ɉɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ

Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ 15-ɥɟɬɢɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɦɟɧɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɟɪɦ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɬɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɞɢɱɟɪɚɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɵ ɡɚɤɭɩɚɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ: ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɪɟɢɧɬɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ (ɪɢɫ.1). ȼ ɨɞɢɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɚɪɤ Hluhluwe Umfolozi Reserve (ɘȺɊ) ɜ 1966-69 ɝɨɞɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɵ 64, ɚ ɜ Mkuzi Game Reserve ɜ 1966 ɝɨɞɭ – 33 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚ (Rowe-Rowe, 1992). ȼ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ 15 ɥɟɬ ɪɟɢɧɬɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɚɪɤɢ ɘȺɊ (n=10), ɝɞɟ ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɨ 207 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. Ɍɢɩɵɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹɢɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯɡɚ 46-ɥɟɬɧɢɣɩɟɪɢɨɞɜ 7 ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ Ɍɢɩɵɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ*: Ɋ-ɪɟɢɧɬɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ, Ɍ-ɬɪɚɧɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɹ, ɉ-ɩɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ, ɂ-ɢɧɬɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ; ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ**: ɉ-ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ (ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɜɵɪɨɫɲɢɟɜɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ), ɇ-ɧɟɜɨɥɹ (ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɟɢɜɵɪɨɫɲɢɟɜɧɟɜɨɥɟ), ɉ+ɇ-ɧɟɜɨɥɹ (ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɟɜɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɧɨɜɵɪɚɳɟɧɵɥɸɞɶɦɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɢɫɶɜɧɟɜɨɥɟɛɨɥɟɟɩɨɥɭɝɨɞɚɫɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɨɬɥɨɜɚ).

ɘȺɊɇɚɦɢɛɢɹɁɢɦɛɚɛɜɟȻɨɬɫɜɚɧɚɆɨɡɚɦɛɢɤɁɚɦɛɢɹɈȺɗȼɫɟɝɨ ɉȺɊɄɂ: ɤɨɥ-ɜɨ 49 (75,4%) 5 (7,7%) 4 (6,1)% 4 (6,1%) 1 (1,5%) 1 (1,5%)1 (1,5%)65 ȽȿɉȺɊȾɕ: ɤɨɥ-ɜɨ 617 (84%)54 (7,4%)33 (4,5%)15 (2%)6 (0,8%)3 (0,4%)3 (0,4%)731 ɉȺɊɄɂ: ɬɢɩ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ *

34 (Ɋ) 2 (Ɍ) 2 (ɉ) 1(Ɋ+Ɍ) 5(Ɋ+ɉ) 1(Ɍ+ɉ) 4(Ɋ+Ɍ+ɉ) -

3 (Ɋ) 1 (Ɍ) - - 1 (Ɋ+ɉ) - - -

- 2 (Ɍ) 2 (ɉ) - - - - -

4 (Ɋ) - - - - - - -

1 (Ɋ) - - - - - - -

- 1(Ɍ) - - - - - -

- - - - - - - 1(ɂ)

42 (Ɋ) 6 (Ɍ) 4 (ɉ) 1 (Ɋ+Ɍ) 6 (Ɋ+ɉ) 1 (Ɍ+ɉ) 4(Ɋ+Ɍ+ɉ) 1 (ɂ) ȽȿɉȺɊȾɕ ɬɢɩ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ *

287 (Ɋ) 21 (Ɍ) 11 (ɉ) 28(Ɋ)+66(Ɍ) 18(Ɋ)+44(ɉ) 4(Ɍ)+2(ɉ) 45(Ɋ)+30(Ɍ)+ 61(ɉ)

7 (Ɋ) 30(Ɍ) - - 7Ɋ+10ɉ - -

-- 23 (Ɍ) 10 (ɉ) - - - - -

15 (Ɋ) - - - - - -

-6 (Ɋ) - - - - - -

-- 3(Ɍ) - - - - - -

- - - - - - - 3(ɂ)

315 (Ɋ) 77 (Ɍ) 21 (ɉ) 94 (Ɋ+Ɍ) 62(Ɋ+ɉ) 6 (Ɍ+ɉ) 136(Ɋ+Ɍ+ɉ) 3 (ɂ) ɉȺɊɄɂ: ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ **

9 (ɉ) 2 (ɉ) 2 (ɉ) 3 (ɉ) 1 (ɉ) 1(ɉ)- 18(ɉ) 1 (ɇ)- - - - - 1(ɇ)2(ɇ) 32(ɉ+ɇ) 3(ɉ+ɇ) 2(ɉ+ɇ) 1(ɉ+ɇ) - - - 38(ɉ+ɇ) 7(ɉ, ɉ+ɇ)- - - - - - 7(ɉ,ɉ+ɇ ȽȿɉȺɊȾɕ: ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ **

295 (ɉ) (47,8%)32(ɉ) (59,3%) 23(ɉ) (69,7%) 12(ɉ) (80%) 6(ɉ) (100%) 3 (ɉ) (100%) - 371 (ɉ) 5 (ɇ) (0,8%)- - - - - 3(ɇ) (100%)8 (ɇ) 317 (51,4%)22 (40,7%) 10 (30,3%) 3 (20%) - - - 352 (ɉ+ɇ)

ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɡɠɟ, ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɜ 1970 ɝɨɞɭ 30 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɚɪɤɟ ɗɬɨɲɚ (Du Preez, 1970) ɜ ɇɚɦɢɛɢɢ ɢ 6 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɜ 1973 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɩɚɪɤɟ Ɇɨɡɚɦɛɢɤɚ (Purhcase, 2007). Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɚɪɤ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɨɬ 6 ɞɨ 51 (ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 21,5). ɋ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ 90-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɘȺɊ (8 ɩɚɪɤɨɜ), ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɥɢ: 1 ɩɚɪɤ ɜ Ɂɢɦɛɚɛɜɟ ɜ 1993-94ɝɝ. – 17 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ (Purchase, 1998), 1 ɩɚɪɤ ɜ Ɂɚɦɛɢɢ ɜ 1994ɝ. – 3 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚ (Phiri, 1996). ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1980-1994ɝɝ. ɜ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɨɬ 2 ɞɨ 18 (ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 9,6) ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ; ɞɨɥɹ ɪɟɢɧɬɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ.1).

ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1995-2010ɝɝ. ɜ ɘȺɊ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ 41 ɩɚɪɤɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɨ 85% (n=327) ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɺɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɜ 12 ɩɚɪɤɚɯ – 15%

(n=58) ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ (ɇɚɦɢɛɢɹ: 4 ɩɚɪɤɚ, 24 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚ; Ɂɢɦɛɚɛɜɟ: 3 ɩɚɪɤɚ, 16 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ; Ȼɨɬɫɜɚɧɚ: 4 ɩɚɪɤɚ, 15 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɢ ɈȺɗ: 1 ɩɚɪɤ, 3 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚ).

Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɲɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɬɨɣ ɜ ɘȺɊ ɜ 2000ɝ. ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ «ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ-ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ», ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ 32 ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɢ 5 ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧ 281 ɝɟɩɚɪɞ. (Marnewick et al., 2007). ȼ ɨɞɢɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɚɪɤ Mkhuze Game Reserve ɜ 1965 ɝɨɞ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɟɢɬɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ 33 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚ, ɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 2000-2006 ɝɨɞɨɜ – 5 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɪɟɢɧɬɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, 4 – ɬɪɚɧɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ 2 – ɩɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɟɢɧɬɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ (10̺1000 ɤɦ², ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 221 ± 35 ɤɦ²) ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɤɚɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ (ɨɬ 1 ɞɨ 8) ɨɫɨɛɟɣ (1-42, ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 7.2 ± 1.27) (Lindsey, Davies-Mostert, 2009c).

ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ – 50,7%, 48,5% ɨɬɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɳɟɧɵ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ (ɬɚɛɥ.1). ȼ ɨɬɱɟɬɚɯ 70-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ «ɧɟɜɨɥɹ», ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɪɨɠɞɺɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɜɨɥɟ.

ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ 3 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚ, ɩɨɩɚɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɜɨɥɸ ɜ 3 ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɢ ɜ 2-ɥɟɬɧɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ Kwalata Game Farm ɜ Ȼɨɬɫɜɚɧɟ (Houser, 2008). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɠɟ ɤ 1981 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɸɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ De Wildt ɛɵɥɨ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɨ 170 ɞɟɬɟɧɵɲɟɣ (Pettifer, 1981b). Ɍɨɱɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ 8 ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɜɨɥɟ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ 2 ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ Kapama Cheetah Centre (Hoedspruit) ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɚɪɤɟ Mthethomusha Game Reserve (ɘȺɊ) ɜ 1994 ɝɨɞɭ (Ferguson, 1993); 3 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ De Wildt, ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɵ ɜ Timbavati Private National Reserve, ɘȺɊ ɜ 1980 ɝɨɞɭ (Pettifer, 1981b), ɢ 3 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚ, ɪɨɠɞɺɧɧɵɟ ɜ Breeding Centre for Endangered

Arabian Wildlife in Sharjah, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɡɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɚɪɤ Sir Bani Yas Island (ɈȺɗ) ɜ 2008 ɝɨɞɭ (Kader, 2011).

ɂɡ 360 ɨɫɨɛɟɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɜɨɥɟ ɜ 5 ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɜɲɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ (ɬɚɛɥ.1), De Wildt (ɘȺɊ) ɜ 1979 ɢ 2000-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ 307 (85,3%) ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɜ 40 ɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɘȺɊ;

Kapama Cheetah Centre in Hoedspruit (ɘȺɊ) ɜ 1994 ɝ. – 2 (0,5%) ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɚɪɤ ɘȺɊ; AfriCat (ɇɚɦɢɛɢɹ) ɜ 1995-1998 ɝɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɞɜɭɦ ɸɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɚɪɤɚɦ 26 (7,2%) ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ, CCF (ɇɚɦɢɛɢɹ) ɜ 2004-2010 ɝɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 22 (6,1%) ɨɫɨɛɢ ɬɪɟɦ ɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife in Sharjah (ɈȺɗ) ɜ 2008 ɝ. – 3 (0,8%) ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɩɚɪɤɭ ɈȺɗ.

Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɭ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɹɸɬ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɚɪɤɚɯ (Lindsey, Davies-Mostert, 2009c), ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (Rowe-Rowe, 1992) ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɞɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ (Hayward et al., 2007b). ȼ 90-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɫɚɦɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɫɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɜ Phinda NRR (ɘȺɊ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɯɜɚɬɢɥ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1992 ɩɨ 1999 ɝɨɞ (Hunter, 1999).

ɉɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɦ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɫɹ, ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ (Hayward et al., 2007a). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɭɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ:

ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɭɫɩɟɯ – ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 3 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ;

ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɭɫɩɟɯ – ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɤ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɨɛɨɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɨɯɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ (ɬ.ɟ. ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɨɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɢɳɢ), ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɤɨɧɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɚɬɶɫɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɚɦɨɤ ɫ ɞɟɬɟɧɵɲɚɦɢ-ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɚɦɢ – ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɦɟɬɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɞɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ; ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ – ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1,5 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ.

ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɚɪɤ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ, ɧɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Madikwe Game Reserve ɫɚɦɤɚ, ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ 1996 ɝɨɞɭ ɫ 4 ɞɟɬɟɧɵɲɚɦɢ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɨɞ ɨɬɞɟɥɢɥɚɫɶ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ, ɢ ɷɬɢ ɞɟɬɟɧɵɲɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɠɢɜɲɢɦɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ 2 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ 3 ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɚɪɤɟ (1994, 1995 ɢ 1998ɝɝ.), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ 13 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ, ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɧɵɦɢ (Hofmeyr, Van Dyk, 1998). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ-ɩɚɪɤɚ (ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɚɪɤ) ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɯ

ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (ɢɡ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɭɞɚɱɧɵɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɛɵɥ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɥɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɶ – ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Lower Zambezi National Park ɜ Ɂɚɦɛɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ 3-ɯ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɝɢɛɥɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɠɟ ɝɨɞ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɜɵɠɢɥ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 2 ɥɟɬ (Phiri, 1996).

ȼɫɟɝɨ ɢɡ 65 ɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ 23. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɦɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ 6 (9,2%), ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ 5 ɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɘȺɊ: Suikerbosrand Naturɟ Reserve (Pettifer et al., 1982); Phinda Resource Reserve (Hunter, 1995); Pilanesburg National Park (Hofmeyr, Van Dyk, 1998);

Kwandwe Private Game Reserve (Bissett, 2004); Samara Private Game Reserve (Hayward et al., 2007b) ɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɚɪɤ Ɂɢɦɛɚɛɜɟ – Matusadona National Park (Purchase, 1998). ɍɫɩɟɲɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɢɡ 65 ɛɵɥɢ 17 (26%) ɩɚɪɤɨɜ. ɉɨ ɞɨɥɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ (ɩɚɪɤɨɜ) ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɩɚɪɤɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɢ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɟɭɫɩɟɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ Ɂɢɦɛɚɛɜɟ – 3 (75%) ɢɡ 4 ɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵ, ɇɚɦɢɛɢɹ – 2 (40%) ɢɡ 5, ɢ ɈȺɗ – 1(100%). Ⱥ ɜ ɘȺɊ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 11 (22,4%) ɢɡ 49 ɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɟɥɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɢ.

Ɍɢɩ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɥ ɧɚ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɢɡ 6 ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɯ ɜ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ 1 ɩɚɪɤ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɥ ɪɟɢɧɬɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ (Suikerbosrand N.R., ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɨ 7 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ), 2 – ɬɪɚɧɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɸ (Matusadona N.P.,17 ɢ Kwandwe P.G.R., 11 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ), 1 – ɩɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ (Pilanesburg N.P., 17 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ) ɢ ɟɳɟ ɜ 2-ɯ ɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɡɚ ɪɟɢɧɬɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɹ (Phinda R.R. 9+6 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ) ɢɥɢ ɩɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ (Samara P.G.R. 4+3 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚ). ɂɡ 17 ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɯ ɜ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ 4 ɩɚɪɤɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɥɢ ɪɟɢɧɬɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ, ɬɪɚɧɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɸ, ɩɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ, ɟɳɟ 4 – ɩɨ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ 1 ɩɚɪɤ – ɢɧɬɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ.

ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɥɢɹɥɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɭɫɩɟɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ: ɢɡ 37 ɩɚɪɤɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɨɛɢɬɚɥɢ ɥɶɜɵ, ɝɢɟɧɵ ɢ ɥɟɨɩɚɪɞɵ, ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 35%

(n=13) ɩɚɪɤɨɜ. ɂɡ ɷɬɢɯ 13 ɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɜ 5 ɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢɡ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɨɩɚɪɞɵ, ɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɜɪɚɝɢ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ – ɥɶɜɵ ɢ ɝɢɟɧɵ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ.

ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɦɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɢ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɟɣ ɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚɦ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ.

ɍɫɩɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɥɚ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ, ɧɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɥɚ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɵɥɢ ɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɨɬɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɞɢɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɪɚɳɟɧɵ ɜ ɧɟɜɨɥɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɜ 12 (52,2%) ɢɡ 23 ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɞɥɹ 10 (43,5%) ɩɚɪɤɨɜ – ɨɬɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɳɟɧɵ ɜ ɧɟɜɨɥɟ, ɢ ɜ 1 ɩɚɪɤɟ (4,3%) ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɵ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɟɜɨɥɟ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ – ɢɡ ɧɟɜɨɥɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɡ 210 ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ

ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ – 140 (66,6%) ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɚɹ – 70 (33,3%) ɨɫɨɛɟɣ – ɢɡ ɧɟɜɨɥɢ. ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɜ ɩɚɪɤɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɥɢ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɜɨɥɢ, ɛɵɥɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɦɢ, ɧɨ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɵɪɨɫɲɢɟ ɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ (Marnewick et al., 2009; Hayward et al., 2007b).

Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɜɨɥɟ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ (Marker et al., 2003a), ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ, ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɸ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɜ (ɜ 9 ɢɡ 23 ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɤɨɜ). ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɛɢɬɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɯɢɳɧɵɟ, ɨɬ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɝɢɛɚɥɢ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɟ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɧɵɲɢ (Hayward et al., 2007a).

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɨ ɥɶɜɨɜ) ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɲɚɧɫɨɜ ɜɵɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɢ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɚɦɤɢ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɵɪɨɫɲɢɟ ɜ ɩɚɪɤɟ, ɝɞɟ ɨɛɢɬɚɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɢ (Hunter, 1998a). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɸɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɩɚɪɤ Kwandwe (Bissett, 2004) ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɤɚ Phinda, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɫ ɥɶɜɚɦɢ (Hunter, 1998a), ɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɫ ɮɟɪɦ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ Limpopo, ɝɞɟ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɯ ɫ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɢɡ Phinda. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɜ ɩɚɪɤ, ɝɞɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɥɶɜɵ ɢ ɝɢɟɧɵ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɢɡ ɦɟɫɬ, ɝɞɟ ɷɬɢ ɜɢɞɵ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɨɩɵɬ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Hayward et al., 2007a).

ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɤɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɩɪɨɲɟɥ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɲɢɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ: ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɩɚɪɤɚ (ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫ ɝɭɫɬɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ), ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɶɜɨɜ ɢ ɝɢɟɧ (ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ), ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɢ «ɦɹɝɤɢɣ» ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ɇɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɯ, ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ.

Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ

ɉɟɪɟɞɟɪɠɤɚ. ɋ 1965 ɞɨ 1992 ɝɨɞɚ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ, ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɬɟɪɩɟɥɢ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɬɪɚɜɦ ɢ ɞɟɡɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ (Hunter, 1999). Ɂɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɡ 17 ɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 3 (ɞɜɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɟ) ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɚɯ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɚɪɤɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ. ɉɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɟɣ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɦɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ (Atkinson, Wood, 1995; Hunter, 1995; Hofmeyr, Van Dyk, 1998). Ȼɨɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɨɥɶɟɪ 200-320 ɦ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ

ɭɝɥɨɜ, ɫ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ 3,5-4 ɦ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ, ɫ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦ ɤɨɡɵɪɶɤɨɦ ɢ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦɭ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɭ ɫɟɬɤɢ: 3 ɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɫ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ 700 ȼɨɥɶɬ ɧɚɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ 0,3 ɦ, 1,0 ɦ ɢ 2,5ɦ ɨɬ ɡɟɦɥɢ.

ȼɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ «ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɚɫɬɭɯ» ɢɡ 4 ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ 3 ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ 1ɦ ɨɬ ɡɟɦɥɢ (Hofmeyr, Van Dyk, 1998). ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɩɚɪɤɟ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ 2,2 ɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ (Hunter, 1995). ɋɟɬɤɚ ɜɤɨɩɚɧɚ ɩɨɞ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɧɚ 1ɦ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɤɨɡɵɪɟɤ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɦɟɬɪɚ, ɩɪɢɤɨɩɚɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɥɨɤɚɦɢ. ȼ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɢ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɚ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɭ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɪɨɝɚ – ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɝɧɹ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɦɭ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɪɵɬɶɫɹ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɟ ɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɨɬ 3 ɞɨ 4 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɧɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ Atkinson, Wood, 1995). ȿɫɥɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ, ɫɬɪɨɹɬ 2 ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɚ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɦɢ ɲɢɛɟɪɚɦɢ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɧɟɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɬɪɚɜɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɝɟ (Marnewick et al., 2009). ȼɚɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɩɢɳɢ ɫ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɨɦɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɥɢɛɨ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɫ ɡɚɦɚɫɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɟɪɟɤɢɞɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɬɭɲɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɭɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (Hayward et al., 2007a). ɉɥɨɳɚɞɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɟ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɚ. Ȼɨɦɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɩɚɪɤɚ, ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɞɨɪɨɝɟ, ɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɵ, ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɡɨɪɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ (Atkinson, Wood, 1995).

ɉɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɟɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ – ɪɟɲɚɸɳɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ (Purchase, 1998). Ⱦɥɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ 3 ɦɟɫɹɰɚ (Hunter, 1999) ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɦɟɠɞɭ 20 ɢ 40 ɦɟɫɹɰɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ (Marnewick et al., 2009) – ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɟɪɟɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɜ ɛɨɦɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɸ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɢɳɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. ɍ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɛɨɦɟ, ɫɧɢɠɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɯɨɦɢɧɝɚ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ (Purchase, 1998).

ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɤ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɭ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ, ɞɥɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɢɧɛɪɢɞɢɧɝɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ (Moritz, 1999). ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɜ ɛɨɦɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɝɪɭɩɩ (ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ), ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ (Caro, 1994). Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɢɡ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɧɟɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ (Van Dyk, 1997), ɨɬɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ (Hunter, 1998a). ɋɜɹɡɢ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɱɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɞɨ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (Hunter, 1995), ɚ ɨɩɵɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɧɟɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɹɦɢ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɫɚɦɰɚɦ, ɩɨɬɟɪɹɜɲɢɦ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɨɜ, ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɞɢɤɢɦɢ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɚɦɰɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɤɚɯ (Wilson, 2006). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɱɥɟɧ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɢ ɩɨɝɢɛ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ, ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɫɚɦɰɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɩɚɪɤɟ Phinda (ɘȺɊ), ɩɨɫɥɟ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚ ɫɚɦɟɰ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɧɟɣ ɫɤɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɥɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɱɥɟɧɨɦ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɢ. ɂ ɟɫɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ ɨɛɟ ɩɚɪɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɥɢ 9 ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɫɢɞɹ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɫ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ 60ɦ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɨɲɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɮɚɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɤɢ – ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɭɛɢɬ (Hunter, Skinner, 1995). ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɫɚɦɰɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɹɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɲɚɧɫɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ (Hunter, 1995). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɢɦ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɲɚɧɫ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɢ, ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɜ ɜ ɛɨɦɭ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɫɚɦɰɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɰɚɦɢ (Hunter, 1998b). Ƚɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ (Hofmeyr, Van Dyk, 1998), ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ (Caro, 1994), ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɲɚɧɫɵ ɧɚ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ (Hunter, 1999). ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɯɢɳɧɵɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ (ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɢɣ) ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ (Caro, Collins, 1987; Stander, 1990), ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ (Hunter, 1998b).

Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɚɯ, ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɥɢ ɥɨɠɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɪɚɞɨɦ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ, ɲɢɛɟɪ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɥɫɹ.

Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɡɚ ɟɞɭ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ (Marnewick et al., 2009),

ɢ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɚɮɮɢɥɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ:

ɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɣ ɝɪɭɦɢɧɝ ɢ ɢɝɪɭ.

ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɩɨɥɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɚɦɰɚɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɇɚɦɢɛɢɢ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɨɬɨɣɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɵ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɢ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɫɨɠɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ.

Ɉɧɢ ɩɨ ɦɧɨɝɭ ɧɟɞɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɬɢɥɢ ɜɨɥɶɟɪ, ɞɚɠɟ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɚɦɤɢ.

ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɜɨɥɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɭ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ:

ɪɚɡ ɜ 3-4 ɞɧɹ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚɦ ɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɬɭɲɭ ɢɦɩɚɥɵ ɢɥɢ ɧɶɹɥɵ, ɢ ɭɠɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɧɟɣ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɢ (Hunter, 1995). ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥ 2 ɦɟɫɹɰɚ (Hunter, 1998a). ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɟ ɫɚɦɤɢ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɚɮɮɢɥɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɨɦɟ (ɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɣ ɝɪɭɦɢɧɝ ɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɟɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ), ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɥɢɫɶ (Hunter, 1995). ɉɪɢɱɢɧ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɫɚɦɨɤ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɫ ɤɨɧɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɦɢ – ɩɪɨɜɟɞɲɢɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɨɞɧɨɩɨɦɟɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɧɚ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɤ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚɯ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɬɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɧɨɝɢɯ ɤɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ, ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɩɨɝɨɧɹ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɡɚɪɨɫɥɹɯ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɟɟ ɨɯɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɭɸ ɢ ɦɟɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɢɱɶ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚɮɮɢɥɢɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɦ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɚɦɨɤ, ɛɵɥ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɢ (ɑɟɥɵɲɟɜɚ, 2010), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɨɤ-ɨɞɧɨɩɨɦɟɬɧɢɤɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɚɪɵ ɫɟɫɬɟɪ, ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɸɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɪɤɟ Mthethomusha, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ, ɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ ɫɪɨɤ ɬɟɪɹɥɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɥɢ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɝɪɨɦɤɢɟ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɵɜɧɵɟ ɡɜɭɤɢ (Ferguson, 1993). ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɨɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɭ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɛɨɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɩɚɪɤɟ Phinda (ɘȺɊ) ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɨɦɟ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɟɬɤɨɣ ɩɨ 6-8 ɧɟɞɟɥɶ, ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɧɟ ɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɬɶ ɡɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɝɢɟɧ,

ɥɟɨɩɚɪɞɨɜ, ɝɢɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɛɚɤ ɢ ɛɨɪɨɞɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɥɟɡɚɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ, ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɥɟɨɩɚɪɞɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɥɟɡɚɜɲɢɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɟɬɤɭ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ. ɇɨ ɷɬɨ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɚɪɤɚ (ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ 180 ɤɦ²) – ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ 8 ɪɚɡ ɩɨɤɢɞɚɥɢ ɩɚɪɤ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɨɪɵ ɛɨɪɨɞɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɪɨɬɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɥɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɵ (Hunter, 1998b).

ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɚɪɤɚɯ (Pilanesberg N.P. ɢ Madikwe G.R.) ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɢ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɨɟ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɯɨɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɚɧɬɢɥɨɩ – ɤɭɞɭ, ɝɧɭ ɢ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɯ ɤɨɡɥɨɜ, ɯɨɬɹ ɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɫɬɚɹ ɝɢɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɛɚɤ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɚɪɤɨɜ (Hofmeyr, Van Dyk, 1998).

ȼɵɩɭɫɤ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɚɪɤɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɬɨ: 1) ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɨɜ ɢ 2) ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɲɚɧɫɵ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɰɟɜ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɦɢ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ (Hunter, 1999). Ⱥɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɲɚɧɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɟɫɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɹɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ-ɨɞɢɧɨɱɟɤ, ɲɚɧɫɵ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɣ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɤ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɫɚɦɰɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɦɟɠɫɚɦɰɨɜɨɣ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɟɣ (Caro, 1994).

ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Lower Zambezi NP (Ɂɚɦɛɢɹ) ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɵ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚɦɢ (Phiri, 1996). ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɰɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɪɚɤ ɫ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚɦɢ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨ 3 ɫɚɦɰɚ, ɤɚɤ ɜ Suikerbosrand NR) (Pettifer et al., 1982). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɰɟɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɹ ɢɡ 3 ɫɚɦɰɨɜ ɭɛɢɥɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɜ Madikwe GR (Marnewick et al., 2009); 2 ɫɚɦɰɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɛɢɬɵ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɨɣ ɜ Phinda RR (Hunter, Skinner, 1995). ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 3-ɯ ɥɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɜ Kwandwe PGR, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɢ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ (4.0), ɩɪɢɜɟɥ ɤ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɢ 2-ɯ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ: ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɚ-ɫɚɦɰɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɢ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɣ ɫɚɦɤɢ (ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ 2 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɢ) ɱɟɪɟɡ 2 ɧɟɞɟɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɺ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ.

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɥɟɧɵ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɢ ɢɡ 3 ɫɚɦɰɨɜ ɨɬɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɞɨɛɵɱɭ ɭ ɫɚɦɤɢ ɫ

ɞɟɬɟɧɵɲɚɦɢ ɱɚɳɟ, ɱɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɢ. Ɍɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɞɨɜ ɫɚɦɤɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɥɶɜɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɣ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɭ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɩɚɪɤɚ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɥɶɜɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɣ ɢɝɪɚɥɢ ɪɚɜɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɤ (Bissett, 2004). ɉɨ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɵɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 4 ɥɟɬ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ (n=2,1,7) ɜ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ Shamwari (ɘȺɊ, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ 18,746 ɝɚ) (Hayward et al., 2007a).

Ⱦɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɨ, ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ, ɢ ɩɪɢɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɞɢɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɭ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɦ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɩɚɪɤɚ, ɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ (Hayward et al., 2007a). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɤɚ (ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɩɚɪɤɟ Matusadona (Ɂɢɦɛɚɛɜɟ) ɫ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɟɣ – 20 ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɧɚ 1370 ɤɦ² (Purchase, Vhurumuku, 2005).

ɉɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɫɚɦɨɤ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ (Marnewick et al., 2009). Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɚɪɤɟ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɣ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ, ɫɧɢɡɢɬ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ (Hunter, 1998b).

ɉɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ

Ⱦɨɦɚɲɧɹɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ – ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɹɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ, ɨɛɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɸɠɧɨɣ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɬɧɹɦɢ ɢ ɬɵɫɹɱɚɦɢ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ (Marker, 2003). ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ ɤ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚɦ, ɨɛɢɬɚɸɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɨɝɨɪɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ (ɜ ɬ.ɱ. ɷɬɢɯ ɠɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ), ɝɞɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɚɪɤɚ.

ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ Ȼɺɪɬɚ, ɞɨɦɚɲɧɹɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɶ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɟ ɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɫɬɜɟ (Burt, 1943). ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɭ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ, ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɨɜ, ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɢɳɢ, ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɭɛɟɠɢɳ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤɚ ɢ ɞɪ.

(Purchase, 1998). ɇɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɥɟɨɩɚɪɞɨɜ Hamilton (1981) ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ 4 ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ: 1) ɩɨɫɬ-ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɚɹ (post-release phase) – ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɧɟɣ, 2) ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ (exploratory movement phase) – ɞɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɡɢɝɡɚɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ, 3) ɫɬɚɞɢɹ

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ (optional directional movement phase) – ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ, ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɨɢɦɤɢ, 4) ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ (settled phase) – ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ (Hamilton, 1981). Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɩɚɪɤɟ Klaserie PNR (ɘȺɊ, 1979ɝ.), ɜ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɚɦɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ, ɚ ɭ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ – ɜɬɨɪɚɹ (Kruger, 1988). ȼ ɩɚɪɤɟ Phinda ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 2-ɯ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɫɹ ɯɨɦɢɧɝ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɰɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɥɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ (Hunter, 1999).

ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɭ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ. Ɉɛɳɢɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɤɚɦɢ ɦɟɫɬ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɭɫɬɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ (Hunter, 1998a; Broomhall et al., 2003) ɢ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɢɳɢ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɚ ɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ. ɍ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ, ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ (ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɢ) ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɧɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɩɚɪɤɟ (Bissett, Bernard, 2007;

Orser, 2009; Hunter, 1995).

Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɨɬ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ, ɨɛɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɚɪɤɚɯ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɭ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɚɦɨɤ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ.

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɭ ɫɚɦɨɤ, ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɫɬɢɜɲɢɯ ɩɨɦɟɬɵ, ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɤ, ɩɨɬɟɪɹɜɲɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɧɵɲɟɣ; ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ; ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɢɳɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɤ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɢɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ.

ȼ ɩɚɪɤɟ Mkhuze GR (ɘȺɊ) ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ 400 ɤɦ², ɝɞɟ ɥɶɜɨɜ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ, ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ 62-66 ɤɦ², ɚ ɭ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɬ 93,9 ɤɦ² ɭ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɞɨ 32,7 ɤɦ² ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ (Orser, 2009).

ȼ ɩɚɪɤɟ Kwandwe PGR (ɘȺɊ) ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ 240 ɤɦ², ɝɞɟ ɨɛɢɬɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɶɜɵ ɢ ɩɹɬɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɝɢɟɧɵ, ɭ ɫɚɦɨɤ ɫ ɩɨɦɟɬɚɦɢ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɹɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ 11 ɤɦ², ɚ ɭ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɚɦɤɢ – 65,6 ɤɦ² (Bissett, Bernard, 2007).

Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɠɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɚɪɤɟ Matusadona NP (Ɂɢɦɛɚɛɜɟ):

ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɫɚɦɟɰ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ (53,8 ɤɦ²), ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɚɦɤɢ ɫ ɞɟɬɟɧɵɲɟɦ (23,6 ɤɦ²) ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɰɚ (11,3 ɤɦ²) (Purchase, 1998).

ɉɪɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɩɚɪɤɚ ɫɚɦɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɜɫɸ ɟɝɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ, ɚ ɫɚɦɰɵ – ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɡɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɫɚɦɰɵ ɛɨɪɨɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɭɛɢɜɚɥɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ (Hunter, 1998). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Phinda NRR (ɘȺɊ) ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ 180 ɤɦ², ɝɞɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɨ 15 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ, ɜ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚɯ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɣ ɩɨɝɢɛɥɢ

4 ɫɚɦɰɚ (Hunter, 1999), ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɱɟɦɭ ɛɵɥ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɩɚɪɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɥɶɜɨɜ.

ɉɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɟɦɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɵ (Bissett, Bernard, 2007; Caro, 1994;

Marker et al., 2008; Kelley et al., 1998).

ɉɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɚɦɤɢ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɞɟɬɟɧɵɲɚɦɢ) ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɝɭɫɬɭɸ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɝɢɟɧ ɢ ɩɪɚɣɞɨɜ ɥɶɜɨɜ (Purchase, 1998), ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɦɚɥɨ, ɚ ɫɚɦɰɵ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɥɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɝɭɫɬɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ (Bissett, Bernard, 2007). ȼ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɥɶɜɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɚɦɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɪɚɜɶɟ ɭ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɫ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚɦɢ (Orser, 2009). ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɹɞɪɨ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɤ ɢ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɥɭɝɚɯ (Hunter, 1998a). ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɯɨɬɧɢɱɶɢɯ ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ, ɧɨ ɫ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 81 ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɢ 27 ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɯ ɨɯɨɬ), ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɝɭɫɬɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɯɨɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɪɟɠɟ, ɧɨ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ (ɢɡ 39 - 20 ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɯ) (Bissett, Bernard, 2007). ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫ ɝɭɫɬɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɨ ɨɯɨɬɹɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚɯ (Broomhall et al., 2003; Mills et al., 2004).

ɉɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɜɢɞɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɧɟɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɹɦ, ɜɵɪɨɫɲɢɦ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɩɚɪɤɟ Kwandwe PGR ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɚɦɤɢ ɜɨɩɪɟɤɢ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ (Laurenson, 1994) ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɩɨɦɟɬɵ (Bissett, Bernard, 2007). ɉɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɝɭɫɬɨɦ ɛɭɲɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɥ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɟ ɭɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɨɬ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɜ.

ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɡɚ ɫɚɦɤɨɣ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚ ɢ ɟɟ ɞɟɬɟɧɵɲɟɦ-ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɦ ɩɨɝɧɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɜɟ ɥɶɜɢɰɵ, ɫɟɦɶɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɫɤɪɵɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɝɭɫɬɨɦ ɛɭɲɟ, ɚ ɥɶɜɵ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɥɢ ɩɨɝɨɧɸ (Purchase, 1998).

Ȼɵɥɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɚɦɤɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɞɟɬɟɧɵɲɚɦɢ-ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɞɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɩɚɪɤɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɟɬ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɩɚɪɤɟ Suikerbosrand, ɝɞɟ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ, ɞɜɟ ɫɚɦɤɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɨɬ ɞɟɬɟɧɵɲɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɥɨɫɶ 16,5-17 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ, ɢ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɫɚɦɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɜ ɩɚɪɤ Eastern Transvaal Loweld, ɝɞɟ ɨɛɢɬɚɥɢ ɥɶɜɵ ɢ ɝɢɟɧɵ, ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɞɟɬɟɧɵɲɚɦɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 19,5 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ (Pettifer et al., 1982).

Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ 20-30 ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ, ɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ – ɩɨ ɩɪɨɲɟɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ

ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɟɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɹɦɢ (Frankham, 2009). Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ, ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɚɪɤɨɜ (48 ɢɡ 65) ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɥɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ (ɞɨ 8 ɨɫɨɛɟɣ), ɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɜ 22 ɢɡ 65 ɩɚɪɤɨɜ, ɧɨ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ (ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɚɪɤɚ, ɦɚɥɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɢ 20 ɨɫɨɛɟɣ. ȼ 12 ɢɡ 22 ɩɚɪɤɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɢ, ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɦɢ.

ɋɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ: ɜ 1995 ɝɨɞɭ 2-ɯ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ Phinda ɨɬ ɫɚɦɤɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɡɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ 1992 ɝɨɞɭ ɢɡ ɇɚɦɢɛɢɢ, ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɥɢ ɜ Madikwe GR, ɚ ɜ Phinda ɩɨɫɟɥɢɥɢ 2-ɯ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ (Hunter, 1996). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɟ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ – ɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ.

ȿɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɚɪɤɚ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɚɦɢ (ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚɦɢ):

1) ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɥɟɬ, ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Matusadona N.P. (Ɂɢɦɛɚɛɜɟ) ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨɣ 20% ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɢ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɦɢ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚɦɢ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ, ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɩɚɪɤɚ ɧɚ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɫɤɢɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ (Purchase, 1998).

2) ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɯɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɤɚ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɣ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ), ɤɚɤ ɜ Madikwe G.R. (Hofmeyr,Van Dyk, 1998), ɜ Phinda GR (Hunter, 1998b) ɢ ɜ Suikerkop NR (Pettifer, 1981b).

3) ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɩɚɪɤɚ (Hofmeyr,Van Dyk, 1998).

ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Kalahari GL, ɇɚɦɢɛɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɟɢɧɬɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɥɶɜɵ, ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɜ 71% ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢ ɜ 100ɦ ɨɬ ɫɟɬɤɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɶ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɤɢɧɭɬɶ ɩɚɪɤ (Stander, 2003).

4) ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɵ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɤɚɧɧɢɛɚɥɢɡɦ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɞɢɤɢɯ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɣ ɫ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɚɦɰɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɢɛɟɥɶɸ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɟɤ (Caro, 1994), ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɤɚɧɧɢɛɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɭ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɧɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ. ȼ ɩɚɪɤɟ Phinda R.R. (ɘȺɊ) ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɹ ɢɡ 2 ɫɚɦɰɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɚɥ ɩɨɣɦɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɚɦɰɚ ɢ ɭɛɢɥɚ ɟɝɨ, ɭɞɭɲɚɹ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɪɡɚɹ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 45 ɦɢɧɭɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨ ɫɚɦɰɵ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɨ, ɜɵɪɵɜɚɹ ɤɭɫɤɢ ɢɡ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɟɧɢɬɚɥɢɣ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ, ɧɚɱɚɜ ɫɥɢɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɸɳɭɸ ɢɡ ɪɚɧ ɤɪɨɜɶ, ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɜɫɤɪɵɥ ɛɪɸɲɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɟɳɟ 25 ɦɢɧɭɬ ɩɨɟɞɚɥ ɬɟɥɨ,

ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɥɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ. ɋɚɦɰɵ ɫɴɟɥɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɭɥɨɜɢɳɚ (Hunter, Skinner, 1995). ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɚɪɤɟ, ɨɧɨ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɡɚ 15 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɞɨ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɢ.

5) ɭɯɨɞ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚ ɫ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɚɪɤɚ, ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ (Hunter, 1996).

6) ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɝɨɥɨɜɶɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɯɢɳɧɵɯ (ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɟɦɵɯ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɯɨɬɵ). ɂɡ 23 ɩɚɪɤɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɪɟɢɧɬɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɛɵɥɚ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ, ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɸɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɤɚɯ – Suikerbosrand N.R. (1975), Itala G.R. (1979), Pilanesberg N.P. (1981) ɢ Phinda R.R. (1992) ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɨɫɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɨɯɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɡɚ 2 ɝɨɞɚ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɜ 1975-76 ɝɝ. ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɜɬɪɨɟ (ɫ 8 ɞɨ 24 ɨɫɨɛɟɣ), ɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɩɪɢɧɝɛɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɛɨɧɬɟɛɨɤɨɜ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɥɨɫɶ (Pettifer, 1981ɫ). ȼ ɩɚɪɤɟ Phinda (ɘȺɊ) ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ (21 ɩɪɨɬɢɜ 14 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɩɚɪɤɚ) ɢ ɧɚɧɟɫɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɧ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɤɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ (Hunter, 1998ɚ). ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɯɢɳɧɵɯ: ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ 3 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɫɟɥɟɧɵ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ 14 ɨɫɨɛɟɣ, ɚ ɜ 1980 ɝɨɞɭ ɢɡɴɹɬɵ ɜɫɟ; ɢɡ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɴɹɬɵ 7 ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɨɞɧɚ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɹ ɢɡ 3 ɫɚɦɰɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɨɠɢɥɚ ɞɨ 14-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ (Pettifer, 1981ɚ; Rowe-Rowe, 1992; Hofmeyr, Van Dyk, 1998), ɚ ɢɡ Phinda ɜ 1995 ɝɨɞɭ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɫɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɶɜɨɜ ɢ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ (Hunter, 1998ɚ).

ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɰɟɩɰɢɢ (Orford, Perrin, 1988), ɫɬɟɪɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ (Hayward et al., 2007a) ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ (Hunter, 1998a) ɞɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ. Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ Eastern Cape ɜ ɘȺɊ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɟɜ ɨɬ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɚ ɞɟɦɨɧɬɚɠ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ (Hayward et al., 2007b). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɢɧɬɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɞɤɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɛɟɡ ɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɦɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ (Hunter 1998a).

ȼɵɛɨɪ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɨɯɨɬɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ – ɨɬ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ ɞɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɤɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ (Marker, 2003), ɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɦɭ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ (Mills, 1991) ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɧɟ

ɫɚɦɵɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Kalahari ɜ ɪɚɰɢɨɧ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɜɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɭɯɢɟ ɥɢɫɢɰɵ (Otocyon megalotis), ɝɨɥɭɛɵɟ ɝɧɭ, ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɟɦɵɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɛɵɥ ɫɩɪɢɧɝɛɨɤ (Mills, 1984) ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ, ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɦɩɚɥɚ (Broomhall, 2001), ɝɚɡɟɥɶ Ɍɨɦɩɫɨɧɚ (Caro, 1994) ɢɥɢ ɫɬɟɧɛɨɤ (Marker, 2003). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɚɦɰɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɯɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɭɸ ɞɢɱɶ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɤɭɞɭ ɢ ɡɟɛɪ), ɧɨ ɫɚɦɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɤɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ (Broomhall, 2001; Caro, 1994). ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɜ ɬɟɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɇɚɦɢɛɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɩɬɨɩɚɪɚɡɢɬɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɟɞɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ, ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɨɯɨɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɭɸ ɞɢɱɶ, ɱɟɦ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ, ɨɛɢɬɚɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɫ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ (McVittie, 1979).

ɉɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɨɛɨɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɩɚɪɤɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɜ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɥɢɫɶ ɤ ɨɯɨɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɞɵ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɯ ɩɨ ɜɟɫɭ (ɤɭɞɭ, ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɤɨɡɟɥ, ɛɨɧɬɟɛɨɤ, ɧɶɹɥɚ, ɛɭɪɱɟɥɥɨɜɚ ɡɟɛɪɚ, ɤɚɧɧɚ), ɧɨ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɭɸ (ɛɨɥɟɟ 60-65ɤɝ) ɞɢɱɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɟɦɨɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ Matusadona N.P. (Ɂɢɦɛɚɛɜɟ) ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɨɬɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɩɚɥɚɦ (Purchase, du Toit, 2000), ɬɨ ɜ Phinda R.R.

(Hunter, 1998a) ɢ Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve (Pettifer, 1981b) ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɨɯɨɬɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ – ɧɶɹɥɚ ɢ ɛɨɧɬɟɛɨɤ, ɚ ɜ ɩɚɪɤɟ Kwandwe PGR – ɤɭɞɭ (Bisset, 2004). ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɹɪɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɜ Kwandwe PGR ɭ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɯɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɤɭɞɭ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɥɚ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɫɬɚɞɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɩɚɥ (Bisset, 2004). ɍɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɧɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɤɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɨɯɨɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɚɦɤɚ ɜ ɩɚɪɤɟ Klaserie P.N.R. (Kruger, 1988). ȼɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɜɲɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ.

ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɜɢɞɚ ɤɨɪɦɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ. Ɍɚɤ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɛɨɦɟ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɢɦɩɚɥ, ɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɚɧɬɢɥɨɩ (Atkinson, Wood, 1995). ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɪɢɜɵɤɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɤɨɪɦɭ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɜɨɥɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɨɯɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɤɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɯɨɬɧɢɱɶɢɦɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɚɦɢ. ȼ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ Du Preez (1970) ɨ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɟ 30-ɢ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɜ 1970 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɩɚɪɤɟ ɗɬɨɲɚ (ɇɚɦɢɛɢɹ) ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ (ɩɨ 8 ɨɫɨɛɟɣ, ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɛɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɶɟɪ) ɤɨɪɦɢɥɢ ɡɚɫɬɪɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɛɵɤɚɦɢ, ɝɧɭ, ɫɩɪɢɧɝɛɨɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɡɟɛɪɚɦɢ. Ɇɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɫɭɞɶɛɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ 4 ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɜ ɩɚɪɤɟ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚ ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɥɨɯɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɨɯɨɬɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɣɰɚ.

ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɜɨɥɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɭɦɟɥɢ ɨɯɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ

ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɩɵɬɧɵɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɪɦɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɨɦ, ɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ ɢɦɩɚɥ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɚɧɬɢɥɨɩ.

ȼ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɪɟɞɤɢɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɭɛɢɜɚɥɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɟɞɚɥɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɯɢɳɧɵɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɲɚɤɚɥɨɜ (Pienaar, 1969). Ʌɸɛɨɩɵɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɮɟɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɚɯ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɨɛɨɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ, ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɚɪɤ Kwandwe PGR, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɫɥɟɞɵ ɱɟɩɪɚɱɧɵɯ ɲɚɤɚɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɩɚɪɤɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ (Bisset, 2004). ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɦɟɠɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɡɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ.

Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɣ (ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɟɦɨɣ) ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɝɟɩɚɪɞ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɢ ɞɚɬɶ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɡɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ Rietvlie Nature Reserve (ɘȺɊ), ɝɞɟ ɩɨɝɨɥɨɜɶɟ ɢɦɩɚɥ ɝɨɞ ɨɬ ɝɨɞɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɪɚɤɚɥɵ ɢ ɲɚɤɚɥɵ ɨɯɨɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɹɝɧɹɬ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɜ ɩɚɪɤ 2-ɯ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ (ɢɡ De Wildt Cheetah Center) ɩɨɝɨɥɨɜɶɟ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ. Ƚɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɨɯɨɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɢɦɩɚɥ, ɧɨ ɩɨɟɞɚɥɢ ɬɭɲɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɚɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɨɯɨɬɭ (Herring, 2008).

ɋɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɯɨɬɧɢɱɶɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. Ƚɟɩɚɪɞ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɧɟɜɧɵɦ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɦ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɜɟɱɟɪɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɵ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ (ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Ʉɚɥɚɯɚɪɢ), ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɠɢɡɧɢ (Labuschagne, 1981). ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɦɢ ɩɚɪɤɚɯ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɢɳɧɵɯ, ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Lower Zambezi NP (Ɂɚɦɛɢɹ) 3 ɫɚɦɰɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɝɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɨɱɶɸ ɩɨ 8-9 ɤɦ (Phiri, 1996), ɜ Kwandwe P.G.R. (ɘȺɊ) ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɨɯɨɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɬɟɦɧɨɬɟ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɢɡ 19 ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɯ ɨɯɨɬ 14 ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɧɨɱɶɸ ɢ 5 ɪɚɧɧɢɦ ɭɬɪɨɦ (Bisset, 2004). ȼ ɩɚɪɤɟ Klaserie PNR (ɘȺɊ) ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ 17.00 ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɚɫɶ ɞɨ 9.00 (Kruger, 1988). ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɯɨɬɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɪɬɜɵ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɜ ɬɟɦɧɨɬɟ ɦɚɥɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵ.

ȼɵɪɨɫɲɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɜɨɥɟ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɯɨɬɟ, ɱɟɦɭ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɟ ɢɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ. Ɍɚɤ, 5 ɫɚɦɰɨɜ, ɜɵɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ CCF ɢ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ NamibRand NR (ɇɚɦɢɛɢɹ), ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɭ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɨɯɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɨɪɢɤɫɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɤɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ (Marker, 2009). ȼ Timbavati PNR ɬɪɨɟ ɛɪɚɬɶɟɜ, ɜɵɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɜɨɥɟ, ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɨɯɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɠɢɪɚɮɹɬ ɫ ɱɟɬɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɜɫɟ ɬɪɨɟ ɝɧɚɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ

ɠɢɪɚɮɨɜ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɫɚɦɟɰ (ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ) ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥ ɝɧɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɞɨ, ɩɨɤɚ 2 ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɠɢɪɚɮɺɧɤɟ: ɨɞɢɧ ɰɟɩɥɹɥ ɞɟɬɟɧɵɲɚ ɡɚ ɤɪɟɫɬɟɰ ɢ ɜɚɥɢɥ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɧɚɜɚɥɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɧɚ ɩɥɟɱɨ, ɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɜɚ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɡɚɜɚɥɢɜɚɥɢ ɠɢɪɚɮɟɧɤɚ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɞɟɬɟɧɵɲ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ, ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɟɩɚɪɞ (ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ) ɞɭɲɢɥ ɟɝɨ, ɫɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɹ ɲɟɸ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɩɨɞ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɶɸ, ɝɞɟ ɬɪɚɯɟɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚ. ɂɡ 12 ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ ɡɚɝɧɚɬɶ ɠɢɪɚɮɹɬ 5 ɨɯɨɬ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɥɢɫɶ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ. ɗɬɚ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɥɚ ɫɢɥɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ – 21 ɪɚɡ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɧɨ ɨɯɨɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɝɧɭ, 13 – ɧɚ ɡɟɛɪ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɢɯ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɬɪɚɜɦɵ. ɇɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɜɦɵ ɨɬ ɛɭɣɜɨɥɚ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ (Pettifer, 1981b).

ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ) ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɫɬɚɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɫɴɟɫɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɲɚɧɫ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɭɲɭ (Caro, 1994). ɉɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ (ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɚ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ) ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɚɪɤɚɯ (ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɜ) ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɭ ɠɟɪɬɜɵ ɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɥɢɫɶ ɤ ɟɞɟ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɞɢɤɢɦ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚɦ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɩɚɪɤɚɯ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ Kwandwe PGR (Bisset, 2004); Phinda R.R. (Hunter, 1998ɚ);

Timbavati PNR (Pettifer, 1981b); Klaserie PNR (Kruger, 1988). ɉɪɢɱɢɧ ɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ – ɫɜɨɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɚɪɤɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɝɭɫɬɨɣ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɭɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ Kwandwe PGR ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɩɚɪɤɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɨ, ɢ ɤɥɟɩɬɨɩɚɪɚɡɢɬɢɡɦ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɪɟɞɤɨ (Bisset, 2004).

ɉɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɜ Timbavati PNR ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥɢ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɟɜɨɥɟ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɥɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɩɚɞɚɥɶɳɢɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɜ (Pettifer, 1981b). ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɨɟɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɨɛɚ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ – ɜɵɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɧɟɜɨɥɟ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦ ɟɞɵ, ɞɚɠɟ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɬ ɧɟɟ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɫɬɶ. Ʉɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɡ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɧɟɣ ɰɟɥɵɦɢ ɬɭɲɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɜ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɤɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɟɞɟ ɛɟɡ ɨɩɚɫɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɥɢɲɢɬɶɫɹ.

ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɭ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ, ɫ 3-ɦɟɫɹɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɜɵɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɜɨɥɟ ɢ ɨɫɜɨɢɜɲɢɯ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɯɨɬɭ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɨɦɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ 3-ɟɣ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɯɨɬɵ ɜ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɟ 20ɯ40ɦ ɨɧɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɩɵɜɚɬɶ ɠɟɪɬɜɭ ɬɪɚɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢ ɷɬɭ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ

ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɜ ɜɨɥɶɟɪ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ 100 ɝɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɠɟɪɬɜɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ 1,5 ɦɟɫɹɰɚ (Houser, 2008).

ȼɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɟɞɤɢɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɟ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɥɢɫɶ ɤ ɠɟɪɬɜɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ 5 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɟɟ, ɧɚɫɵɬɢɜɲɢɫɶ (Burney, 1980). Ɋɟɞɤɨ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɢ (Ⱥɞɚɦɫɨɧ, 1983) ɢɥɢ ɞɟɬɟɧɵɲɢ-ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɢ (Burney, 1980) ɩɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɟɞɵ ɡɚɤɚɩɵɜɚɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɬɭɲɢ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ.

ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɪɹɞ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɤɨɧɱɢɥɫɹ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɟɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɧɟɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɪɨɫɲɢɯ ɜ ɧɟɜɨɥɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ɇɟ ɛɨɹɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɜɲɢɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɚɦɢ ɨɯɨɬɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɬɟɪɹɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɞɨɛɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɞɢɱɶ, ɥɢɛɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɩɚɪɤɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɣ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɣ ɫɤɨɬ ɢ ɝɞɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨɝɢɛɚɥɢ. Ɍɚɤ, 3 ɛɪɚɬɚ ɜ Timbavati PNR ɩɵɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɯɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɭɣɜɨɥɚ, ɧɟ ɛɨɹɥɢɫɶ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ ɡɚɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɜ ɠɢɥɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɨɟɞɚɥɢ ɤɭɪ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ (Pettifer, 1981b). ȼɵɩɭɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ Mthethomusha GR ɩɚɪɚ 2-ɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɫɟɫɬɟɪ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɧɟɨɩɵɬɧɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɚ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɋɚɦɤɢ ɩɵɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɯɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɚɥ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɭɸ (ɧɶɹɥɚ) ɞɢɱɶ ɜ ɝɭɫɬɨɦ ɛɭɲɟ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝɥɢ ɨɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɨɯɨɬɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɟɞɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɯɨɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɹɳɟɪɢɰ ɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɯ ɩɢɳɢ ɤ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɦ, ɧɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟ ɤɨɪɦɢɬɶ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɨɜ, ɯɨɬɹ ɩɥɚɱɟɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ.

ɋɚɦɤɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɥɢ ɜ ɩɚɪɤɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ 2 ɧɟɞɟɥɢ: ɨɞɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɭɛɢɬɚ ɢ ɫɴɟɞɟɧɚ ɝɢɟɧɚɦɢ, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ 3 ɞɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɩɚɪɤɚ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɪɟɣɧɞɠɟɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɫɬɨɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɝɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ, ɩɵɥɶɧɨɣ, ɜɫɬɪɟɜɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɡɨɜɭɳɟɣ ɫɟɫɬɪɭ (Ferguson, 1993).

ȼ ɪɟɞɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɯɨɬɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɞɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɤ ɨɯɨɬɟ. ȼ Madikwe ɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɫɚɦɟɰ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɫɬɚɥ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɨɯɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ, ɟɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɤɨɪɦɢɬɶ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɯɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɥɚɝɟɪɶ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧ ɧɚɱɚɥ ɝɨɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ. ɑɟɪɟɡ 3 ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɫɚɦɰɚ ɨɬɥɨɜɢɥɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɥɢ ɜ De Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Center (Hofmeyr, Van Dyk, 1998). ȼ Kwandwe PGR ɩɨɞɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɥɢ ɨɝɨɥɨɞɚɜɲɭɸ ɫɚɦɤɭ, ɪɚɫɬɢɜɲɭɸ 4-ɯ ɞɟɬɟɧɵɲɟɣ (Hayward et al., 2007a). ȼ Bellebenno Gɋ (ɇɚɦɢɛɢɹ) 3-ɯ ɧɟɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɫɟɫɬɟɪ ɩɨɞɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɟ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɯɨɬɭ, ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ ɩɨɣɦɚɬɶ ɞɭɤɟɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɢɤɫɚ, ɧɚ 9-ɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɭɞɚɱɧɭɸ ɨɯɨɬɭ. ɋ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɩɨɞɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɥɢ – ɡɚ 118 ɞɧɟɣ ɢɡ 150 ɨɯɨɬɧɢɱɶɢɯ ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ 63 ɛɵɥɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɦɢ (Marker, 2010).

ɑɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ: ɨɞɧɢ ɩɨɝɢɛɚɥɢ ɜ ɫɢɥɤɚɯ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ – ɜ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɹɯ ɢ ɨɬɫɬɪɟɥɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɧɟɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɨɝɨɪɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɤɨɜ (Hunter, 1998a). ȼɵɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɥɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɹɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɨɯɨɬɵ ɤ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɠɟɪɬɜ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɷɬɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɬɪɭɞɧɟɟ.

ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ

ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ (Acinonyx jubatus soemmerringii), ɸɠɧɨɣ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ (A.j.

jubatus) ɢ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ Ⱥɡɢɢ (A.j.venaticus) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɟɣ.

ȼ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɩɨ ɪɟɢɧɬɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɢ, ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥɢ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɜɢɞɭ (A.j.

jubatus) (Charruau et al., 2011), ɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (Marker, 2003) ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɧɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɩɨɞɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɟɢɧɬɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ (ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɂɧɞɢɢ) ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɜɵɦɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɥɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɜɢɞɚ, ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɂɪɚɧɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɢɡɴɹɬɢɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ (Charruau et al., 2011). ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɸɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɢɧɬɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɢ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ, ɤɚɤ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ (Charruau et al., 2011).

Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ

Ɋɟɢɧɬɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚ – ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɢɫɤɭɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɚ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ, ɢ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɫ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɩɥɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ.

ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɥɸɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɢɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ȼ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɤɢɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ – ɟɫɥɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɵɦɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɧɟɫɥɨ ɭɪɨɧ ɞɨɧɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ.

Ⱥɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɨɣ ɨɬɥɨɜɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ

ɡɨɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɢɬɨɦɧɢɤɚɯ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɢɡ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɧɟɜɨɥɟ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ (Frankham, 2009).

ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɦ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ, ɨɬɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɫ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɨɦɟ. ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵ: ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɜɵɤɚɦɢ, ɜ ɬ.ɱ. ɨɯɨɬɧɢɱɶɢɦɢ, ɢɡɛɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɚɝɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɬɟɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɠɟɪɬɜ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɯɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ, ɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ – ɫ ɤɨɧɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɟɩɚɪɞɨɜ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɹɦɢ. ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ.

Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɭɸ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɞ. ɦɟɞ. ɧ.

Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɭ Ⱥ., ɞɨɰɟɧɬɭ Åbo Akademi University, Turku (Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɹ) ɢ ɏɨɥɨɞɟɧɤɨ ɂ., ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɸ ɫɚɣɬɚ «ɉɹɬɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɜɟɬɟɪ» (http://gepard.org) ɡɚ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɸɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɞ ɫɬɚɬɶɟɣ.

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