡋࡓࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢ ᐊ ෆ࡬ࡢ౵ධ㸪 ᐊෆ࡛ࡢቑṪ㸪 ᐊእ࡬ࡢ⛣ฟ࡞࡝ࡢᑐ⟇ࡀ㔜せ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ  ᐊ᱂ᇵ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᐖ⹸ᑐ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ≉࡟஧ࡘࡢどⅬࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡦ࡜ࡘࡣ ᐖ⹸ࢆ౵ධࡉࡏ࡞࠸ ᐊᵓ㐀㸪ࡶ࠺ࡦ࡜ࡘࡣ ᐊෆ࡟౵ධࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓ㝿ࡢᑐ ⟇࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐖ⹸ࢆ౵ධࡉࡏ࡞࠸ ᐊᵓ㐀࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪㛤ཱྀ㒊࡬ࡢ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࡢ タ⨨ࡀᇶᮏ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࡢ┠ྜ࠸ࢆᑠࡉࡃࡍࢀࡤࡍࡿ࡯࡝౵ධ㜵Ṇຠᯝ

ࡣ㧗ࡲࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࡢศ᥮Ẽຠ⋡ࡀⴠࡕ࡚㧗 ࣭ከ‵࡜࡞ࡿ㸦Sase and Christianson㸪

1990㸹Montero et al㸪1996㸹Munoz et al.㸪1999㸧ࠋᚑࡗ࡚㸪㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࡢ㑅ᐃ࡟ 㝿ࡋ࡚ࡣᐖ⹸ࡢ౵ධ㜵Ṇ࡜᥮Ẽຠ⋡ࡢ୧㠃ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ  ᥮Ẽຠ⋡ࢆᚑ᮶ࡢ2 ಸ࡟㧗ࡵࡓᙉไ᥮Ẽࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀ㛤Ⓨࡉࢀ㸪ࢺ࣐ࢺ ᐊ࡟ ᑟධࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦኱▼࣭Ᏺ㇂㸪2004㸧ࠋࡇࡢ ᐊࡣᚑ᮶ࡢ⮬↛᥮Ẽ ᐊ࡟ẚ࡭ࡿ ࡜㸪ኟᏘࡢ ᐊෆࡢẼ ࡀ⣙ 2Υప࠸࠺࠼㸪᳜≀య࠿ࡽࡢ⵨ᩓຠ⋡ࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࡇ ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪⏕⫱ࡀಁ㐍ࡋᯝᐇࡢရ㉁ࡀⴭࡋࡃྥୖࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺㸦኱▼࣭Ᏺ㇂㸪2004㸧ࠋ ᙉไ᥮Ẽ࡟ࡣ㝜ᅽᘧ࡜㝧ᅽᘧࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪㝜ᅽᘧࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪㝧ᅽᘧࡢ᪉ࡀ ᐖ⹸ࡢ౵ධࡣᑡ࡞࠸࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Berlinger and Lebiush-Mordechi㸪1996㸹㎷㸪 2007㸧ࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡢ᥮Ẽ᪉ᘧࡶᐖ⹸ࡢ౵ධ㜵Ṇࡢࡓࡵ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺ࡜⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡓࢩ ࢫࢸ࣒࡜ࡋ࡚㛤Ⓨࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

୍᪉㸪 ᐊෆ࡟౵ධࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓᐖ⹸ࡢ㜵㝖ᑐ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪๓㏙ࡋࡓᐖ⹸✀ ࡣẅ⹸๣࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᢬ᢠᛶࢆⓎ㐩ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸦Horowitz et al.㸪2005㸹 Nauen and Denholm㸪2005㸹ᚫ୸࣭ᯘ⏣㸪2010㸧㸪ኳᩛ࡜ẅ⹸๣ࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡓ

4

⥲ྜⓗ⑓ᐖ⹸⟶⌮㸦Integrated Pest Management㸪IPM㸧ࡀ㛤Ⓨࡉࢀ㸪Ḣ⡿࡛ࡣ୺

ὶ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Heinz et al.㸪2004㸹Stansly and Naranjo㸪2010㸧ࠋ஦ᐇ㸪⏕≀㎰

⸆࡜ࡋ࡚㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡓኳᩛࡢ✀㢮ࡣᛴ㏿࡟ቑຍࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪2014 ᖺห⾜ࡉࢀࡓ The

Manual of Biocontrol Agents㸦Roma㸪2009㸧࡟ࡼࡿ࡜㸪ኳᩛ᪻⹸࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ 30 ✀㸪

ኳᩛᚤ⏕≀࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ80 ✀ࡀᥖ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢኳᩛ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪

࢜ࣥࢩࢶࢶࣖࢥࣂࢳ Encarsia formosa Gahan㸦Fig. 2 a㸧ࡢṔྐࡀ᭱ࡶྂࡃ㸪1920 ᖺ௦࡟ࡣࡍ࡛࡟࢖ࢠࣜࢫ࡛኱㔞⏕⏘ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ㸦Hoddle et al.㸪1998㸧㸪ୡ⏺୰࡛

฼⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ᅜෆ࡛ࡣ1995 ᖺ࡟ึࡵ࡚⏕≀㎰⸆࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓩ㘓ࡉࢀࡓࠋḟ࠸࡛㸪

ᅜෆ࡛ࡣ2003 ᖺ࡟ࢧࣂࢡࢶࣖࢥࣂࢳ Eretmocerus eremicus Rose & Zolnerowich

㸦Fig. 2 b㸧ࡀ㸪2007 ᖺ࡟ࢳࢳࣗ࢘࢝࢖ࢶࣖࢥࣂࢳ Eretmocerus mundus㸦Mercet㸧

㸦Fig. 2 c㸧ࡀ┦ḟ࠸࡛Ⓩ㘓ࡉࢀ㸪࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞ᐤ⏕⻏ࢆ฼⏝࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ ࡁࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࢶࣖࢥࣂࢳ㢮ࡢ㞤ᡂ⹸ࡀࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ᗂ⹸࡟ᐤ⏕ࡸᐤ୺యᾮᦤྲྀ 㸦࣍ࢫࢺࣇ࢕࣮ࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ㸧ࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢᐦᗘࡀᢚไࡉࢀࡿࠋ ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ࡇࢀࡽ3 ✀ࡢᐤ⏕⻏ࡢ㜵㝖ຠᯝࢆྠ᫬࡟ẚ㍑᳨࣭ウࡋࡓሗ࿌ࡣࡳ࠶ࡓ ࡽࡎ㸪⏕≀㎰⸆࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ≉ᛶࡢ㐪࠸ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓ㸪 ࢳࢳࣗ࢘࢝࢖ࢶࣖࢥࣂࢳࡣᐤ୺᥈⣴⬟࡜⏘༸⬟ࡀ㧗࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ୖグ3 ✀ࡢᐤ

⏕⻏ࡢ୰࡛ࡣ᭱ࡶ᭷ᮃどࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸦Hudák et al.㸪2003㸹Stansly et al.㸪2005㸧㸪

ࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㑅ዲᛶࡢ㐪࠸ࡸ⏘༸⾜ືࡢ㐪࠸࡟ࡣ୙᫂࡞Ⅼࡀከ࠸ࠋࡉ ࡽ࡟㸪ࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡀከⓎࡋࡓሙྜ㸪ࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣẅ⹸๣࡜ᐤ⏕⻏㸪 ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᚤ⏕≀㎰⸆࡜ᐤ⏕⻏ࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡓ㜵㝖ࡀ᝿ᐃࡉࢀࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ ࡣẅ⹸๣ࡸᚤ⏕≀㎰⸆ࡢᐤ⏕⻏࡟ᑐࡍࡿᙳ㡪ࢆ஦๓࡟ᢕᥱࡋ࡚࠾ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ᮏ◊✲ࡣ ᐊ᱂ᇵ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸⥲ྜⓗ⑓ᐖ⹸⟶⌮㸦IPM㸧 ࡢᵓ⠏ࢆ┠ᣦࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡣࡌࡵ࡟㟼ᒸ┴࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢⓎ⏕ᐇ ែࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪ẅ⹸๣࡜ኳᩛࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡓ⌧⾜ࡢIPM ࡢㄢ㢟ࢆ ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓ㸦➨2 ❶㸧ࠋḟ࡟ࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࢆ ᐊෆ࡟౵ධࡉࡏ࡞࠸ᙉไ᥮Ẽࢩ

5

ࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓ㸦➨3 ❶㸧ࠋḟ࡟ ᐊෆ࡟౵ධࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢᑐ

⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ᐤ⏕⻏ࡢ฼⏝ἲࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓ㸦➨4 ❶㸧ࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟ᙉไ᥮Ẽࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ᐤ⏕

⻏ࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡋࡓIPM ࡢᑗ᮶ീࢆ⪃ᐹࡋࡓ㸦➨ 5 ❶㸧ࠋ

࡞࠾㸪ᮏ◊✲ࡢ୺せ࡞㒊ศࡣApplied Entomology and Zoology㸦Sugiyama et al.㸪

2008㸪2011㸪2014㸧㸪᪥ᮏᛂ⏝ື≀᪻⹸Ꮫ఍ㄅ㸦ᮡᒣࡽ㸪2011㸧㸪㛵す⑓⹸ᐖ◊ ✲఍ሗ㸦ᮡᒣࡽ㸪2012㸧࠾ࡼࡧ BioControl㸦Sugiyama et al.㸪2013㸧࡟Ⓨ⾲ࡋࡓࠋ  ᮏㄽᩥࡢྲྀࡾࡲ࡜ࡵ࡟㝿ࡋ࡚㸪᠓ษ୎ᑀ࡞ᚚᣦᑟ࡜ᑂᰝࢆ㈷ࡾࡲࡋࡓ㟼ᒸ኱ Ꮫ㎰Ꮫ㒊ᩍᤵすᮾຊ༤ኈ࡟ཌࡃ῝ㅰࡢពࢆ⾲ࡋࡲࡍࠋࡲࡓ㸪ㄽᩥࡢᑂᰝࢆ㈷ࡗ ࡓ㟼ᒸ኱Ꮫ㎰Ꮫ㒊ᩍᤵ㕥ᮌඞᕫ༤ኈ୪ࡧ࡟ᒱ㜧኱Ꮫᛂ⏝⏕≀⛉Ꮫ㒊ᩍᤵᅵ⏣ᾈ ἞༤ኈ࡟῝ࡃ῝ㅰࡢពࢆ⾲ࡋࡲࡍࠋ  ᮏ◊✲ࢆ㐙⾜ࡍࡿ࡟ᙜࡓࡾ㸪ඖ㟼ᒸ┴㎰ᴗヨ㦂ሙ⑓ᐖ⹸㒊㛗ụ⏣஧୕㧗Ặ࡟ ࡣከࡃࡢᚚᣦᑟ࡜ᚚຓゝࢆ㈷ࡾ㸪ࡲࡓࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮࡜ࢶࣖࢥࣂࢳ㢮ࡢ෗┿ࢆᥦ ౪㡬ࡁ῝ࡃឤㅰ⏦ࡋୖࡆࡲࡍࠋඖ㟼ᒸ┴㎰ᴗヨ㦂ሙ⑓ᐖ⹸㒊㛗ጔᮌ࿴୍Ặ㸪ኴ ⏣ග㍤༤ኈ୪ࡧ࡟㕥ᮌ๎ኵẶ࡟ࡣከࡃࡢᚚᣦᑟ࡜ᚚຓゝࢆ㈷ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ㟼ᒸ┴ ㎰ᯘᢏ⾡◊✲ᡤ∦ᒣᬕ႐༤ኈ࡟ࡣㄽᩥࡢᇳ➹࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ከࡃࡢᚚᣦᑟ࡜ᚚຓゝࢆ ㈷ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ㟼ᒸ኱Ꮫ㎰Ꮫ㒊⏣ୖ㝧௓༤ኈ㸪ඖ㟼ᒸ┴ᯝᶞ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ከࠎⰋ ᫂ኵ༤ኈ㸪㟼ᒸ┴㎰ᯘᢏ⾡◊✲ᡤᅵ஭ㄔẶ㸪㟼ᒸ┴⑓ᐖ⹸㜵㝖ᡤⰾ㈡୍Ặ㸪㟼 ᒸ┴ᯝᶞ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ቑ஭ఙ୍༤ኈ㸪ྠຍ⸨ගᘯẶ୪ࡧ࡟す㒊㎰ᯘ஦ົᡤᯇ㔝 ࿴ኵẶ࡟ࡣ◊✲࡟㛵ࡍࡿᚚᣦᑟ࡜ᚚຓゝࢆ㈷ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ບࡲࡋࡢ࠾ゝⴥࢆ࠸ࡓ ࡔ࠸ࡓࠋ㟼ᒸ┴Ⲕᴗ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ᑠ⃝ᮁே༤ኈ࡟ࡣ≉࡟⤫ィゎᯒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᚚຓ ゝ࡜ᚚᣦᑟࢆ㈷ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ㟼ᒸ┴⤒῭⏘ᴗ㒊⏘ᴗ㠉᪂ᒁ኱▼┤グẶ࡟ࡣᙉไ᥮ Ẽࢩࢫࢸ࣒࠾ࡼࡧࢺ࣐ࢺ᱂ᇵ⟶⌮࡟㛵ࡍࡿᚚᣦᑟ࡜ᚚຓゝࢆ㈷ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋㅖẶ ࡟῝ࡃឤㅰ⏦ࡋୖࡆࡲࡍࠋ ㏆␥኱Ꮫ㎰Ꮫ㒊ᩍᤵ▮㔝ᰤ஧༤ኈ࡟ࡣᐤ⏕⻏࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᭷┈࡞ᚚຓゝࡸᩥ⊩➼ ࡢ㈗㔜࡞᝟ሗࢆ࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋඖ㎰ᴗ⏕≀㈨※◊✲ᡤ㔝⏣㝯ᚿ༤ኈ㸪㎰ᴗ࣭

6

㣗ရ⏘ᴗᢏ⾡⥲ྜ◊✲ᶵᵓ⏕≀ᶵ⬟฼⏝◊✲㒊㛛๓⏣ኴ㑻༤ኈ㸪ྠᶵᵓ୰ኸ㎰ ᴗ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮᪥ᮏ඾⚽༤ኈ㸪ྠࢭࣥࢱ࣮ගỌ㈗அ༤ኈ୪ࡧ࡟ᅜ㝿㎰ᯘỈ⏘ᴗ ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ᑠᇼ㝧୍༤ኈ࡟ࡣ౫㢗◊✲ဨ࡜ࡋ࡚ᪧ㎰ᴗ⏕≀㈨※◊✲ᡤ࡛◊ಟ ࢆࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓ㝿࡟ᐤ⏕⻏࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡢᚚᣦᑟࢆ㈷ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ㎰ᴗ࣭㣗 ရ⏘ᴗᢏ⾡⥲ྜ◊✲ᶵᵓ㔝⳯ⰼࡁ◊✲㒊㛛㛗ᮏከ೺୍㑻Ặ࡟ࡣࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪࣛ ࣑ཬࡧࢺ࣐ࢺ㯤໬ⴥᕳ⑓࢘࢖ࣝࢫࡢ㜵㝖ᢏ⾡࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᭷┈࡞ᚚຓゝࢆ㈷ࡾࡲࡋ ࡓࠋ㎰ᴗ࣭㣗ရ⏘ᴗᢏ⾡⥲ྜ◊✲ᶵᵓ໭ᾏ㐨㎰ᴗ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ୖ⏣㔜ᩥ༤ኈ࡟ ࡣࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛཬࡧࢺ࣐ࢺ㯤໬ⴥᕳ⑓࢘࢖ࣝࢫࡢ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᭷┈ ࡞ᚚຓゝࢆ㈷ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ㎰ᴗ࣭㣗ရ⏘ᴗᢏ⾡⥲ྜ◊✲ᶵᵓ୰ኸ㎰ᴗ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ ࣮ዟ⏣඘༤ኈ୪ࡧ࡟⇃ᮏ┴㎰ᴗ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮⾜ᚨ⿱Ặ࡟ࡣ࢘ࣜ㢮㏥⥳㯤໬࢘࢖ ࣝࢫ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᭷┈࡞ᚚຓゝࢆ㈷ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ࢔ࣜࢫࢱࣛ࢖ࣇࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫᰴᘧ఍♫ ࡢ᱈ୗගᩄẶ୪ࡧ࡟ᒣ୰⪽༤ኈ࡟ࡣᐤ⏕⻏ࡢᥦ౪࠸ࡓࡔࡃ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ᐤ⏕⻏࡟㛵 ࡍࡿᚚຓゝࢆ࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋ⳥ᕝᕷᥭᙇᩄྖẶ୪ࡧ࡟᭷㝈఍♫࢚࣒ࢬ࣭ࢺ࣐ ࢺ๓⏣ಖ㞝Ặ࡟ࡣ⌧ᆅヨ㦂࡟㝿ࡋ౽ᐅࢆᅗࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡃ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࢺ࣐ࢺࡢ᱂ᇵ ⟶⌮࡟㛵ࡍࡿᚚຓゝࢆ࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋేࡏ࡚῝ࡃឤㅰ⏦ࡋୖࡆࡲࡍࠋ

7

Fig.1. Whiteflies; (a) Trialeurodes vaporariorum adult and (b) fourth instar nymph. (c) Bemisia tabaci Q biotype male (left), female and third instar nymph, (d) B. tabaci B biotype male (left) and female, (e) eggs, and (f) eggs, third and fourth instar nymphs.

Fig.2. Whitefly parasitoids; (a) Encarsia Formosa, (b) Eretmocerus eremicus, (c) Eretmocerus mundus.

c

a

_b

a

b

c

d

e

f

8

Fig.3. Damages to various crops by whitefly; (a) black sooty mold contamination by whitefly honeydew on a tomato fruit, (b) irregular ripening of tomato fruits, (c) discoloration of celery. (d) Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) symptoms upward curling of leaves, (e) mottling chlorotic leaf margins. (f) Cucurbit chlorotic yellows

virus (CCYV) symptoms on foliar chlorosis on a leaf and (g) systemic foliar chlorosis

of melon.

a

b

g

c

d

e

f

9

➨

➨㸰❶

㟼ᒸ┴࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢⓎ⏕ᐇែ࡜  ᖺࡢ ,30



  ᐊ᱂ᇵ࡛ࡣࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ࡜ࡑࢀࡀ፹௓ࡍࡿ TYLCV ࡀၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ ࡿ㸦➨1 ❶㸧ࠋࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡣ 1889 ᖺ࡟ࢠࣜࢩࣕࡢࢱࣂࢥࡢᐖ⹸࡜ࡋ࡚ึ ࡵ࡚グ㍕ࡉࢀ㸪⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣ㸪⇕ᖏ㸪ள⇕ᖏ࠾ࡼࡧ ᖏᆅᇦࡢୡ⏺ྛᆅ࡟ᗈࡃ⏕ᜥ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Brown et al.㸪1995㸧ࠋࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡣᐤ୺㐺ྜᛶ㸪࢘࢖ࣝࢫ፹௓ ⬟㸪ẅ⹸๣ឤཷᛶ࡞࡝ࡢ⏕≀Ꮫⓗᛶ㉁ࡀ␗࡞ࡿከࡃࡢࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉࡀᏑᅾࡋ㸪 ࣑ࢺࢥࣥࢻࣜ࢔CO1 㑇ఏᏊ㓄ิࡢ⣔⤫ゎᯒࢆ⏝࠸ࡓศ㢮ἲ࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ

24 ௨ୖࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡟ศࡅࡽࢀ㸦Dinsdale et al.㸪2010㸹De Barrow et al.㸪2011㸹 Lee et al.㸪2013㸧㸪ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡣ 1 ࡘࡢ⏕≀✀࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ከࡃࡢ⏕≀✀࠿ ࡽ࡞ࡿ✀」ྜయ㸦species complex㸧࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Boykin㸪2013㸧ࠋ ࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ A ࡣ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝༡す㒊࡜࣓࢟ࢩࢥ࡛ 1981 ᖺ࡟࣡ࢱ࡜࢘ࣜ⛉స≀ࡢ 㔜せᐖ⹸࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡀ㸪1991 ᖺࡲ࡛࡟ᮏ✀ࡣࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ B ࡟௦ࢃࡾ㸪ࣂ࢖ ࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉB ࡣ 5 ᖺ࡯࡝ࡢ㛫࡟࡯ࡰ඲ୡ⏺࡟ᗈࡀࡗࡓ㸦Brown et al.㸪1995㸧ࠋ᪥ ᮏ࡛ࡶࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ B ࡣ 1988 ᖺ㡭࠿ࡽࢺ࣐ࢺ㸪࣏࢖ࣥࢭࢳ࢔㸪࣑ࢶࣂ࡞࡝࡛ Ⓨ⏕ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸦὾ᮧ㸪1999㸧ࠋࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ B ࡣྜᡂࣆࣞࢫ ࣟ࢖ࢻ⣔๣㸪᭷ᶵࣜࣥ⣔๣࡞࡝࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᢬ᢠᛶࢆ⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸦Brown et al.㸪 1995㸧㸪ᅜෆ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࢜ࣥࢩࢶࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ࡜ࡶ᭷ຠ⸆๣ࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ ᭷ຠ⸆๣ࡢ᥈⣴ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ㸪࢚ࢺࣇ࢙ࣥࣉࣟࢵࢡࢫங๣㸪࢔ࢭࢱ࣑ࣉࣜࢻỈ⁐๣㸪 ࢽࢸࣥࣆ࣒ࣛỈ⁐๣㸪࢖࣑ࢲࢡࣟࣉࣜࢻỈ࿴๣࡞࡝ຠᯝࡢ࠶ࡿẅ⹸๣ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿ ࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸦὾ᮧ㸪1999㸧ࠋࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ Q ࡣ࢖࣋ࣜ࢔༙ᓥ༡㒊࡟ᒁᅾⓗ࡟ศᕸ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀ㸪ࡑࡢᚋ㸪1997 ᖺ࡟ࢫ࣌࢖ࣥ㸪1999 ᖺ࡟࢖ࢫ࢚ࣛࣝ㸪2003 ᖺ࡟୰ ᅜ㸪2004 ᖺ࡟࢖ࢱࣜ࢔㸪2005 ᖺ࡟㡑ᅜ࡟ศᕸࡀᣑ኱ࡋ㸪᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶ 2004 ᖺ࡟Ⓨ

⏕ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓ㸦Ueda and Brown㸪2006㸧ࠋࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ Q ࡣᾏእ࡛ࡣࣆࣜࣉࣟ ࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣥࡸࢿ࢜ࢽࢥࢳࣀ࢖ࢻ⣔ẅ⹸๣࡟ᑐࡍࡿឤཷᛶࡢపୗࡀሗ࿌ࡉࢀ

10

㸦Nouen et al.㸪2002㸹Horowitz et al.㸪2003㸧㸪ᅜෆ࡛ࡶ᭷ຠ㎰⸆ࡢ᥈⣴ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ㸪

ࣆࣜࢲ࣋ࣥỈ࿴๣㸪ࢫࣆࣀࢧࢻỈ࿴๣㸪࣑࣓ࣝ࣋ࢡࢳࣥங๣㸪ࢽࢸࣥࣆ࣒ࣛỈ ⁐๣࡞࡝ຠᯝࡢ࠶ࡿẅ⹸๣ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸦ᯇᾆ㸪2006㸹ᵽཱྀ㸪2006㸹ᑠᯘ㸹 2007㸪ᚫ୸࣭ᯘ⏣㸪2010㸧ࠋ 㟼ᒸ┴ࡢ ᐊ᱂ᇵ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢ✀㢮࡜ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢ ࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ࠾ࡼࡧ TYLCV ࡢಖẘ≧ἣࢆ⥲ྜⓗ࡟ㄪᰝࡋࡓሗ࿌ࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡞ ࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢⓎ⏕≧ἣࢆㄪᰝࡋࡓ㸦➨1 ⠇㸧ࠋḟ࡟㸪 ᐊ᱂ᇵ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡍ ࡿࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࢆྵࡴᐖ⹸࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᐤ⏕⻏࡜ẅ⹸๣ࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡓ 2002 ᖺࡢ IPM ࡢ㜵㝖ຠᯝࢆ᳨ウࡋ㸪ࡑࡢㄢ㢟ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓ㸦➨ 2 ⠇㸧ࠋ

11

➨

➨㸯⠇ Ⓨ⏕ᐇែ

ᮦᩱ࠾ࡼࡧ᪉ἲ

㸯㸬ࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢ᥇㞟ᆅ࡜᥇㞟᪉ἲ 2006 ᖺࡢ 1 ᭶㹼2 ᭶࡟ 3 ✀㢮ࡢᯝ⳯㢮㸦ࢺ࣐ࢺ㸪࣓ࣟࣥ࠾ࡼࡧ࢖ࢳࢦ㸧࡜ 2 ✀㢮ࡢⰼࡁ㢮㸦ࢺࣝࢥࢠ࢟ࣙ࢘㸪࣏࢖ࣥࢭࢳ࢔㸧ࡢ࠶ࢃࡏ࡚48  ᐊ࠿ࡽస≀ࡢ ⴥ࡟ᐤ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢᡂ⹸ࢆ྾⹸⟶࡛20 ศ㛫᥇㞟ࡋ㸪ࡲ࡜ࡵ࡚┤᥋ ࢚ࢱࣀ࣮ࣝᾮ㸦99.8%㸧࡟ᾐₕࡋࡓࠋ᥇㞟ᆅࡣ㟼ᒸ┴୕ᓥᕷ㸪㛗Ἠ⏫㸪ᐩኈᕷ㸪 ᐩኈᐑᕷ㸪㟼ᒸᕷ㸪ᚚ๓ᓮᕷ㸪⳥ᕝᕷ㸪᥃ᕝᕷ㸪☬⏣ᕷ㸪὾ᯇᕷ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Table 1㸧ࠋࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢ TYLCV ಖẘ≧ἣ࡜ TYLCV ࡢ⑓ᚩࡢ㛵ಀࢆࡳࡿࡓࡵ㸪స ≀ࡢⴥᕳ⑕≧ࡢ᭷↓ࢆ┠ど࡛ㄪᰝࡋࡓࠋⴥ⦕ࡢ㯤໬࡜ⴥࡢᑠᆺ໬࠾ࡼࡧ᪂ⴥ࡟ ⴥᕳ⑕≧ࡢࡳࡽࢀࡿᰴࡣឤᰁᰴ࡜ุ᩿ࡋࡓࠋ 㸰㸬ࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢྠᐃ  ࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢᡂ⹸ࢆ᥇㞟ᚋ㸪᥇㞟ࡋࡓ඲࡚ࡢ࢜ࣥࢩࢶࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ࡜ࢱࣂࢥ ࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࢆᙧែⓗ࡞≉ᚩ࠿ࡽ㆑ูࡋࡓ㸦ᯘ㸪2000㸧ࠋࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࣂ࢖࢜ ࢱ࢖ࣉ B ࡜ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ Q㸦௨ୗ㸪๓⪅ࢆࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ B㸪

ᚋ⪅ࢆࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉQ ࡜ࡍࡿ㸧ࡢᙧែⓗ࡞㆑ูࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡓࡵ㸪Ueda and Brown

㸦2006㸧࡟ᚑ࠸ PCR-RFLP ἲ࡟ࡼࡾ࣑ࢺࢥࣥࢻࣜ࢔ COϨ㡿ᇦࢆ⏝࠸࡚㆑ูࡋ

ࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪DNA ࡣ 20 PL ࡢ Tris-EDTA ࣂࢵࣇ࢓࣮ᾮ㸦5N NaCl㸪500nM EDTA

[pH8.0]㸪1M Tris-HCl [pH8.0]㸧୰࡛ 1 㢌ࡢࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢᡂ⹸ࢆࣉࣛࢫࢳࢵࢡ

ࡢᲬ࡛ࡘࡪࡋ࡚ᢳฟࡋࡓࠋᢳฟᾮࡣ1.3 PL ࡢࣉࣟࢸ࢖ࢼ࣮ࢮ K㸦20 mg/mL㸧ࢆ

ຍ࠼㸪ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ1 ᫬㛫 30 ศ㸪56°C ࡛࢖࣮ࣥ࢟ࣗ࣋ࢺࡋࡓࠋᢳฟᾮࡣࣉࣟࢸ

࢖ࢼ࣮ࢮK ࡛୙άᛶ໬ࡋ㸪PCR ࢸࣥࣉ࣮ࣞࢺ࡜ࡋ࡚౑࠺ࡓࡵ㸪3 ศ㛫↻Ἓࡉࡏ

12

CA㸧㸪0.2 PL 20 nM dNTP mix㸪400 nM ࡢ forward ࡜ reverse ࣉࣛ࢖࣐࣮㸪2 PL 10

× PCR ࣂࢵࣇ࢓࣮㸪2 PL 25 nM MgCl2㸪0.1 PL DNA ࢸࣥࣉ࣮ࣞࢺ㸪᭱ᚋ࡟⁛⳦

Ỉ࡛᭱⤊ⓗ࡞ᐜ㔞࡟ㄪᩚ㸧࡛㸪ࢧ࣮࣐ࣝࢧ࢖ࢡ࣮ࣛ㸦Applied Biosystems PCR

System 2700㸸Applied Biosystems㸪CA㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ḟࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒࡛ࣛ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ᭱

ึࡢኚᛶࡣ92°C ࡛ 1 ศ㛫㸪ቑᖜࡣ 35 ࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ 92°C ࡛ 1 ศ㛫㸪࢔ࢽ࣮ࣜࣥࢢ ࡣ1 ศ㛫㸪ఙ㛗ࡣ 72°C ࡛ 1 ศ 30 ⛊㛫࡜᭱ᚋࡢఙ㛗ࡣ 72°C ࡛ 2 ศ㛫⾜ࡗࡓࠋ DNA ᩿∦ࢆቑᖜࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㏻ᖖࡢࣉࣛ࢖࣐࣮ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋไ㝈㓝⣲࡜㟁ẼὋືฎ ⌮ࡣPCR ཯ᛂ⁐ᾮ㸦5ȣl㸧࡟ 10 ಸ⃰ᗘࡢไ㝈㓝⣲ࣂࢵࣇ࢓࣮㸦2ȣl㸧㸪ไ㝈㓝 ⣲㸦0.5ȣl㸧㸪⁛⳦⵨␃Ỉ㸦12.5ȣl㸧ࢆຍ࠼࡚ᠱ⃮ࡋ㸪37Υ࡛ 1 ᫬㛫཯ᛂࡉࡏࡓ ᚋ㸪1㸣࢔࣮࢞ࣟࢫࢤࣝ㟁ẼὋືࢆ⾜࠸ DNA ᩿∦ࡢὋືീ࡟ࡼࡾࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ ࢆ㆑ูࡋࡓࠋ 㸱㸬7</&9 ࡢ᳨ฟ ᳨ᐃ࡟⏝࠸ࡓࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉB ࡜ Q ࡣ㸪ࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉࡢྠᐃࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᢳฟࡋࡓ DNA ࢧࣥࣉࣝࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪ⴥᕳ⑕≧ࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡓࢺ࣐ࢺ ᐊࡢ 5 Ჷ࠾ࡼࡧ ࣏࢖ࣥࢭࢳ࢔ ᐊ࠿ࡽ᥇㞟ࡋࡓ࢜ࣥࢩࢶࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡶ౪ヨࡋࡓࠋ኱㈏ࡽ㸦2004㸧 ࡟ᚑ࠸ࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡀಖẘࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ TYLCV ࡢ᳨ฟࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ࣉࣛ ࢖࣐࣮ࡣTYLCV ࡢ㛗ᓮ┴኱ᮧᕷ⏤᮶ࡢ࢘࢖ࣝࢫᰴ࡜㟼ᒸ┴㟼ᒸᕷΎỈ༊⏤᮶ ࡢ࢘࢖ࣝࢫᰴࢆ࡜ࡶ࡟᳨ฟࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢTYLCV ✀≉␗ⓗࣉࣛ࢖࣐࣮㸦TY ࣉࣛ࢖ ࣐࣮㸧ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋPCR ࡢ ᗘ᮲௳ࡣ 95Υ㸪2 ศฎ⌮ࢆ 1 ᅇ㸪ቑᖜࡣ 35 ࢧ࢖ࢡ ࣝ㸦95Υ㸪50 ⛊㸪Ѝ55Υ㸪1 ศЍ72Υ㸪1 ศ 30 ⛊㸧ࡢ཯ᛂࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ㸪᭱ᚋ࡟ 72Υ㸪10 ศ㛫ࡢฎ⌮ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ ᐊ࠶ࡓࡾ 5 ಶయࡢࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛᡂ⹸㸦᥇ 㞟ಶయᩘࡀ5 ಶయ௨ୗࡢሙྜࡣ඲࡚ࡢಶయ㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ಶయࡈ࡜࡟ TYLCV ࡢ᳨ ฟࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟㸪TYLCV ࡀ᳨ฟࡉࢀ㸪10 ಶయ௨ୖࡢᡂ⹸ࡀ᥇㞟ࡉࢀࡓ  ᐊࡣ඲࡚ࡢಶయࡢಖẘ≧ἣࢆㄪᰝࡋ㸪TYLCV ಖẘಶయࡢẚ⋡ࢆィ⟬ࡋࡓࠋ

13

⤖

⤖ᯝ

㸯㸬ࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢ✀㢮࡜ࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ 㟼ᒸ┴ෆࡢ୺せ࡞స≀ࡢ ᐊ࡛ࡣ㸪ࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉB㸪ࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ Q ࠾ࡼࡧ ࢜ࣥࢩࢶࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ≉࡟ࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉB ࡣ 48  ᐊࡢ࠺ࡕ 30  ᐊ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋ㸪࢜ࣥࢩࢶࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ࡜ࡢΰⓎࡣ8  ᐊ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦Table 1㸧ࠋࣂ࢖ ࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉQ ࡣ࣏࢖ࣥࢭࢳ࢔ࡢࡳ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸦Table 1㸧ࠋࢺࣝࢥࢠ࡛࢟ࣙ࢘ ࡣࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࢆ᥇㞟࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸦Table 1㸧ࠋ࢖ࢳࢦ࠿ࡽࡣࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡣ᥇ 㞟ࡉࢀࡓࡀ㸪࢖ࢳࢦࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ࡜㆑ูࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡓࡵTrialeurodes sp.࡜ࡋ ࡓ㸦Table 1㸧ࠋ 㸰㸬7</&9 ࡢಖẘ≧ἣ

 TYLCV ࡟ࡼࡿⴥᕳ⑕≧ࡣࢺ࣐ࢺࡢࡳ࡛ほᐹࡉࢀࡓ㸦Table 1㸧ࠋTYLCV ࡣࢺ

࣐ࢺ㸪࣏࢖ࣥࢭࢳ࢔࠾ࡼࡧ࣓ࣟࣥ ᐊ࠿ࡽ᥇㞟ࡋࡓࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉB ࡜࢜ࣥࢩࢶ ࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ࠿ࡽ᳨ฟࡉࢀࡓ㸦Table 2㸧ࠋ23 Ჷࡢࢺ࣐ࢺ ᐊࡢෆ㸪9 Ჷ࠿ࡽ᥇㞟ࡋ ࡓࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉB ࠿ࡽ TYLCV ࡀ᳨ฟࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢ 9 Ჷࡢෆ㸪10 㢌௨ୖ᥇㞟ࡉ ࢀࡓ ᐊࡢ6 Ჷࡢෆ 4 Ჷ࡛ࡣ TYLCV ࢆಖẘ⹸ࡢẚ⋡ࡀ 100㸣࡛㸪6 Ჷࡢෆ 2 Ჷ ࡛ࡶಖẘ⹸ࡢẚ⋡ࡣ50%௨ୖ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦Table 2㸧ࠋ

⪃ᐹ

ㄪᰝࡋࡓ 48 Ჷࡢ ᐊࡢ࠺ࡕ 30 Ჷࡢ ᐊ࡛ࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ B ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ 㸦Table 1㸧ࠋࢺ࣐ࢺ ᐊ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ 23 Ჷࡢ࠺ࡕ 9 Ჷ࡛᥇㞟ࡋࡓࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ B

࠿ࡽTYLCV ࡀ᳨ฟࡉࢀ㸦Table 2㸧㸪ࡇࡢ 9 Ჷࡢ࠺ࡕ 4 Ჷ࡛ࡣ TYLCV ࡢಖẘẚ

⋡ࡣ100%࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦Table 2㸧ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪┴ෆࡢ୺せ࡞ ᐊ᱂ᇵస≀

࡛ၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡣࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉB ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗ

14

Table 1. The occurrences of leaf curl symptoms and number of adults of each whitefly species

in various host plants in 2006 in Shizuoka Pref.㻌

No. site date

Tomato 2 Mishima Jan. 25 + 3 0 0

3 Mishima Jan. 25 + 3 0 3 4 Mishima Jan. 25 - 10 0 0 6 Fuji Jan. 24 - 0 0 34 8 Fuji Jan. 24 - 0 0 8 12 Fujinomiya Jan. 24 - 0 0 0 13 Shimizu Feb. 1 + 0 0 0 14 Shimizu Feb. 1 + 0 0 52 15 Shimizu Feb. 1 - 3 0 0 16 Shimizu Feb. 1 + 0 0 0 17 Shimizu Feb. 1 + 0 0 0 18 Shimizu Feb. 1 - 0 0 0 19 Shizuoka Feb. 1 + 11 0 9 23 Yaizu Feb. 20 - 1 0 0 21 Ooigawa Feb. 23 + 21 0 0 22 Ooigawa Feb. 23 - 0 0 5 29 Omaezaki Jan. 18 + 10 0 0 30 Omaezaki Jan. 18 - 0 0 0 31 Kikugawa Jan. 18 - 4 0 0 32 Kikugawa Jan. 18 + 4 0 1 33 Kikugawa Jan. 18 - 2 0 0 35 Kikugawa Jan. 18 + 6 0 0 24 Kakegawa Jan. 18 + 18 0 2 26 Kakegawa Jan. 18 + 5 0 0 27 Kakegawa Jan. 18 + 16 0 3 28 Kakegawa Jan. 18 - 0 0 0 34 Kakegawa Jan. 18 + 16 0 0 39 Iwata Feb. 15 + 8 0 0 40 Iwata Feb. 16 + 6 0 1 41 Iwata Feb. 16 + 1 0 0 42 Iwata Feb. 16 + 10 0 0 48 Hamamatsu Feb. 3 + 0 0 8 49 Hamamatsu Feb. 3 - 0 0 27 50 Hamamatsu Feb. 3 + 20 0 0 51 Hamamatsu Feb. 3 + 43 0 0 52 Hamamatsu Feb. 3 + 15 0 13

Prairie gentian 11 Fuji Jan. 24 - 0 0 0

Poinsettia 1 Nagaizumi Jan. 25 - 8 1 0

9 Fujinomiya Jan. 24 - 0 12 4

Melon 37 Iwata Feb. 15 - 6 0 0

38 Iwata Feb. 15 - 6 0 0

43 Iwata Feb. 16 - 5 0 0

44 Daito Jan. 16 - 5 0 0

45 Iwata Feb. 20 - 6 0 0

47 Hamamatsu Jan. 20 - 13 0 0

Strawberry 5 Fuji Jan. 24 - 0 0 (34)

7 Fuji Jan. 24 - 0 0 (28)

10 Fujinomiya Jan. 24 - 0 0 0

a䚷_{+: observed, -: not observed}

b _{Number in parentheses indicate unidentified Trialeurodes sp.} Host plant Collection Leaf curl

symptoma B.tabaci B biotype B.tabaci Q biotype T. vaporariorum (Trialeurodes sp.)b

15

Table 2. TYLCV detection in whiteflies collected from various host plants

 B. tabaci B biotype B. tabaci Q biotype T. vaporariorum Tomato 2 + -(3) 3 + +(2) +(2) 4 - 100%(10)c 15 - -(3) 19 - -(5) 23 - -(1) 21 + 100%(10)c 29 + -(5) 31 - -(4) 32 + -(5) 33 + -(2) 35 - -(5) 24 + _100%(18)c ₊₍₂₎ 26 + +(5) 27 + _56%(16)c ₊₍₃₎ 34 + _69%(16)c 39 + -(5) 40 + -(5) 41 + +(1) 42 + -(5) 48 + +(5) 50 + -(5) 51 + -(5) 52 + 100%(15)c +(5) Poinsettia 1 - -(8) -(1) 9 - 0%(12)c +(4) Melon 37 - -(5) 38 - -(5) 43 - -(5) 44 - -(5) 45 - -(5) 47 - +(5)

b _{Number in parentheses indicate tested individuals.}

c _{When more 10 individuals per greenhouse were tested, the percentage of TYLCV-positive adults}

was caluculated.

Host plant Collection

no.

Leaf curl

symptoma

Detection of TYLCVb

16

TYLCV ࡢ୺࡞ᐟ୺᳜≀ࡣࢺ࣐ࢺ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪࣏࢖ࣥࢭࢳ࢔࡛ࡢឤᰁࡣ☜ㄆࡉࢀ ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀ㸪࣓ࣟࣥ࡟ࡣឤᰁࡋ࡞࠸㸦ຍ⸨㸪1999㸧ࠋࡲࡓ㸪ࢺ࣐ࢺ௨እࡢࢺࣝࢥ ࢠ࢟ࣙ࢘࡞࡝ࡢ㎰స≀ࡸࣀࢤࢩ࡞࡝ࣁ࢘ࢫ࿘㎶ࡢ㞧ⲡࡣឤᰁࡋ࡚ࡶᮏ⑓ࡢ⥅⥆ ⓗ࡞Ⓨ⏕※࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᑡ࡞࠸㸦ຍ⸨㸪1999㸹ၿࡽ㸪2001㸹ⰾ㈡࣭ᅵ஭㸪2002㸧ࠋ 㟼ᒸ┴୰㒊ᆅᇦࡢࢺ࣐ࢺ⏘ᆅ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ TYLCV ࡢㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ㸪┴ࡀ᥎ዡࡍࡿ 1.0 mm ┠ྜ௨ୗࡢ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࢆタ⨨ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ ᐊࡢ๭ྜࡣ 73㸣࡜㧗ࡃ㸦ⰾ㈡࣭ ᅵ஭㸪2002㸧㸪TYLCV ࡣഃ❆ࡸኳ❆ࡢ㛤ཱྀ㒊࠿ࡽ౵ධࡋࡓࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ࡟ ࡼࡾ፹௓ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ⰾ㈡࣭ᅵ஭㸪2002㸹᮫⏣࣭⏣ཱྀ㸪 2006㸧ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪࣏࢖ࣥࢭࢳ࢔࡜࣓ࣟࣥ ᐊ࡛᥇㞟ࡋࡓࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮 ࡀTYLCV ࢆಖẘࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡣ㸦Table 2㸧㸪ᒇእࡢ⨯⑓ࢺ࣐ࢺ࡛ಖẘࡋ ᐊෆ࡟ ౵ධࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ㸪እ㒊࠿ࡽ ᐊෆ࡬ࡢ౵ධ㜵Ṇᑐ⟇ࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟㔜せ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪 ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ➨3 ❶᳨࡛ウࡋࡓࠋ ஑ᕞᆅ᪉㸦ᵽཱྀ㸪2014㸧ࡸ㛵ᮾᆅ᪉㸦᱓ཎࡽ㸪2007㸹஭⏣ࡽ㸪2007㸹ᒣᇛ 2007㸧 ࡛ࡣ㸪ࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉB ࡢⓎ⏕ࡣࢃࡎ࠿࡛㸪ࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ Q ࡀඃ༨ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪㟼 ᒸ┴ࡢࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢ✀ᵓᡂ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ㸦Table 1㸧ࠋࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ Q ࡣ ࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉB ࡟ẚ࡭ࢿ࢜ࢽࢥࢳࣀ࢖ࢻ⣔ẅ⹸๣㸪ࣆࣜࣉࣟ࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣥ๣࡞࡝ ࡢ⸆๣࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㧗࠸ẅ⹸๣᢬ᢠᛶࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Nauen et al.㸪2002㸹Horowitz et al.㸪2003㸧ࠋࢺ࣐ࢺ㯤໬ⴥᕳ⑓ࡢⓎ⏕௨㝆㸪ᮏ⑓ࡢ㜵㝖ᑐ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ẅ⹸๣ࡢ౑⏝ 㢖ᗘࡀ㧗ࡲࡾ㸪ࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ B ࡢⓎ⏕ࡀᢚไࡉࢀࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ᵽཱྀ㸪 2014㸹᱓ཎࡽ㸪2007㸹኱஭⏣ࡽ㸪2007㸧ࠋࡲࡓ㸪࢜ࣥࢩࢶࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢࢿ࢜ࢽࢥ ࢳࣀ࢖ࢻ⣔ẅ⹸๣࡟ᑐࡍࡿឤཷᛶࡣࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉB ࡟ẚ࡭㧗ࡃ㸦ᑠᯘ㸪2000㸹

஭⏣࣭ὠ㔠㸪2008㸧㸪࣓࡛ࣟࣥࡣ࣑ࢼ࣑࢟࢖ࣟ࢔ࢨ࣑࣐࢘ Thrips palmi Karny ࡟ ᑐࡍࡿࢿ࢜ࢽࢥࢳࣀ࢖ࢻ⣔๣࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡿ㜵㝖ᅽࡶ㧗࠸ࡓࡵ㸪ᮏㄪᰝ࡟࠾࠸࡚࣓ ࣟࣥ ᐊ࡛࢜ࣥࢩࢶࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢⓎ⏕ࡀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸦Table 1㸧ࠋ୍᪉㸪

17

ࣥࢩࢶࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ࡜ࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉB ࡀΰⓎࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸦Table 1㸧㸪ࡇࢀ ࡽࡢ ᐊࡢ㜵㝖ᅽࡣప࠿ࡗࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ᐊෆ࡟౵ධࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࢥࢼࢪ ࣑ࣛ㢮࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᐤ⏕⻏ࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡓ㜵㝖ᑐ⟇࡟ࡘ࠸࡚➨4 ❶᳨࡛ウࡋࡓࠋ ࢜ࣥࢩࢶࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ࡜ࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉB ࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀ 1974 ᖺ㸪1989 ᖺ࡟ᅜෆ࡛ ึࡵ࡚Ⓨ⏕ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓ᫬㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡣ㍺ධࡉࢀࡓ࣏࢖ࣥࢭࢳ࢔ࡢ᱂ᇵ⏝ⱑᮌ࡟ ᐤ⏕ࡋ࡚౵ධࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦኱ᡞ㸪1990㸹ᯘ㸪2000㸧ࠋ࣏࢖ࣥࢭࢳ࢔ࡢ ⱑࡣࣃࢸࣥࢺ᱂ᇵࡉࢀ㸪᪂ရ✀ࡣእᅜ࠿ࡽᑟධࡉࢀࡿሙྜࡀ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᯘ㸪 2000㸧ࠋᮏㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ࣏࢖ࣥࢭࢳ࢔ࡢࡳ࠿ࡽࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ Q ࡀ┴ෆ࡛ึࡵ࡚☜ㄆ ࡉࢀࡓࡀ㸦Table 1㸧㸪ᮏࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉࡶᾏእ࠿ࡽ㍺ධࡉࢀࡓ࣏࢖ࣥࢭࢳ࢔ࡢⱑᮌ ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟౵ධࡋࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋᾏእ࠿ࡽࡢ㍺ධⱑࡣࡶࡕࢁࢇ㉎ධⱑ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ ࡶ⑓ᐖ⹸ࡢឤᰁࡸᐤ⏕࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⫱ⱑ᫬࠿ࡽࡢ㜵㝖ᑐ⟇ࡀ௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ TYLCV ࡣࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢ྾Ồ࡟ࡼࡾ⹸యෆ࡟ྲྀࡾ㎸ࡲࢀ㸪୰⭠ෆ⭍ࡢ ୰⭠ୖ⓶⣽⬊࠿ࡽ᪻⹸⤌⧊ෆ㒊࡟ධࡾ㸪ၚᾮ⭢⣽⬊࠿ࡽၚᾮ࡟ᨺฟࡉࢀ㸪྾Ồ ୰࡟ၚᾮ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟࢘࢖ࣝࢫࡀ೺඲᳜≀࡟ᨺฟࡉࢀࡿ㸦኱す㸪2009㸧ࠋ࢜ࣥࢩࢶࢥ ࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢሙྜ㸪୰⭠ୖ⓶⣽⬊⭷࡟ࡼࡾ TYLCV ࡢ⤌⧊࡬ࡢ౵ධࡀ㜼Ṇࡉࢀࡿ ࡓࡵTYLCV ࡣ፹௓ࡉࢀ࡞࠸㸦኱す㸪2009㸧ࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵ㸪ᮏㄪᰝ࡛ࢺ࣐ࢺ࠿ࡽ᥇ 㞟ࡋࡓ࢜ࣥࢩࢶࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ࠿ࡽTYLCV ࡀ᳨ฟࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣ㸦Table 2㸧㸪⨯⑓ᰴ࠿ ࡽ྾Ồࡋᾘ໬⟶ෆ࡟ṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ TYLCV ࢆ᳨ฟࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ㸪ࢺ࣐ࢺࡢ TYLCV ࡣࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ B ࡟ࡼࡾ፹௓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪⌧⾜ࡢ ᐊᵓ㐀࡛ࡣࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡀ ᐊෆ࡟౵ධࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪 ᐊෆ࡬ࡢ౵ධࢆ㜵㝖ࡍࡿᑐ⟇ࡀᚲせ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࡑࡇ࡛㸪ࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡀ౵ධࡋ࡞࠸ ᐊᵓ㐀࡟ࡘ࠸࡚➨3 ❶࡛㸪౵ධࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ ࡗࡓࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㜵㝖ᑐ⟇࡟ࡘ࠸࡚➨4 ❶᳨࡛ウࡋࡓࠋ

18

➨

➨㸰⠇  ᖺࡢ ,30

ᮦᩱ࠾ࡼࡧ᪉ἲ

㸯㸬ヨ㦂 ᐊ 㟼ᒸ┴⳥ᕝᕷෆࡢ 2 ᡞࡢᅵ⪔࣑ࢽࢺ࣐ࢺࡢᒇ᰿ᆺ㐃Ჷ ᐊ㸦㌺㧗⣙ 3m㸪◳ ㉁ࣇ࢕࣒ࣝ⿕そ㸧࡛ヨ㦂ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ2 ᡞࡢ㊥㞳ࡣ࠾ࡼࡑ 8 km 㞳ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐤ⏕ ⻏࡜㑅ᢥᛶẅ⹸๣ࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡓIPM ༊㸦12 m × 41 m㸧࡜㠀㑅ᢥᛶẅ⹸๣ࢆ୰ ᚰ࡜ࡋࡓᑐ↷༊㸦12 m × 50 m㸧ࢆタᐃࡋࡓࠋ୧༊࡜ࡶ ᐊࡣ⮬↛᥮Ẽ࡛㸪ഃ❆ ࡣࣅࢽࣝᡭືᕳୖࡆ࡟ࡼࡾ㛤㛢ࡋ㸪1.0 mm ┠ྜ࠸ࡢ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࢆᒎᙇࡋࡓࠋ୧ ᒇ᰿ࣉࢵࢩࣗࣉࣝ⮬ື㛤㛢࡟ࡼࡿኳ❆㸦㧗ࡉ⣙5 m㸧࡟ࡣ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࢆᒎᙇࡋ ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ ᐊෆࡣ㔜Ἔᬮᡣᶵ࡟ࡼࡾ᭱పẼ ࢆ12Υ࡟タᐃࡋ࡚⟶⌮ࡋࡓࠋIPM ༊ࡣ࣑ࢽࢺ࣐ࢺ㸦ရ✀㸸ࢳ࢝㸧ࢆ2002 ᖺ 8 ᭶ 30 ᪥࡟ᐃ᳜ࡋࡓࠋᑐ↷༊ࡣ࣑ࢽ ࢺ࣐ࢺ㸦ရ✀㸸ࢥࢥ㸧ࢆ2002 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 26 ᪥࡟ᐃ᳜ࡋࡓࠋ 㸰㸬౪ヨኳᩛ ࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮࡟ᑐࡋ࡚IPM ༊ࡢ ᐊ࡟ࡣ࢜ࣥࢩࢶࢶࣖࢥࣂࢳ㸦࢚ࣥࢫࢺࣜࢵ ࣉ®㸧ࡢ࣐࣑࣮࣮࢝ࢻ㸦ᰴᙜࡓࡾ7.7 㢌㸧ࢆ 2002 ᖺ 10 ᭶ 4 ᪥㸪10 ᭶ 11 ᪥࠾ࡼ ࡧ10 ᭶ 18 ᪥ࡢ 3 ᅇࢺ࣐ࢺࡢ」ⴥ࡟ྞࡾୗࡆࡓ㸦Table 3㸧ࠋࣁࣔࢢࣜࣂ࢚㢮࡟ᑐ ࡋ࡚ ࢖ࢧ ࢚ ࢔ࣄ ࣓ ࢥ ࣂࢳ Diglyphus isaea㸦Walker㸧㸪ࣁࣔࢢࣜࢥ࣐ࣘࣂࢳ

Dacnusa sibirica Telenga ࡢᡂ⹸ࡀධࡗࡓ࣎ࢺࣝ㸦࣐࢖ࢿࢵࢡࢫ®㸧㸦ྛ✀ᰴᙜࡓ

ࡾ0.4 㢌㸧ࢆ 2002 ᖺ 10 ᭶ 4 ᪥࠾ࡼࡧ 10 ᭶ 18 ᪥ࡢ 2 ᅇ ᐊෆࡢ୰ኸ࡟㟼⨨ࡋ

࡚ᨺ㣫ࡋࡓ㸦Table 3㸧ࠋ

㸱㸬౪ヨẅ⹸๣

19

Ta ble 3. Fre quen cy of pesticides application in IP M and c

ontrol tomato gre

enhouses M ai n t ar ge t pe st In se ct ic id es , pa ra si to id s S pr ay in g y ea r a nd da y In se ct ic ide s S pr ay in g y ea r a nd da y 2002 2002 N ite np yr am 30 A ug . Py m et roz in e 26 A ug ., 23 N ov ., 5 Fe b., 14, 28 M ay Py m et roz in e 15 D ec ., 11 J an. , 9 A pr . A cet am ip rid 26 S ept ., 21 O ct ., 23 N ov. , 30 J an. , 1 A pr . E nc arsi a f orm os a ( 7.7 / pl an t㸧 1 㸧 4, 11, 18 O ct . B upr of ez in 21 O ct ., 30 J an ., 1 A pr . Cl ot hi an id in 2 㸧 14 M ay Ni te np yr am 2 㸧 28 M ay F luf en ox ur on 30 A ug. F luf en ox ur on 6 A ug. C yr om az in e 14 Feb. C yr om az in e 26 A ug ., 26 Se pt ., 11 D ec ., 23 A pr . D igl yphus is ae a 㸦 0.4 / pl an t㸧 1 㸧 D ac nus a s ibi ri ca 㸦 0.4 / pl an t㸧 1 㸧 E m am ec tin -b en zo at e 14 Sept . B t 6, 26 A ug ., 21 O ct ., 11 D ec B t 19 O ct . L uf en ur on n 20 Sept . L uf enur on n 20 J un. A cul ops ly cope rs ic i Su lfu r 14 M ay S ul fu r 20 Sept ., 5 Fe b., 23 M ay In se ct ic id e 10 In se ct ic id e 28 F ungi ci de 5 F ungi ci de 8 Su m 15 S um 36 1 㸧 N o. of pa ra si to id s pe r pl an t, 2 㸧 T hes e i ns ect ic id es ar e ef fe ct iv e f or L . t rif ol ii. F re que nc yo f pe st ic id es a pp lic at io n Spodopt er a l it ur a IP M Co nt ro l B em is ia t abac i Li ri om yz a t ri fol ii 4, 18 O ct .

20

ࣝࣇ࢙ࣀࢡࢫࣟࣥ๣㸪ࢩ࣐ࣟࢪࣥ๣㸪࢚࣐࣓ࢡࢳࣥᏳᜥ㤶㓟ሷ๣㸪Bt ๣㸪ࣝࣇ ࢙ࢾࣟࣥ๣࠾ࡼࡧ࢖࢜࢘๣ࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓ㸦Table 3㸧ࠋᑐ↷༊࡛ࡣ⏕⏘⪅ࡀ౑⏝ࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࣆ࣓ࢺࣟࢪࣥ๣㸪࢔ࢭࢱ࣑ࣉࣜࢻ๣㸪ࣈࣉࣟࣇ࢙ࢪࣥ๣㸪ࢡࣟࢳ࢔ࢽࢪࣥ ๣㸪ࢽࢸࣥࣆ࣒ࣛ๣㸪ࣇࣝࣇ࢙ࣀࢡࢫࣟࣥ๣㸪ࢩ࣐ࣟࢪࣥ๣㸪Bt ๣㸪ࣝࣇ࢙ࢾ ࣟࣥ๣࠾ࡼࡧ࢖࢜࢘๣ࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓࠋ㎰⸆ࡣ⏕⏘⪅ࡀᐖ⹸ࡢⓎ⏕≧ἣ࡟ᛂࡌุ࡚ ᩿ࡋᩓᕸࡋࡓ㸦Table 3㸧ࠋ 㸲㸬ㄪᰝ᪉ἲ  ᐊ඲య࠿ࡽᆒ➼࡟㑅ࢇࡔ30 ᰴࡢ࣑ࢽࢺ࣐ࢺࢆㄪᰝᰴ࡜ࡋ㸪ᰴࡢୖ఩㸪୰఩ ࠾ࡼࡧୗ఩࠿ࡽ௵ពࡢྛ㸯」ⴥ㸦ᰴᙜࡓࡾ3 」ⴥ㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢᡂ ⹸ᩘ࠾ࡼࡧ4 㱋ᗂ⹸ᩘࢆᩘ࠼ࡓࠋࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮࡜ేࡏ࡚ࡑࡢ௚ࡢᐖ⹸ࡶㄪᰝࡋ ࡓࠋ࣐࣓ࣁࣔࢢࣜࣂ࢚ࡣ」ⴥ࡟ᐤ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᗂ⹸ᩘ࡜⬺ฟᏍᩘࢆ㸪ࣁࢫࣔࣥࣚ ࢺ࢘࡜࢜࢜ࢱࣂࢥ࢞ࡣࣚࢺ࢘࢞㢮࡜ࡋ㸪」ⴥ࡟ᐤ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᗂ⹸ᩘࢆㄪᰝࡋ㸪 㣗ᐖࡢ᭷↓࠿ࡽ㣗ᐖᰴ⋡ࢆ⟬ฟࡋࡓࠋㄪᰝࡣ2002 ᖺ 8 ᭶ୗ᪪㹼2003 ᖺ 6 ᭶ୗ ᪪ࡲ࡛᭶࡟2 ᅇ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ ࠾ࢇ࡝࡜ࡾ®㸦TR㸫72S㸸ࢸ࢕࢔ࣥࢻࢹ࢖㸧ࡣ㏫ࡉ࡟ࡋࡓᐜჾ㸦┤ᚄ 15 cm㸪 㧗ࡉ20 cm㸧ෆ࡟ྞࡿࡋ㸪ᐜჾࡣ㐽ගࡢࡓࡵ࢔࣑ࣝ⟩ࢆᕳࡁ㸪㏻㢼ฎ⌮ࡣ⾜ࢃ ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋᐜჾࡣ ᐊෆࡢ୰ኸ࡟タ⨨ࡋ ᐊෆࡢ ᗘࢆ 1 ศ㛫㝸࡛ ᐃࡋ㸪1 ᫬㛫ࡈ࡜ࡢᖹᆒẼ ࢆ⟬ฟࡋࡓࠋ ヨ㦂༊ ᐊࡢ୰ኸࡢ 1 ิࢆ㑅ࢇ࡛㸦IPM ༊ࡣ 32 ᰴ㸪ᑐ↷༊ࡣ 46 ᰴ㸧㸪཰✭ 㛤ጞ㸦2002 ᖺ 10 ᭶ 31 ᪥㸧࠿ࡽ⤊஢㸦2003 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 4 ᪥㸧ࡲ࡛཰✭ࡋࡓ࣑ࢽࢺ࣐ ࢺࡢ㔜㔞ࢆィ ࡋ㸪10a ᙜࡓࡾࡢ཰㔞ࢆ⟬ฟࡋࡓࠋ

⤖

⤖ᯝ

ᑐ↷༊࡛ࡣࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᱂ᇵึᮇ࠿ࡽࣆ࣓ࢺࣟࢪࣥ๣㸪࢔ࢭࢱ࣑ࣉ

21

Fig. 4. Number of (a) whitefly adults, (b) whitefly nymph, (c) leafminer larvae, (d) leafminer exit

holes, and (e) Lepidopteran larvae per plant and (f) percentage of feeding plants.㻌

Closed circle (●) and open square (□) is indicated the IPM greenhouse and the control greenhouse, respectively. Arrow is indicated the day of parasitoids release. Closed triangle (▼) and open triangle (ۃ) is indicated the day of pesticides spraying in the IPM greenhouse and the control

greenhouse, respectively. A㻌 0 5 10 15 20 25

Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun.

Per

centage of feeding plants

0 2 4 6 8 10

Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.Apr. May Jun.

No. of lepidopteran larvae / plant 0 10 20 30 40 50

Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.Apr. May Jun.

N o. of nym p h of w h itefl y / plant 0 10 20 30 40 50

Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb.Mar.Apr. May Jun.

No. of adults of w h itefly / plant

(a)

(b)

0 2 4 6 8 10

Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun.

No. of

exit holes / plant

0 2 4 6 8 10

Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.Apr. May Jun.

N o. of larvae of leafm iner / plant

(c)

(d)

(e)

_(f)

䕰 䊼䊼䊼䊼 䕰 䕰䕰 䕰 䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱䕱 䕰 䊼䊼䊼 䕰 䕰䕰 䕱䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱 䕰 䕰 䕰 䕰 䕱䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱 䕰 䊼䊼䊼䊼 䕰 䕰䕰 䕰 䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱䕱 䕰 䕰䕰 䕰 䕰䕰 䕱䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱 䕰 䊼䊼䊼 䕰 䕰䕰 䕱䕱 䕱 䕱 䕱

Whitefly adults Whitefly nymph

Leafminer larvae

Lepidopteran larvae feeding plants Leafminer exit holes

22

ࣜࢻ๣㸪ࣈࣉࣟࣇ࢙ࢪࣥ๣㸪ࢡࣟࢳ࢔ࢽࢪࣥ๣࠾ࡼࡧࢽࢸࣥࣆ࣒ࣛ๣ࢆྜィ15 ᅇᩓᕸࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢᡂ⹸ࡣヨ㦂㛤ጞ࠿ࡽ4 ᭶୰᪪ࡲ࡛ᰴ 3 」ⴥᙜ ࡓࡾ 0.10㹼2.43 㢌㸪ᗂ⹸ࡣᰴᙜࡓࡾ 0.20㹼5.33 㢌࡛ప࠸ᐦᗘ࡛᥎⛣ࡋࡓࡀ㸪4 ᭶ୗ᪪௨㝆㸪ᡂ⹸㸪ᗂ⹸࡜ࡶቑຍࡋࡓ㸦Fig. 4 a, b㸧ࠋIPM ༊࡛ࡣᐃ᳜᫬࡟ࢽࢸ ࣥࣆ࣒ࣛ⢏๣ࢆ᪋⏝ࡋ㸪ࡑࡢᚋᐤ⏕⻏ࢆ 3 ᅇᨺ㣫ࡋ㸪ࣆ࣓ࢺࣟࢪࣥ๣ࢆྜィ 3 ᅇᩓᕸࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ㸪ࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢᡂ⹸ࡣヨ㦂㛤ጞ࠿ࡽ4 ᭶୰᪪ࡲ࡛ࡣᰴᙜࡓ ࡾ0㹼0.57 㢌㸪ᗂ⹸ࡣᰴᙜࡓࡾ 0㹼1.97 㢌࡜ᑐ↷༊ࡼࡾప࠸ᐦᗘ࡛᥎⛣ࡋࡓࡀ㸪 6 ᭶ୖ᪪௨㝆࡟ቑຍࡋࡓ㸦Fig. 4 a, b㸧ࠋ ᑐ↷༊࡛ࡣ࣐࣓ࣁࣔࢢࣜࣂ࢚࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࣇࣝࣇ࢙ࣀࢡࢫࣟࣥ๣࠾ࡼࡧࢩ࣐ࣟࢪ ࣥ๣ࢆྜィ4 ᅇࡢᩓᕸࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ㸪ヨ㦂㛤ጞ࠿ࡽ 3 ᭶ୗ᪪ࡲ࡛⬺ฟᩘᏍᩘࡣᰴ ᙜࡓࡾ0㹼2.03 ಶ࡜ప࠸ᐦᗘ࡛᥎⛣ࡋࡓ㸦Fig. 4 d㸧ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪4 ᭶ୖ᪪௨㝆㸪ᗂ ⹸ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ㸪4 ᭶ୗ᪪࡟ࢩ࣐ࣟࢪࣥ๣ࢆᩓᕸࡋࡓࡀ㸪⬺ฟᏍᩘࡣቑຍࡋࡓ㸦Fig. 4 c, d㸧ࠋIPM ༊࡛ࡣᐃ᳜ᚋࡢࣇࣝࣇ࢙ࣀࢡࢫࣟࣥ๣ࡢᩓᕸ࡜ᐤ⏕⻏ࢆ 2 ᅇࡢᨺ 㣫࡜㸯᭶ୗ᪪࡟ࢩ࣐ࣟࢪࣥ๣ࢆᩓᕸࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ㸪10 ᭶࠿ࡽ 2 ᭶ࡲ࡛ࡣ⬺ฟᏍᩘ ࡀᑐ↷༊ࡼࡾከࡃࡳࡽࢀ㸪ヨ㦂㛤ጞ࠿ࡽ⤊஢ࡲ࡛⬺ฟᏍᩘࡣᰴᙜࡓࡾ 0㹼1.73 ಶ࡛᥎⛣ࡋࡓ㸦Fig. 4 d㸧ࠋ ࣚࢺ࢘࢞㢮ࡢ㣗ᐖᰴ⋡ࡣ୧༊࡜ࡶヨ㦂㛤ጞ࠿ࡽ11 ᭶ୗ᪪ࡲ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓࡀ㸪࢚ ࣐࣓ࢡࢳࣥᏳᜥ㤶㓟ሷ๣࠾ࡼࡧBt ๣ࢆ 2㹼5 ᅇᩓᕸࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ 12 ᭶࡟ࡣᐦᗘࡀ

ῶᑡࡋࡓ㸦Fig. 4 f㸧ࠋIPM ༊࡛ࡣ 5 ᭶ୗ᪪࡟Ꮴ໬ᗂ⹸ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓ㸦Fig. 4 e㸧ࠋ

2002 ᖺ 9 ᭶ 5 ᪥ᬕኳ᫬ࡢ 10 ᫬㹼14 ᫬ࡢ ᗘࡣ㸪IPM ༊㸦36.6㹼38.6Υ㸧࡟

ẚ࡭㸪ᑐ↷༊ࡣ㸦39.7㹼42.2Υ㸧ࡀࡸࡸ㧗࠿ࡗࡓࡀ㸪࠸ࡎࢀࡶᒇእ㸦32.9㹼34.8Υ㸧

࡟ẚ࡭5㹼9Υ㧗࠿ࡗࡓ㸦Fig. 5㸧ࠋ

IPM ༊ࡢ࣑ࢽࢺ࣐ࢺࡢ཰㔞ࡣ 10a ᙜࡓࡾ 12.4 t ࡛ᑐ↷༊㸦12.2 t㸧࡜ྠ⛬ᗘ࡛ ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

23

Fig. 5. Hourly temperatures on 5 September 2002.

20 25 30 35 40 45 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 T em p eratu re ( Υ ) Time 䠄hours䠅 IPM Control Field

24

⪃

⪃ᐹ

ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢ ᐊෆ࡬ࡢ౵ධࡣኳ❆࡜ഃ❆ࡢ㛤ཱྀ㒊࠿ࡽ࡛㸪ኳ❆ࡼࡾ ഃ❆࠿ࡽከࡃ౵ධࡍࡿ㸦ⰾ㈡࣭ᅵ஭㸪2002㸹᮫⏣࣭⏣ཱྀ㸪2006㸧ࠋࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢ౵ධࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ 0.4 mm ┠ྜ࠸ࡢ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࡀ᥎ዡࡉࢀ࡚࠸ ࡿ㸦຾ᒣࡽ㸪2005㸹ᯇᾆࡽ㸪2005㸹኱஭⏣ࡽ㸪2007㸹᮫⏣࣭⏣ཱྀ㸪2006㸧ࠋ୧ヨ 㦂༊ࡢ ᐊࡣ 1.0 mm ┠ྜ࠸ࡢ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࢆഃ❆࡟ᒎᙇࡋࡓ⮬↛᥮Ẽ ᐊ࡛࠶ ࡗࡓࡓࡵ㸪ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢ౵ධ㜵Ṇᑐ⟇ࡣ୙༑ศ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࣚࢺ࢘࢞㢮ࡢ㣗ᐖ⿕ᐖࡀ8 ᭶㹼11 ᭶࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡓ㸦Fig. 4 f㸧ࡢࡣ㸪኱ᆺࡢࣚࢺ࢘ ࢞㢮ᡂ⹸ࡀ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࢆᒎᙇࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ኳ❆࠿ࡽ౵ධࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ㸪ኳ ❆࡬ࡢ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࡢᒎᙇࡶ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࡢ┠ྜ࠸ࡀ⣽ ࠿ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ᐖ⹸ࡢ౵ධᢚไຠᯝࡣ㧗ࡲࡿࡀ㸪᥮Ẽຠ⋡ࡣపୗࡋ ᐊෆࡢ ᗘ ୖ᪼࡟ࡼࡿ᱂ᇵస≀࡬ࡢᝏᙳ㡪ࡀᠱᛕࡉࢀࡿࠋᮏヨ㦂࡛ࡣ9 ᭶ 5 ᪥ࡢ୧ ᐊࡢ  ᗘࡣࢺ࣐ࢺ㝈⏺᭱㧗 ᗘ35Υ㸦㧗ᶫ㸪1977㸧ࢆ IPM ༊࡛ࡣ 10㹼14 ᫬㸪ᑐ↷ ༊࡛ࡣ9㹼16 ᫬ࡢ㛫㉸࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛㸪➨ 3 ❶࡛ࡣ౵ධ㜵Ṇ࡜᪼ ᢚไࢆව ࡡഛ࠼ࡓ ᐊᵓ㐀࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋࡓࠋ ࢜ࣥࢩࢶࢶࣖࢥࣂࢳࡣࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ࡟ẚ࡭ࡿ࡜࢜ࣥࢩࢶࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࢆዲ ࡴ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸦Arnó et al.㸪2009㸧㸪ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶᐦᗘᢚไ ຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦ᯇ஭㸪1992㸪1995㸧ࠋIPM ༊ࡢ ᐊ࿘㎶ࡣࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡀⓎ ⏕ࡍࡿࢧࢶ࣐࢖ࣔ࡯ሙࡀከ࠸ࡓࡵ㸦ᑠ⃝ࡽ㸪1992㸧㸪IPM ༊ࡢࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡣ ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡀ୺య࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋIPM ༊ࡣヨ㦂๓༙ࡲ࡛ࡣᑐ↷ ༊࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢᐦᗘࢆᢚไࡋࡓࡀ㸪6 ᭶ୖ᪪௨㝆࡟ቑຍࡋࡓࡇ࡜ ࠿ࡽ㸦Fig. 4 a, b㸧㸪㜵㝖ຠᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ୙༑ศ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ࡟ᑐ ࡋ࡚ࡣ 2002 ᖺ࡟ࢧࣂࢡࢶࣖࢥࣂࢳࡀ㸪2007 ᖺ࡟ࢳࢳࣗ࢘࢝࢖ࢶࣖࢥࣂࢳࡀ⏕ ≀㎰⸆࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓩ㘓ࡉࢀࡓࠋࢳࢳࣗ࢘࢝࢖ࢶࣖࢥࣂࢳࡣࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ࡟ᑐࡋ ࡚ᴟࡵ࡚᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Hudák et al.㸪2003㸹Qiu et al.㸪2004㸹

25

Arnó et al.㸪2009㸧ࠋࡓࡔࡋ㸪ࡇࢀࡽ 3 ✀ᐤ⏕⻏ࢆྠ᫬࡟ẚ㍑᳨࣭ウࡋࡓሗ࿌ࡣ ࡳ࠶ࡓࡽࡎ㸪⏕≀㎰⸆࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ≉ᛶࡢ㐪࠸ࡀᚲࡎࡋࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ ࡑࡇ࡛㸪3 ✀ᐤ⏕⻏ࡢࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㜵㝖ຠᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚➨ 4 ❶᳨࡛ウࡋ ࡓࠋ  ࡲࡓ㸪IPM ༊࡛ 6 ᭶௨㝆ࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡣቑຍࡋࡓࡀ㸦Fig. 4 a, b㸧㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ ࡞ሙྜࡣẅ⹸๣࡟ࡼࡿ⥭ᛴⓗ࡞㜵㝖ࡶᚲせ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ࡟ ᑐࡋ࡚ࢪࣀࢸࣇࣛࣥ๣㸪ࣆࣜࢲ࣋ࣥ๣㸪࠾ࡼࡧࢽࢸࣥࣆ࣒ࣛ๣ࡀẚ㍑ⓗຠᯝࡀ 㧗࠸࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ᚨ୸࣭ᯘ⏣㸪2010㸹ᑠᯘ㸪2007㸹ᒣᇛ㸪2007㸹኱஭⏣࣭ὠ 㔠㸪2008㸧ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ࡇࢀࡽẅ⹸๣ࡣᐤ⏕⻏࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶᝏᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿᠱᛕࡀ࠶ ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛㸪୺せ࡞ẅ⹸๣ࡢᐤ⏕⻏࡟ᑐࡍࡿᙳ㡪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ➨4 ❶᳨࡛ウࡋࡓࠋ

26

➨

➨㸱❶ ᙉไ᥮Ẽࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ౵ධ㜵Ṇຠᯝ

 㟼ᒸ┴ෆࡢ ᐊ᱂ᇵ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡣ୺࡟ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࣂ ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉB ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪⌧⾜ࡢ 2002 ᖺ࠾ࡼࡧ 2006 ᖺࡢ ᐊᵓ㐀࡛ࡣ TYLCV ࢆ ಖẘࡋࡓࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ B ࡢ౵ධࢆ᏶඲࡟㜵Ṇ࡛ࡁࡎ㸪TYLCV ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸦➨2 ❶㸧ࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵ㸪ࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢ౵ධ㜵Ṇຠᯝࡢ 㧗࠸ ᐊᵓ㐀ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ᪼ ᢚไࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᙉไ᥮Ẽࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀ㛤 Ⓨࡉࢀࡓࡀ㸦኱▼࣭Ᏺ㇂㸪2004㸧㸪ᮏࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ࡢ౵ධᑐ⟇࡟ࡶ฼ ⏝ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛㸪 ᐊࡢ㛤ཱྀ㒊࡟タ⨨ࡍࡿ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࡢ┠ྜ ࠸ࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓࠋ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࡢ┠ྜ࠸ࡣ 0.4 mm ௨ୗ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ ࡢ౵ධࢆ࡯ࡰ᏶඲࡟㜵Ṇࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸦຾ᒣࡽ㸪2005㸹ᯇᾆࡽ㸪 2005㸹኱஭⏣ࡽ㸪2007㸹᮫⏣࣭⏣ཱྀ㸪2006㸧㸪ᙉไ᥮Ẽࡢሙྜ࡟ࡶ౵ධࢆ㜵Ṇ࡛ ࡁࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿᳨ウࡋࡓ㸦➨1 ⠇㸧ࠋ ᙉไ᥮Ẽ ᐊෆ࡟ࡣ㢼㏿1㹼2 m / s ⛬ᗘࡢ㢼ࡀᖖ࡟ὶࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸦኱ ▼࣭Ᏺ㇂㸪2004㸧㸪ᐖ⹸ࡸኳᩛࡢⓎ⏕ࡸ⾜ື࡞࡝࡟ᙳ㡪ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ≉ ࡟ࢶࣖࢥࣂࢳ㢮ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᚤᑠ࡞ᐤ⏕⻏ࡢ฼⏝࡟࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࡣ㸪㢼ࡀᐤ⏕⻏ࡢ᥈⣴ ⾜ືࢆጉࡆ࡚㸪ᐤ⏕⋡ࡀపୗࡋ㸪㜵㝖ຠᯝࡀపୗࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᠱᛕࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡇ ࡛㸪➨2 ⠇࡛ࡣᬑཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㝜ᅽᘧᙉไ᥮Ẽࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢᐤ ⏕⻏࡛࠶ࡿࢧࣂࢡࢶࣖࢥࣂࢳࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡓ㜵㝖ຠᯝࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓࠋ୍᪉㸪㝧ᅽ ᘧᙉไ᥮Ẽࡣ✵Ẽࢆ ᐊࡢ㝽㛫࠿ࡽእ࡬ᢲࡋฟࡍࡓࡵᐖ⹸ࡢ౵ධࡣ㝜ᅽᘧࡼࡾ

ᑡ࡞࠸࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Berlinger and Lebiush-Mordechi㸪1996㸹㎷㸪2007㸧ࠋࡑࡇ

࡛㸪➨3 ⠇࡛ࡣ㝧ᅽᘧᙉไ᥮Ẽࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᐖ⹸౵ධ㜵Ṇຠᯝࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓࠋ ᐊ

᱂ᇵ࡛ࡣࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮௨እ࡟ࡶ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢᚤᑠᐖ⹸ࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ࡇࢀ ࡽᐖ⹸ࡶㄪᰝᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚ㄪᰝࡋࡓࠋ

27

➨

➨㸯⠇ 㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࡢ㑅ᐃ

ᮦᩱ࠾ࡼࡧ᪉ἲ

㸯㸬ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ ࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ B ࡣ 2001 ᖺ࡟㟼ᒸ┴㎰ᯘᢏ⾡◊✲ᡤෆ㸦㟼ᒸ┴☬⏣ᕷ㸧ࡢࢺ ࣐ࢺ࠿ࡽ᥇㞟ࡋ㸪ᐇ㦂ᐊෆ㸦25°C㸪16L㸸8D㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚࢟ࣕ࣋ࢶ㸦ရ✀㸸ึ⛅㸧 ࡛⣼௦㣫⫱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿಶయ⩌ࢆ౪ヨࡋࡓ㸦௨ୗ㸪ࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ B㸦㟼ᒸ㎰ᢏ◊⣼ ௦㣫⫱ಶయ⩌㸧࡜ࡍࡿ㸧ࠋ 㸰㸬㢼ࡢ࡞࠸᮲௳ୗࡢヨ㦂

ヨ㦂ࡣ㢼࡞࠸᮲௳࡛⾜࠸㸪Berlinger and Lebiush-Mordechi㸦1996㸧ࡢ᪉ἲ࡟ᚑ

ࡗࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺ࡛ୖୗ࡟༙ศ࡟௙ษࡗࡓ࣏࢚ࣜࢳࣞࣥᐜჾ㸦63 mm × 63 mm × 110 mm㸧ࡢୗഃ࡟ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢᡂ⹸㸦16㹼37 㢌㸧ࢆධࢀ㸦Fig. 6㸧㸪ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࢆㄏᘬࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸦ṇࡢ㉮ගᛶ㸧2 ᮏࡢ⺯ගⅉ㸦100 W㸧 ࢆᐜჾࡢୖ20 cm ࡟タ⨨ࡋࡓࠋ4 ✀㢮ࡢ┠ྜ࠸ࡢ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺ㸦0.25 mm × 0.28 mm 㸦N-5800㸧㸪0.38 mm × 0.38 mm㸦PX-50㸧㸪0.55 mm × 0.55 mm㸦N-3230㸧࠾ࡼࡧ 1.00 mm × 0.93 mm㸦N-2220㸧㸸ࢲ࢖࢜໬ᡂ㸧ࢆ౪ヨࡋ㸪ᑐ↷࡜ࡋ࡚12.0 mm × 7.0 mm ┠ྜ࠸ࡢ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺ㸦SH-25㸸ࢧࣥ࢟ࣥࣉࣛࢫࢳࢵࢡᕤᴗ㸧ࢆ౪ヨࡋࡓࠋヨ 㦂ࡣྛ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚10 ཯᚟⾜ࡗࡓࠋᐜჾࡣᜏ ᐊෆ㸦25°C㸪16L8D㸧࡟ 㟼⨨ࡋ㸪24 ᫬㛫ᚋ㸪ᐜჾࡢୖ㒊࡜ୗ㒊ࡢࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛᩘࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀᩘ࠼ࡓࠋ ࡲࡓ㸪↓సⅭ࡟㑅ࢇࡔ10 㢌ࡢࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢయ㛗࡜⬚㒊ࡢ᭱኱ᖜࢆ཮║ᐇ య㢧ᚤ㙾ୗ㸦SMZ-U㸸ࢽࢥࣥ㸧࡛ ᐃࡋࡓࠋ 㸱㸬㢼ࡢ࠶ࡿ᮲௳ୗࡢヨ㦂 ᙉไ᥮Ẽࢆ᝿ᐃࡋ࡚㢼ࡢ࠶ࡿ᮲௳࡛ヨ㦂ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ100 㢌ࡢࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪࣛ

28

Fig. 6. The polyethylene box used to test insect-proof screens without ventilation.

110 mm

63 mm

63 mm

29

࣑ࡢᡂ⹸ࢆධࢀࡓࢩ࣮ࣕࣞ㸦┤ᚄ9 cm㸪῝ࡉ 2 cm㸧ࢆ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺ࡛ᕥྑ࡟༙ศ ࡟ศ๭ࡋࡓ㏱᫂࡞࢔ࢡࣜࣝ⟽㸦80 cm × 80 cm × 200 cm㸧ࡢ୍᪉ࡢ➃ࡢྎ㸦㧗ࡉ 32 cm㸧ࡢୖ࡟ୖ⵹ࢆྲྀࡾ㟼⨨ࡋࡓ㸦Fig. 7㸧ࠋࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࢆࢩ࣮ࣕࣞ࠿ࡽ 㣕ࡧฟࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵⓑ⇕㟁⌫㸦100 W㸧ࢆࢩ࣮ࣕࣞ࠿ࡽ 60 cm ୖ࡟タ⨨ࡋࡓࠋ2 ✀㢮ࡢ┠ྜ࠸ࡢ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺ㸪1.00 mm × 0.93 mm㸦N-2220㸸ࢲ࢖࢜໬ᡂ㸧࠾ࡼࡧ 0.30 mm × 0.23 mm ࡜ 0.30 mm × 0.45 mm ┠ྜ࠸ࡀ 1 ิࡎࡘ஺஫࡟ΰྜࡋࡓ㜵⹸ ࢿࢵࢺ㸦EX-B㸸ࢧ࢝ࢭ࣭࢔ࢻࢸࢵࢡ㸧ࢆ౪ヨࡋࡓࠋᑐ↷ࡣ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࢆ౪ヨࡋ ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ᥮Ẽᡪ㸦VPZ404201㸸ࣇࣝࢱ㟁ᶵ㸸┤ᚄ 40 cm㸪㢼㔞 84 m3 / min㸧࡜ ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࢆᤕ⋓ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ࣮࢞ࢮᕸࢆ࢔ࢡࣜࣝ⟽ࡢ୍᪉ࡢ➃࡟タ⨨ࡋ ࡓࠋ㢼㏿ࡣᙉไ᥮Ẽ ᐊ࡛᝿ᐃࡉࢀࡿ3 ẁ㝵㸦Level 1㸸0.49㹼0.73 m / s㸪Level 2㸸1.41㹼1.63 m / s ࠾ࡼࡧ Level 3㸸2.29㹼2.38 m / s㸧࡛ 2 ཯᚟⾜ࡗࡓࠋヨ㦂ࡣẼ  26㹼29°C ࡢᐊෆ࡛⾜ࡗࡓࠋ㢼㏿ࡣኚᅽჾ࡛ㄪ⠇ࡋ㸪㢼㏿ィ㸦No. 435㸸ࢸࢫ ࢺ࣮㸧࡛ィ ࡋࡓࠋࢩ࣮ࣕࣞࢆタ⨨30 ศᚋ࡟ࢩ࣮ࣕࣞෆ࡜࣮࢞ࢮᕸ࡟ᤕ⋓ࡉࢀ ࡓࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢᡂ⹸ᩘࢆᩘ࠼ࡓࠋ ྛ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࡢࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢ㏻㐣⋡ࡢᕪࡣ2 ඖ㓄⨨ศᩓศᯒ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ ẚ㍑ࡋ㸪㢼ࡢ࡞࠸᮲௳ୗࡢヨ㦂࡛ࡣTukey–Kramer HSD ἲ࡛ከ㔜ẚ㍑ࢆ⾜࠸㸪

㢼ࡢ࠶ࡿ᮲௳ୗ࡛ࡣ Student’s t-test ࡛ẚ㍑ࡋࡓࠋ⤫ィゎᯒ࡟ࡣ JMP5㸦SAS

Institute, 2002㸧ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋ

⤖

⤖ᯝ

㸯㸬㢼ࡢ࡞࠸᮲௳ୗࡢヨ㦂 㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࢆ㏻㐣ࡋࡓࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢ๭ྜࡣ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺ㛫࡛᭷ព࡞ᕪࡀ ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓ㸦ANOVA㸪P < 0.001㸹Fig. 8㸧ࠋ0.25 mm × 0.28 mm ┠ྜ࠸࡜ 0.38 mm × 0.38 mm ┠ྜ࠸ࡢ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࡣ㸪0.55 mm × 0.55 mm ┠ྜ࠸࡜ 1.00 mm × 0.93 mm ┠ྜ࠸࠾ࡼࡧᑐ↷ࡢ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺ࡟ẚ࡭ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛᡂ⹸ࡢ㏻㐣⋡ࡀ᭷

30

Fig. 7. The transparent acrylic box used to test insect-proof screens with forced ventilation.

Window Petri dish

Gauze Screen 100cm 2cm 45cm 32cm 20cm 40cm Screen _Fan

31

Fig. 8. Transmission of whitefly adults through screens of different mesh sizes without ventilation. The bars represent standard error (SE), bars labeled with the same letter are not significantly different 㸦two-factor ANOVA followed by Tukey–Kramer HSD test㸪 p < 0.05㸧. 㻜 㻞㻜 㻠㻜 㻢㻜 㻤㻜 㻝㻜㻜 㻝 㻞 㻟 㻠 㼏㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘 Percentage transm issio n of w h iteflies through screens c b a a 0.25㽢0.28 0.38㽢0.38 0.55㽢0.55 1.00㽢0.93 12.0㽢7.0

mesh size (mm)

c

32

ព࡟ᑡ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸦Tukey–Kramer HSD test㸪p < 0.05㸹Fig. 8㸧ࠋ౪ヨࡋࡓࢱࣂࢥࢥ

ࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢయ㛗ࡣ0.87 ± 0.05 mm㸪᭱኱⬚㒊ᖜࡣ 0.28 ± 0.04 mm ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ 㸰㸬㢼ࡢ࠶ࡿ᮲௳ୗࡢヨ㦂 ྠ୍ࡢ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺ࡛ࡣ㢼㏿ࡀ᪩ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡶ㏻㐣ࡋࡓࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢ๭ྜ ࡣኚࢃࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡀ㸦ANOVA㸪P = 0.212㸹Fig. 9㸧㸪␗࡞ࡿ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺ㛫࡛ࡣࢥ ࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢ๭ྜࡣ␗࡞ࡗࡓ㸦ANOVA㸪P = 0.003㸹Fig. 9㸧ࠋ0.30 mm × 0.23 mm / 0.45 mm ┠ྜ࠸ࡢ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࢆ㏻㐣ࡋࡓࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢ๭ྜࡣ 1.00 mm × 0.93 mm ┠ྜ࠸ࡢ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺ࡜ᑐ↷࡟ẚ࡭᭷ព࡟ᑡ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸦Student’s t-test㸪p < 0.05㸹Fig. 9㸧ࠋ





⪃ᐹ

 ᐊ᱂ᇵ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᥮Ẽࡣ᪼ ᢚไ㸪஧㓟໬Ⅳ⣲ࡢ⿵⤥㸪‵ᗘࡢㄪᩚ㸪࢞ࢫ஺

᥮ࡢಁ㐍࡞࡝స≀ࡢ⏕⫱࡟኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ㸦Bournet and Boulard㸪2010㸧ࠋ

ࡇࡢࡓࡵ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࢆ㑅ᐃࡍࡿሙྜ㸪┠ྜ࠸ࢆ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅ኱ࡁࡃ㸪࠿ࡘ㸪ᐖ⹸ ࡢ౵ධ⋡ࡀప࠸㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

0.55 mm × 0.55 mm ࠾ࡼࡧ 1.0 mm × 0.93 mm ┠ྜ࠸࡜ẚ࡭࡚㸪㢼ࡢ࡞࠸᮲௳

ୗ࡟࠾࠸࡚᭷ព࡟ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢ㏻㐣ࡀᑡ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢࡣ 0.25 mm × 0.28

mm ┠ྜ㸦㏻㐣⋡ 0㸣㸧࠾ࡼࡧ 0.38 mm × 0.38 mm ┠ྜ࠸㸦0.9%㸧ࡢ㜵⹸ࢿࢵ ࢺ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦Fig. 8㸧ࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢሗ࿌࡜ྠᵝ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦Bethke et al.㸪 1994㸹Bell and Baker㸪2000㸹ᯇᾆࡽ㸪2005㸹኱஭⏣ࡽ㸪2007㸧ࠋ୍᪉㸪0.38 mm

┠ྜ࠸࡜ྠ⛬ᗘࡢ0.30 mm × 0.23 mm / 0.45 mm ࡢ┠ྜ࠸ࡢ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࢆ㢼ࡢ࠶

ࡿ᮲௳ୗ࡛ヨ㦂ࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ㸪ᖹᆒ 10.2㸣㸦5.5㹼13.5%㸧ࡢࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡀ

㏻㐣ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸦Fig. 9㸧ࠋ௨ୖࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ᙉไ᥮Ẽ ᐊ࡟タ

33





















































Fig. 9. Transmission of whitefly adults through screens of different mesh sizes with forced ventilation. Capital letters refer to significance of the difference between wind velocities within each mesh size. Lower-case letters refer to significance of the difference between mesh sizes within each wind velocity (two-factor ANOVA followed by Student’s t-test㸪p < 0.05).

0 20 40 60 80 100

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3

Percentage transm issio n of w hiteflies through screes 0.3 mm × 0.23/0.45 mm 1.00 mm × 0.93 mm control (no screen)

0.49-0.73 1.41-1.63 2.29-2.38 wind velocity (m/s) Ab Ab Ab Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa

34

➨

➨㸰⠇ 㝜ᅽᘧᙉไ᥮Ẽ࡜ᐤ⏕⻏ࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡓ ,30



ᮦᩱ࠾ࡼࡧ᪉ἲ

㸯㸬 ᐊ  ヨ㦂ࡣ 2004 ᖺࡢ 8㹼11 ᭶࡟㟼ᒸ┴㎰ᯘᢏ⾡◊✲ᡤෆ㸦㟼ᒸ┴☬⏣ᕷ㸧ࡢ㞄 ᥋ࡋࡓ2 Ჷࡢྠࡌつᶍࡢᒇ᰿ᆺ࢞ࣛࢫ ᐊ㸦14.6 m × 7.4 m 㸧࡛⾜ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉ ࡢ ᐊࢆ㝜ᅽᘧᙉไ᥮Ẽ ᐊ㸦ᙉไ᥮Ẽ ᐊ㸧㸦Fig. 10 a㸧࡜ࡋ㸪 ᐊࡢ໭ഃጔ 㠃࡟0.4 mm ┠ྜ࠸ࡢ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࢆᙇࡗࡓ᤼Ẽ᥮Ẽᡪ㸦TCW8944BF㸸ࣇࣝࢱ㟁 Ẽ㸹⩚᰿ࡢ┤ᚄ0.8 m㸪㢼㔞 350 m3 / min㸦400 W㸧㸧3 ྎࢆ㧗ࡉ⣙ 1.2 m ࡟タ⨨ ࡋ㸪༡ഃጔ㠃࡟0.4 mm ┠ྜ࠸ࡢ㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺࢆᙇࡗࡓ྾ධཱྀ㸦0.8 m × 0.8 m㸧2 ࡘࢆ㧗ࡉ⣙1.2 m ࡟タ⨨ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪 ᐊෆࡢฟධࡾཱྀࡣ༡ഃ࡜ࡋ㸪ෆ㒊࡟㜵 ⹸ࢿࢵࢺ㸦0.4 mm㸧࡛そࡗࡓ㒊ᒇࢆタࡅ࡚ࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮➼ࡢ౵ධࢆ㜵Ṇࡋࡓࠋ ࡉࡽ࡟㸪㧗ࡉ4 m ࡢ୧ഃ඲㠃ኳ❆࡜ഃ❆㸦࠸ࡎࢀࡶࣉࢵࢩࣗࣉࣝ㛤㛢ᘧ㸧࡟ࡣ 㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺ㸦1.0 mm㸧ࢆタ⨨ࡋࡓࠋ᥮Ẽᡪࡣ 6 ᫬㹼18 ᫬ࡢ㛫ࡣᐊ ࡀ 25Υ௨ ୖࡢ᫬࡟✌ാࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟タᐃࡋ㸪᥮Ẽᡪࡢ✌ാ᫬㛫ᖏࡣኳ❆࡜ഃ❆ࡣ㛢ࡵࡓࠋ  ᐊෆࡢ␇㛫ࡢ㢼㏿ࡀ⣙1 m / s ࡟࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ㄪ⠇ࡋࡓࠋࡶ࠺୍᪉ࡢ ᐊࡣ⮬↛ ᥮Ẽ ᐊ㸦Fig. 10 b㸧࡜ࡋ㸪ኳ❆࡜ഃ❆࡟㜵⹸ࢿࢵࢺ㸦1.0 mm㸧ࢆᒎᙇࡋ㛤㛢  ᗘࡣ25Υ࡟タᐃࡋࡓࠋ 㸰㸬స≀ ࢺ࣐ࢺ㸦ရ✀㸸᱈ኴ㑻࣮ࣚࢡ㸧ࡣࣟࢵࢡ࣮࢘ࣝᇵᆅࡢ 3.5 ྕ࣏ࢵࢺ࡟ 2004 ᖺ8 ᭶ 6 ᪥࡟᳜࠼㸪㧗タ࣋ࣥࢳ㸦㧗ࡉ 50 cm㸪࣋ࣥࢳᙜࡓࡾ 16 ᰴࡢ 2 ิ㸧4 ྎ ࡟タ⨨ࡋࢳ࣮ࣗࣈ࡟ࡼࡿⅬ⁲℺Ỉࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋᐃ᳜᫬࡟ࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ㢮ᡂ⹸ࡢᐤ⏕ ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ⫱ⱑ᫬࠾ࡼࡧヨ㦂ᮇ㛫୰࡟⑓ᐖ⹸㜵㝖ࡢࡓࡵࡢ㎰⸆ࡢᩓᕸࡣ⾜ࢃ ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

35



Fig. 10. Illustration of (a) a tomato greenhouse with a negative-pressure forced ventilation (NFV) system and (b) a tomato greenhouse with natural ventilation (NV). The mesh size 1 mm insect proof screen was spread on the roof and side of greenhouse (a, b). The mesh size 0.4 mm insect proof screen was spread on the intake duct and exhaust fan (a). The ventilator operates between 6 o'clock and 18 o'clock when it is over 25Υ (a).

Windo

Wind Wind

Wind

Exhaust fan Intake duct

Wind

Entrance room

(a)

Side window screen Culture bed screen screen 7.4m Culture bed

(b)

14.6m

36

 㸱㸬ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛ ࣂ࢖࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉB㸦㟼ᒸ㎰ᢏ◊⣼௦㣫⫱ಶయ⩌㸧ࢆ౪ヨࡋࡓࠋ2004 ᖺ 9 ᭶ 9 ᪥ ࡟ྛ ᐊ࡟ᡂ⹸200 㢌ࢆධࢀࡓ⟶⎼ࢆ ᐊࡢ༡໭࡟ 1 ⎼ࡎࡘ㟼⨨ࡋ࡚ᨺ⹸ࡋ㸦  ᐊᙜࡓࡾ400 㢌㸦ᰴᙜࡓࡾ 3.1 㢌㸧㸧㸪᥮Ẽᡪࡣ⩣᪥ࡲ࡛Ṇࡵࡓࠋ 㸲㸬ᐤ⏕⻏ ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢᐤ⏕⻏ࡣࢧࣂࢡࢶࣖࢥࣂࢳ㸦࢚࣮ࣝ࢝ࢻ®㸧ࡢ࣐࣑࣮࢝ ࣮ࢻࢆ౪ヨࡋ㸪2004 ᖺ 9 ᭶ 16 ᪥࠾ࡼࡧ 9 ᭶ 24 ᪥ࡣ ᐊᙜࡓࡾ 3 ࣮࢝ࢻ㸦ᰴᙜ ࡓࡾ1.4 㢌㸧㸪9 ᭶ 30 ᪥ࡣ ᐊ࠶ࡓࡾ 6 ࣮࢝ࢻ㸦ᰴᙜࡓࡾ 2.8 㢌㸧ࢆ␇ࡢ୰ኸ㒊 ࡢࢺ࣐ࢺࡢ」ⴥ࡟ྞࡾୗࡆࡓࠋ 㸳㸬ㄪᰝ᪉ἲ ࢺ࣐ࢺᰴࡢୖ఩㸪୰఩࠾ࡼࡧୗ఩ࡢྛ1 」ⴥ࡟ᐤ⏕ࡋࡓࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢ ᡂ⹸ᩘ㸪3 㱋࠾ࡼࡧ 4 㱋㸦௨ୗ㸪3㹼4 㱋࡜ࡍࡿ㸧ᗂ⹸ᩘ࠾ࡼࡧ⿕ᐤ⏕ᗂ⹸ᩘࢆ ㄪᰝࡋ㸪ᰴᙜࡓࡾ㢌ᩘ࡜ࡋࡓࠋ4 ␇ࡢྛ␇ 2 ᰴ㸦ྜィ 8 ᰴ㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ 2004 ᖺ 9 ᭶16 ᪥㹼11 ᭶ 25 ᪥ࡲ࡛ 5㹼14 ᪥㛫㝸࡛ㄪᰝࡋࡓࠋ⿕ᐤ⏕ᗂ⹸ᩘࢆ 3㹼4 㱋ᗂ ⹸ᩘ࡛㝖ࡋ࡚ᐤ⏕⋡ࢆồࡵࡓࠋㄪᰝ᪥ࡈ࡜ࡢࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢᡂ⹸ᩘ㸪3㹼4 㱋ᗂ⹸ᩘ࠾ࡼࡧ⿕ᐤ⏕ᗂ⹸ᩘࡢྛヨ㦂༊ࡢᕪࡣStudent’s t-test ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ẚ㍑ࡋ ࡓࠋྛヨ㦂༊ࡢㄪᰝ᪥ࡈ࡜ࡢᐤ⏕⋡ࡢᕪࡣ 3㹼4 㱋ᗂ⹸ᩘ࡜⿕ᐤ⏕ᗂ⹸ᩘ࠿ࡽ

Fisher’s exact test ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ẚ㍑ࡋࡓࠋ⤫ィゎᯒ࡟ࡣ JMP5㸦SAS Institute, 2002㸧 ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋ

11 ᭶ 2 ᪥࡟ 4 ␇ࡢྛ␇ 12 ᰴ㸦ྜィ 48 ᰴ㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢ᤼

ἥࡍࡿ⏑㟢ࡀཎᅉ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿࡍࡍ⑓ࡢⓎ⑓⛬ᗘࢆḟࡢ4 ẁ㝵࡟ศࡅ࡚ᩘ࠼㸪Ⓨ

⑓ᣦᩘ㸦100 × ȊⓎ⑓⛬ᗘ × Ⓨ⑓ᰴᩘ / 3 × 48㸧ࢆ⟬ฟࡋ㸪ྛヨ㦂༊ࡢⓎ⑓ᣦ

37

Institute, 2002㸧ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋⓎ⑓⛬ᗘࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㢮ูࡋࡓࠋⓎ⑓⛬ᗘ 0㸸Ⓨ⏕ ࡞ࡋ㸪1㸸୍㒊ࡢ」ⴥ࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ㸪2㸸」ⴥࡢ༙ศ⛬ᗘ࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ㸪 3㸸」ⴥ඲య࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋྛ ᐊ୰ኸ㸦MP6661㸸ࢳࣀ࣮㸧࡜ᒇእࡢ୧  ᐊࡢ㛫㸦MP9201㸸ࢳࣀ࣮㸧࡟ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮ࣟ࢞ࢆ㧗ࡉ 1.5m ࡟タ⨨ࡋẼ ࢆ 20 ศ 㛫㝸࡛ㄪ࡭㸪6 ᫬㹼18 ᫬ࡢẼ ࠿ࡽ 10 ᪥ࡈ࡜ࡢᖹᆒẼ ࢆ⟬ฟࡋࡓࠋ

⤖

⤖ᯝ

 ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢᡂ⹸ᩘࡣᙉไ᥮Ẽ ᐊ㸪⮬↛᥮Ẽ ᐊ࡜ࡶ࡯ࡰྠࡌ᥎⛣ ࢆ♧ࡋ㸪⮬↛᥮Ẽ ᐊ࡛ࡣ10 ᭶ 28 ᪥㸦ᰴᙜࡓࡾ 66.9 㢌㸧࡟㸪ᙉไ᥮Ẽ ᐊ࡛ ࡣ11 ᭶ 11 ᪥㸦ᰴᙜࡓࡾ 40.3 㢌㸧࡟ࣆ࣮ࢡ࡜࡞ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢᚋῶᑡࡋࡓ㸦Fig. 11㸧ࠋ ⮬↛᥮Ẽ ᐊࡢᡂ⹸ᩘࡀᙉไ᥮Ẽ ᐊ࡟ẚ࡭᭷ព࡟ከ࠿ࡗࡓࡢࡣ10 ᭶ 28 ᪥㸪

11 ᭶ 16 ᪥࠾ࡼࡧ 11 ᭶ 25 ᪥࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦Student’s t-test㸪p < 0.05㸹Fig. 11㸧ࠋ  ࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ࣑ࣛࡢᗂ⹸ᩘࡶᡂ⹸ᩘ࡜࡯ࡰྠᵝࡢ᥎⛣ࢆ♧ࡋ㸪ᙉไ᥮Ẽ ᐊ ࡛ࡣ10 ᭶ 28 ᪥㸦ᰴᙜࡓࡾ 31.4 㢌㸧࡟᭱኱࡜࡞ࡾ㸪⮬↛᥮Ẽ ᐊ࡛ࡣ 11 ᭶ 11 ᪥㸦ᰴᙜࡓࡾ61.3 㢌㸧࡟᭱኱࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡀ㸪ヨ㦂ᮇ㛫୰㸪୧ ᐊࡢࢱࣂࢥࢥࢼࢪ ࣑ࣛࡢᗂ⹸ᩘ࡟᭷ព࡞ᕪࡣㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸦Fig. 12㸧ࠋ ࢧࣂࢡࢶࣖࢥࣂࢳ࡟ࡼࡿᐤ⏕ࡣᙉไ᥮Ẽ ᐊ㸪⮬↛᥮Ẽ ᐊࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟࠾࠸ ࡚ࡶ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓ㸦Fig. 13㸧ࠋ⿕ᐤ⏕ᗂ⹸ᩘ࡜ᐤ⏕⋡ࡣ 9 ᭶ 30 ᪥௨㝆ቑຍࡋ㸪⮬ ↛᥮Ẽ ᐊࡢ⿕ᐤ⏕ᗂ⹸ᩘࡀᙉไ᥮Ẽ ᐊ࡟ẚ࡭11 ᭶ 16 ᪥࠾ࡼࡧ 11 ᭶ 25 ᪥

࡟᭷ព࡟ከࡃ㸦Student’s t-test㸪p < 0.05㸹Fig. 13㸧㸪ᐤ⏕⋡ࡣ 10 ᭶ 7 ᪥㸪11 ᭶ 16 ᪥࠾ࡼࡧ 11 ᭶ 25 ᪥࡟᭷ព࡟㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ㸦Fisher’s exact test㸪p < 0.01㸹Fig. 13㸧ࠋ ࡍࡍ⑓ࡢⓎ⏕⛬ᗘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᙉไ᥮Ẽ ᐊ࡛ࡣࠕⓎ⏕࡞ࡋࠖࡢᰴࡀ᭱ࡶከࡃ㸪

Ⓨ⑓ᣦᩘࡣ 18.1 ࡛㸪⮬↛᥮Ẽ ᐊࡢ 38.2 ࡜ẚ࡭᭷ព࡟ప࠿ࡗࡓ㸦Pearson's

chi-square test㸪p < 0.05㸹Table 4㸧ࠋ

38

Fig. 11. Number of Bemisia tabaci adults per plant in the greenhouse with a negative-pressure forced ventilation (NFV) system and in the greenhouse with natural ventilation (NV). The bars represent standard error (SE), and the asterisks ( * ) indicate significant differences (Student’s t-test, * p < 0.05). The arrows are indicated the days of parasitoids release.

0 20 40 60 80 100

16-Sep 23-Sep 30-Sep 7-Oct 14-Oct 21-Oct 28-Oct 4-N

ov

11-Nov 18-Nov 25-Nov

No. of

B. tabaci

adults /

pla

n

t

NFV greenhouse NV greenhouse 䠆 䠆 䠆

39

 

Fig. 12. Number of Bemisia tabaci nymphs per plant in the greenhouse with a negative-pressure forced ventilation (NFV) system and in the greenhouse with natural ventilation (NV). The bars represent standard error (SE), and the asterisks ( * ) indicate significant differences (Student’s t-test, * p < 0.05). The arrows are indicated the days of parasitoids release.

0 20 40 60 80 100 16 -S ep 23 -S ep 30 -S ep 7-Oct 14 -Oct 21 -Oct 28 -Oct 4-No v 11 -Nov 18 -Nov 25 -Nov No. of B. tabaci nym phs / plant NFV greenhouse NV greenhouse

40

 

Fig. 13. (a) Number of parasitoids per plant and (b) rate of parasitism in the greenhouse with a negative-pressure forced ventilation (NFV) system and in the greenhouse with natural ventilation (NV). The bars represent standard error (SE), and the asterisks ( * ) indicate significant differences ( * : Student’s t-test, p < 0.05; ** Fisher's exact test, p < 0.01). The arrows are indicated the days of parasitoids release. 0 20 40 60 80 100

1-Jan 2-Jan 3-Jan 4-Jan 5-Jan 6-Jan 7-Jan 8-Jan 9-Jan 10-Jan

No. of parasitois / plant NFV greenhouse NV greenhouse 䠆 䠆 0 20 40 60 80 100

16-Sep 24-Sep 30-Sep 7-Oct 14-Oct 28-Oct 2-Nov 11-Nov 16-Nov 25-Nov

P arasitism rate (% ) 䠆䠆 䠆䠆 䠆䠆 (a) (b)

41

        0 1 2 3

Natural ventilation greenhouse 16 13 15 4 48 38.2

Greenhouse with negative forced ventilation 30 10 8 0 48 18.1

Table 4.䚷The number of plants according to grade of black sooty diseas in the greenhouse with negative forced ventilation and in the natural ventilation greenhouse.

Grade 0: No-occurrence of black soody diseas, 1: Ocurrencing black soody diseas on a part of leaf, 2: Ocurrencing black soody diseas on harf of leaf, 3: Ocurrencing black soody diseas on holl of leaf.

Occurennce index = 䠄the number of grade “3” plants × 3 + the number of grade “2” plants × 2 + the number of grade “1” plamts䠅 ÷ 䠄total number of plants × 3䠅 × 100

Grade

Total Occurrence

42



Fig. 14. Mean daytime (Am 6-Pm 6) temperatures every ten days in the field, the greenhouse with negative-pressure forced ventilation (NFV) system, and the greenhouse with natural ventilation (NV).㻌

15

20

25

30

35

Sep.1-Sep.10 Sep.11-Sep.20 Sep.21-Sep.30 Oct.10Oct.1- Oct.11-Oct.20 Oct.21-Oct.31 Nov.10Nov.1- Nov.11-Nov.20Nov.21-Nov.28

T

em

p

eratur

e䠄

Υ

䠅

Field NFV greenhouse NV greenhouse