近現代カンボジアの社会変動下におけるカルダモン利用の動態―収穫現場の統率者、販売制度、保全活動をめぐる地球環境史―[Social Changes and Dynamics in Use of Cardamom in Cambodia:Environmental Local History on Harvest Leader,Marketing System and Conservation Activity in theCardamom Mountains]
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(2) ῍῍ !"#$ %&'()*+,-./ * ῍῍. 0 1 2 3 ** Social Changes and Dynamics in Use of Cardamom in Cambodia: Environmental Local History on Harvest Leader, Marketing System and Conservation Activity in the Cardamom Mountains IH=>76H=> Hiroyuki** Abstract Cardamom 4Amomum kravanh5 has been used as a medicinal plant, a food and as a source of revenue in the Cardamom Mountain region in south west Cambodia, from at least the late ῍th century. Harvesting of this plant entailed a ceremony to open the season, conducted by a harvest leader 4dângkhaw5 who took responsibility in leading the harvest group in harvest activities. Production of this plant was also controlled by the then French colonial government in order to secure state revenue by reforming the taxation system and organizing a marketing cooperative system managed by local administration which used a similar system in ῍ῑῌs and ῍ῒῌs. However, the use of cardamom was interrupted in ῍ΐῌs and ῍ῌs due to civil war that broke out under the Pol Pot regime. Although its use and management restarted after the establishment of a new government in ῍ῌs alongside the creation of protected forest in ῎ῌῌ῎ through conservation activities, the author has observed that its use has changed and diversified between both the northern and southern part of the central mountains. That is in the north, ceremony, harvest and selling is still practiced, whereas in the south, people don’t practice ceremony and are inclined to refrain from harvest and selling. This paper will explore how the use of cardamom differed and changed due to historical transitions and social and environmental conditions between the two research sites correlating it with the harvesting leader, marketing system and conservation activities. It then discusses factors effecting its continuous use. The following two points were the core internal factors that supported the continuous use of cardamom in the northern part of the mountains. 4῍5 A fundamental system for practicing harvest custom formed by interaction between characteristics of dângkhaw 4a. Commitment to on the ground activity, b. A hereditary role in transferring knowledge and experiences among kin, c. The adjustment of the harvesting period to collect well ripened fruits with a good market price5 and the environmental setting of the area where cardamom was abundant. 4῎5 The dângkhaw and his family who managed this system reconstructed and maintained harvest customs even under conditions of rapid social change and historical transitions. In addition to this, 4῏5 External intervention through the introduction of a marketing system and conservation activities that linked with the internal harvesting system, formed a system connecting both the inside and outside world of the community through maintaining conditions for selling the harvest. Keywords: cardamom, the Cardamom Mountains, harvest leader, marketing system, conservation activity, continuation, environmental local history ῍ῌ῏ῌ῎ῐ 67 !"#$ %&' 8 9 +,-./ ῌ. ῌῌ. : ;<= ῎ῌῌ > ῍ ?@ABCBCDEFGHIJKLMGNOPQ+,OPRSTUV WXY;< Z +,
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(398) , 89" :;< # => ?@A&*09BC D# E C+ FE/GHIJK/L# MCI NO+P.309 ῐ῎Q RNOS0 K CNO "TU+ C 0# INO ῎ῌ VWX! Y'Z[$C\9" NO ]L^"< +, 89" 1IS ῍ῌῒ: ῎῎2 3< = _C` 0P.#ab0# ?@A&*M+cBCD# L $_C R+P. %de# &CLfgP ' # h RC iJ jk+"e# TTL iJjk+ # 3" Ll+ ῍ΐῌ :mJ(C')!"# M"+ # ?@A&* nopq,-+r*!". IV ῍ῐ῎ῌ ῍ῐ῏ῌ ῌῌ
(399) ῐ῏Q ῍ ῍ῐ῎ῌ ῌῌ !"#$% ῍ΐῌ +, - stuBv*([email protected]Y@(Y$yz/?*{| }~0' 1!"23>45_C40 c0# ?@A&*=6. ῍ῒ #C'@(@'|
(400) 07!+P# ῍ΐῌ ῑ =8* 09!" 1Martin ῍ΐ: ῍ῌ῎2 ῐῐQ ?@A&*:. / ῍ΐῌ C L+;0=C><= \9"/ 0 1Martin ῍ΐῒ: ῎ῌ2# .> + ?@ '!" C # ῍ῒ ῒ '@(@'|uB}*v*(v' [ ῐ Q ?@A0B!"# M4}@('*A C!"# ?@A&*@D0> ῐ῎Q ?@A&*0E# N2F +G0P# ¡=H¢# I ῐῌῌ £ ῒῌῌ m ¤¢CJ¥0KLJ ¦MP 1ANC RCS ῍῍ῑ῎2 N§?@A&* ¢6I OS i ῑῑῌ £ ῒῒ῏ m 1Daltry ῎ῌῌ῎: ῎ῑ2# RC i ῑῌῌ £ ῑ῍ m JICA ¨1 ῍ῌ ῎ῌῌ῎Q CP ῐ῏Q 3 K O©PQ+DªUn« #CN§1¬ "/ Mn# ?@A&*:. ,z® ¯R K °STªU ῐῐQ ±@
(401) * ῍ΐῌ ῑ =C«N§')0# ῍ΐ
(402) U2²³*´Ch RC i# TTL iµ2# Y@(Y$.x =I¶·Rµ ¸IV<¹ ῍ΐῌ K =C P0zW/ 1Martin ῍ΐ: ῍ῑῌ῍ῒ, ῎2 179.
(403) SpOpº» ¼ ½.
(404) Martin : , TTL . !"#$%& '()
(405) *+ ,. -'./0 12345.& 6 -' .78!90: ;-.,<=#>? @ABC DEF >.-')G'H!9IA#J 7 KLM2N2MOP.Q .H RST @ TU !#J V"F WC9 ibid.: ῌ, "X -'YZU#$VA %[U &\.]^,'= WC9 . /_(`. KLM2N2MOP) ab5Nc5*d, # +,.&ef_ g2Ngh i-._. ῍ ῌῐ῏῎ ῌῐ῏ῐ
(406) g2Ngh i.j/klQm n15oOpqr01,s2!9t1F .U u12345> 34U klQm n>.vqr 12345. 56w./*+,7C.xy/! Xz .{8$ @A | RC }0. OS RC 9F v$ ~9 "J#| RC :}0. RC ,;< | RC = J }0. RC OS >#_XJ =J !?!9J9J#_X @_ AB_C | RC :,< RC OS U DEZ } RC .F. .78$ _| RC }0 .v GH_ OS . v. {8$ IHDEU[J#KL J/ u_# {8$ .M . LNl.=.OP( Q R,. p2N M5.ST.$ ~9 u_ # p2N M5¡U¢ VW£¤¥hX ¦§,56_Yῌ Z [¨©ª«9©eA Ironside et al. : h¬4MNM5-\_v | RC .«9z ]. | RC .. C C ^$ _ J Oum : _C® | RC :. ;< KLM2N2MOPU X C ^$ u. ¯°DE!9 OS $ _ X TTL IH. v{8$ .`±U = ²I g2Ngh i8 : wX#J. ³ .| RC .´ µa Martin :
(407) ῌ 7.p 2N M5 ¶MN·¶¸¹b.´ c#J Hammonda and Hor :. 180.
(408) nºῌ»¼ 37EFG XYoS½|!34567'% S".
(409)
(410) CI ῎ῌῌ῎: ῏; Oum ῎ῌῌ: ΐ῎
(411) !"# TTL $ !. % ῎ῌ ha & '( ) *+,-. / 0 12 34567 8 ῍ΐῌ 9 &)) !"
(412) : ;#8< 34567=> ?@A B# /& C OS $8$%+&%D
(413) '%("# & 8 37EFG H)*++* IJK4L ,-0.M NO& P/ 837EFGQ081 , RSK7 2"# T IJK4 ! 3&ῐΐU ῍ U 34567V:0W XYZ[ \4 ]^H_.M834567V`ab`' c XYZ[ \4 deC (f b !-gh5i 67A 0 !=>?@AB# /8 = >8<`P/j 'k) !lYm2n ) *+,-. ! /8 34567 V`ab`op 9 kqZ[ r s :h8<37EFGQ0 tW kqZ[\4&n P/ :XY W
(414) XY. ῌ
(415) ;. !u" v` ,-0.M8 => B# ?@<#`o. P 2 v ?@=>f&n! w? h u834567 :XY @xZ[ > ῎ U 34567 :XY @xZ[ >
(416) h5T 6y!A z # A 0 !=>?@ / B{!C 8 v9 ( =>ZDE|! o z ! w? 8 ῍ῒῌ )NF&`o( }73~ !34567 GH IA J8<K& z !
(417) N L AG Df f ! N 6K+K7 P $h5 RC $ ῑῌ MN O=> b P'N ! ῏ c=> ' v . ῐΐU OS $QRS1(CTL Uo
(418) ,-0.M8 Q RKV 1 ,8zW& P 8 ¡ ¢ r & X 1 ,A Y*£i"# Z ¢ [¤` \ W]!¥¦"# T 0+-. ^8-0_`
(419) PT a&n bῌ§cAIJK4¨d 3& Clarke ῎ῌῌ῍: ῐ῎ῌ N TTL $ ΐῌ MN8©4+©.ª«a ¬ef d `' ) P/IJK4+4KF®fg¯ P 8°h -± r & i ²ijo 8³´ _`8 T# Martin ῍ΐ: ῎ µ¶G4+µ·K7 8{ kml ! 8m ¸khmangU ¹b Ironside et al. ῎ῌῌ῎: 181.
(420) :/|1|º» ῏ΐ ¼ ῎ ½. .
(421) ! "#$ %& '
(422) ()* + ,-./0/1234( 5 6 7 ) 8 ) TTL 9 :;9<= ῑῌ > ) . ῎ ῍ῐ῏ῌ ῌῌ
(423) ῍ῒ ῍ ? @0@ABC + 34DAEFG HIJK L BM NOH P Q RSMT UV !" -./0/12#$ %& DAEFGL'(G WX)*YZ[\] ῍ΐῌ 34 U+^)98_ `,- ῎ῌῌ῍: ῏ῐ; Hammond and Hor ῎ῌῌ῎: ῑῑa Q )bc d_)./Xefg8_. ῍ h . ῌῌ i 0X 123 S j k)l12 m4 .X)l 0X @0@A5 6n)_ U )
(424) o )pq U+r 71238+9s8tu OS 9= k )b0i 0 v 3 wx)d y RSMT" z{|0z}/ :; 1 2Pwx8~<Xd_. i 0 12 =>? k b @3 S3. `Ironside et al. ῎ῌῌ῎: ΐ a Ay )B OS 9 = 0R0/9:; U. @/ ῏ῌ Cb 3 7 ,FS kudoichh῏ΐh RS toalh῏h @ 3S domlong preyh i 8Q_ -./0/12 6#$ RC 9:; ῐῌ ,i domlong mihῐῌh d_ Q])D 0)X + ko =EF G H )b0 I m . 2 ef d_ Q]] ῐ῍h +o ef 8QX @0@AB r =u] = 0 + z{|0z}/ J ¡¢ KZ£q ¤)
(425) 0 ¥¦#$¤ S j) §Z DAEFGQ]v q =i 0 12u `loc. cit.a S j)l12m4 ¨<) OS 9XL] OS 9 ©ª«¬ k ῏ΐh ῏h ῐῌh ῐ῍h. 182. ©M Dioscorea hispida ®S¯®SN°±Ah ©M Tacca pinnatifida RS¯RSh ©M Manihot esculenta A¦S²¯S®Nh OS 9XO )PXI Q³u R i eS KZ3$( TUXVO P´ WXTY ῏ µ ῐ km ZZ¶´ ·¸ ¹TPSd_ `Ironside et al. ῎ῌῌ῎: ΐ a.
(426) ·¸῍¹^u?Cº»¤"#:¼?@ABCD½. S
(427)
(428) . ! "#$ %&' ()* +,( -./0 1234 56789'7:)* ; S OS <=>?@ABC D)E , Floc. cit.G H I:J S :
(429) K"#LMN O 90P ?@ABC QR%& H 90> ῎ S ῌῌ TU , VWX Y@ZY[\]V!:^_ TTL < RC <` 9 a
(430) ῍ΐ !bc d[efg" hiZhCj> CP <k
(431) . O:2l. ῍ m ῎ῌ !bnoR p qrstV ῍ῌ !uv#bcw x$ S t2ly z RC < TTL <{|. }~ }CP <:2l w % &P7'( w . ) t*,!!. : Q,{| rs ;:> ῍ΐ ! ῍῍ ῎ῌ + \,rs- CP <
(432) I-tVp rs FCI ῎ῌῌῐ: ῏G O0:.U{| / w 0> z RC <{| ΐῌ uv#1p 23' RC < ! O1 ῌῌ ^_
(433) \<. p4 {| y RC < TTL <_
(434) CP <VK {|. CP < . . CP <_VK. ^
(435)
(436) !. ῍ΐ ! ῍ ! ῍ !. ῍ῒ ! ῍ΐ ! ῍ ! ῌ. z RC <. ῑ. ῍ ῎ ῎. hiZC. ῍. ῍. ῌ. [BZC. ῍. ῍. ῍ !. ῍ !. TTL <. ῑ. ῍ ῎ ῍ ῍. ῑ! ῍ ! ῎ῌ m ῎῍ ! ῌ. ῍ ! ῍ ! ῍ m ῎ῌῌῌ ! ῌ. ¡¢f£¤¥. ῍. ῍. ῍ !. ῍ΐ !. RC <. TTL <. CP <_/_VK5. {῍^ 6¦H 7.§¨ 8 ῍ ῍TTL <{|: CP <_VK ῑ ! O©tVhiZhCjª«i¬ 9 8 ῎ ῍p4 ¡¢f£¤¥{|:^_ TTL <
(437) : ῍ ®>
(438) :¯ ; <=8> 8 ῏ ῍RC <_
(439) z RC <{|? ΐ ®8>°( ± ῎ ® CP <_8>:0w '$:²@ 8 ῐ ῍$A0N :8>:0B ³H I ´µ;, C¶ B= 8> 183.
(440) ¤ ^]^º» ῐΐ ¼ ῎ ½ ῍ῌ. ~ "#$ "#12:; <1 :; <1. ~ "#1. ~ . ~ . A῎ B. OS ῍ ACL sK sOS B. OS ῎ AKCR B. RC . TTL . s ^GsJ RC . ῍ ῑ ῎῎. ῌ ῎ ῌ. ῌ ῍ ῒ. ῌ ῌ ῌ. ῍ ΐ ῎. TTL tIsJ ^ AC B vwsJ AK B. ῎ ῌ ῌ ῌ. ῌ ῌ ῌ ῌ. ῌ ῍ ῌ ῍. ΐ ῌ ῍ ῌ. ῍ῌ ῍ ῍ ῍. . "῎:1d ῍ ῎OS ῍ !
(441) s 2¡¢1|$£
(442) OS ῎ ^Gs J 2¡¢1|$£Q ῎ ῎K :; RC 7
(443) C :; RC ¤"¥Q C 7 ῏ ῎TTL "# OS ῍ ; ῎ ¦ $§@? ῍ῌ῍῎ OS ῐ ῎ RC "#_ OS ῍ ; ¨ ©# ªs$ "#$ Q
(444) « "#134 ῒ ¬7 ῒ ¬$% « "#1 & Its®w ῎ ¯
(445) °±s²Js³ ῍ ¯
(446) TTL ῍ ¯
(447) ^ GsJ ῎ ¯
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