Ijime , which is the Japanese term closest in meaning to the word bullying, has been a pressing social issue in Japan for the last 30 years. 29 Although bullying is generally characterized by direct
forms of aggression which often occurs in the playground (Craig et al. 2000), a major type of ijime is “characterized by more indirect forms of aggressions, often conducted by a group of pupils who were a victim’s classmates or even “friends” to the victim, mainly in the classroom” (Kanetsuna et al. 2006). Verbal forms (e.g., teasing, verbal threats) are more frequent than physical forms such as hitting and kicking (Morita et al. 1999). Hence, a major type of ijime causes mental rather than physical suffering to victims. Taki (2001) argues that personal factors (i.e., rearing conditions) do not meaningfully characterize bullies and victims in Japan. Thus ijime “can happen at any time, at any school and among any children” (p.2). His empirical data also suggests that from 1997 to 2000, over 30 percent of primary and junior high school students had bullied others and also experienced being bullied.
3(a - e)/4, is greater than aggregate quantity in the Nash equilib- rium of the Cournot game, 2(a - e)/3, so the market-clearing price is lower in the Stackelberg game.. Thus, i[r]
If the stage game has a unique NE, then for any T , the finitely repeated game has a unique SPNE: the NE of the stage game is played in every stage irrespective of the histor[r]
(a) If an agent is risk averse, her risk premium is ALWAYS positive.
(b) When every player has a (strictly) dominant strategy, the strategy profile that consists of each player’s dominant strategy MUST be a Nash equilibrium. (c) If there are two Nash equilibria in pure-strategy, they can ALWAYS be Pareto
5. Bayesian Nash Equilibrium (12 points)
There are three different bills, $5, $10, and $20. Two individuals randomly receive one bill each. The (ex ante) probability of an individual receiving each bill is therefore 1/3. Each individual knows only her own bill, and is simultaneously given the option of exchanging her bill for the other individual’s bill. The bills will be exchanged if and only if both individuals wish to do so; otherwise no exchange occurs. That is, each individuals can choose either exchange (E) or not (N), and exchange occurs only when both choose E. We assume that individuals’ objective is to maximize their expected monetary payoff ($).
e z . The prices of the three goods are given by (p, q, 1) and the consumer’s wealth is given by ω.
(a) Formulate the utility maximization problem of this consumer.
(b) Note that this consumer’s preference can be expressed in the form of U (x, y, z) = V (x, y) + z. Derive V (x, y).
(a) The intersection of any pair of open sets is an open set.
(b) The union of any (possibly infinite) collection of open sets is open.
(c) The intersection of any (possibly infinite) collection of closed sets is closed. (You can use (b) and De Morgan’s Law without proofs.)
payoff) while M gives 1 irrespective of player 1’s strategy.
Therefore, M is eliminated by mixing L and R .
After eliminating M , we can further eliminate D (step 2) and L
(step 3), eventually picks up ( U , R ) as a unique outcome.
4. Incomplete Information (16 points, think carefully)
There are four different bills, $1, $5, $10, and $20. Two individuals randomly receive one bill each. The (ex ante) probability of an individual receiving each bill is therefore 1/4. An individual knows only her own bill, and is simultaneously given the option of exchanging her bill for the other individual’s bill. The bills will be exchanged if and only if both individuals wish to do so; otherwise no exchange occurs. That is, each individuals can choose either exchange (E) or not (N), and exchange occurs only when both choose E. We assume that individuals’ objective is to maximize their expected monetary payoff ($).