ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɫɰɨɜ (ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɮɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦ, ɜɫɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ

ɜ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɟ ɫ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ)

2. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ

ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɦɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɧɚ 4 ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ. ɍ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɹɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɭɠɟ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ. Ʉ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɟ ɧɨɫɭɯɢ, ɫɚɦɟɰ ɦɨɪɠɚ ɢ ɩɟɫɰɵ. ɍ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚɫɬɨɪɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 3-4 ɞɧɟɣ; ɜ ɷɬɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɜɨɲɥɢ ɤɨɪɫɚɤɢ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɤɨɬɵ. Ɍɪɟɬɶɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚ (ɧɚɫɬɨɪɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɹ, ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɢɹ), ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 30-50 ɞɧɟɣ - ɷɬɨ ɫɚɦɟɰ ɬɢɝɪɚ, ɫɚɦɟɰ ɛɭɪɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɜɟɞɹ, ɫɚɦɤɚ ɦɨɪɠɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɤɚ ɧɨɫɭɯɢ. ȼ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɜɨɲɥɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ 70 ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɧɟɣ – ɫɚɦɤɚ ɬɢɝɪɚ, ɪɨɫɨɦɚɯɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɤɢ ɛɭɪɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɜɟɞɹ.

Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨɩɚɥɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɢ (ɤɨɪɫɚɤɢ, ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɤɨɬɵ, ɩɟɫɰɵ). ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɨɧɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ, ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ (ɬɢɝɪɵ, ɦɟɞɜɟɞɢ, ɪɨɫɨɦɚɯɚ). Ȼɵɫɬɪɚɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɧɨɫɭɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɥɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɣ ɫɚɦɤɢ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɪɠɟɣ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɛɟ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɩɪɢɪɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫɚɦɤɚ ɞɨɥɝɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɚ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɧɭɸ (ɫɦɟɳɟɧɧɭɸ) ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɭ ɫɚɦɰɚ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ

ɧɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɣ. Ⱦɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɚɦɤɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ.

ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɦɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɧɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ, ɬ.ɟ. ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ 3-5 ɞɧɟɣ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɚɧɬɢɧɟ.

ɗɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (ɉɨɩɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ., 2006;

Crockett, 1996), ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɧɢ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɪɟɫɫ. Ɉ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɟ ɢ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɢɢ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ: ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɢɹ, ɧɚɫɬɨɪɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. Ɇɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ. Ɇɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ (ɥɭɱɲɟ – ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ), ɩɪɨɹɜɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɡɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ), ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɥɹ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɷɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ.

ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɨɫɨɦɚɯɢ (93,8%). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ: 76,6% ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɢɝɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɥɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɬɚɦɢ ɢ 82,8% ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɫɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɪɫɚɤɚɦɢ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ: 75,3% ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɬɟɧɵɲɚɦɢ ɧɨɫɭɯɢ ɢ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɶɸ, 76,6% ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɦ ɫɚɦɰɨɦ ɢ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɹɦɢ ɛɭɪɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɜɟɞɹ, 81,3% ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɚɦɰɨɦ ɢ ɫɚɦɤɨɣ ɬɢɝɪɚ ɢ 85,9% ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɚɦɰɨɦ ɢ ɫɚɦɤɨɣ ɦɨɪɠɚ. ɇɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ (70,3%) ɛɵɥ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɫɭɯɢ ɢ ɛɭɪɨɣ ɦɟɞɜɟɞɢɰɵ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɢɞɨɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɣ, ɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɨɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɜɟɪɟɣ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ.

ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɦɵ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ (42%) ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɩɟɪɬɭɚɪ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɚɧɬɢɧɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧ. ȼ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɟ ɨɧ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɨ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 50% ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ (ɩɚɪɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ), ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɚ ɫ

ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɜɵɤɚɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ. ȼ 42% ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɩɟɪɬɭɚɪɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɜɨɥɶɟɪ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ. ȼ 25% ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ, ɚ ɜ 8% - ɨɛɳɚɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ.

ɇɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɜ ɤɚɪɚɧɬɢɧɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ 42%

ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢ ɜ 25% ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɥɚɫɶ. ȼ 50% ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ, ɜ 25% ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɥɚɫɶ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ, ɬɨ ɜ 42% ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ. ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ 25% ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɢ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ.

Ɂɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɚɧɬɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ, ɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ – ɨɫɥɚɛɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɩɚɞɚɥɢ.

ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɜɨɥɶɟɪ ɜ 50% ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɥɫɹ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɥɚ. ɇɚɫɬɨɪɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ (100%) ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɫɧɢɠɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɪɚɧɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɧɨ ɜ 33% ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɨɜɢɡɧɵ.

ȼ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜɵɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɢɝɪɢɰɵ: ɟɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ (Rsp=0,336, t(N-2)=2,14, p=0,04; ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɩɟɪɬɭɚɪɚ ɜ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɟ (Rsp=0,52, t(N-2) = 3,19, ɪ=0,003).

ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɜ ɜɨɥɶɟɪ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɩɟɪɬɭɚɪɚ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɰɚ ɛɭɪɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɜɟɞɹ ɢ ɩɟɫɰɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɡɨɨɩɚɪɤɟ (Rsp=0,623, t(N-2) = 3,56, p=0,002 ɢ Rsp=0,614, t(N-2) = 4,12, p=0,0003;

ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ); ɭ ɩɟɫɰɨɜ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɥɫɹ (Rsp=0,47, t(N-2) = 2,82, p=0,009), ɚ ɭ ɦɟɞɜɟɞɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɥɫɹ (Rsp=-0,524, t(N-2) = -2,74, p=0,01) ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɩɟɪɬɭɚɪ. ɍ ɫɚɦɤɢ ɧɨɫɭɯɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɩɟɪɬɭɚɪɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɜ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɟ (Rsp=0,58, t(N-2) = 2,84, p=0,012). ɍ ɤɨɪɫɚɤɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɟ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɧɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɜɥɢɹɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.

ȼɵɜɨɞɵ

ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɦ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɤ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ:

• ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɚ ɩɨ

ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ (ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ) ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚ.

• Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɯɢɳɧɵɯ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ, ɧɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ.

• Ɇɟɥɤɢɟ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɢ, ɩɨ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɦ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɢ ɹɪɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɣ ɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɤ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ, ɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 30 ɞɧɟɣ. ɋɚɦɵɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɤ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ.

• ɂɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɩɟɪɬɭɚɪɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɧɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɚɧɬɢɧɟ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚ. ɗɬɨ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɩɨɞ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ȼɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɚɧɬɢɧɟ (ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɨɜ) ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ. ɉɪɢ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɟɥɢ ɫɟɛɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɪɨɠɟɧɧɨ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɩɢɤ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɩɚɞɚɥ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɨɜɢɡɧɵ (ɇɟɩɪɢɧɰɟɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ., 1999).

• ɍ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɡɨɨɩɚɪɤ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɥɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɥɶɟɪɵ.

ɇɨ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɧɨɫɭɯ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɥɨ ɪɟɡɤɢɣ ɜɫɩɥɟɫɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɢɜɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɫɧɢɠɚɥɫɹ.

ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ

ɇɟɩɪɢɧɰɟɜɚ ȿ.ɋ., ȼɨɳɚɧɨɜɚ ɂ.ɉ., 2007. ɇɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɡɨɨɩɚɪɤɟ: ɨɛɡɨɪ. // ɇɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɨɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɤɚɯ. Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɨɨɩɚɪɤ, ɜɵɩ. 22, Ɇ.: ɋ. 216-227.

ɇɟɩɪɢɧɰɟɜɚ ȿ.ɋ., ȼɨɳɚɧɨɜɚ ɂ.ɉ., ɂɥɶɱɟɧɤɨ Ɉ.Ƚ., 1999. Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɤ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɜ ɧɟɜɨɥɟ? // ɇɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɨɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɤɚɯ. ȼɵɩ. 11. Ɇ.: ɋ. 151-161.

ɉɨɩɨɜ ɋ.ȼ., ɂɥɶɱɟɧɤɨ Ɉ.Ƚ., 2008. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɡɨɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ

ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɦ ɡɚ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɡɨɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ. Ɇ.: Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɨɨɩɚɪɤ. 165 ɫ.

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Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɵ // ɇɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɨɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɤɚɯ. ȼɵɩ. 20. Ɇ.: ɋ. 78-912.

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Summary

Ovchinnikova I., Ardasheva E. Adaptation of mammals to new conditions:

experience of Udmurtia zoo. In 2008 the zoo of Udmurtia (Izhevsk) was opened and it became possible to study the process of adaptation to new captive conditions of eight mammalian species. ɋhanges of some behavioral characteristics (for example, activity dynamics and behavioral patterns’ number) of different species and animals were found to be similar under those conditions.