Conceptually,theICTsectorhastwointerrelatedcomponents,Oneofwhich istheproductionofICT‑relatedgoodsandservices,alsoknownasICT‑Produclng industries.TheothercomponentistheusageOHCTintheothervariouseconomic sectorstoenhanceefrlCiencyandproductivity.ICTproductionandICTusageare alsotheprlnClpalcompone山softhesocalled̀digitaleconomy'･TheOECDadopts astandarddefinitionofICT‑producingindustriesbasedonISICRevision3which includestheproductionofelectronicsparts
,
Computersandtelecommunication apparatus,andtheprovisionofthetelecommunication‑relatedseⅣices･E‑commerce,
asdefinedinOECDdefinition,ispartofICTusageasitisrelatedmorewiththe transactionprocessesuslngCOmputer‑mediatednetwork･Ingeneral
,
itisrelativelyeasytocomprehendtheroleofICT‑produclng industriesintheeconomy.Forexample,Onecanlookattheircontributionsto employment,
manufacturingoutput,exportsortogovernmentrevenuethrough corporatetaxpayments.Itis,
however,noteasytodirectlymeasuretheeconomic impactofICTusage.WetendtothinkthatICTusagecanhelpImprovefirms' productivityand,therefわre,inaggregateoverallproductivityshouldalsoimprove･However,thisisnotalwaysthecase,asevidencedfわrexampleintheseventies andeightieswhere
,
despitetheprevalentusageofcomputers,productivityln developedcountriesinfactdecreasedascomparedwiththeearlierdecades･This phenomenonhasbeendubbedthèproductivityparadox'･Butapplyingthesame methodologytodataforthe1990S(growthaccountingframework),economists haveobservedevidenceofapositiveimpactOHCTusageontheproductivityof somedevelopedcountries.GiventherapiddevelopmentinglobalICTproductionandusage,thispaper intendstoprovideabrieroverview ofthedevelopmentandtheroleOHCTsector
基盤 (A) IT等 の科学技術 の視 点 を踏 ま えたイ ス ラム問題 の現状 と今後 の展 開 に関す る研 究
inthecontextoftheMalayslaneconomy.ThepaperwillcovertheICTproduction sector,telecommunicationservicesandtheusageofICTinvariouseconomicsectors inMalaysla.
2. I CTPRODUCTI ON
InthissectiontheroleOHCTproductioninMalayslaneconomicdevelopment isbrieflyanalyzed.Ithasbeenobservedthattheshareofthemanufacturingsector intheMalayslaneconomyhasincreasedmarkedly,fTrom 8.6% in1960toone‑third oftheGDPin2000. Animportantcontributingfactorinthisdevelopmentisthe growthofICT‑relatedmanufacturingactivities.ICT‑relatedproductscontributed morethan70% oftotalmanufacturlngOutputin2000
,
whereastherewasnosuch productionin1970･Consequently,theshareofthemanufacturlngSectorhas increasedfTrom 8.6% in1960to32.6% in2000(asindicatedinTable1).Conversely,
theshareoftheagrlCulturesectorhasdecreasedfrom 40.5% in1960to8.8% in 2000.Table1:ChangesintheGDPComposition,1960‑2000 1960 1970 1980 1990
2000 Sen/ices 41.8 45.6 41.1
42 48.4 Construction 3.0 3.
4 4.8 3.5 3.4
Manufacturlng 8.6 1
4.8 20.2 26.5 32.6*
Mini
ng 6.1 6.5 10.4 9.6 6.8 Agric
ulture 40.5 29.7 23.5 18.4 8.8 Note:*71.1%ofmanufacturedgoodsareICTrelatedp
roducts(electricalandelectronics). (Source:YearlyEconomicRe
portofMinistryofFinanceMalaysia) Similarly,ICT‑relatedproductshave
alsodominatedexportsandaccounted formorethanhalfoftheexportsduring1990
S. Thishashelpedthemanufacturing sectorincreaseitsshareofexportsfTromll.9% in1970to85.6% in2000,a
sshown inthesTheiecmplondrosiow ofTaonor̀ITbubblble2.e'andth
ecollapseofNASDA(〕marketinMarch 2000havealsoaffectedICTmanufacturing
performanceinMalaysla.Electrical andelectronics(E&E)productshaveregist
eredthehighestgrowthin2000
,
but thenthedelayedeffectoftheimplosionhascausedprMohdGazaliAbas ICTandtheMalaysianEconomy
Table2:DiversificationofExports,1960‑2000
%ofTotalhprt 1960 1970 1999 2 000 Manufactured930ds* ** ll.9 84
.6 85.6 CmdeOil&Gas*** 0.0
3.9 4.9 5.8 PalmOil
1.7 5.1 4.8 2.7 Forestry 5.3 16.3 1.7 1.0
Rubber 55.1 33.4 0.
7 0.7
Tin 14.0 19.
6 0.1 0.I
Others **
9.8 3.2 4.1 Total(%)TotalE叩Ort(RM million) 1003,633 1005,163 1003 100
21,181 369,472 RM forlUSdollar 2.5 3.8 3.8 No* Ite:CTrelated830ds(semiconductors,electron
icequipmentandparts)constituted53.1% ofthetotal exportsofmanufacturedg)Odsin 1999,and51.5%,48.7%,and51.1% in2000
,2001and2002respectively.
Nos** Iucn1hpr960Maoductnioufnian1ctur970.ed野Ods
werelumpedto野therwith'others'bythesourceagpncy.
***Malaysiabegp toexportpetroleum in 1968.
For1999and2000data,liquidnaturalgasISincluded.
(Source･'Author'scomputation丘.omvariousEc
onomicRqportsoftheMinistryofFinanceofMalaysia.)
dropsharply,m
inus20.1%,in2001. Thisabruptchangenotonlycaused problemsforICTcomp
anies
,
butthetotaleconomyhasalsofelttheheatand economicgrowthsubsequentlysloweddownfTrom 8% in2000toaslightlyabove zeropercentin2001.The
fal
l ,
however,
wascushionedbythegrowthindomestic orientedindustries,otherwisetheGDPgrowthwouldbedraggedintonegativezone.
Fortunatelyalso,t
hedelayedeffectoftheimplosionofITbubblewasnot prolongedandpeake
din2001.By2002,theglobalmarketfわrE&Eequlpment hadimprovedslightly
.TherecoveryofE&EequlpmentSalesworldwidein2002 wasledbyanincreasein
demandforcellularphone(420billionunits)followed byharddiskdrives(200bill
ionunits),opticaldiskdrives(180billionunits)and videogamedevices(60billionunits).Therecoveryhasgreatlybenefit
edtheICT sectori･ThinMasselaysla
,
Wherefわrtheyear2002:ctorreceivedthelargestnew fわreigninvestment(63%).
･Thissectoraccountedfわr18.5% ofthetotalcapitalinvestment,thesecond larges･Thitafsstertechepetorwasttrochehemicalproductsector(25.7%).
largestcontribut● ortomanufacturedexports(68.4%)･
･Exportofautomateddataprocesslngmachinesgrew by34.6%･
･Expor
基盤 (A) IT等 の科学技術 の視 点 を踏 ま えたイ ス ラム問題 の現状 と今後 の展 開 に関す る研 究
･ExportofallE&Eproductsincreasedby5･1%･
･Therewere193newE&Einvestmentapplicationsapprovedbythegovernment
,
inwhichforelgn‑ownedprojectsaccountedfor66･8%･ForelgninvestmentsinMalaysla, inparticularJapaneseandAmerican investments
,
haveplayedasignificantroleinstimulatingICTproductioninMalaysla sincethe1970S.Intel'sfirstinvestmentoutsidetheUSwasinMalaysiain1971,
whileoneoftheMatsushita'searliestinvestmentsoutsideJapanwasinMalaysla in1972.EvenaftertheimplosionoftheITbubble,JapaneseandAmericaninvestors havecontinuedtofocusontheICTsector.DatainTable3indicatethatin2002 morethan60% oftheJapaneseinvestmentand70% oftheAmericaninvestment inMalayslaareintheICT‑relatedindustries.Table3:TheJapaneseandAmericaninvestmentfocusinMalaysia,2002 USA E&E Chemicals BeverafPS Oth
ers RM894m(70.9%) RM178m(14.1%) RM98m(7.8%) M 91
m(7.2%)
Japan E&E SMacienchtiineficr&y Trans
port Others RM459m(63.8%) RM112m(15.5%) M 51m(7.1%) RM98m(13.6%
)
(S3urCeBa:MIsDA)edontheavailabledata,asshowninTable1and2,iti
squiteclearthat theeconomictransfわrmationandthechangeinthestructu
reofexportshave significantlycontributedtotheMalaysianfTseconomicgrowthinthe
lastthidyyears. Inthistransformationtheusageofresourcesshiftedfrom lowva
lueaddedeconomic activities(agricultureandprimecommodities)tomanufacturingac
tivitiesthathave relativelyhighvalueadded.Asaresult,inthe1970sand1980s
theaverageannual growthwas6.9%,strongerthanthepreviousdecade.Inthe
firsthalfofthe 1990
S
,economicgrowthacceleratedfurther,growlngannuallyby9.4% before slowlnginthesecondhalftoanaverageof5.5% perannu
m duetotheAsian cu汀enCyCrisisin1997.Withthesegrowthrates,theeconomyh
asdoubledroughly every9to12years,inwhichtheICTproduclngindustrieshavepl
ayedaslgnificant roleincontributingto
thisachievement.