ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8. Ɋɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɥɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɹɳɟɪɢɰɵ D. praticola
ʋʋ Ⱦɚɬɚ
ɨɬɤɥɚɞɤɢ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɹɢɰ ɜ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ, ɲɬ.
Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɹɢɰ, ɫɦ ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɹɢɰ, ɫɦ
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Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɹɢɰ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ II – III ɞɟɤɚɞɭ ɦɚɹ.
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɦɵ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɥɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɹɳɟɪɢɰɵ ɜɨ II ɞɟɤɚɞɟ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ, ɱɬɨ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɹɣɰɟɤɥɚɞɤɟ.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɹɢɰ ɜ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɞɤɚɯ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɸ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɚɜɤɚɡɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɥɨɫɶ ɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɭ ɥɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɹɳɟɪɢɰ ɫ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɟɪɛɢɢ (Ljubisavljevic et al., 2008).
ɉɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɹɢɰ ɥɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɹɳɟɪɢɰɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɚɜɤɚɡɫɤɢɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɬɟɬɨɜ (Ȼɚɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ., 1977), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɋɟɪɛɢɢ (Ljubisavljevic et al., 2008). Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɩɪɵɬɤɨɣ ɹɳɟɪɢɰɵ, ɹɣɰɚ ɥɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɹɳɟɪɢɰɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɧɤɭɛɚɰɢɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɟ 16 ɢ 17 ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 2009 ɝ. ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɢ 5 ɢ 3 ɹɢɰ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 1,10 – 1,30 (ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 1,25±0,05) ɯ 0,85 – 0,98 (0,92±0,03) ɫɦ ɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɬɨ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɹɢɰ.
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ
ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ:
1. Ɋɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɚɬɨɣ ɹɳɟɪɢɰɵ L. strigata ɢɡ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ Ⱥɡɟɪɛɚɣɞɠɚɧɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɣ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɨɜɵɯ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɜ III ɞɟɤɚɞɟ ɢɸɥɹ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɜ I ɞɟɤɚɞɟ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫ ɧɚɲɢɦɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ. ɋɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɢɰ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɧɤɭɛɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 80%. ɇɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɥɢɧɭ 3,42 ɫɦ.
2. Ʉɥɚɞɤɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɵɬɤɨɣ ɹɳɟɪɢɰɵ L. agilis exigua ɢɡ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɟɞɤɚɜɤɚɡɶɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɧɚɦɢ ɜ III ɞɟɤɚɞɟ ɢɸɧɹ – I ɞɟɤɚɞɟ ɢɸɥɹ ɨɬ ɫɚɦɨɤ ɫ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɬɟɥɚ 7,1 – 10,0 ɫɦ. ɉɥɨɞɨɜɢɬɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɫɚɦɤɢ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɹɢɰ ɜ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɢ ɢɯ ɦɨɪɮɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɭ ɹɳɟɪɢɰ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɧɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ɉɬ
ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɨɤ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɤɥɚɞɤɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɜɲɚɹ 17 ɹɢɰ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɞɨɜɢɬɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɞɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (15 ɹɢɰ). ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɧɤɭɛɚɰɢɢ ɹɣɰɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ.
3. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɚɝɟɫɬɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɵɬɤɨɣ L. agilis boemica ɢ ɚɡɟɪɛɚɣɞɠɚɧɫɤɨɣ D. raddei ɹɳɟɪɢɰ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɩɨɟɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɞɨɤ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɹɦɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɟɞɤɢɦ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɹɳɟɪɢɰ.
4. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɚɦɨɤ ɥɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɹɳɟɪɢɰɵ D. praticola ɢɡ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ Ⱥɡɟɪɛɚɣɞɠɚɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ 5,27 – 6,17 ɫɦ. Ʉɥɚɞɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɜɨ II – III ɞɟɤɚɞɟ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɧɚɲɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɹɢɰ ɹɳɟɪɢɰ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɜɨ II ɞɟɤɚɞɟ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ, ɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɹɢɰ. ɉɥɨɞɨɜɢɬɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɤ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɚɜɤɚɡɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɨɤ ɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɯɨɠɚ ɫ ɩɥɨɞɨɜɢɬɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɥɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɹɳɟɪɢɰɵ.
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɹɢɰ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɸ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɜɤɚɡɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ. əɣɰɚ ɥɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɹɳɟɪɢɰɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɧɤɭɛɚɰɢɢ.
5. ɉɥɨɞɨɜɢɬɨɫɬɶ ɚɥɶɩɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɹɳɟɪɢɰɵ D. alpina, ɱɶɹ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 2 – 4 ɹɣɰɚ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ 1,22 ɯ 0,67 ɫɦ. ȼɫɟ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɜ I ɞɟɤɚɞɟ ɢɸɥɹ. Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɤɭɛɚɰɢɢ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɨɬ 26 ɞɨ 33 ɫɭɬɨɤ, ɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɢɰ ɡɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 70%. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɬɟɥɚ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 3,1, ɞɥɢɧɚ ɯɜɨɫɬɚ – 5,8 ɫɦ.
6. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɬɟɥɚ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɚɦɨɤ ɤɚɜɤɚɡɫɤɨɣ ɹɳɟɪɢɰɵ D. caucasica ɫɟɜɟɪɨɨɫɟɬɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 5,15 – 5,39 ɫɦ. ȼɫɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɫɨ II ɞɟɤɚɞɵ ɦɚɹ ɩɨ I ɞɟɤɚɞɭ ɢɸɧɹ.
Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɣɫɤɢɟ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɨɫɟɧɧɢɯ ɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɣ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɹɢɰ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɚɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɬ 3 ɞɨ 4, ɚ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ 1,1 ɯ 0,6 ɫɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ. ɂɧɤɭɛɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ – 39 ɫɭɬɨɤ. ɋɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɢɰ ɡɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 25%. ɇɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɬɟɥɚ 2,3, ɯɜɨɫɬɚ – 3,5 ɫɦ.
7. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɬɟɥɚ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɚɦɨɤ ɚɡɟɪɛɚɣɞɠɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɹɳɟɪɢɰɵ D.
raddei ɢɡ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ⱥɡɟɪɛɚɣɞɠɚɧɚ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɨɬ 6,07 ɞɨ 6,29 ɫɦ. Ɉɬɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɹɢɰ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɜɨ II – III ɞɟɤɚɞɭ ɢɸɧɹ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɹɢɰ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɞɤɚɯ – 1 – 2 ɲɬ., ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɹɢɰ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɢ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɸ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ 1,37 × 0,67 ɫɦ.
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
Ⱥɧɚɧɶɟɜɚ ɇ.Ȼ., Ȼɨɪɤɢɧ Ʌ.ə., Ⱦɚɪɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɂ.ɋ., Ɉɪɥɨɜ ɇ.Ʌ. 1998. Ɂɟɦɧɨɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɦɵɤɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ. ɗɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ.
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Ȼɚɧɧɢɤɨɜ Ⱥ.Ƚ., Ⱦɚɪɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɂ.ɋ., ɂɳɟɧɤɨ ȼ.Ƚ., Ɋɭɫɬɚɦɨɜ Ⱥ.Ʉ. 1977.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɡɟɦɧɨɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɦɵɤɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɮɚɭɧɵ ɋɋɋɊ. Ɇ.:
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Ȼɚɪɚɧɨɜ Ⱥ.ɋ., ɋɬɪɟɥɶɰɨɜ Ⱥ.Ȼ., Ɍɟɪɬɵɲɧɢɤɨɜ Ɇ.Ɏ. 1976. Ɋɚɡɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟ //
ɉɪɵɬɤɚɹ ɹɳɟɪɢɰɚ. Ɇɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɚ. Ɇ.:
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Ȼɨɠɚɧɫɤɢɣ, Ⱥ.Ɍ. 2007. Ɋɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɩɪɟɫɦɵɤɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ // ɋɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɯɨɬɧɢɱɶɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ: Ɇɚɬ. II Ɇɟɠɞ. ɧɚɭɱ.-ɩɪɚɤɬ. ɤɨɧɮ. Ɇ.:
ɆɋɏȺ ɢɦ. Ʉ.Ⱥ. Ɍɢɦɢɪɹɡɟɜɚ. ɋ. 12–16.Ⱥɥɟɤɩɟɪɨɜ Ⱥ.Ɇ. 1978.
Ⱦɚɧɢɟɥɹɧ Ɏ.Ʌ., ɋɢɦɨɧɹɧ Ⱥ.Ⱥ., əɛɥɨɤɨɜ Ⱥ.ȼ., ɋɦɢɪɢɧɚ ɗ.Ɇ. 1976. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɪɨɫɬ // ɉɪɵɬɤɚɹ ɹɳɟɪɢɰɚ. Ɇɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɚ. Ɇ.:
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Ⱦɚɪɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɂ.ɋ. 1987. Ɉɯɪɚɧɚ ɚɦɮɢɛɢɣ ɢ ɪɟɩɬɢɥɢɣ ɜ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚɯ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ // Ⱥɦɮɢɛɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɩɬɢɥɢɢ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ:
ɋɛ. ɧɚɭɱ. ɬɪ. Ɇ. ɋ. 85–101.
Ⱦɚɪɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɂ.ɋ. 1967. ɋɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɹɳɟɪɢɰɵ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ: ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɮɢɥɨɝɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤɚɜɤɚɡɫɤɢɯ ɹɳɟɪɢɰ ɩɨɞɪɨɞɚ Archaeolacerta. Ʌ.: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ «ɇɚɭɤɚ». 214 ɫ.
Ⱦɚɪɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɂ.ɋ., ɓɟɪɛɚɤ ɇ.ɇ., ɉɟɬɟɪɫ Ƚ., Ȼɚɪɚɧɨɜ Ⱥ.ɋ. 1976. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɢɞɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ // ɉɪɵɬɤɚɹ ɹɳɟɪɢɰɚ. Ɇɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɚ. Ɇ.: ɇɚɭɤɚ. ɋ. 53–95.
Ⱦɠɚɮɚɪɨɜɚ ɋ.Ʉ. 1984. Ɏɚɭɧɚ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɨɯɪɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɦɵɤɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ Ɇɚɥɨɝɨ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ Ⱥɡɟɪɛɚɣɞɠɚɧɚ: Ⱦɢɫ. ɤɚɧɞ.
ɛɢɨɥ. ɧɚɭɤ: 03.02.04. Ȼɚɤɭ.
Ʉɚɥɹɛɢɧɚ-ɏɚɭɮ ɋ.Ⱥ., Ⱥɧɚɧɶɟɜɚ ɇ.Ȼ. 2004. Ɏɢɥɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɢɞɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɚɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɹɳɟɪɢɰ Lacerta agilis L., 1758 (Lacertidae, Sauria, Reptilia) (ɨɩɵɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɢɬɨɯɨɧɞɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɧɚ ɰɢɬɨɯɪɨɦɚ b). ɋɩɛ: Ɂɨɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɊȺɇ. 108 ɫ.
Ʉɢɞɨɜ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. 2011. Ʉ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɥɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɹɳɟɪɢɰɵ Darevskia praticola (Eversmann, 1834) (Reptilia, Sauria: Lacertidae) ɜ ɥɟɫɧɨɦ ɩɨɹɫɟ Ⱥɡɟɪɛɚɣɞɠɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ Ɍɚɥɵɲɚ // ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɝɟɪɩɟɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ: Ɇɚɬ. IV ɫɴɟɡɞɚ Ƚɟɪɩɟɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɦ. Ⱥ.Ɇ. ɇɢɤɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ (Ʉɚɡɚɧɶ, 12 – 17 ɨɤɬ. 2009 ɝ.). ɋɩɛ: Ɂɨɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɊȺɇ. ɋ. 109–112.
Ʉɢɞɨɜ Ⱥ.Ⱥ., ɉɵɯɨɜ ɋ.Ƚ., Ⱦɟɪɧɚɤɨɜ ȼ.ȼ. 2009. ɇɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɬɚɥɵɲɫɤɨɣ ɠɚɛɵ (Bufo eichwaldi), ɥɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɹɳɟɪɢɰɵ (Darevskia praticola) ɢ
ɩɟɪɫɢɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɡɚ (Elaphe persica) ɜ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ Ⱥɡɟɪɛɚɣɞɠɚɧɟ // ɉɪɚɰi ɍɤɪɚïɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɩɟɬɨɥɨɝiɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɫɬɜɚ.
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Ʌɢɬɜɢɧɱɭɤ ɋ.ɇ., Ȼɨɪɤɢɧ Ʌ.ə. 2009. ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɟɛɟɧɱɚɬɵɯ ɬɪɢɬɨɧɨɜ (Triturus cristatus complex) ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. Ɇɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. ɋɩɛ:
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Ʌɨɡɨɜɫɤɚɹ Ɇ.ȼ., Ȼɥɨɯɢɧ Ƚ.ɂ., Ʌɨɡɨɜɫɤɢɣ Ⱥ.Ɋ., Ʉɚɥɦɵɤɨɜ Ⱥ.ɉ., Ɏɟɞɨɪɨɜɢɱ ȼ.ȼ. 2007. Ɂɨɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ: ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
Ⱥɫɬɪɚɯɚɧɶ: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɞɨɦ «Ⱥɫɬɪɚɯɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ». 318 ɫ.
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Ɍɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɄɆɄ. 223 ɫ.
Ɍɭɧɢɟɜ Ȼ.ɋ., Ɍɭɧɢɟɜ ɋ.Ȼ. 2006. Ɋɟɞɤɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɡɟɦɧɨɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɦɵɤɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɋɨɱɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɤɚ //
ɂɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ, ɫɨɡɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɋɨɱɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɤɚ — ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɢɬɨɝɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɤɚ: Ɇɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. Ɇ.:
ɉɪɟɫɬɢɠ. ɋ. 205– 225.
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Summary
Kidov A.A., Timoshina A.L., Matushkina K.A., Pykhov S.G., Livadina L.V., Zhirimes V.G. Materials for investigation of Caucasian Lacertid lizards (Reptilia, Sauria, Squamata: Lacertidae). New data on reproductive biology of Lacerta strigata Eichwald, 1831, L. agilis Linnaeus, 1758, Darevskia raddei (Boettger, 1892), D. alpina (Darevsky, 1967), D. caucasica (Mehely, 1909) and D. praticola (Eversmann, 1834) from Caucasian region are given.
ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɜɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɭ ɬɟɥɟɧɤɚ ɛɢɡɨɧɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɜɨɥɢ
ȿ.ȼ. Ⱦɟɦɟɞɸɤ
ɆɍɄ «Ɂɨɨɩɚɪɤ», ɝ. Ʉɚɥɢɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ
ɉɨɞɨɬɪɹɞ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ (Ruminantia) ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 130 ɜɢɞɨɜ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɪɹɞɚ Artiodactyla. Ʉ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɢɤɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɹɞ ɨɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (ɤɨɪɨɜɵ, ɤɨɡɵ, ɨɜɰɵ, ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ ɨɥɟɧɶ, ɹɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɀɜɚɱɧɵɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɫɭɳ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɬɪɵɝɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɢɳɢ ɢɡ ɪɭɛɰɚ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɟɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɠɟɜɵɜɚɧɢɢ. ɀɜɚɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɬɨɤ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɫɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɚ: ɨɬɪɵɝɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɪɭɛɰɚ ɢ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ; ɩɟɪɟɠɟɜɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɸɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɵɝɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɤɚ; ɩɪɨɝɥɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ (Ʉɪɢɧɢɰɵɧ, 1977).
Ɂɧɚɧɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɠɜɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɧɨ ɢ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɡɨɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ (ɩɨɥɨɪɨɝɢɟ, ɠɢɪɚɮɵ, ɨɥɟɧɢ ɢ ɞɪ.). Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɠɜɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ (ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 9-10 ɞɟɧɶ) ɭ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤɚ, ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
ɋɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɭɱɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɠɟɜɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵɢɦɟɬɨɞɵ
ȼ Ʉɚɥɢɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɡɨɨɩɚɪɤɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 20 ɥɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɛɢɡɨɧɨɜ (Bison bison bison). ɀɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɚɯ ɩɨɞ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɧɟɛɨɦ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɨɦ ɜ ɧɟɨɬɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɝɨɞɵ ɛɢɡɨɧɵ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɚɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɫɬɜɨ. ȼ 2008 ɝɨɞɭ ɫɬɚɪɚɹ (19 ɥɟɬ) ɫɚɦɤɚ, ɨɬɟɥɢɜɲɢɫɶ 3 ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 7 ɞɧɟɣ ɩɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɪɟɞɤɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɱɤɚ ɛɢɡɨɧɚ ɢ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɧɧɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ.
ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ 10 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɟɥɫɹ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ.
Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɥɟɧɤɚ. Ʉɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɫ ɪɭɤ.
ȼ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ: ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɢɞ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɢɳɢ, ɧɚɱɚɥɨ, ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɨɫɦɨɬɪ, ɫɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɛ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ. Ȼɪɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɤɚɥɚ ɢ ɦɨɱɢ. Ɍɟɥɟɧɤɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɥɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ – ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɬɪɢ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ – ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦ – ɫ 7 ɭɬɪɚ ɞɨ 22 ɱɚɫɨɜ.
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɦɟɫɹɰ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɨɫɶ ɫɭɯɨɟ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ («ɇɭɬɪɢɥɚɤ»), ɪɚɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢ 1:1 ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɧɵɯ («Ⱥɤɜɚɞɟɬɪɢɦ») ɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ (ɝɥɸɤɨɧɚɬ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ) ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɩɨ 2 ɤɚɩɥɢ ɧɚ 100 ɝ ɫɦɟɫɢ.
ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɢ ɭ ɬɟɥɟɧɤɚ ɧɚ 10 ɞɟɧɶ (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1). ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɧɟɞɟɥɶ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ (ɩɨ 5-6 ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ), ɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ 4-6 ɦɢɧɭɬ. ɀɢɜɨɬɧɨɟ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɪɦɢɥɢ ɩɹɬɶ ɪɚɡ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɧɹ (ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɜɵɩɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ 0,8-1 ɥ ɫɦɟɫɢ). ɉɪɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɥɟɧɨɤ ɛɢɡɨɧɚ ɫɨɫɟɬ ɦɚɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 5-7 ɦɢɧɭɬ. Ɂɚ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɨɥɨɤɨ ɭɫɩɟɜɚɟɬ ɫɦɟɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɥɸɧɨɣ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɥɚɛɨɳɟɥɨɱɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɨɛɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɠɟɥɭɞɤɨɜ ɫɦɟɫɶɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɢ ɫɥɸɧɵ.
ȼɵɩɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɪɭɱɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ - ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 3-4 ɦɢɧɭɬ. ɋɥɸɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɢ ɯɟɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɀɄɌ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɠɜɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɭ ɬɟɥɹɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɧɟɞɟɥɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɬ.ɤ. ɨɧ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ, ɪɭɛɰɚ ɢ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ, ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ ɢ ɫɥɸɧɵ (ɓɟɬɢɧɨɜ, 1972). ȼɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɩɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɦɢ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɨ ɞɨ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ 7 ɦɢɧɭɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɭɝɨɣ ɫɨɫɤɢ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɬɟɥɟɧɤɭ ɫ 5 ɞɧɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɥɚɫɶ ɬɪɚɜɚ, ɜɟɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɦ, ɬɟɪɬɵɟ ɨɜɨɳɢ, ɝɪɚɧɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ɋ 12-ɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɟ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɨɧɟɦɧɨɝɭ ɩɨɟɞɚɬɶ ɬɜɟɪɞɭɸ ɩɢɳɭ. ȼ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 1-1,5 ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɭ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɛɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɤɚɦɢ ɩɢɳɢ (Ȼɟɪɞɧɢɤɨɜ, 1972; Ʉɪɢɧɢɰɵɧ, 1977). Ʉ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɭ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɧɵɲɚ ɛɢɡɨɧɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɭɠɟ 6-7 ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ (20-30 ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ), ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 20-30 ɦɢɧɭɬ. ɀɜɚɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɥɟɠɚɧɢɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɰɢɨɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɧɤɚ ɡɚɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɠɚɬɶ 2-3 ɱɚɫɚ. ɑɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ, ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɬɟɥɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɬɪɵɝɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɠɜɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɭ ɛɢɡɨɧɚ ɢɡɨ ɪɬɚ ɛɪɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɛɵ. Ⱦɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɩɪɨɛɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɥɸɧɵ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɝɭɫɬɤɨɜ ɤɚɡɟɢɧɚ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɟɤ ɬɪɚɜɵ ɢ ɫɵɱɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ.
Ʉ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɭ ɬɪɟɯ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɭ ɛɢɡɨɧɚ ɡɚ ɞɟɧɶ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɹɥɨɫɶ 8 (20-40 ɰɢɤɥɨɜ), ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɥɢɥɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 30 ɦɢɧɭɬ. Ʉ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɠɢɞɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɲɚɦɢ (ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɜɫɹɧɵɦɢ). Ȼɵɱɨɤ ɫɬɚɥ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɩɨɟɞɚɬɶ ɜɟɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɦ, ɬɪɚɜɭ ɢ ɫɟɧɨ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɩɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɲɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 7 ɦɢɧɭɬ.
Ɉɫɦɨɬɪ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɪɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɠɟɜɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɝɭɫɬɤɢ ɤɚɲɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɝɪɭɛɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɤɨɪɦɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɥɸɧɵ.
ȼɨɞɚ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (Ʉɪɢɧɢɰɵɧ, 1977). ɗɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɪɚɡɠɢɠɚɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɠɟɥɭɞɤɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɤɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɯɟɦɨ- ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɞɚ ɫɩɚɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɛɢɡɨɧɭ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɟɱɟɪɨɦ. ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ 30-40 ɦɢɧɭɬ ɟɦɭ ɜɵɩɚɢɜɚɥɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɪɚ ɨɬɜɚɪɚ ɠɟɥɭɞɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɹɝɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɬɚ.
ȼɚɪɟɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɢ ɢ ɹɝɨɞɵ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɠɜɚɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ, ɱɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɥɨ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɛɵɱɤɚ.
Ʉ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɦɟɫɹɱɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɭ ɛɢɡɨɧɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɨɩɭɫɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɞɨ +10Û. Ȼɵɱɨɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɧɟ ɨɬɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɪɦɢɥɫɹ ɠɢɞɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɲɚɦɢ (ɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɚ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ), ɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɥ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɫɟɧɚ, ɤɨɪɦɨɜɵɟ ɜɟɧɢɤɢ, ɨɜɨɳɢ ɢ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ. Ƚɪɭɛɵɟ ɤɨɪɦɚ ɞɨ ɫɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɲɢ ɧɟ ɬɪɨɝɚɥ, ɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɥ ɤ ɤɨɪɦɭɲɤɟ ɢ ɟɥ. ȼ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɟɧ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɟɧ. ɀɜɚɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɵɦɢ (ɞɨ 10 ɪɚɡ, ɩɨ 35-50 ɰɢɤɥɨɜ), ɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɞɨɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɞɨ 40 ɦɢɧɭɬ. ȼɵɩɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɡɨɧɨɦ 10 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ.
Ɉɬɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɪɭɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɱɚɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɨɬɴɟɦ ɭ ɜɵɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɤɨɣ ɬɟɥɟɧɤɚ. ɉɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɤɨɪɦɚ. Ȼɢɡɨɧ ɩɨɟɞɚɥ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɩɢɳɢ, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɹ ɜ ɜɟɫɟ. Ʉ ɝɨɞɭ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɨɧ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɥ ɧɚ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɣ ɪɚɰɢɨɧ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɦ ɛɢɡɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɢɠɟ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. ɀɜɚɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɬɟɥɟɧɤɚ ɛɢɡɨɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ