ኳᩥᩍ⫱ ᖺ ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧 ᜏᫍኳᩥᏛࡢ※ὶ࠙ࠚ
ᜏᫍศගࡢ㛤ᖥᮇ ࡑࡢ㸱
ᑠᬽᬛ୍㸦ඖி㒔Ꮫ㸧
:LOOLDP+XJJLQV̽ 㸦๓ྕࡽࡢ⥆ࡁ㸧
ኳయศගࡢⓎᒎ
1863ᖺࡽጞࡲࡗࡓศගほ ࡣኳᩥྎෆࡢ
ศගᐇ㦂ඹࠊࡑࡢᚋࡢHugginsࡢ⏕ᾭࡢ ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࡋ࡚ 1864 ᖺ௨㝆 ࡢศගほ ࡢヰ㢟ࢆࡾ࠶ࡆࡼ࠺ࠋ
1870 ᖺࡣ⋤❧ኳᩥ༠ࡽ 15 ࣥࢳ (38cm) ᒅᢡ㙾18ࣥࢳ (46cm) ᑕ㙾ࡀ ࢱࣝࢫࣄࣝኳᩥྎ㈚ࡉࢀࠊࢻ࣮࣒ࡶ 3.6 m
ࡽ 5.5 m ᣑᙇࡉࢀࡓࠋ㸰ࡘࡢᮃ㐲㙾ࡣ
୍ࡘࡢ㉥㐨ഛ࡛ࡁࡿࠋඹศගჾ ࢆ╔ࡋ࡚ࠊࢱࣝࢫࣄࣝኳᩥྎࡣศගほ ᑓᛕࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡃ 18 ࣥࢳ㙾 ྲྀࡾࡅࡽࢀࡓ⣸እ⏝ศගჾࡣගᏛ⣔ࢡ ࢜ ࣮ ࢶ ࡞ ⣸ እ ㏱ 㐣 ᮦ ࢆ ࡶ ࡕ ࠸ ࠊ Ἴ 㛗 ᇦ ࢆ
3200 ύࡲ࡛ᗈࡆࡓ⏬ᮇⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡇࢀࡼࡗ࡚ᙜࡢ࡞࠸⣸እศගࢆྍ ⬟ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ┿ᢏ⾡ࡢᨵⰋࠊ ࡃ Margaret⤖፧ࡋ࡚ࡽࡣMargaret ࡢ༠ຊࡼࡗ࡚┿ほ ࡢែໃࡀᩚ࠺ࠋࡇ ࠺ࡋࡓศගᢏ⾡ࠊ┿ᢏ⾡ࡼࡗ࡚ᨭ࠼ࡽࢀ
ࡓ Huggins ࡢኳయศගࡢࡢ࡞ࡣ᪂
ᫍࡢほ ࠊࢻࢵࣉ࣮ࣛຠᯝ᳨ฟࡢヨࡳࠊWR ᫍࡢศග࡞ࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
(a) ᪂ᫍࡢศගほ
1866 ᖺࠊHuggins ࡣྐୖึࡢ᪂ᫍศගほ ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴࠋࡇࡢᖺࡢ 5 ᭶ 16 ᪥ࠊࣝ ࣛࣥࢻす㒊ࡢTuam ఫࡴ J. Birmingham Ặࡽ 1 ㏻ࡢ㏿ሗࡀᒆ࠸ࡓࠋ5 ᭶ 12 ᪥ ࢇࡴࡾᗙȠCrB ᫍࡢ㏆ࡃ2➼⣭࡛㍤ࡃ᪂ࡋ ࠸ᫍࡀฟ⌧ࡋࡓ࠸࠺ሗࡏ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠࡌ᪥ Mr. Baxendell ࠸࠺ேࡽࡶ 15 ᪥ࡣ᪂
ᫍࡣșSer (3.7 ➼) ࡰྠࡌ᫂ࡿࡉ࡛࠶ࡿ ࡢ㐃⤡ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋHugginsࡣ᪩㏿ࠊ16 – 19 ᪥ࡢ 4 ᬌࠊ⥆ࡅ࡚ࡇࡢᫍᮃ㐲㙾ࢆྥࡅࡓࠋ ࡍ࡛ 4. 3 – 4.5➼ῶගࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊึ᪥ ࡢࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࢆMiller୍⥴᳨ウࡋࡓࡁࠊ ࡇࡢᫍࡢ␗ᖖࡉẼ࡙ࡁ⩣᪥ࡣ⋤❧༠ ሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[43]ࠋᙼࡽࡀὀ┠ࡋࡓࡢࡣࡑࡢ 」ྜᛶ࡛ࠊprincipal spectrumࡼࡪ྾⥺ ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝbright linesࡼࡪ㍤⥺ࢫ࣌ࢡ ࢺࣝࡢྜᡂ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ๓⪅ࡣኴ㝧ఝࡓග⌫ ẼࡢᏑᅾࢆ♧ࡋࠊᚋ⪅ࡣᕼⷧ࡞㧗 ᗘ࢞ ࢫయࢆ㉳※ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㍤⥺ࡣ5ᮏ࡛ࡑࡢ࠺ ࡕ3ᮏࡣ HȘ HșHȚ⥺ぢࡽࢀࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ ࡑࢀࢆ☜ࡵࡿࡓࡵ 17 ᪥ࡢኪࠊㄏᑟࢫࣃ ࣮ࢡ࡛⏕ᡂࡋࡓỈ⣲㍤⥺ࢆᫍྠ ᐃࡋ ࡚☜ㄆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ㍤⥺ࡢᙉᗘࡀ྾⥺ ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࡁࢃࡵ࡚ᙉ࠸ࡇࡽࠊ ㍤⥺ࢆᨺᑕࡍࡿ࢞ࢫࡢ ᗘࡀᫍᮏయࡼࡾ㧗࠸ ࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺᥎ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊࡇࡢᫍ ࡢ྾⥺ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡣ㉥ⰍࡢȘOriࠊșPeg ఝ ࡚࠾ࡾ ࠊ Ỉ ⣲ ࡢ ྾ ⥺ ࡣ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ Hugginsࡣᫍࡼࡗ࡚Ꮫ⤌ᡂࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡲ ࡔ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ᪂ᫍࡀྜᡂࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࢆ♧ ࡍࡇࡽࠊᫍࡢᵓ㐀ࡸ᪂ᫍࡢࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝኚ Ỉ⣲ࡀ㔜せ࡞ᙺࢆᯝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ ࠸ࡶ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋHuggins ࡢࢫࢣࢵࢳ ࡋࡓࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࢆᅗ9♧ࡑ࠺ࠋᫍࡢග⌫ࢫ ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ㔜࡞ࡗ࡚ᙉ࠸㍤⥺ࡢᏑᅾࡀ㢧ⴭ࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋ
ኳᩥᩍ⫱ ᖺ ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧 ᫍ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊ ࡇ ࡢ ᫍ ࡣᅇ ᖐ᪂ ᫍ ࡢ㸯ࡘ ࡛
1946ᖺࡶ⇿Ⓨࢆ㉳ࡇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᅗ ᪂ᫍ 7&U% ࡢࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡢࢫࢣࢵࢳ>@ࠋ 㢧ⴭ࡞㍤⥺ࡣ୰ኸᕥࡽ>2,,,@Ȣύࠊ
+șྑ➃ +Țࠊࡲࡓࠊᕥ➃ +Ș⥺ࡀᙅ࠸㍤
⥺ࡋ࡚ぢ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢᚋࠊ1892ᖺ2᭶࠾࠺ࡋᗙ᪂ᫍ (T Aur) ࡀ⌧ࢀࡓࡀࠊࡇࡢࡁࡣHugginsࡢ ࣁࢹࣝ࣋ࣝࢢࡢM. Wolfࠊ࣏ࢶࢲ࣒ࡢ H. C. Vogelࠊࣁ࣮ࣂ࣮ࢻࡢ E. Pickeringࠊ࢟ ࣮ࣝᏛࡢR. Schumacherࡽࡀྠほ ሗ ࿌ ࢆ Astronomische Nachrichten, 1129, p. 107 - 116ᥞࡗ࡚ᥖ㍕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣኊほ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋM. WolfSchumacherࡣ ගほ ࡢ⤖ ᯝ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊVogel Pickering ࡣඹศ ග ほ ࡢ ሗ ࿌ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ࡇ ࡢ ᪂ ᫍ ᑐࡋ Hugginsኵጔࡣ2 ᭶ 2᪥┿ศගࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ 㢧ⴭ࡞㍤⥺⣸ഃఙࡧࡿ྾⥺ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ ࢆぢฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[44]ࠋ
ኵጔࡢほ ࡛ࡃ┠❧ࡗࡓࡢࡣỈ⣲㍤⥺ C(HȘ)F(Hș)G(HȚ)ࡀᙉࡃࠊࡲࡓࠊ⣸ ഃ྾⥺ࢆక࠺ࡇ㸦࠸ࡲ࡛ゝ࠼ࡤ P Cyg ᆺ㍯㒌㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⥺ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊኵጔ ࡣ㍤⥺Ἴ㛗ࢆᐇ㦂ᐊࡢἼ㛗ẚ㍑ࡋࠊ㍤⥺㒊 ศࡣ㉥ഃࡎࢀ࡚ᆅ⌫ࡽࡢᚋ㏥ࢆ♧ࡋࠊ྾ ⥺㒊ศࡣ⣸ഃࡎࢀ࡚ᆅ⌫ࡢ᥋㏆㐠ືࢆ ♧ࡍ㏙࡚Ẽ㐠ືࡢ⌮ゎ୍Ṍ㏕ࡗ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊHș⥺ࡢ㉥ഃ 2ᮏࡢ㍤⥺ࢆぢฟ ࡋࠊᫍ㞼⥺㸦[OIII]Ȣ5007, 4959ύ㸧ࡢྍ⬟ ᛶࡶ᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ࢜ࣜ࢜ࣥᫍ㞼㢧ⴭ࡞ ⣸እᫍ㞼⥺㸦[OII]Ȣ3772ύ㸧ࡀぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ
ࡽᫍ㞼⥺࡛࠶ࡿ࠺ࡢ⤖ㄽࡣ␃ಖࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ⫼ᬒࡢ྾⥺ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡣ C ⥺ࡽ3200ύࡲ࡛ᙳࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⣸እᇦࢫ ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡣⓑⰍᫍࡢ྾⥺ࢆకࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ ⓑⰍᫍぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸H, K (CaII) ⥺ࡀᏑᅾࡍ ࡿࡇࡽࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡢ」ྜᛶࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋ
࡞࠾ࠊࡇࡢ᪂ᫍࡣ1892ᖺࡽ1894ᖺึࡵ ࡅ࡚ᩘከࡃࡢ║ど࠾ࡼࡧ┿ほ ࡀ⾜ࢃ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣜࢵࢡࠊࣉࣝࢥࣂኳᩥྎࡽ1892 ᖺ9᭶᪂ᫍࡢ࿘ࡾᫍ㞼ࡀ᳨ฟࡉࢀࡓ࠸ ࠺ሗ࿌ࡀఏ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀᑐࡋ࡚ࡣ㈶ྰ ୧ ㄽ ࡀ ࡛ ࡓ ࠋࢣࣥࣈ ࣜ ࢵࢪኳ ᩥ ྎ ࡢ Newall(1892) Roberts(1893)ࡣⅬ※ࢆᨭᣢ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[45][46]ࠋNewall ࡣ║どほ ࡛࠶ࡗ ࡓࡀࠊࠕ᪂ᫍ↔Ⅼࢆྜࢃࡏࡿࠊ࿘㎶ࡢᫍࡀ ࡤࡸࡅࠊ࿘㎶ࡢᫍ↔Ⅼࢆྜࢃࡏࡿ᪂ᫍࡀ ࡰࡸࡅࡿࠖ㏙ࠊࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡋ࡚ࠊ᪂ᫍࡢ ගࡣࢇ᫂ࡿ࠸㍤⥺⏤᮶ࡋࠊ࿘㎶ࡢᫍ ࡢ㐃⥆ගࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࡋ࡚ࠊᒅᢡ ᮃ㐲㙾ࡢⰍᕪࢆ࠶ࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀᑐࡋࠊ Vogel(1894)ࡣ FraunhoferὶⰍᾘࡋࣞࣥࢬࡢ 15ࣥࢳ (38cm) 㙾࡛ほ ࡋࡓࡢ࡛ᫍࡢ࿘ࡾ ࡢᫍ㞼ീࡣᮃ㐲㙾ࡢᕪࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ ᫍ㞼ㄝࢆᨭᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[47]ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢㄽத ⥆࠸࡚Hugginsኵጔࡣ 1894ᖺ1᭶࠶ࡽ ࡓ┿ᙳࢆ⾜࠸ࠊᫍീࢆ࿘㎶ࡢᫍẚ㍑ ࡋࠊ᪂ᫍࡢⅬ※ࢆᨭᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[48]ࠋࡇࡢ ௦ࡣⰍᕪ┿ឤᗘࡢၥ㢟ࡀධࡾΰࡌࡗ࡚ ᫍീࡢ⢭ᗘࡀࡁ࡞ㄽⅬࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
(b) Doppler ຠᯝ࣭ᫍᫍ㞼ࡢど⥺㏿ᗘࡢ ᐃ
ኳᩥᩍ⫱ ᖺ ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧 ࠕConcerning the coloured light of double
stars and of some other heavenly bodiesࠖ 㢟ࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓㅮ₇ࡀࡑࡢⓎ➃࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ ࡋࠊDoppler ࡢ௦ࡣග㏿ᗘࡀࡲࡔ▱ࡽࢀ ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ Dopplerࡣኚ⛣㔞ࢆ㐣ホ ౯ࡋࠊ㐃ᫍ⣔ࡢ㌶㐨㐠ືࡀኚ⛣ࢆᫎࡋ࡚Ⰽ ࢆኚ࠼ࡿ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋගࡢ㏿ᗘࡣࡑࡢᚋࠊ Armand H. Fizeau (1849) Jean B. L. Foucault (1862)ࡢ ᐃࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡼ࠺ࡸࡃ⣙ 30 ࣓࣮࢟ࣟࢺࣝ/⛊࠸࠺⌧௦್㏆࠸್ ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
Hugginsࡀᫍࡢど⥺㐠ື㛵ᚰࢆࡶࡘࡼ࠺ ࡞ࡗࡓ⏤᮶ࡣBelkoraࡼࡿḟࡢ࢚ࣆ ࢯ࣮ࢻࡀ࠶ࡿ[33]ࠋ18ୡ⣖Edmond Halley ࡀᫍࡢᅛ᭷㐠ືࢆⓎぢࡋࡓࡇࡽࠊHuggins ࡣᫍࡀኳ⌫ୖࢆᶓືࡃ࡞ࡽど⥺᪉ྥࡶ㐠 ືࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࠊࡑࢀࡣᫍࡢࢫ ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡢࡼ࠺⌧ࢃࢀࡿࡢࢆ▱ࡾࡓ ࠸ ᛮࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ࠋ ࡓ ࡲ ࡓ ࡲே ࡢ William MillerࡢົࡍࡿࣟࣥࢻࣥࡢKing’s College ࡣ ᙼ ࡢ ྠ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ㟁 ☢Ẽ Ꮫ ࡛▱ࡽ ࢀ ࡓ James Clerk Maxwell ࡢ࠸ࡿࡇࢆ▱ࡾࠊ Miller ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ Maxwell ▱ࡾྜ࠸࡞ࡗ ࡓࠋ1867ᖺ㡭࡛࠶ࡿࠋMaxwell ࡣ Huggins ࡢ㉁ၥᑐࡋࠊDoppler ຠᯝࡢ ᐃἲࢆᑀ ᩍ࠼࡚ࡃࢀࡓࠋHugginsࡣ᪩㏿ᆅ⌫ࡢබ㌿ 㐠ືࡼࡗ࡚ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ⥺ࡀࡢ⛬ᗘኚ⛣ࡍ ࡿィ⟬ࡋ࡚ࡳࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣᙼࡢศගჾ ࡗ࡚ ᐃᅔ㞴࡞ᚤᑡ㔞࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊࡑ ࢀ࡛ࡶHugginsࡣ࠶ࡁࡽࡵ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᫍࡢ୰ ࡣBesselࡢ㧗㏿ᗘᫍࡢᵝࡁ࡞ᅛ᭷㐠ື ࢆ♧ࡍᫍࡀ࠶ࡿࡽࠊど⥺㏿ᗘࡢࡁ࠸ᫍࡶ ࠶ࡿ㐪࠸࡞࠸⪃࠼࡚ࠊศගࡾฟࡍࡇ ࡋࡓࠋࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝศᩓࢆ࠶ࡆࡿࡓࡵࣉ ࣜࢬ࣒ࢆ㸯ಶቑࡸࡋࠊࡲࡓࠊ᫂ࡿ࠸ᫍࡣ㏆ഐ ᫍࡔࡽど⥺㏿ᗘࡶࡁ࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺⪃࠼࡚ ࢩࣜ࢘ࢫࢆ≺࠺ࡇࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵᙼࡢ ࡗࡓ᪉ἲࡣᫍࡢࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡢ୧ഃẚ㍑ࢫ ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡀ┤᥋↔Ⅼ㠃⌧ࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺ศග
ჾࢆᨵⰋࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㸦ࡇࡢ᪉ἲࡣ1920 ᖺ௦Hubbleࡼࡗ࡚┿ศග᥇⏝ࡉࢀࠊ ⣔ እ㖟 Ἑࡢど⥺ ㏿ ᗘ ࡢ ᐃ ጾຊ ࢆⓎ ࡋ ࡓࠋ㸧
ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ Huggins(1868)ࡣࢩࣜ࢘ࢫࡢ F (Hș) ⥺ࡢ⨨ࢆẚ㍑ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝẚ㍑ࡋࠊ ࡑࢀࡀ1.09ύࡔࡅ㛗Ἴ㛗ഃኚ⛣ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ ࢆㄆࡵࡓ[41]ࠋࡇࢀࡣᆅ⌫ࡢබ㌿㐠ືࢆ⿵ ṇࡍࡿ᪥ᚰど⥺㏿ᗘ+47.3 km s-1┦ᙜࡍ ࡿࠋࡇࡢ್ࡣ⌧ᅾࡢ8 km s-1 ẚ࡚ㄗᕪ ࡀࡁ࠸ࡀᙜࡢ║どほ ࡼࡿ ᐃ⢭ᗘ࡛ ࡣࡸࡴࢆ࠼࡞࠸⠊ᅖ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋHugginsࡣ⤖ ᯝ‶㊊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀㄽᩥࡢᮎᑿ ࡣ Maxwellᑐࡍࡿㅰ㎡ࡀࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ Hugginsࡣど⥺㏿ᗘ ᐃࡢࣃ࢜ࢽࡋ࡚ ࡁࡃホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊHugginsࢆᘬࡁ⥅ ࠸ࡔࡢࡣᚋ㏙ࡿVogel࡛࠶ࡿ㸦➨5⠇ཧ ↷㸧ࠋ
((c) WR ᫍࡢศගほ
Huggins (1890) ࡣᙜヰ㢟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ WRᫍࡘ࠸࡚ࡶศගほ ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋWR ᫍࡣࣃࣜኳᩥྎࡢWolfRayet (1866) ࡼࡗ࡚Ⓨぢࡉࢀࡓወጁ࡞㍤⥺࡛ᫍ࠶ࡿ[49]ࠋ Wolfࡽ2ேࡣࣃࣜኳᩥྎࡢ40cmᑕ㙾ࢽࣗ ࣮ࢺࣥ↔Ⅼྲྀࡾࡅࡓࣉࣜࢬ࣒ศගჾ࡛ࡣ ࡃࡕࡻ࠺ᗙࢆほ ୰ࠊྍどᇦࡽ⣸እᇦ ࡅ࡚ᖜᗈ࠸㢧ⴭ࡞㍤⥺ࣂࣥࢻࢆ♧ࡍ3ಶࡢ ᫍࢆⓎぢࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣ BDᫍ⾲࡛࠶ࡽࢃࡉࢀ ࡓḟࡢ3࡛ᫍ࠶ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊHD␒ྕࠊV➼⣭ࠊ ⌧⾜ࡢศගᆺࡶཧ⪃ࡲ࡛ῧ࠼࡚࠾ࡇ࠺㸸
1. BD+35o4001 HD191765 V = 8.8m WN6 2. BD+35o4013 HD191203 8.5m WC8 3. BD+36o3956 HD192641 8.2m WC7
ኳᩥᩍ⫱ ᖺ ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧 ࡔࡗࡓࡢࠊࡢࡼ࠺࡞ືᶵ࡛ࡣࡃࡕࡻ࠺ᗙ
ࡢᚤගᫍᮃ㐲㙾ࢆྥࡅࡓࡢࠊࡣࡗࡁࡾࡋ ࡞࠸ࡀ Wolf ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ 1868 ᖺ 8 ᭶ࡢⓙ᪤ ᪥㣗ࡢ㝿ࠊศගほ ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ࠸࠺グ㘓ࡀ࠶ ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ Rayetࡣࡑࡢᚋࠊࣃࣜࢆ㞳ࢀ࡚࣐ ࣝࢭࣘࡸ࣎ࣝࢻ࣮ࡢኳᩥྎ⛣ࡗࡓ࠸ࢃ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2ேࡶ WRᫍ࠸࠺ྡ๓ࢆṧࡋ ࡞ࡀࡽṔྐࡢ⯙ྎࡽ㞃ࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓே࡛࠶ ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢᫍࡣⓎぢ௨᮶ࠊほ ⪅ࡢ⯆ࢆᘬ ࡁ ࠊVogel(1874) ⥆ ࠸ ࡚ Huggins ኵ ጔ (1890) ࡶศගほ ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋVogel ࡼ ࡗ࡚ึࡵ࡚Ἴ㛗ࡀ ᐃࡉࢀࠊᫍ 12, 3ࡢ 㐪࠸ࡶࡣࡗࡁࡾࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ[50]ࠋ㍤⥺࠸ࡗ࡚ ࡶᖜࡀᗈ࠸ࡓࡵᙼࡽࡣ㍤⥺ࡢ㉥➃ࠊ⣸➃࡞ ࢆ ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋVogel, Hugginsࡽࡢࢫࢣࢵ ࢳࡼࡿᫍ1ࡣ 469 nm ㏆⦆ࡸ࡞ࣆ ࣮ࢡࢆࡶࡗ࡚466 ̽ 471 nm ࡲ࡛ᗈࡀࡿ㍤⥺ ࢆ♧ࡋࠊᫍ2㸪3ࡣ 465 nm ㏆ࣆ࣮ࢡࠊ 464 ̽ 466.5 nm ࡲ࡛ᗈࡀࡿ㍤⥺ࢆ♧ࡍࠋᫍ2 ࡣᫍ1ྠࡌἼ㛗ᇦᙅ࠸㍤⥺ࡶ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ୧⪅ࡶࢫࢣࢵࢳࡢἼ㛗ᖜࡀᑠࡉ࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣࡗ ࡁࡾࡋ࡞࠸ࡇࢁࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠊᫍ 1 ࡢ㍤⥺ࡣ HeII 468.6 nm, ᫍ2㸪3ࡢ㍤⥺ࡣ CIII, CIV ࡢࣈࣞࣥࢻ㸦465 nm㸧࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋHuggins ኵጔࡣᖜᗈ࠸㍤⥺ࡣఱࡽࡢศᏊࡼࡿࡢ࡛ ࡣ࡞࠸ᐃࡋ࡚ࠊⅣỈ⣲ศᏊ࡞ࡢྍ ⬟ᛶࢆ᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࢀࡶ࠺ࡲࡃ⾜࡞࠸ Ⴣ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⤖ᒁࠊࡇࡢ௦ࡣHuggins ኵጔࢆྵࡵ࡚ㄡࡶཎᏊࠊศᏊࡢ⤌ᡂྠᐃᡂ ࡋ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
WRᫍࡣHDࢱࣟࢢ࡛ࡣOa (CII 465 nm), Ob( HeII 468.6 nm), Oc (NII 4631-41)࡞᫂ ࡿ࠸㍤⥺ࡼࡗ࡚ศ㢮ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊከࡃࡢ ㍤⥺ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣྠᐃࡢࡲࡲ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀ ࡽࡢ㍤⥺ࡢ୰ࡣ⣸ഃ྾ᡂศࢆࡶࡘ P Cygᆺ㍯㒌ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᖜᗈ࠸㍤⥺ࡣ ᣑࡀࡗࡓᙇẼ࡛ᡂࡉࢀࡿࡇࡀ⌮ゎࡉ
ࢀࡿࡣ Beals (1929)ࡲ࡛ࡓ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ ࡞ࡗࡓ[51]ࠋ
WR ᫍࡣ㉁㔞ᫍࡢᚋᮇ࠶ࡿᫍࡋ ࡚ὀ┠ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊࡉࡽ 1950 ᖺ௦௨ᚋ࡛࠶ࡿࠋWolfRayetࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢ3 ᫍࡀࡣࡃࡕࡻ࠺ᗙࡢ ࠸ኳᇦᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ ࡽኳ࡛ࡣከᩘᏑᅾࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸᥎ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ㖟Ἑ⣔ෆࡢWRᫍࡣ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡶ 300 ᫍࡋ᳨ฟࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ2 ேࡢⓎ ぢࡣ㔜࡞ほ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
0DUJDUHWࡢฟ࠸ኳయ┿ศග 1875 ᖺ9 ᭶8 ᪥ࠊHugginsࡣࣝࣛࣥ ࢻࡢࢲࣈࣜࣥ㏆࠸ Monkstown ࡢᩍ ࡛Margaret Lindsey Murrayࡢ⤖፧ ࢆࡆࡓࠋࡁHugginsࡣ51ࠊMargaret 㸦1848 – 1912㸧ࡣ27࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
Margaret ࡣᑡ௦ࠊࡢ࡛ᫍᗙ ࡋࡳࠊᮃ㐲㙾࡛ኴ㝧Ⅼࢆほ ࡋࡓࡾࠊ ศගჾࢆࡋ࡚࣮࢙ࣛ࢘ࣥࣝ⥺ࢆほ ࡋࡓࡾࠊࡲࡓࠊ᪂⯆ࡢ┿ᙳ⯆ࢆᣢ ࡗࡓࡾࠊᙜࡋ࡚ࡣࡋ࠸⛉Ꮫᑡ࡛࠶ࡗ ࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊᙼࡣ᪥Ꮫ ࡢᩍ!ࢆࡋ࡞ࡀ
ࡽࠊ"⌮ࠊᏛࡢᐇ㦂ࢆ㔜#ࠊ࡞࡛ࡶࠊ
┿ᢏ⾡ࡢᨵⰋࡣࡁ࡞㛵ᚰࢆ$ࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ࡲࡓࠊኳᩥ࣐ࢳࣗࡋ࡚ࠊࣟࣥࢻࣥఫ ࡴWilliam Hugginsࡣᙼࡢ%ࢀࡢⓗ࡛࠶ࡗ ࡓࠋMargaretࡀHuggins᭱ึฟࡗࡓ
ࡢࡣࣟࣥࢻ࡛ࣥ&ࢀࡓ'()ࣟࣥࡢ*ࡔ
ኳᩥᩍ⫱ ᖺ ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧 ࡛ ࡼ ࡃࢲ ࣈ ࣜࣥ 5ᅾ ࡍ ࡿᶵ ࡀ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ
MargaretHugginsࡢ࡞ࢆྲྀࡾᣢࡗࡓࡢ ࡣHoward Grubb࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛⤖ ፧ࡣࣝࣛࣥࢻ࡛࠾ࡇ࡞ࢃࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ ࡓࠋ
Margaret ࡣ ࢱ ࣝ ࢫ ࣄ ࣝ ⛣ࡾ ఫ ࡴ ࡀ ࠊ Huggins6ࡣ ࠸๓7ᗈ࠸87ࢆᣢࡘࣞࣥ ࢞9ࡳࡢ:;ᬒ࡞<࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋMargaret ࡣ
ᣢࡕ๓ࡢ=⏬ࡸ>?ࠊ@A࡞ࡢB⬟࡛<ࡢ
ෆእࢆࡍࡗࡾCD࡞ఫEኚ࠼࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠋ ࡃ87ࡢ࣮࢞ࢹࢽࣥࢢFࡗ࡚ࠊே ࠕ࢚ࢹࣥࡢ7ࡢࡼ࠺ᚰᆅࡼ࠸7@ኚ࠼࡚ ࡳࡲࡋࡓࠖ࡞GࡁHࡗࡓࡾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࢱࣝࢫࣄࣝIࡕ╔ࡃMargaretࡣ᪩㏿ࠊ ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢJ㦂ࢆKࡋ࡚┿ᢏ⾡ࡢ&Ⓨ ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴࠋᐇࡣ Hugginsࡶ┿ほ ࡢ㔜せᛶ ࢆㄆLࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊึᮇࡢ 1863 ᖺࡶࢩࣜ࢘ ࢫᑐࡋ࡚ࢥࣟࢹM࢜ࣥNOࡼࡿศගほ ࢆヨࡳ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇࡢࡁࡣឤᗘࡀP ࡃࠊᮃ㐲㙾ࡢQືࠊẼRࡽSࡢຠᯝࡢࡓࡵ ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ⥺ࡣ᳨ฟ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࠋMargaret Tࡏࡽࢀࡓࡁ࡞T㢟ࡣUࣛࢳࣥNNO ࡢᑟධᫍࡢศග┿⏝࣓ࣛࡢᑠᆺ࡛ ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࡌࡵ࡚ኳయࡢ㛗V Wฟࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡗࡓࠋMargaret ࡣ᭷⬟࡞ほ XY࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡤࡾ࡛࡞ࡃࠊZࡢᢏ⾡ⓗ ぢゎࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛ࠊኵጔࡣࡁࡣᢏ⾡ ୖࡢၥ㢟࡛[ぢࡢᑐ❧ࢆぢࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ
Margaret ࡢඹྠ\ࡼࡗ࡚ࢱࣝࢫࣄࣝ
࡛ࡢศග┿ほ ࡣ]3ࡳࠊ^ᫍࡸࢥ࣓ ࢵࢺࡢศග_`ࡀa9ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ
ኵጔࡢศගほ ࡣ┦ኚࢃࡽࡎ^ᫍࡀయ࡛ ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢࡶኴ㝧ࢥࣟbࠊcᫍ㸦d ᫍࠊeᫍࠊfᫍࠊኳ⋤ᫍ㸧࡞ࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋg1881ᖺ20ᖺࡪࡾ⌧ࢃࢀࡓ᫂ࡿ ࠸hᫍ (1881b, Tebbutt’s comet) ᑐࡋࠊኵ ጔࡣศග┿ほ ࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊࣛ࢘ࣥ ࣮࢙ࣝ⥺ࢆక࠺㐃⥆ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡢୖCaII H⥺ࡼࡾ⣸ഃⅣ⣲㉳※ࡢ᫂ࡿ࠸3ᮏࡢࣂࣥ
ᅗ 0DUJDUHW+XJJLQV ࡢ⫝̸ീ>@ࠋࢱࣝࢫ ࣄࣝኳᩥྎ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ:LOOLDP+XJJLQV ᙳࠋ
ࢻࢆ᳨ฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Hugginsࡢㄽᩥࡣ⤖፧ᚋࡶiZྡ࡛Ⓨ⾲ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀከ ࡗ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊ1890 ᖺ㡭 ࡽ William and Lady Hugginsࡢ㐃ྡࡀከࡃ࡞ ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ Margaret ࡢ\jࡶࡁࡃホ౯ ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓ[52]ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊMargaret ࡢࡋ࠸ே࡛࠶ࡾࠊ19ୡ⣖ኳᩥᏛࡢkl ࡁࡃ$ࡋࡓAgnes Mary Clarke (➨1⠇ ཧ↷) ࡘ࠸୍࡚ゝmࢀ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ
ኳᩥᩍ⫱ ᖺ ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧 ìwx᥎yࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᛶࡀx
࡞ࡿࡢࡣCaroline Herschel ௨᮶ࡢእⓗ z࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᙜࠊ⋤❧ኳᩥ༠ࡢxࡣ{
ᛶ࡛|ࡵࡽࢀࠊᛶࡣㄡ࡛ࡶබ&ㅮ₇ฟ
}࡛ࡁࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋClarkeࡀ~K ືࡢࡓࡵㅮ₇ฟ}࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓ ࡢࡣኳᩥ༠ࡢgࡢィࡽ࠸࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
19ୡ⣖ᚋࡢᛶࡢⓗᆅࡣࡣ࡞ࡣࡔ P࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࠼ࡤࠊࢢࣜࢽࢪኳᩥྎ ࡛ ᐃ ࠊ ィ ⟬ \ ࡍ ࡿ x ࡣ computer ࡤࢀࠊ୰Ꮫ\⛬ᗘࡢP ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓ{ᛶࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ1880ᖺ௦ ࡢ୍ᮇࠊClarkeࡣᛶࡋ࡚ࡣጞࡵ࡚ࢢࣜ ࢽࢪࡵࡿࡼ࠺ࡵࡽࢀࡓࡇࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ 60 cmࡢLassellᮃ㐲㙾ࢆ⏤ࡗ࡚ ほ ࡋ࡚ࡼ࠸࠸࠺ຊⓗ࡞㠃ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ ᐇࡣᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵxࡲࡾࠊ
zࡣ computer v࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊ
Clarke ࡣࡋฟࢆࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋClarke ࡣ⏕ ᾭࢆⴭࡉࡉࡆࠊࡑࡢෆࡣ୍tྥࡅ࡞ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⢭ᐦࡘ᪂࡞グ㏙ࡣኳᩥ ⪅ࡗ࡚ࡶࡁ࡞ሗ※࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⪅ ࡢG ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ࠋ ࡑ ࡢࢆࢇ ࡛ Margaret Hugginsࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿ [32]ࠋ
ࠕᙼࡣኳᩥᏛࡢṌࡁࡃࡋࡓࡤ ࡾ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ༠ຊࢆࢁࡃ᥎ࡋࡓࠋ ᙼࡢ ⏕ ᾭ ࡣⰍ ㍤ ࡃࡤ ࡾ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ (golden, indeed !)ࠋࠖ
ࡇࡇ࡛ࡇࠊlady computerࡘ࠸࡚ ㏙࡚࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋ1890ᖺ௦๓ࢢࣜࢽࢪኳᩥ ྎ࡛ࡣ 2ேࡢ lady computerࡀ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ࡕࡽࡶ ࠸࢟¡࣮࣐࡛ࣜ࢘ࣥ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ୍ ேࡣ Alice Everett ࡛ࠊࢫࢺࣟࢢࣛ㒊¢ ࡛ࢫ࣐ࢵࣆࣥࢢ (Carte du Ciel) ࣉࣟࢢ ࣛ ࣒ ཧ£ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ࠋ ࡶ ࠺ ୍ ே ࡣ Annie Russell ࡛ࠊ࣊ࣜ࢜ࢢࣛ㒊¢¤ࡋ E.W. Maunderࢆᨭ࠼࡞ࡀࡽ┿࣊ࣜ࢜ࢢࣛࣉࣟ
ࢢ࣒ࣛཧ£ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛほ ࡢ ๓ࡢほ ࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ⋤ ❧ኳᩥ༠ሗ࿌ࢆHࡿ¥¦ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋᑓ¢ ࡋ࡚§ࡲࢀࡓ¨©ࡢࡼ࠺ぢ࠼ࡓࡀࠊ x࡛࠶ࡾࠊP࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ªศୖࡢ «‶ࡣ¬࠼ࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࠋAlice Everett ࡣ 1895 ᖺ 10 ᭶ ࣏ࢶࢲ࣒ኳᩥྎึࡢᛶ ࢫ ࢱ ࢵ ࡋ ࡚® 2ࡋ ࠊ ྠ ࡌ ᭶ Annie Russell ࡣ Maunder ⤖፧ࡋ࡚ࢢࣜࢽࢪ ␃ࡲࡿࠋࡇࡢ⤖፧ࡣ 2ேࡗ࡚ࡁ࡞ᡂ ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡀࠊኵጔࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ➨8⠇㸦G. Airy㸧࡛mࢀࡼ࠺ࠋ
ᜏᫍศගࢺࣛࢫࡢฟ∧ +XJJLQV ࡢᬌᖺ
HugginsMargaretࡢࠊ18ࣥࢳ㸦46cm㸧 㙾¯⨨௨᮶ࡢ^ᫍศගࡢᡂᯝࡣ 1899 ᖺ “An Atlas of Representative Stellar Spectra from Ȣ4670 to Ȣ3300 ύ”ࡢฟ°࡞ࡗ࡚ ⤖ᐇࡋࡓ[54]ࠋࡇࢀࡣ±²ⓗࡢ⨾ࡋ࠸A3 ³ࡢࢺࣛࢫ࡛ࠊࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ┿ࡶ´࡛᫂࠶ ࡿࠋMargaret ࡣ=ࡢB⬟ࢆKࡋࠊµ¶ࡢ ึࡵࢆ⨾ࡋ࠸·=࡛¸ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ¹
ºᏛᅗG»¼eᩥ½ࡢ㔜Gࡋ࡚ṧࡉ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࢺࣛࢫࡣᮏᩥ 8 ¶ 12 ¾ ࡢᅗ°ࡽ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡣࡌࡵࡢ2¶ࡣ ࢱࣝࢫࣄࣝኳᩥྎ&¯௨᮶ࡢ¿ࡋ࠸Ṕྐほ ⤖ᯝࡢᩥࡀࡲࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ ࡣHugginsኵጔࡢ㛗ᖺࢃࡓࡿࡢᛮ࠸ ࡀࡇࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⥆࠸࡚➨3¶ࡣศග┿ ࡢ᪉ἲࠊ➨4¶ࡣࢱࣝࢫࣄ࡛ࣝ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓศ ගჾࡢㄝ᫂ᙜ࡚ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ኳᩥᩍ⫱ ᖺ ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧 ᑐḟ➨ᙉᗘࢆቑࡋࠊྠ¤⥺ࡶÃࢆ
⌧ࡋ࡚㢧ⴭ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࠋࡲࡓࠊࣂ࣐࣮ࣝ྾ ⥺ࡀᫍࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⥺ᖜࡀ ࡃ㧗Ä⥺ࡲ࡛ L࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢࠊ୰Vࡢࡶࡢࠊᖜࡀᗈࡃᩘᮏ ࡛㔜࡞ࡾྜࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡶࡢࡢ3ÅÆศࡅࡽ ࢀࡿࡇࡶ♧ࡋࡓࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣ⣸እศගࡼࡗ ࡚ึࡵ࡚ྍ⬟࡞ࡗࡓศගgᛶ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᚋᖺ ࡢගᗘÆ⣭ࡢ³ࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋ
➨ 6 ¶࡛ࡣ๓¶ࡢÁㄽࢆÇࡲ࠼࡚⣙ 50 ᫍ ᑐࡍࡿศගศ㢮ࠊᏛ⤌ᡂ࠾ࡼࡧᫍࡢ ࡀㄽࡌࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋHugginsࡽࡣᙜึࡣᏛ ⤌ᡂࡢ㐪࠸ࡼࡗ࡚␗࡞ࡿࢆ♧ࡍ⪃࠼ ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡇࡢࢺࣛࢫ࡛ࡣࡣ Lane ࡢ ἲÈࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ[55]ࠋࡑࢀࡼࡿÄᐃᖖ ⓗ㔜ຊÉࢆ⥆ࡅࡿ࢞ࢫ⌫ࡣÉඹ⾲ 㠃 ᗘࢆቑ£ࡉࡏࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢቑ£ࡣᨺᑕࡼ ࡿ࢚ÊࣝË࣮ÌÍࡀÎÏࡋ࡚ࡃࡿࠊÐⓗ ᗘPq⛣⾜ࡍࡿࠋࡗ࡚ࠊᫍࡣⓑⰍᫍ ࡋ࡚Ñ⏕ࡋࠊኴ㝧ᆺࢆJ࡚࢜ࣞࣥࢪࡽ㉥ Ⰽᫍࡴࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣᙜࡢὶ ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓHelmholtzࡢÉㄽࡢ❧*❧ ࡘࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡼࡗ࡚ᫍ⾲㠃ࡢᏛ ⤌ᡂࡶኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࡇ ࡅ£࠼ࡿࠊṔྐⓗぢ࡚Helmholtzࡢ Éㄽ࠸ࢃࢀࡿࡢࡣHelmholtzࡢÒÓ࡛ࡣ ࡞࠸ࠋ᭱ึÒÓࡋࡓࡢࡣࢫࢥࢵࢺࣛࣥࢻࡢ "⌮Ꮫ⪅ J. J. Waterston (1811 – 1883) ࡛ ࠶ࡗࡓࠋᙼࡣ 1845 ᖺኴ㝧ࡢÉㄝࢆ ࡲࡵ࡚Royal Society of LondonÔÕࡋ ࡓࡀࠊࡇࡢㄽᩥࡣ㛗࠸VÖ×ࡉࢀࡎࠊᚋ࡞ ࡗ࡚ྠ༠ࡢ࣮ࣈ_`ࡢ୰ࡽⓎぢࡉ ࢀࡓ࠸࠺JØࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊWaterston ࡣÙࣥࢻࡢÚÛᢏ!ࡋ࡚ࣥࢻ® 2ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ1853ᖺࣟࣥࢻ࡛ࣥ&ࢀࡓ
බ&ㅮᗙ࡛ศࡢࢹࢆklࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Herman L. F. von Helmnoltz(1821 – 1894) ࡣࢻࢶ࡛⏕⌮ᏛࡸゎÜᏛࡢᩍÝ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀ ⏕⌮Ꮫࡢ❧*ࡽ1847ᖺ࢚ÊࣝË࣮ಖᏑ
ᅗ ศගࢺࣛࢫࡢ⾲⣬>@
ࡢἲÈࢆÒÓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡲࡓࡲWaterston ࡢㅮ₇ࢆÞ࠸ࡓᙼࡣ 1854 ᖺࡢ୍tㅮ₇ ࡛ኴ㝧ࡢÉㄝࢆklࡋࠊኴ㝧ࡀᆅ⌫㌶ 㐨)ࢬࡽ⌧ᅾࡢ)ࢬࡲ࡛Éࡍࡿࡢ 2500ᖺせࡋࡓ㏙ࡓࡇࡽࠊࡇࡢㄝࡀ HelmholtzࡢÉㄽࡋ࡚ὶßࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ ࡗࡓ࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ヰࡣᑡࡋà⥺ࡋࡓࡀࠊࢺࣛࢫࡢ➨7¶ࡣ ࢱࣝࢫࣄ࡛ࣝᙳࡉࢀࡓ±࠸ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝNO グ㘓ᙜ࡚ࡽࢀࠊ➨8¶ࡣgá࡞ᫍࠊࢺࣛ ࣌ࢪ࣒ࣗ࢘ᫍࠊ P Cyg, șLyr, Nova࡞ࡢ ࠊ࢜ࣜ࢜ࣥᫍ㞼ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ¿ࡋ࠸ࢫ࣌ࢡ ࢺࣝࡢㄝ᫂ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࡇࡢࢺࣛࢫࡣ Hugginsኵጔࡢ⏕ᾭࡢKືࢆ⾲ࡍグᛕⓗⴭ ࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ኳᩥᩍ⫱ ᖺ ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧 ᅗ ศගࢺࣛࢫࡢ>@
࠾ࡅࡿẼäࡢኚື࠶ࡗࡓࠋHugginsࡀࢱࣝ ࢫࣄࣝఫࡳጞࡵࡓ1850ᖺ௦ࡽ1870ᖺ௦ ࡢࣟࣥࢻࣥࡣࠊÎÏ;ࡀåすࡢ;࡛ࣟࣥࢻࣥ æෆࡢẼçࡢᙳèࡶᑡ࡞ࡃࠊほ éêࡶⰋ ë࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊ1880ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡣÎÏ; ࡀḟ➨ìすࡽìྥࡁኚࢃࡾࠊẼçࡢ
ᙳèࢆ┤᥋íࡅࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠊኵጔࡣ
ࢺࣛࢫࡢ୰࡛㏙îࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
1899ᖺࢺࣛࢫࢆฟ°ࡋ࡚௨᮶ࠊࢱࣝࢫ ࣄ࡛ࣝࡣኳᩥྎෆࡢᐇ㦂ᐊ࡛ࡢཎᏊࢫ࣌ࢡࢺ ࣝ⥺ࡢྠᐃࡸࠊ┦ᑐᙉᗘࡢ ᐃ࡞ᐊෆ࡛ࡢ ࡀయ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ1900ᖺ௦࡞ࡗ࡚ ࡶ Huggins ࡣïᖺࡢࡼ࠺ MNRAS rྎ
㛗ሗ࿌ࢆᥖ㍕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࢇࡣᑠࡉ࡞ グ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ࡞࡛⯆ࢆᘬࡃࡢࡣ1903 ࡽ 1907 ᖺࡅ࡚⾜ࡗࡓࣛࢪ࣒ࣗ࢘ࡢࢫ
࣌ࢡࢺࣝゎð࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࠊ1898ᖺࡢ࢟
࣮ࣗࣜኵጔࡼࡿࣛࢪ࣒ࣗ࢘Ⓨぢኵጔࡢࣟ ࣥࢻࣥñၥ (1903)ࡀࡁࡗࡅ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ ࢁ࠺ࠋࡋࡋࠊò࠸ྎ㛗ሗ࿌࡛ࡣࣛࢪ࣒࢘ゎ ðࡢෆࡲ࡛ࡣmࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋóᖺࡢᖺG
ኳᩥᩍ⫱ ᖺ ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧 ࢫ ࣄ ࣝ íࡉ ࢀ ࡓ グࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ ࡑ ࢀ ࡣ
Margaret ࡢࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡣゝ࠺ࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞ ࠸ࠋ
ࢣࣥࣈࣜࢵࢪ⨨ࢀࡓu¯ഛࡣࣁËࣥࢫ ࢻ࣮࣒ࡋ࡚㛗ࡃಖᏑࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ1950 ᖺ௦࡞ࡗ࡚÷ᆅࡀY ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ⌮⏤࡛ ゎయࡉࢀࠊࢫࢡࣛࢵࣉࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠋࡑ ࡢ࠺ࡕศගჾ࡞ࡣࢣࣥࣈࣜࢵࢪᏛ¤ࡢ
ࢵࣉࣝø"»ಖᏑࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿù࠸ࡓ
ࡢ࡛ࠊࣟࣥࢻࣥú⾜ࡋࡓᢡø"»ၥ࠸
ྜࢃࡏ࡚ぢࡓࡀࠊHuggins㛵ûࡢᶵჾࡣ⌧ᅾ ࡞ࡶಖᏑࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸࠸࠺ü࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ýḟᅇࡣࠊSecchi(1818-1878)ࡢ࠾ヰࡽጞࡲ ࡾࡲࡍࠋ࠾(ࡋࡳþ
ᩥ ⊩
[32](ᥖ) McKenner-Lawlor, Susan M. P. 2003, Whatever Shines Should Be Observed, Kluver Academic Publisher, Chapter 5. Margaret Lindsay Huggins (1848 – 1915), Pioneering Astrophysicist. 㸦ࣁËࣥࢫኵேࡢఏグ㸧
[33](ᥖ) Belkora, Leila 2003, Minding the Heavens – The Story of our Discovery of the Milky Way, Institute of Physics Publishing, Chapter 6. William Huggins: Pioneer of the New Astronomy, p. 165 - 205 㸦࣒࣭࢘ࣜࣁËࣥࢫࡢఏグ㸧
[41] (ᥖ) Huggins, W. 1868, Phil. Trans. R. S. London, 1158, 529 – 564, Further observations on the spectra of some of the stars and nebulae, with an attempt to determine there from whether these bodies are moving towards or from the Earth. (ᩥ [2], p.402ཧ↷)
[43] Huggins, W. 1866, MNRAS, 26, 275 –277, On a New Star. 㸦ึࡢ᪂ᫍศගࡢሗ࿌ࠊ ᅗ9ࡢࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡣྠr p.297㸧
[44] Huggins, W. & Mrs. Huggins 1892, AN, 129, 107, Über den neuen Stern in Auriga; Huggins, W. 1892, AN, 1132, 143, Note on the spectrum of Nova Aurigae.
[45] Newall, H. F. 1892, Nature, 446, 489, The Nova Aurigae.
[46] Roberts, I. 1893, MN, 553, 123 – 124, Nova Aurigae.
[47] Vogel , H. C. 1894, AN 1134, 93 – 96, Ueber die Bemerkungen des Herrn Belopolsky in Nr. 3184 der AN, betreffend den neuen Stern in Fuhrmann.
[48] Huggins, W. 1894, AN, 1134, 309, On the visual appearance of Nova (T) Aurigae. [49] Wolf, C. & Rayet, G. 1866, Comptes Rendus, 665, 292 – 296, Spectroscopie stellaire. [50] Vogel , H. C. 1874, AN 884, 113 – 124, Spectralanalische Mitteilungen. (WRᫍศග)
[51] Beals, C. S. 1929, MNRAS, 990, 202 –
212, On the nature of Wolf-Rayet emission. [52] Whiting, Sara F. 1915, ApJ, 442, 1 – 3, Lady Huggins (㎡)
[53] Clarke, Agnes M. 1902, A Popular History of Astronomy during the Ninteenth Century, Sattre Press; ྠ 1903, Problems in Astrophysics, Adam and C. Black.
[54] Huggins, W. and Huggins, M. L. 1899, An Atlas of Representative Stellar Spectra, from Ȣ4870 to Ȣ3300, William Wesley and Son.
[55] Lane, J. H., 1869, Amer. J. Sci, 2nd Ser. 50, 57 – 74.㸦Éࡼࡿ^ᫍ㸧
[56] Huggins, W. 1910, MNRAS, 770, 331, Report of his Observatory.
ᑠᬽᬛ୍㸦ඖி㒔Ꮫ㸧
