NI CATI ONSERVI CES - イスラム問題の現状と今後の展開に関する研究

基盤 (A) IT等の科学技術の視点を踏まえたイスラム問題の現状と今後の展開に関する研究

･ExportofallE&Eproductsincreasedby5･1%･

･Therewere193newE&Einvestmentapplicationsapprovedbythegovernment

,

inwhichforelgn‑ownedprojectsaccountedfor66･8%･

ForelgninvestmentsinMalaysla^, inparticularJapaneseandAmerican investments

,

haveplayedasignificantroleinstimulatingICTproductioninMalaysla sincethe1970S.Intel'sfirstinvestmentoutsidetheUSwasinMalaysiain1971

,

whileoneoftheMatsushita'searliestinvestmentsoutsideJapanwasinMalaysla in1972.EvenaftertheimplosionoftheITbubble,JapaneseandAmericaninvestors havecontinuedtofocusontheICTsector.DatainTable3indicatethatin2002 morethan60% oftheJapaneseinvestmentand70% oftheAmericaninvestment inMalayslaareintheICT‑relatedindustries.

Table3:TheJapaneseandAmericaninvestmentfocusinMalaysia,2002 USA E&E Chemicals BeverafPS Oth

ers RM894m(70.9%) RM178m(14.1%) RM98m(7.8%) M 91

m(7.2%)

Japan E&E SMacienchtiineficr&y Trans

port Others RM459m(63.8%) RM112m(15.5%) M 51m(7.1%) RM98m(13.6%

)

(S3urCeBa:MIsDA)edontheavailabledata,asshowninTable1and2,iti

squiteclearthat theeconomictransfわrmationandthechangeinthestructu

reofexportshave significantlycontributedtotheMalaysianfTseconomicgrowthinthe

lastthidyyears. Inthistransformationtheusageofresourcesshiftedfrom lowva

lueaddedeconomic activities(agricultureandprimecommodities)tomanufacturingac

tivitiesthathave relativelyhighvalueadded.Asaresult,inthe1970sand1980s

theaverageannual growthwas6.9%,strongerthanthepreviousdecade.Inthe

firsthalfofthe 1990

S

,economicgrowthacceleratedfurther,growlngannual

lyby9.4% before slowlnginthesecondhalftoanaverageof5.5% perannu

m duetotheAsian cu汀enCyCrisisin1997.Withthesegrowthrates,theeconomyh

asdoubledroughly every9to12years,inwhichtheICTproduclngindustrieshavepl

ayedaslgnificant roleincontributingto

thisachievement.

3. TELECOn 4 MU

MohdGazaliAbas ICTandtheMalayslanEconomy

oftelegraphlinesincludingasubmarinecablelinkingtheislandofPenangwithPerak.

Thecountry'sfirsttelephoneexchangewasinstalledinKualaLumpurin1891.In 1960

,

Malaysiahadatelephonedensityoflessthanoneper100inhabitants

,

witha totalof50,000lines.Forty yearslater,therewereoverfourmillionfixedtelephone subscribersandadensityof20.

Forquickreference,Someoftheimportantmilestonesinthedevelopmentof Malaysia'stelecomm unicationservices丘om 1874tothepresentarehighlightedbelow:

･1874‑ Malaysia'sfirsttelephonewasinstalledattheBritishResident'sofrlCe innorthem state

,

Perak.(MalaysiawasaBritishcolonyuntil1957).

･1946IEstablishmentoftheTelecommunicationsDepartment.

･1985‑ Launchingofthe丘rstcellularmobilenetwork(the丘rstamongtheSouth EastAsiacountries).

･1987‑ Privatizationoftelecomm unicationsservice(Telecom MalaysiaBerhad

,

thefirstamongtheSouthEastAsiacountries).

･1988‑¶le^fⁱrstIntemetServiceProvider(ISP)inMalaysiawasfounded(MIMOS).

･1989‑IJaunChingofthesecondtelephoneoperator(CELCOM,21%foreignown ed).

･1992I CreationofthesecondISP.

･1993I Thethirdtelephoneoperatorwascreated(Maxis

,

46% foreignown ed).

･1994‑ Form ationofthefourthtelephoneoperator(DIGI,33% fToreignown ed).

･1994‑Establishme山 oftheNationalITCouncil,toadvisethegovemmenton ICT‑relatedpolicyinitiatives.

･1995‑ Thefifthoperatorwaslicensed(TIME).

･1996‑NationalITAgenda(policy丘ameworkforICTdevelopment)waslaunched.

･1996‑ MultimediaSuperCorridorwasinitiated(topromotetheworldclass ICThardwareandsoRwareresearchandproduction,ICTrelatedseⅣicesandusage).

･1997‑ EnactmentsofDigitalSignatureAct;ComputerCrimesAct;and TelemedicineAct.

･1998I TheestablishmentoftheMinistryofMultimediaandCommunications.

･1998‑ Com unicationandMultimediaAct(CMA)wasenacted(toaddressthe convergenceOHCTbybdnglngbroadcasting,telecom unications,computernetworks andco仙entprovidersunderonelaw ThethreeunderplnnlngOftheCMAarethatit ispro‑competition,technologlCallyneutral,anditaimstoachieveuniversalseⅣice･

･1998‑ TheMalaysianCommunicationsandMultimediaCom ission(MCMC) wasestablishedasanewregulator.

･2000‑Num berofmobilesubscritxrssulPaSSedthenum berof丘Ⅹedtelephoneusers.

基盤 (A) IT等の科学技術の視点を踏まえたイスラム問題の現状と今後の展開に関する研究

･2000(March)‑ Broadbandtelecommunication

,

AsynchronousDigital SubscriberLine(ADSL)

,

waslaunched.

･2000‑ WirelessAccessProtocol(WAP)andGeneralPacketRadioSeⅣice (G良PS)wereintroduced.

･2001‑ ShortMessagingSeⅣice(SMS)waslaunched･

･2002‑ Thethirdgeneration(3G)networkfacilitiesproviderswereselected (basedonthebeautycontestprinciple).

･2003‑ Roll10utOf3Gnetworks.

TheprlVatizationoftelecommunicationservicesandtheopeningof telecommunicationmarketforgreatercompetitionarethetwonotablefactors responsiblefわrbringlngthissectortoitspresentlevelofdevelopment･Theprogress inthetelecommunication‑relatedseⅣiceshascontributedtotheeconomylnVarious forms.Asthetelecommunication‑relatedbusinessesgrewrapidly,theyhavedirectly contributedtojobscreationintheeconomyandtheyhelpedindirectlyimprove thestandardoflivingthrough provisionofbetterserviceandinfiastructurecoverage

,

whichlikelywouldnotbeasrobustiftheyhadremainedinthegovem ent'sdomain･

TenyearsafterprlVatization

,

Telekom MalaysiaBerhadisnomoreconfinedits operationtolocalmarket.

I

towns100percentsubsidiariesinSriLanka

,

Mauritius

,

Ghana

,

Cambodia

,

SouthAfTrica

,

HongKong

,

UnitedKingdom andUSA,andalso hasmajorityshareinsubsidiariesinMalawi

,

Guinea,andBangladesh･In2002

,

one‑thirdofitsprofitswerederivedfrom overseasinvestment.

Thegovernmentdecisiontoopenupthissectortocompetitionandfbrelgn investmenthasfurtherhastenedthedevelopmentofthissector.Morecoverage andaffordableprlCeWeremadepossibleinashorterspanoftimeasthe telecommunicationcompaniestrytocompeteformarketshare･Inthesixyears from 1995to2001,thenumberofInternetusersincreasedby217times,Internet subscribersincreasedby111times,andthePCsinstalledincreasedfivefold.By early2000,thenumberofmobiletelephonesubscriberssurpassedthenumberof fixedtelephoneusers. Thesearethenotableexamplesorpositivenetwork externalities(whenmorepeopleusenetwork

,

itwillbevaluedmorebythe prospectiveusers)whichwereenabledbythedevelopmentofthetelecommunication infrastructureandservices.ThistremendousgrowthinthenumberofPCsand thelnternetuserssuggeststhatmorepeopleandbusinesseshaveappreciatedthe usageofcomputersandrelatednetworks.

I

tisestimatedthattheICTpenetration rateshavereachedthefbllowlnglevelby

J

une2004:

･20fixedtelephonelinesper100inhabitants.

MohdGazaliAbas ICTandtheMalayslanEconomy

･45mobiletelephonesubscribersper100inhabitants.

･20internetsubscribersper100inhabitants.

･45internetusersper100inhabitants.

Thoseareamongthemostimportantoutcomesfrom theimprovementin telecommunicationinfrastructureandservices. Table4Showssomebasic comparativedataonInternetusersandfixedtelephonesubscribersforMalaysla^, ASEAN

,

ASEAN+5economies(namelyJapan

,

China

,

Korea

,

HongKongandTaiwan) vis‑a‑vistheworld.ItindicatesthatMalayslaisabovetheworldaverage,where MalaysiahasO･38% oftheworldpopulation

,

buthasahighershareoftheworld Internetusers(0.95%)andoftheworldfixedtelephonelinessubscribers(0.49%). WhereastheASEAN grouphas9.12% oftheworl●dpopulationbutamuchlower shareoftheworldInternetusers(3.10%).TheASEAN+5mationscollectivelyhave 33.3% oftheworldpopulation

,

butonlycontain27% oftheworldlnternet subscribers.WewillhavemorecomparisononICTusageinsection4.

Table4:Theworld

,

Malaysla,ASEAN+5,somebasiccomparisons,2000 World Malaysla ASEAN ASEA

N+5 伊ercentagpofthewo

rld) LandArea 148.6mi11ionsquarekm 0.02 3

,03 9.76 Population 6,000mi11ion 0.3

8 9.12 33.33 NumberofhtemetUsers 600million

0.95 3.10 27.00 Fixedtelephone 936mi

llion 0.49 2.54 27.78 GDPPPP 49,00

0billionUSD 0.43 4.19 26.17 (Source:Author'ScomputationbasedondatakomTheWorldFactBook2001,andvariouscountrie

s'report a

ndo

fBcialwebsites)

4. I

Dur

CTUSAGE

lngthe1990stherewasanenormousi

ncreaseininvestmentinICTby businessesinMalayslaintendedtoenhancetheirco

mpetitivenessandproductivity.

DatainTable5ShowthattheICTinvestmentsincrea

sedmorethanfourfoldbetween 1990and2002

,

withtheservice(bankingand

financeinparticular)andthe manufacturingsectorsplaylngamajorroleinICT

investmentduringthatperiod.

Highlevelsofinvestmentsbybankingandfinancia

lservicescompaniesduringthe 1990Swasduetothecontinuousefforttoupg

radethecomputernetworkingas wellastopreparefわrlaunchinginternetbankings

ervices.Partoftheinvestment wasalsoduetotheefforttoaddressthe'Y2Kpro

blem'.ThedatainTable5also suggestthattheothersegmentsofseⅣicesectorw

erealsoincreaslnglyinvesting incomputerutilizationinth

基盤 (A) IT等の科学技術の視点を踏まえたイスラム問題の現状と今後の展開に関する研究

Table5:ICTUsageinMalaysiabySector:Between1990and2002 Year 1990 1995 2000 2001

2002 TotalRM Million 1,300 3,800 5,910 6,

510 7,151 ICTinvestment

tysector(%) Servicesector 7

6 75 77 75 75

BankingandFina

nce 39 27 24 26 26

Distribution

*

8 ll 12 12 Telecorrmunications

* *

8 9 9

Utilities 3

7 4 4 4

EducationandResearch

4 3 4 4 4

ProfessionalITServices

*

4 4 4

Transportation

*

3 3 3 3

HealthCare

辛 *

1 1 1

GoVem en

t 12 10 9 12 12

Other

s 18 14 9

Manufacturingsector 6 13 13

14 14 OilandGassedor 18 10 5 5 5 HoTT!eSeCtOr

*

2 5 6 6 Tota1% 100 100 100 100 1

00 Note:Datarefertothepurchaseofcomputerhardwareandso

Rware.Boxesmarkedwith*indicatethe dataarelumpedtog:therin'others'cat喝)rybythesourc

ea夢nCy.

(Source:Author'Scomputationbasedonthebasicdata&omtheAssociationofComput

erIndustry Malaysia,PIKOM andtheEconomicPlanningUnitofthePrimeMiniste

r'sDepartment,Malaysia.) ForthemanufacturlngSector,theinvestmentinICTequlP

mentWasdrivenby theneedtoincreaseefficiencyintheirbusinessproces

ses.Thissectorconstituted one‑thirdofGDPandmorethan80% ofexportsdurlngthe

1990S.Therefわre

,

effortstoimproveproductivityinthissectorwereessentialno

tonlyforthesector butalsofortheoverallMalaysianeconomy.TheNationalPro

ductivityCorporation (NPC)hasconductedayearlysuⅣeysincethemid‑1990stod

eterminetheintensity ofICTutilizationinthemanufacturingsector.Morethan

80% oftherespondents indicatedthattheyusedICT fわradministrativeactivitie

s(suchasfわrpayrol

l ,

accountingandfinance,personnelandtransactionproces

sing)in 1997,afigure whichincreasedto90% by1999(Table6).Forprimaryb

usinessactivities(such asmachining,production,qualitycontrolandpackaging)

morethanhalfofthe respondentsindicatedthattheyusedICT.Asimilartrendwasals

oidentifiedfor thesupportingactivities(suchasprocessplanning,productdes

ign,staffscheduling^, materialplanningandinv

i:I

MohdGazaliAbas ICTandtheMalayslanEconomy

Table6:ExtentofICTUsagebytheManufacturingSectorforAdministrativeActivities AdministmtiveActivities(%)

Sut>sector 1997 1999 2 001 FoodandBevera夢S 84

93 91 WoodandWoodproducts

93 96 92 MachineryandEquipm

ent 95 98 92

RubberandRubberP

roducts 86 92 92

TransportEquipment ‑ 96 FabricatedMetal ‑ ‑ 94 TextilesandApparel 89 91 94 ChemicalandChemicalProducts 90 95

94 Non‑Metal1icProducts 93 97

100 ElectricalandElec

tronics 90 96 94

Pl(SoasutriccPre:Daodtucabtsasedonthe 81 92 98

surveybyTheNationalProductivityCorporation.) Table7:ExtentofICTUsagebytheManufacturi

ngSector forPrimaryand

SupportiveActivities

Primary(%) Sup

portive(%) Sub‑sector 1997 1999

2001 1997 1999 2001 FoodandBevera

gps 57 56 61 52 63 66

WoodandWood

Products 57 62 47 43 62 66 MachineryandEquipment 57 67 52 80 83

74 RubberandRubberProducts

51 53 72 62 52 73

TransportEqu

ipment ^‑ ‑ 80 ^‑ ^‑ 83

FabricatedMetaト ‑

‑ 65 ^‑ ^‑ 79

TextilesandApparel

64 52 67 77 68 80 ChemicalandChemicalProducts 52 68 55 63 75 71 Non‑ElectriCMealatandElllicPreoducctronitscs 5722 7084 5877 587 75 82 8 89 80 PlasticProducts 61 72 86 62 73 87 (Source:Thedataarebased

onthesurveybyTheNationalProductivityCorporation.) TheseⅣicesectoris

thelargestsectoroftheMalayslaneconomyandcomposes abouthalfofM alaysia'sGD

P.Effortstoimproveproductivityinthissectorare alsocrucialtotheMalaysian

economy.ThoughthereisnosimilarsuⅣeytoindicate theextentofICT usageintheservicesector,judgingfrom the

基盤 (A) IT等の科学技術の視点を踏まえたイスラム問題の現状と今後の展開に関する研究

TheMalayslangovernmenthasrecognizedtheneedtostimulatetheeconomy throughe‑commerceactivitiesandbetterICTusage･ItcreatedtheNationalICT Council(NITC)in1994,tofunctionasthehighestconsultativebodyresponsible forcoordinatinge‑CommercerelatedpolicyinitiativesandtoglVeadviceonICT strategy.TheNITC isheadedbythePrimeMinisterandmemberscomefrom boththepublicandprlVateSectors.Thebiggestinitiativeorthiscouncilisinthe formationofthe'MultimediaSuperCorridor'(MSC)projectin1996.Theaim of thisprojectistoencouragelocalandmultinationalICTcompaniestoestablish operationsinadedicatedareasituatedsouthofKualaLumpur

,

15kilometerswide and50kilometerslong.Paralleltothishasbeenthedevelopmentofthetwo 'intelligent'citiesofPutrajayaandCyberjayaandsevenspecialprojects,known as'MultimediaDevelopmentFlagshipApplications'.Theseflagshipapplications include'ElectronicGovemment

'

,'MultipurposeCard','SmartSchools','Telehealth', 'R&D Clusters'

,

'E‑Business'and'TechnopreneurDevelopment'.

AlloftheseeffortsbythegovernmentandprlVateSectorhavehelpedMalaysia achievearelativelyhighlevelOHCTusagecomparedtomanyotherdeveloplng countries,asindicatedbythèe‑readinessindices'developedbytheEconomist IntelligenceUnit(EIU)andtheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU). The ITU,initsfirstinternationalcomparativeassessmentofthedigitalaccessor'e‑ readiness

'

,recognlZeSthattheMSCinitiativeshavehelpedMalayslareachedthe highest2002DigitalAccessIndexamongthedeveloplngcountriesinAsia.E‑

readinessisaconceptthatsuggestsahigherlevelofreadinessinICTusagewhich willprovidebetteropportunitiesforaneconomytofurtherinnovateandbenefit from thetechnology.TheEIU'scriteriafore‑readinessincludes:

･Connectivityandtechnologyinfrastructure(accesstotelephones,PCsand internet,theaffordabilityandthereliabilityofservice)

･Businessenvironment(economicstrength,opennesstotrade,politicalstability, taxation,competitionpolicy)

･Consumersandbusinessadoption(e‑businesspractices,e‑paymentsystem

,

andventurecapitalfわre‑businessstart‑ups)

･Legalandpolicyenvironment(onlinesecurity,i山ellectualpropertyprotection, censorshippractice,ande‑governmentforfacilitatingbusinesses)

･Socialandculturalinfrastructure(education,elliterate,andbilingualcapability)

･Supportinge‑seⅣice(accessatreasonablepricetoITconsulting,technical support,back‑officesolutionsande‑marketers)

MohdGazaliAbas ICTandtheMalayslanEconomy

TocomparethelevelofICTusageinMalayslaWithothercountries,theauthor conductedasimpleregressionanalysisbetweentheEIU e‑readinessindexandthe Intemetpenetrationratesforelevencountries.Thisregressionanalysisone‑readiness andInternetpenetrationratessuggeststhata10percentincreaseinthepenetration rate(i.e.fToreveryincreaseoflOOusersper1000inhabitants)willinduceanimprovement ine‑readinessscoreby1.Thisvariablealonewasabletoexplain97percentofthe varianceine‑readiness,thoughthereweremanymoreindicatorsusedindeveloping theindex･Therefわre,thelnternetpenetrationratecanbeusedasaroughestimation forcomparingthelevelofICTusageamongcountriesorwithinthecounty.刀leresults ofthiscomparativeassessmentarevisualizedinFigure1.HerethedatafわrsixASEAN countriesand丘veEasトAsianeconomies(China,Japan

,

HongKong

,

SouthKoreaand Taiwan)arecompared.Malaysiaisshown inthemiddlewithVietnam intheleftend andHongKongintherightendofthecuⅣe.

Apparentlythereareothervarious̀e‑readiness'assessmenttoolsthathavebeen developedbyotherorganizationssuchasAPEC

,

UNDP,theWorldBan

k

,andtheWorld EconomicFomm,etc.Intheirmeasurementandcomparisonofe‑readiness

,

Malaysla isalsorankedinthemiddleanduppermiddleofthescoreandposition,andthose assessmentsindirectlyreflectsomerelativeprogressinICTutilizationinMalaysla.

Figure1:E‑readinessScoreandlnternetPenetrationRate

‑CorrelationandLinearRegressionAnaly

T h a

ⁱ

^l h i

^ロ_E_n_d_.n_e_s_i_a

与 Vietnam T 200

T ‑一一ー ‑r‑

400 600

lnternetUsersper1000Inhabitants

(Source:Author'scomputationsbasedone‑readinessscoreprovidedbytheEIUandthe InternetpenetrationratesfromITUtoconstructthisregressionanalysis･)

基盤 (A) IT等の科学技術の視点を踏まえたイスラム問題の現状と今後の展開に関する研究

Withtheincreaslngtrendofcomputerutilizationamongtheeconomicsectors inMalaysla,itisimportanttofindoutwhetherthisinvestmentincomputerization hasresultedinincreasedproductivity.Iftheoppositeistrue

,

wheredespitethe ubiquityofcomputerstheproductlVltydidnotchangeverymuchorworsestill wasdecliningthenwecouldsaythatMalaysiahasalsofallenunderthetrapof theproductivityparadox.Insolicitinganswerstothequestion,thisauthorhas conductedanalysesuslngamixedorthefbllowlngapproaches:

･Comparinglaborproductivity betweenICTandnon‑ICTmanufacturingsector;

･ComparlngthevalueaddedamongtheseⅣicesub‑sectors;

･ComparlngProductivityofthetotaleconomybyuslngSolowISwangrowth accountingframework;and

･Comparlngtheproductionfunctionsforthetotaleconomyovertwodifferent periodsbyuslngregressionanalysュs.

ThefindingsarepublishedintheGITS/GITI2003/2004ResearchBulletinof WasedaUniversity.ItisobservedthatanincreasedtrendofICTusageinthe Malaysianeconomyhas,tocertainextent,contributedtoimprovementsinproductivity duringmostofthe1990S.However,themagnitudeoftheeconomicimpactmight notbeaslargeasinthosecountries/economiesthataremoreadvancedinthe applicationoHCT･Hence,thereisstillmuchmoreroom fわranimprovementin ICTusage,inparticularintermsofnetworkdiffusionandeffectiveICTapplication inallsectorsoftheeconomy.

5. CONCLUSI ON

ICTproduclngindustriesareexpectedtocontinuecontributingtoMalaysia'S economicgrowthdespitethehiccupbroughtonbytheimplosionoftheITbubble.

WhiletheseindustriesremainimportantforMalaysla^, effortstoimproveICT utilizationbybusinessesareequallyessentialindeveloplngMalaysia'sfutureeconomic growthpotentialsthroughproductivitygalnS.Tomovefわrward

,

Malayslaneeds tofurtherdiversifythesourceofeconomicgrowthand

,

ifitisbasedonthe developmentpattem ofthedevelopedcountries,theMalayslaneconomyhastofurther transform from relianceonthemanufacturingsectortoamoreserviceorientated economy.ApossibleoptionistoencouragetheeffectiveuseofICTamongbusinesses andtopromotinge‑commerce.

ドキュメント内イスラム問題の現状と今後の展開に関する研究 (ページ 166-175)