1 於 二 零 一 八 年 一 月 一 日 或 之 後 開 始 的 年 度 期 間生效。
2 於 二 零 一 九 年 一 月 一 日 或 之 後 開 始 的 年 度 期 間生效。
3 於待定日期或之後開始的年度期間生效。
4 於 二 零 二 一 年 一 月 一 日 或 之 後 開 始 的 年 度 期 間生效。
5 於 二 零 一 八 年 一 月 一 日 或 之 後 開 始 的 年 度 期 間生效，二零一零年之香港財務報告準則第9 號除外，本集團已於二零一一年一月一日提早 採納該香港財務報告準則。
除以下新訂香港財務報告準則，本公司董 事（「董事」）預料，於可預見未來，應用所 有其他新訂香港財務報告準則及詮釋及其 修訂將不會對本集團的綜合財務報表造成 重大影響。
香港財務報告準則第9號「金融工具」
香港財務報告準則第9號適用於本集團的 主要規定為：
• 與 財 務 資 產 減 值 有 關。相 對 香 港 會 計準則第39號項下按已產生信貸虧 損模式，香港財務報告準則第9號金 融 工 具：確 認 及 計 量 規 定 按 預 期 信 貸 虧 損 模 式 計 算。預 期 信 貸 虧 損 模 式規定實體將各報告日期的預期信 貸虧損及該等預期信貸虧損的變動 入 賬，以 反 映 信 貸 風 險 自 初 始 確 認 以 來 的 變 動。換 言 之，毋 須 再 待 發 生信貸事件方才確認信貸虧損。
• 一般對沖的新會計法規定保留現時 香港會計準則第39號下提供的三類 對 沖 會 計 機 制。然 而，根 據 香 港 財 務報告準則第9號，已為符合對沖會 計 法 的 交 易 類 型 引 入 更 大 的 靈 活 性，特 別 是 擴 闊 符 合 對 沖 工 具 的 工 具類型及符合對沖會計法的非財務 項 目 的 風 險 組 成 部 分 的 類 型。此 外，追 溯 性 量 化 效 益 性 測 試 已 經 移 除。當 中 亦 引 入 有 關 實 體 風 險 管 理 活動的強化披露規定。
2. APPLICATION OF NEW AND REVISED HONG KONG FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS (“HKFRSs”) (CONTINUED) New and revised HKFRSs in issue but not yet effective (Continued)
1 Effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018.
2 Effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019.
3 Effective for annual periods beginning on or after a date to be determined.
4 Effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2021.
5 Effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018, except for the 2010 version of HKFRS 9, which the Group has early adopted on 1 January 2011.
Except for the new HKFRSs mentioned below, the directors of the Company (the “Directors”) anticipate that the application of all other new and amendments to HKFRSs and Interpretations will have no material impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements in the foreseeable future.
HKFRS 9 Financial Instruments
Key requirements of HKFRS 9 that are applicable to the Group are:
• in relation to the impairment of financial assets. HKFRS 9 requires an expected credit loss model, as opposed to an incurred credit loss model under HKAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. The expected credit loss model requires an entity to account for expected credit losses and changes in those expected credit losses at each reporting date to reflect changes in credit risk since initial recognition. In other words, it is no longer necessary for a credit event to have occurred before credit losses are recognised.
• the new general hedge accounting requirements retain the three types of hedge accounting mechanisms currently available in HKAS 39. Under HKFRS 9, greater flexibility has been introduced to the types of transactions eligible for hedge accounting, specifically broadening the types of instruments that qualify for hedging instruments and the types of risk components of non-financial items that are eligible for hedge accounting. In addition, the retrospective quantitative effectiveness test has been removed. Enhanced disclosure requirements about an entity’s risk management activities have also been introduced.
五礦地產有限公司 二零一七年年報 163
2. 新訂及經修訂的香港財務報告 準則（「香港財務報告準則」）的 應用（續）
已頒佈但尚未生效之新訂及經修 訂香港財務報告準則（續）
香港財務報告準則第9號「金融工具」
（續）
董事認為按預期信貸虧損模式計算，集團 以按攤銷成本計量之財務資產在早期信貸 虧損並未發生時已需要進行計提。根據董 事的評估，倘本集團應用預期信貸虧損模 式，本集團於二零一八年一月一日確認的 累計減值虧損金額不會較根據香港會計準 則第39號確認的累計金額大幅上升。
董事預計應用新的對沖規定不會對本集團 現有對沖指定方式及對沖會計處理造成重 大影響。
香港財務報告準則第15號「客戶合約收 入」
頒佈香港財務報告準則第15號旨在制定一 項單一全面模式供實體用作將自客戶合約 所產生的收入入賬。於香港財務報告準則 第15號生效後，其將取代現時載有香港會 計準則第18號收入、香港會計準則第11號 建築合約及相關詮釋的收入確認指引。
香港財務報告準則第15號的核心原則為實 體所確認描述向客戶轉讓承諾貨品或服務 的收入金額，應為能反映該實體預期就交 換 貨 品 或 服 務 有 權 獲 得 的 代 價。具 體 而 言，該準則引入確認收入的五個步驟：
• 第一步： 識別與客戶訂立的合約
• 第二步： 識別合約中的履約責任
• 第三步： 釐定交易價
• 第四步： 將 交 易 價 分 配 至 合 約 中 的履約責任
• 第五步： 於 實 體 完 成 履 約 責 任 時
（或就此）確認收入
2. APPLICATION OF NEW AND REVISED HONG KONG FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS (“HKFRSs”) (CONTINUED) New and revised HKFRSs in issue but not yet effective (Continued)
HKFRS 9 Financial Instruments (Continued)
The Directors are of the view that the expected credit loss model may result in early provision of credit losses which are not yet incurred for the Group’s financial assets measured at amortised costs. Based on the assessment by the Directors, if the expected credit loss model were to be applied by the Group, the accumulated amount of impairment loss to be recognised by the Group as at 1 January 2018 would not be materially increased as compared to the accumulated amount recognised under HKAS 39.
The Directors anticipate that the application of new hedging requirements may not have a material impact on the Group’s current hedge designation and hedge accounting.
HKFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers H K F R S 1 5 w a s i s s u e d w h i c h e s t a b l i s h e s a s i n g l e comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers. HKFRS 15 will supersede the current revenue recognition guidance including HKAS 18 Revenue, HKAS 11 Construction Contracts and the related interpretations when it becomes effective.
The core principle of HKFRS 15 is that an entity should recognise revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for goods or services. Specifically, the standard introduces a 5-step approach to revenue recognition:
• Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with customer
• Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract
• Step 3: Determine the transaction price
• Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract
• Step 5: Recognise revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation
Minmetals Land Limited Annual Report 2017
164
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 綜合財務報表附註
For the year ended 31 December 2017 截至二零一七年十二月三十一日止年度
2. 新訂及經修訂的香港財務報告 準則（「香港財務報告準則」）的 應用（續）
已頒佈但尚未生效之新訂及經修 訂香港財務報告準則（續）
香港財務報告準則第15號「客戶合約收 入」（續）
根據香港財務報告準則第15號，實體於完 成履約責任時（或就此）確認收入，即於特 定履約責任相關的商品或服務的「控制權」
轉讓予客戶時。香港財務報告準則第15號 已就特別情況的處理方法加入更明確的指 引。此外，香港財務報告準則第15號要求 更詳盡的披露。
二零一六年，香港會計師公會頒佈有關識 別履約責任、主體代理安排及許可應用指 引之香港財務報告準則第15號的釐清。
根據現有的合約及安排，董事已評估應用 香港財務報告準則第15號的影響，並且預 計不會對本集團於相關報告期間的收益確 認時間及金額產生重大影響。然而，應用 香港財務報告準則第15號可能會對本集團 以下方面產生影響：
目前，本集團將與取得客戶的物業銷售合 約有關的成本費用化。根據香港財務報告 準則第15號的規定，倘取得合約的增加成 本滿足若干條件，則符合資格資本化為遞 延合約成本。董事預期確認遞延合約成本 不會大幅增加於二零一八年一月一日的年 初保留溢利及遞延稅項負債。
就物業銷售而言，倘客戶在物業交付前付 款，則客戶可能向本集團提供融資便利。
倘承諾代價金額與現金售價差異不重大或 倘本集團在訂立合約時預期本集團交付物 業至客戶支付物業款項的期間為一年或以 內，本集團將不會調整承諾代價金額。反 之，本集團將調整已承諾對價金額並根據 香港財務報告準則第15號的規定按現金售 價確認收益。
此外，日後應用香港財務報告準則第15號 可 能 會 導 致 於 綜 合 財 務 報 表 作 出 更 多 披 露。
2. APPLICATION OF NEW AND REVISED HONG KONG FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS (“HKFRSs”) (CONTINUED) New and revised HKFRSs in issue but not yet effective (Continued)
HKFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Continued)
Under HKFRS 15, an entity recognises revenue when (or as) a performance obligation is satisfied, i.e. when control of the goods or services underlying the particular performance obligation is transferred to the customer. Far more prescriptive guidance has been added in HKFRS 15 to deal with specific scenarios. Furthermore, extensive disclosures are required by HKFRS 15.
In 2016, the HKICPA issued Clarifications to HKFRS 15 in relation to the identification of performance obligations, principal versus agent considerations, as well as licensing application guidance.
Based on the existing contracts and arrangements, the Directors have assessed the impact on application of HKFRS 15 and did not anticipate a material impact on the timing and amounts of revenue recognised in the respective reporting periods of the Group. However, application of HKFRS 15 may have impact on the following areas:
Currently, the Group expensed off the costs associated with obtaining the sales of properties contracts with customers.
Under the requirement of HKFRS 15, incremental costs of obtaining a contract is eligible for capitalisation as deferred contract costs if they meet certain criteria. The Director expects the recognition of deferred contract costs would not materially increase opening retained profit and deferred tax liabilities at 1 January 2018.
In respect of sales of properties, when payments are made before the properties are delivered to the customer, the customer may provide the Group with a benefit of financing.
The Group will not adjust the amount of promised consideration if the difference between that amount and the cash selling price is not material at a contract level or if the Group expects at contract inception, that the period between the Group transfers the property and when the customer pays for that property will be one year or less. Otherwise, the Group will adjust the amount of promised consideration and recognise revenue at the cash selling price in accordance with the requirement of HKFRS 15.
In addition, the application of HKRS 15 in the future may result in more disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.
五礦地產有限公司 二零一七年年報 165
2. 新訂及經修訂的香港財務報告 準則（「香港財務報告準則」）的 應用（續）
已頒佈但尚未生效之新訂及經修 訂香港財務報告準則（續）
香港財務報告準則第15號「客戶合約收 入」（續）
董事擬採用有限追溯期，初始採用的累計 影響於二零一八年一月一日的期初權益結 餘確認。
香港財務報告準則第16號「租賃」
香港財務報告準則第16號為識別出租人及 承租人的租賃安排及會計處理引入一個綜 合模式。香港財務報告準則第16號於生效 時將取代香港會計準則第17號租賃及相關 詮釋。
香港財務報告準則第16號根據可識別資產 是否由客戶控制來區分租賃及服務合約。
除短期租賃及租賃低值資產外，經營租約 與融資租賃的差異自承租人會計處理中撤 銷，並由承租人須就所有租賃確認使用權 資產及相應負債的模式替代。
使用權資產初步按成本計量，而其後乃按 成本（若干例外情況除外）減累計折舊及減 值虧損計量，並就租賃負債任何重新計量 而作出調整。租賃負債初步按並非於該日 支付之租賃付款現值計量。其後，租賃負 債會就利息及租賃付款以及（其中包括）租 賃修訂的影響而作出調整。
與承租人會計處理相反，香港財務報告準 則第16號充分推進香港會計準則第17號之 出租人會計處理規定，並繼續要求出租人 將租賃分類為經營租約或融資租賃。
此外，香港財務報告準則第16號要求全面 的披露。
2. APPLICATION OF NEW AND REVISED HONG KONG FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS (“HKFRSs”) (CONTINUED) New and revised HKFRSs in issue but not yet effective (Continued)
HKFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Continued)
The Directors intend to apply the limited retrospective method with cumulative effect of initial application recognised in opening balance of equity at 1 January 2018.
HKFRS 16 Leases
HKFRS 16 introduces a comprehensive model for the identification of lease arrangements and accounting treatments for both lessors and lessees. HKFRS 16 will supersede HKAS 17 Leases and the related interpretations when it becomes effective.
HKFRS 16 distinguishes lease and service contracts on the basis of whether an identified asset is controlled by a customer. Distinctions of operating leases and finance leases are removed for lessee accounting, and is replaced by a model where a right-of-use asset and a corresponding liability have to be recognised for all leases by lessees, except for short-term leases and leases of low value assets.
The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost and subsequently measured at cost (subject to certain exceptions) less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, adjusted for any remeasurement of the lease liability. The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at that date. Subsequently, the lease liability is adjusted for interest and lease payments, as well as the impact of lease modifications, amongst others.
In contrast to lessee accounting, HKFRS 16 substantially carries forward the lessor accounting requirements in HKAS 17, and continues to require a lessor to classify a lease either as an operating lease or a finance lease.
Furthermore, extensive disclosures are required by HKFRS 16.