⥲ ㄝ
Ꮫ ࠾ࡅ ࡿࣜ ࣮ ࢲ ࣮ࢩ ࢵࣉ ࣭ ࣉ ࣟࢢ ࣒ࣛ ࡢ 㛤 Ⓨ 㛵ࡍ ࡿ ⪃ ᐹ
̿ ⡿ ᅜ ࡢ ࢆ ᡭ ࡀ ࡾ ̿
Ἠ ㇂ 㐨 Ꮚ Ᏻ 㔝 ⯙ Ꮚ ᯇ ᒣ Ꮫ Ꮫ ⏕ ᨭ ᐊ ᶓ ᅜ ❧ Ꮫ Ꮫ ᩍ ⫱ ⥲ ྜ ࢭ ࣥ ࢱ ࣮ せ ⣙ 㸸 ⡿ ᅜ ࡢ Ꮫ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ࢆ ᳨ ウ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ 㸪 ᪥ ᮏ ࡢ Ꮫ ࡛ ࡣ ຠ ᯝ ⓗ ࡞ ࣜ ࣮ ࢲ ࣮ ࢩ ࢵ ࣉ ࣭ ࣉ ࣟ ࢢ ࣛ ࣒ ࢆ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ 㛤 Ⓨ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࢆ ⪃ ᐹ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ᩥ ⊩ ㄪ ᰝ ࡢ ⤖ ᯝ 㸪 ⡿ ᅜ ࡢ Ꮫ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ྠ ࣉ ࣟ ࢢ ࣛ ࣒ ࡢ ᬑ ཬ Ⓨ ᒎ ࡣ 㸪 」 㞧 ࡞ ㄢ 㢟 ┤ 㠃 ࡍ ࡿ ♫ ࡢ ᛴ ⃭ ࡞ ኚ క ࠺ ࣜ ࣮ ࢲ ࣮ ࢩ ࢵ ࣉ ほ ࡢ ኚ ᐜ Ꮫ ᩍ ⫱ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ Ꮫ ⩦ ࡢ ࣃ ࣛ ࢲ ࣒ ࣭ ࢩ ࣇ ࢺ ࡀ ᙳ 㡪 ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ศ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ⌧ ᅾ ᪥ ᮏ ࡢ Ꮫ ࡶ ྠ ᵝ ࡢ ♫ ⓗ ≧ ἣ ࠶ ࡾ 㸪 ຍ ㏿ ࡍ ࡿ ࢢ ࣟ ࣮ ࣂ ࣝ ♫ ࡢ 」 㞧 ✚ ᴟ ⓗ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ᕷ Ẹ ࡞ ࢀ ࡿ ࡼ ࠺ Ꮫ ⏕ ࢆ ⫱ ࡚ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ᮇ ᚅ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋࡺ ࠼ 㸪᪥ ᮏ ࡢ Ꮫ ࡀ ⡿ ᅜ ࡢ ᑓ 㛛 ᐙ ࡸ ᩍ ⫱ ⪅ ࡀ 㛤 Ⓨ ࡋ ࡓ ࣜ ࣮ ࢲ ࣮ ࢩ ࢵ ࣉ ࣭ ࣔ ࢹ ࣝ ࡸ ࢞ ࢻ ࣛ ࣥ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ Ꮫ ࡧ ཧ ⪃ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡣ ᭷ ┈ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ⪃ ࠼ ࡿ ࠋ 㸦 ࢟ ࣮ ࣡ ࣮ ࢻ㸸Ꮫ ⏕ ࣜ ࣮ ࢲ ࣮ ࢩ ࢵ ࣉ࣭ࣉ ࣟ ࢢ ࣛ ࣒ 㸪ࣜ ࣮ ࢲ ࣮ ࢩ ࢵ ࣉ 㣴 ᡂ 㸪ࣉ ࣟ ࢢ ࣛ ࣒ 㛤 Ⓨ 㸪 Ꮫ ኈ ㄢ ⛬ ᩍ ⫱ 㸪 ࣛ ࣮ ࢽ ࣥ ࢢ ࣭ ࢘ ࢺ ࢝ ࣒ 㸧Study on the Development of College Leadership Program ̿ Implications from College Student Leadership Programs in the United States̿
Michiko IZUMITANI
(Student Support Office㸪 Matsuyama University) Maiko YASUNO
(Education Center㸪 Yokohama National University)
Abstract: Based on the student leadership programs in the U.S. and in consideration of their particular characteristics, this paper concludes that there are two major factors behind the expansion of campus leadership programs in the U.S. One is the shift of the leadership paradigm due to a rapidly changing society facing complex issues, and another is the paradigm shift in undergraduate education from “teaching paradigm” to “learning paradigm”. Japanese colleges and universities are also currently facing a similar situation and are therefore expected to prepare students to become effective and engaging citizens in this increasingly globalized and complicated world. As such㸪 it would be beneficial if Japanese institutes could learn and refer to student leadership models and guidelines that have been developed by leadership scholars and educators in the U. S.
(Keywords: student leadership programs㸪 leadership development㸪 program development㸪 undergraduate education㸪 learning outcomes)
㸯㸬⫼ᬒ┠ⓗ ᪥ᮏ࠾ࡅࡿ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡢ㛵ᚰࡣ㸪㛗ᘬ ࡃ⤒῭ἣࡸ⮬↛⅏ᐖࡼࡿ♫ΰࡢ୰࡛㏆ᖺ ࡘ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᏛࡣ㸪ᆅᇦ♫ࡸᅜᐙ㸪 ୡ⏺࡛୰᰾࡞ࡗ࡚ά㌍ࡍࡿேᮦࢆ㍮ฟࡍࡿࡇ ࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪࠼ࡤ2008 ᖺ୰ኸᩍ⫱ᑂ㆟ ⟅⏦ࠕᏛኈㄢ⛬ᩍ⫱ࡢᵓ⠏ྥࡅ࡚ 1)ࠖࡀᥦၐ ࡋࡓࠕᏛኈຊࠖࡢ୰࡛ࡣ㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡀᏛ ༞ᴗࡲ࡛㌟ࡘࡅࡿࡁ⬟ຊࡢ୍ࡘࡋ࡚ᣲ ࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪2006 ᖺ⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬ࡀᥦၐ ࡋࡓࠕ♫ேᇶ♏ຊ 2)ࠖࡣ㸪ࡸከࡃࡢᏛࡀᏛ ⩦ᡂᯝᣦᶆࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ⬟ຊࡢ⫱ᡂຊࢆὀ࠸࡛࠸ ࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࡢࠕ♫ேᇶ♏ຊࠖࡢ⬟ຊせ⣲࡛࠶ࡿࠕ๓ ㋃ࡳฟࡍຊࠖࡸࠕࢳ࣮࣒࡛ാࡃຊࠖ࡞ࡣ㸪ࣜ ࣮ࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉḞࡏ࡞࠸⬟ຊゝ࠼ࡿࠋ᭦㸪 ⤒῭ྠࡀဨᡤᒓᴗ818 ♫ࢆᑐ㇟⾜ࡗࡓ ㄪᰝ㸦᭷ຠᅇ⟅ᩘ225 ♫㸧࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪᪂༞᥇⏝ ࡢ㝿㔜どࡍࡿ㈨㉁➼ࡋ࡚㸪⇕ព࣭ពḧ㸪⾜ື ຊ࣭ᐇ⾜ຊ㸪ࢳ࣮࣒࣮࣡ࢡຊࡀ㸱ࡲ࡛ᣲࡆࡽ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡶࡲࡓ㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉồࡵ
ࡽࢀࡿせ࡞⬟ຊゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺3)ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺㸪 ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡣᏛࡀ༞ᴗࡲ࡛Ꮫ⏕㌟ࡘ ࡅࡉࡏࡿࡁ㔜せ࡞Ꮫ⩦ᡂᯝ㸦࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢ࣭࢘ ࢺ࣒࢝㸧ࡋ࡚ᗈࡃㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣ㸪᪥ᮏࡢᏛ࡛ࡣ㸪Ꮫ⏕ࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩ ࢵࣉࢆ⫱ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᩍ⫱ࡀ“ពᅗⓗ”ࡘ“య⣔ ⓗ”⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ᪥ᮏᏛ⏕ᨭᶵ ᵓࡀ2010 ᖺ⾜ࡗࡓࠕᏛ㸪▷ᮇᏛ㸪㧗➼ᑓ㛛 Ꮫᰯ࠾ࡅࡿᏛ⏕ᨭࡢྲྀ⤌≧ἣ㛵ࡍࡿㄪᰝࠖ ࡛ࡣ㸪Ꮫ⏕࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ㣴ᡂࡢྲྀ⤌≧ἣࡘ࠸ ࡚ࡶᑜࡡ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ᮏㄪᰝཧຍࡋࡓᏛࡢ࠺ࡕ ࠕᐇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖᅇ⟅ࡋࡓᏛࡣయࡢ37.1㸣 ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࠸࠺㸦ᅇ⟅ᰯᩘ1,136㸧ࠋࡋࡋ㸪ࡇࡢ ࠕᏛ⏕࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ㣴ᡂࢆᐇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖᅇ ⟅ࡋࡓᏛࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪ྲྀ⤌ෆᐜࡀࠕᐟἩᆺ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ ◊ಟࠖࡸࠕ1 ᪥࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᩘ㛫⛬ᗘࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩ ࢵࣉ◊ಟ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡀ⣙༙ᩘࢆ༨ࡵ㸪ࠕయ⣔ⓗ࡞ ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖᅇ⟅ࡋࡓᏛࡣయ ࡢ 7㸣⛬ᗘ㐣ࡂ࡞ࡗࡓ 4)ࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝᑐࡋ㸪 ⛙ࡽ 4)ࡣࠕ⌧௦♫࠾࠸࡚࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡢ㣴 ᡂࡣከ᪉㠃ࡽồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪≉ᐃࡢ㡿ᇦࡢ Ꮫၥࢆ㝖ࡁ㸪ᏛෆࡢᏛ⏕ࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ ࢩࢵࣉ㣴ᡂࡀయ⣔ⓗ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᏛࡀᑡ࡞ ࠸ࠖศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡲࡓ㸪➹⪅ࡣ㸪≉ᐃࡢศ㔝≉ࡏࡎ㸪Ꮫ㒊 ⏕ࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓయ⣔ⓗᩍ⫱ࣉࣟࢢ࣒࡛ࣛ㸪ࢱࢺ ࣝࠕ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࠖࡸࠕ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࠖࢆෙࡋࡓ ࡶࡢ㸪ࡲࡓྠࡌ᮲௳࡛ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ┠ⓗ࣮ࣜࢲ ࣮㸭࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ㣴ᡂࢆྵࡴࡶࡢࡘ࠸࡚㸪 ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺୖࡢ᳨⣴⤖ᯝࣜࢡ࣮ࣝࢺࡀᩚ⌮ࡋ ࡓ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢࣜࢫࢺ5)ࢆᇶ㸪 ࠾࠾ࡼࡑࡢᩘࢆࡣࡌࡁฟࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪 Ꮫෆ⚾ ሿࡸ㑅ᢤᆺࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ࡞ ௳࠶ࡲࡾࡀ㐣ཤ㸳 ᖺ௨ෆⓎ㊊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪 ᖺᗘࠕࢫ࣮ࣃ ࣮ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝᏛᡂᨭᴗࠖ㸦ᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬㸪 㸧᥇ᢥࡉࢀࡓ ௳ࡢᴗࡢෆ㸪 ௳࠾ ࠸࡚࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࢆ㌟ࡘࡅࡿࡇࢆࡡࡽ࠸ ࡋࡓᩍ⫱ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢᐇࡀணᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿὀ1)ࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺㸪♫ࡽࡢせㄳᛂ࠼ࡿᙧ࡛࣮ࣜࢲ ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ㣴ᡂࡢྲྀ⤌ࡳࡀᑡࡋࡎࡘᗈࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ ࡀ❚࠼ࡿࠋࡋࡋ㸪ᮍࡔᗈࡃᬑཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡣ ゝ࠸㞴࠸≧ἣ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ୍᪉㸪⡿ᅜࡢᏛ࡛ࡣ㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡣᏛ ᩍ⫱ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࢀࡤ⮬↛㌟ࡘࡃࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪 ពᅗⓗ⫱ࡴࡁ㔜せ࡞࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢ࣭࢘ࢺ࣒࢝ ࡢ୍ࡘࡋ࡚᫂☜⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 6)ࠋ1990 ᖺ௦ࡽᏛ࠾ࡅࡿຠᯝⓗ࡞࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ㛤Ⓨ㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡀ┒ࢇ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ ࠾ࡾ㸪⡿࡛ᑡ࡞ࡃࡶ1,500 ௨ୖࡢṇㄢ࣭ṇㄢ እࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ7)ࠋ ࡑࡇ࡛㸪ᮏ✏࡛ࡣ㸪Ꮫ࡛ࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉᩍ ⫱ࡀពᅗⓗࡘయ⣔ⓗ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⡿ᅜࢆ ࡋ࡚ྲྀࡾୖࡆ㸪ᩥ⊩ㄪᰝࡼࡾ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵ ࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀᬑཬࡋࡓ⫼ᬒࡘ࠸࡚᥈ࡿ ࡶ㸪ᐇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞ ≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࡘ࠸࡚ᩚ⌮ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢୖ࡛㸪᪥ ᮏࡢᏛ࠾࠸࡚ຠᯝⓗ࡞࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟ ࢢ࣒ࣛࢆ㛤Ⓨࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣఱࡀᚲせࡘ࠸࡚⪃ ᐹࡍࡿࠋ ࡞࠾㸪ࠕ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࠖࡣ㸪ㄽ⪅ࡢᩘᐃ⩏ ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿゝࢃࢀࡿࡑࡢᐃ⩏ࡀከᒱࢃࡓ ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ᐇ㸪Rost8)ࡼࡿ㸪Ꮫ⾡◊✲࠾࠸ ࡚110 ࡢᐃ⩏ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ➹⪅ࡽࡣ㸪Ꮫᩍ⫱࠾ࡅࡿ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ㣴ᡂ ࡘ࠸࡚⡿ᅜࡢࢆ⏝࠸࡞ࡀࡽ᳨ウࢆ⾜࠺࠶ ࡓࡾ㸪ࡲࡎ㸪⡿ᅜࡢᏛ࡛᭱ࡶά⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࣜ ࣮ࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ⌮ㄽࡸࣔࢹࣝ㸦Social Change Model of Leadership Development㸪 Relational Leadership Model㸪 Servant Leadership㸪 Leadership Challenge㸧 ࡀᥦၐࡍࡿ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡢせ⣲ࡘ࠸࡚ᩚ⌮ࢆ ⾜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ඹ㏻ࡍࡿ㸱ࡘࡢせ⣲ࢆ☜ㄆ ࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣ㸪ࠕ⮬ᕫࡢㄆ㆑ࠖ㸪ࠕඹ㏻┠ⓗࡢࡓࡵ ࡢ༠ྠࠖ㸪ࡑࡋ࡚ࠕࡼࡾⰋ࠸♫ࡢࡓࡵࡢኚࡢ 㐀࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪ᶒ㝈ࡀศ᭷ࡉࢀࡓ⌮ⓗ࡛ ᜨⓗ࡞ࣉࣟࢭࢫ㸦㞟ᅋࡢస⏝㸧࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡶ≉ᚩ ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀศࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼㸪 ᮏ✏࡛➹⪅ࡽࡣ㸪ᩘከ࠸࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡢᐃ⩏ࡢ ୰ࡽ Burns9)ࡀ♧ࡋࡓኚ㠉ᆺ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ 㸦Transformational Leadership㸧ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢグ㏙ࢆ ཧ⪃ࡋ㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࢆ㸪ࠕඹ㏻ࡢ┠ᶆ㐩ᡂࡸ ⤌⧊࣭ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ⫯ᐃⓗ࡞ኚࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡓ ࡵࡢ㸪 㞟ᅋࡢᵓᡂဨဨࡀ㛵ࢃࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫ㸦㞟ᅋ ࡢస⏝㸧ࠖᐃ⩏ࡍࡿࠋ
㸰㸬⡿ᅜ࠾ࡅࡿᏛ⏕࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢࣛ ࣒ࡢᬑཬ♫ⓗ⫼ᬒ ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡣ㸪せ࡞࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢ࣭࢘ࢺ ࣒࢝ࡢ୍ࡘࡋ࡚㸪᳜Ẹᆅ௦ࡼࡾ⡿ᅜࡢᏛᩍ ⫱࠾࠸࡚㔜どࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ10)ࠋࡋ ࡋ㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࢆ㣴࠺ࡇࢆࡡࡽ࠸ࡋࡓ ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛᩘࡀ⇿Ⓨⓗቑ࠼ࡓࡢࡣ 1980 ᖺ௦௨ 㝆࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡣ㸪୍㒊ࡢඃ⚽࡞Ꮫ⏕ࢆᑐ㇟ ࡋࡓྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡸ㸪Ꮫෆᅋయࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ཬࡧᏛ⏕ ᑅࡢᏛ⏕ࢫࢱࢵࣇࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀ୰ᚰ ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ1970 ௦ึ㢌ࡲ࡛㸪ࡑࢀࡽಶࠎࡢᑠࡉ ࡞ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳඹ㏻ࡍࡿゝㄒࡣᏑᅾࡏࡎ㸪άືෆᐜ ࡸᩍ⫱ᡭἲࡀᗈࡃඹ᭷ࡉࢀᶆ‽ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡶ࡞ ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋ㸪1974 ᖺ㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉᩍ⫱ ᚑࡍࡿᏛ⏕ᨭࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࡓࡕࡀ㸪⮬ࡽ⤌⧊ࡍࡿ ᑓ 㛛 ⫋ ᅋ య ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ American College Personnel Association (ACPA) ࡢ ά ື ࢆ ᗈ ࡆ 㸪 National Association of Student Personnel Administrators (NASPA)ࡢ㸪Ꮫ⏕ᨭ㛵ࢃࡿ」ᩘࡢᑓ㛛⫋ᅋ యാࡁࡅ㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ㣴ᡂ㛵ࡍࡿ≉ู ጤဨࢆ⤌⧊ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ㞟ᅋࡢ㈉⊩ࡼࡾ㸪࣮ࣜ ࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ㣴ᡂࡢࣔࢹࣝࡀᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࡓ㸪࣮ࣜࢲ ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ㛵ࡍࡿ㈨ᩱࡀ⦅⧩ࡉࢀࡓࠋ ࡑࡢᚋ1990 ᖺ௦ࡲ࡛㸪ከࡃࡢᐇ㊶ᐙࡸ◊✲⪅ ࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡼࡾ㸪Ꮫ⏕࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ㣴ᡂࡣ⌮ ㄽⓗᯟ⤌ࡳ㸪ᴫᛕࣔࢹࣝ㸪ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢᇶ‽㸪ከ ᵝ࡞ᩍ⫱ᡭἲࢆᣢࡘศ㔝Ⓨᒎࡋࡓࠋ1900 ᖺ௦ ᮎ㡭ࡽࡣᐇドⓗ◊✲ࡶᩘከࡃ⾜ࢃࢀ㸪ࠕ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ ࢩࢵࣉࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡣࡢᏛ⏕ࡶഛࢃࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪 Ꮫࡣ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡸάື࡛ࡑࡢྍ ⬟ᛶࢆ㛤Ⓨࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠖ㸪ࠕᏛ⏕࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩ ࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀ㸪ಶே㸪ᡤᒓᶵ㛵㸪ᆅᇦࡢྥ ୖࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ11)ࠖ㸪ࠕࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡸ࣎ࣛࣥࢸࡢᶵ 㸪య㦂ⓗᏛࡧ㸪༠ྠࢆ㏻ࡋࡓάືⓗᏛ⩦ࡀᏛ⏕ ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡢ㛤Ⓨ㈉⊩ࡍࡿ12)ࠖ㸪ࠕ1 ᗘࡢࣉ ࣟࢢ࣒ࣛཷㅮ࡛ࡶ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࢆఙࡤࡍࡇࡀ ࡛ࡁࡿ13)ࠖ࡞㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ ᭷ຠᛶࡸຠᯝⓗ࡞ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛෆᐜࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿ◊✲ ⤖ᯝࡀ᫂ࡽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2004 ᖺࡽ 2005 ᖺ ⾜ࢃࢀࡓㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉᑓᨷࢆ᭷ࡍ ࡿᏛࡢᩘࡀ 70 ୖࡿࡇࡶ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ ࡿ14)ࠋ ࡛ࡣ㸪࡞ࡐᏛᩍ⫱࠾ࡅࡿ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ㣴 ᡂࡣࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࡢᬑཬⓎᒎࢆ㐙ࡆ࡚ࡁࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺ ࠋᩥ⊩ࢆᩚ⌮ࡍࡿ㸪2 ࡘࡢࡀࡑࡢせ ᅉࡋ࡚ᾋࡧୖࡀࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣ㸪1960 ᖺ ௦㡭ࡽጞࡲࡗࡓࡉࢀࡿࠕ⬺ᕤᴗ௦15)ࠖࡢ ฿᮶క࠺࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉほࡢ㌿㸪Ꮫ࠾ ࡅࡿᏛ⩦ᴫᛕࡢኚ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡲࡎ๓⪅ࡘ࠸࡚㏙ࡿ㸪1960 ᖺ௦㡭ࡲ࡛ࡢ ➨ḟ⏘ᴗ㸦ᕤᴗ㸧୰ᚰࡢࠕᕤᴗ௦ࠖ࠾࠸ ࡚ࡣ㸪⤌⧊ෆࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡢ㛵ಀࡣᑒᘓⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ຠ⋡ⓗ࡞⏕⏘ࡢࡓࡵ㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮࡛࠶ࡿ⟶⌮┘╩ ⪅ࡀᚑ⪅ࢆ᧯స࣭⟶⌮ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ᙧࡀ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩ ࢵࣉ⌮ゎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ 8)ࠋࡋࡋ㸪ሗ࣭▱㆑࣭ ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡀ㔜せ࡞ᙺࢆᯝࡓࡍ⬺ᕤᴗ௦࠾ ࠸࡚㸪▱㆑ࢆᇶ┙ࡋࡓ⤒῭ࢆᨭ࠼ࡿປാ⪅ࡣࠕ▱ ㆑ປാ⪅࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾ㸪ࢳ࣮࣒࡛⣲᪩࠸ពᛮỴᐃࢆ⾜ ࠺ࡇ࡛㸪⤌⧊㈉⊩ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪 ࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡢᣢࡘ▱㆑ࢆ⤫ྜࡋ㸪ࡢ㒊⨫㸦ࢳ ࣮࣒እࡢே㛫㸧ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆྲྀࡾ㸪ࡼ ࡾ」㞧࣭㧗ᗘࡍࡿ⥭ᛴࡢㄢ㢟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴࡇ ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ௨๓ࡣタᐃࡉࢀࡓ┠ ᶆㄢ㢟ࡢࡓࡵ㸪⤌⧊ࡀᥥࡃ➽᭩ࡁ㏻ࡾື࠸ ࡚࠸ࢀࡤⰋࡗࡓປാ⪅ࡓࡕࡢാࡁ᪉ࡀࡁࡃኚ ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ16)ࠋ ⬺ᕤᴗ௦ࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉほࡘ࠸࡚㏙ ࡓ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡣ㸪Burns ࡢ Leadership ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ᚑ⪅ࡢ㛵ಀࡣᜨᛶࡲࡓ ⌮ᛶࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ᚑ ⪅ࡀ⤌⧊ࡸࢳ࣮࣒ࡢ┠ⓗࢆඹ᭷ࡋ㸪ࡣ┠ᶆࡸ ࣅࢪࣙࣥࢆඹᥥࡁ㸪⤌⧊ᮃࡲࡋ࠸⤖ᯝࡸ┈ ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡓࡵ㸪࠸ࢆ㧗ࡵྜ࠸࡞ࡀࡽ༠ാࡍ ࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 9)ࠋ ࡇࡢBurns ࡼࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉほࡢᥦၐ ࡼࡾ㸪ࠕ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡣ࡚ࡢேࡀ㛵ࢃࡿࣉ ࣟࢭࢫ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡀᬑཬࡋ17)㸪ࡑࢀక ࠸㸪ከࡃࡢᏛ࡛ࡼࡾᖜᗈ࠸ᒙࢆᑐ㇟࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ ࢩࢵࣉ㣴ᡂࡀᐇࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ 13)ࠋࡇࡢࡇࡣ㸪ḟ⠇࡛⤂ࡍࡿᏛᩍ⫱⏝࠸ ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿせ࡞࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ⌮ㄽࡸࣔࢹࣝࡀ㸪 ࢀࡶ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ᚑ⪅ࡢᜨᛶࡸ⌮ᛶࢆ㔜せど ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡽࡶ᫂ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 㐣ཤ࠾ࡼࡑ 30 ᖺ㛫ཬࡪ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ㣴ᡂ
ࡢᬑཬⓎᒎࡢࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢせᅉ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢࡀ㸪 Ꮫᩍ⫱࠾ࡅࡿᩍᤵ㸦ᩍဨ㸧୰ᚰࡽᏛ⩦㸦Ꮫ ⩦⪅㸧୰ᚰࡢࣃࣛࢲ࣒࣭ࢩࣇࢺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୗ ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺㸪ࡇࢀࡣ㸪Ꮫ࠾࠸࡚ࠕఱࢆᩍ࠼ ࡿ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠕఱࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࠖ㸪࠸ࢃ ࡺࡿࠕ࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢ࣭࢘ࢺ࣒࢝ࠖ㔜どࡢ⛣⾜࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋ ࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢࣃࣛࢲ࣒࠾࠸࡚㸪Ꮫࡢ┠ ⓗࡣ㸪▱㆑ࢆ⛣⾜ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪Ꮫ⏕ ࡀ▱㆑ࢆ⮬ࡽⓎぢ࣭ᵓ⠏࡛ࡁࡿ⎔ቃ⤒㦂 ࢆ㐀ࡋ㸪Ꮫ⏕ࢆ㸪ㄢ㢟ࢆⓎぢࡋゎỴ࡛ࡁ ࡿᏛ⩦ࢥ࣑ࣗࢸ࣮ࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡍࡿࡇ ࡛࠶ࡿ18)ࠋ ࡇࡢ⫼ᬒࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ࡲࡎ㸪⡿ᅜ࠾ࡅࡿᏛࡢ ⾗క࠺Ꮫ⏕ࡢᇶ♏Ꮫຊ㸪ᩥ⫼ᬒ㸪⤒㦂㸪 ࢽ࣮ࢬ㸪㛵ᚰ࡞ࡢከᵝࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿὀ2㸧ࠋ≉㸪 Ꮫእ࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ࡸᐙᗞ㸪ࡲࡓάື➼࠾࠸ ࡚ᙺ㈐௵ࢆᢸ࠺Ꮫ⏕ࡀቑ࠼ࡿ୰㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡀ㸪 ᩍ⫱ᑐࡋ࡚༢࡞ࡿ▱㆑ࡢ⛣㌿࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ᡤᒓࡍ ࡿ⤌⧊ࡸࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࠾࠸࡚ᐇ㉁ⓗ࡞ኚࢆࡶ ࡓࡽࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ⬟ຊࡢ⋓ᚓࢆồࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡞ ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ19)ࠋ ᩍᤵ୰ᚰࡽᏛ⩦୰ᚰࡢࣃࣛࢲ࣒࣭ࢩࣇࢺ ࡢ⫼ᬒ࠶ࡿู࡞せᅉࡋ࡚㸪1970 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡢᕷ ሙ⤒῭ࡢࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝక࠺ồࡵࡽࢀࡿ⬟ຊࡢከ ᵝ࣭ὶື㸪᭦㸪ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ࡞ㄢ㢟❧ࡕྥ ࠺ᕷẸ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࡢ⫱ᡂࡢព㆑ࡢ㧗ࡲࡾ࡞ࡢ ୡ⏺ⓗ࡞ືྥࡀ࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ20)ࠋࡇࢀࡽ ᛂ࠼ࡿࡼ࠺㸪1980 ᖺ௦௨㝆㸪Ꮫኈㄢ⛬ᩍ⫱ࡢ ᨵ㠉ࡀ┒ࢇ⾜ࢃࢀ㸪ᩍ⫱ࡢᡂᯝࡋ࡚㸪ㄆ▱ⓗ ⌮ゎ୪ࡧỗ⏝ⓗ⬟ຊ㸪ே᱁ⓗᡂ⇍㸪ࢹࣥࢸ ࢸᙧᡂ࡞㸪ேࡋ࡚ࡢⓎ㐩ࢆᨭࡍࡿᩍ ⫱ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀక࠸㸪ᩍ⫱ ᡭἲࡶ୍᪉ⓗ࡞ㅮ⩏ࢫࢱࣝࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ㄆ▱ⓗ ⌮ゎே㛫ⓗⓎ㐩ࡢ୧᪉ࢆ㣴࠺ࡇࢆࡡࡽ࠸ࡋ ࡓཧຍᆺࡸ༠ྠᆺࡢᡭἲࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ ࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪ṇㄢእάື㸪ᆅᇦ࠾ࡅࡿ࣋ࣥࢺࡸ ࣎ࣛࣥࢸάືࡢཧຍ㸪ࣝࣂࢺ㸪ᑅ⏕ά ࡞㸪Ꮫ⏕ࡢ⏕άయࡀᏛࡧࡢሙࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ19)㸪21)㸪22)ࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺㸪Ꮫ⩦ே㛫ⓗⓎ㐩㸪ࡲࡓᕷẸ࣮ࣜ ࢲ࣮ࡢ⫱ᡂࡀᐇ㉁ⓗ࡞࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢ࣭࢘ࢺ࣒࢝ ࡋ࡚ྠ➼ồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡛㸪♫ ⫯ᐃⓗ࡞ኚࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇࢆせ࡞ࡡࡽ࠸ ࡋࡓᏛ⏕࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ㣴ᡂࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࡀ㧗ࡲࡾ ὀ3)㸪ᬑཬࡍࡿྠࣉࣟࢢ࣒࣭ࣛయ⣔ࡀ㐍 ࢇࡔ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࡲࡓ㸪⡿ᅜ࠾࠸࡚ึࡵ࡚Ꮫ⏕ྥࡅࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ ࢩࢵࣉ㣴ᡂࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋࡓ Astin ࡽࡣ㸪㧗➼ ᩍ⫱࠾ࡅࡿ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ㛤Ⓨࡢᇶᮏⓗ┠ⓗࡣ㸪 ࡼࡾຠᯝⓗᏛ⏕ࡢᏛ⩦Ⓨ㐩ࢆ㧗ࡵ㸪᪂ࡋ࠸▱ ㆑ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ㸪ᆅᇦዊࡍࡿࡼ࠺㸪ᩍ⫋ဨ㸪 Ꮫ⏕ࡲࡓࡢࢫࢱࢵࣇࢆᩍ⫱㸪ዡບࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ ࡾ㸪ࡼࡾᗈ࠸♫࠾࠸࡚⫯ᐃⓗ࡞ኚࢆࡶࡓࡽ ࡍᢸ࠸ᡭ࡞ࢀࡿࡼ࠺Ꮫ⏕ࢆ㣴࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ ㏙࡚࠸ࡿ23)ࠋࡇࡢࡇࡣ㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡀ Ꮫᩍ⫱ࡢせ࡞࢘ࢺ࣒࢝ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ ࡃ㸪ᩍ⫱࣭Ꮫ⩦࣭Ꮫ⏕⏕άᦠࢃࡿ࢟ࣕࣥࣃࢫࡢ ᵓᡂဨဨồࡵࡽࢀࡿ㔜せ࡞㈨㉁⬟ຊ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ḟ⠇࡛ࡣ㸪⌧ᅾ⡿ᅜࡢᏛ࡛ᐇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࣜ ࣮ࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ≉ᚩࡘ࠸࡚⤂ࡍ ࡿࠋ 㸱㸬⡿ᅜࡢᏛ࠾ࡅࡿ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ ࣒ࣛࡢ≉ᚩ Ꮫ⏕࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ┠ⓗࡣ㸪࠶ ࡽࡺࡿሙ㠃㸦≧ἣ㸧࠾ࡅࡿຠᯝⓗ࡞࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩ ࢵࣉࡢࡓࡵࡢ▱㆑㸪ែᗘ㸪ᢏ⬟ࢆ㣴࠺ࡇ17)࡛࠶ ࡾ㸪⡿ᅜࡢᏛࡣᑓᨷ࣭ᑓᨷࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡸࢥ ࣮ࢫ࠸ࡗࡓṇㄢࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡽ㸪ṇㄢእࡢࣉ ࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡲ࡛ከ✀ከᵝ࡞ᙧែࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋᙧែࡣ ᵝࠎ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪⡿ᅜࡢᏛ࠾ࡅࡿ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩ ࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢከࡃࡣࠕ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ⌮ㄽ ࡸࣔࢹࣝᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࢹࢨࣥࡉࢀࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ ࡢඹ㏻ㄆ㆑ࡢࡶ㸪᪤Ꮡࡢ⌮ㄽ㸭ࣔࢹࣝࡔࡅ࡛ ࡞ࡃ㸪Ꮫ⏕ࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ㛤Ⓨࡢࡓࡵᵓ⠏ ࡉࢀࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞⌮ㄽࡸࣔࢹࣝࢆ࣮࣋ࢫࢹࢨࣥࡉ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪Ꮫ⏕ᨭࡢᑓ 㛛ᐙࡓࡕࡼࡿᏛ༠ࡀ㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟ ࢢ࣒ࣛࡢᵓ⠏ᐇ㊶ࡢࡓࡵࡢࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻ㸦ᇶ‽㸧 ࡸ࢞ࢻࣛࣥࢆ⟇ᐃࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮
ࢻࡸ࢞ࢻࣛࣥࢆཧ⪃ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ⮬Ꮫࡢࣉࣟ ࢢ࣒ࣛࢆ⦅ᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡀከ࠸ࡇࡶ≉ᚩࡢ ୍ࡘ࠸࠼ࡿ17)ࠋᮏ⠇࡛ࡣ㸪⡿ᅜࡢᏛ࠾ࡅࡿ ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ࣮࣋ࢫ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ ࡿ⌮ㄽࡸࣔࢹࣝ㸪௦⾲ⓗ࡞ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡸ࢞ࢻ ࣛࣥࡘ࠸࡚㏙ࡿඹ㸪ᐇ㝿ࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ ࢆ⤂ࡋ࡚ࡳࡓ࠸ࠋ 㸬Ꮫ⏕࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ⌮ㄽ㸭ࣔࢹࣝ ๓⠇࡛㏙ࡓࡼ࠺㸪௦ࡢὶࢀඹ࣮ࣜࢲ ࣮ࢩࢵࣉほࡀኚᐜࡋ㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡣࠕ⏕ࡲࢀ ࡞ࡀࡽࡢᡯ⬟࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠕ㌟ࡘࡅࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ ࡿࠖ࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡀᾐ㏱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ୰࡛㸪1990 ᖺ௦ ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡢ◊✲⪅ࡓࡕࡀࠕᏛ⏕ࡢ࣮ࣜ ࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ㛤Ⓨࠖ╔┠ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ 23)ࠋࡑࡇ࡛㸪 ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ㛤Ⓨ࠶ࡓࡾ㸪᪤ Ꮡࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ⌮ㄽࡸࣔࢹࣝࢆᛂ⏝ࡍࡿࡔࡅ ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪᪂ࡓᏛ⏕ࡢࡓࡵࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ⌮ ㄽ㸭ࣔࢹࣝࡀ⪃ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࡢࡔࡀ㸪๓⪅ࡋ࡚ ⌧ ᅾ ࡛ ࡶ ᗈ ࡃ ཷ ࡅ ධ ࢀ ࡽ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ 㸪 ࠕServant Leadership24)ࠖࡸࠕLeadership Challenge25)ࠖ ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉㸪ᚋ⪅㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᏛ⏕≉ࡋ࡚ 㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡓ⌮ㄽ㸭ࣔࢹࣝࡢ୰࡛ከࡃࡢᏛࡢࣉࣟ ࢢ࣒࡛ࣛά⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡋ࡚ࡣࠕSocial Change Model of Leadership Development㸦SCM㸧26)ࠖ ࡸࠕRelational Leadership Model27)ࠖ㸪ࠕLeadership Identity Development Model28)ࠖࡀ࠶ࡿ29)ࠋ
࡞࠾㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ⌮ㄽࡸࣔࢹࣝࡣ㸪୍ࡘࡢ ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡘࡁ୍ࡘࡢ⌮ㄽ㸭ࣔࢹࣝࢆ࣮࣋ࢫ ࡍࡿ㸪࠸࠺㢮ࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ⮬Ꮫࡢᩍ⫱⌮ ᛕࡸᘓᏛࡢ⢭⚄㸪࠾ࡼࡧ⫱ᡂேᮦീ㸦࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢ࣭ ࢘ࢺ࣒࢝㸧ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼㸪ᵝࠎ࡞⌮ㄽ㸭ࣔࢹࣝࢆ⤌ ࡳྜࢃࡏࡓࡾᛂ⏝ࡉࡏࡓࡾࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ ࡁࡶࡢ㸪⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤ࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥ⣔ ࡢ࠶ࡿᏛ࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕே㢮ࡢዊࠖ࠸࠺ᘓᏛࡢ⢭ ⚄ࡢࡶ㸪Servant Leadership ࡸ SCM㸪ḟ㡯࡛㏙ ࡿ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻ 㸦SLPs㸧ࢆཧ⪃ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ⊂⮬ࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵ ࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ29)ࠋ 㸬࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻ 㸭࢞ࢻࣛࣥ ⡿ᅜࡢᏛࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢከ ࡃࡀཧ⪃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀ㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉᩍ⫱ࡢ ᑓ㛛ᐙࡓࡕࡼࡾ⟇ᐃࡉࢀࡓ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉ ࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢᇶ‽㸦ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻ㸧ࡸ࢞ࢻࣛࣥ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡋ࡚㸪Council for the Advancement of Standards in Higher Education (CAS) ࡼ ࡿ 㺀The Standards for Student Leadership Programs (SLPs) 㺁 ࡸ International Leadership Association (ILA)ࡢࠕGuiding Questions: Guidelines for Leadership Education Programsࠖࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୗ㸪 SLPs ࡘ࠸࡚ྲྀࡾୖࡆ࡚ࡳࡓ࠸ࠋ SLPs ࡣ㸪 ࡲࡎ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࢆࠕ┠ᶆ㐩ᡂࡸ ኚ 㠉 ಁ 㐍 ࡢ ࡓ ࡵ ⪅ ༠ ྠ ࡍ ࡿ 㛵 ಀ ᵓ ⠏ 㸦relational㸧ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࠖᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࠕ࣑ࢵ ࢩࣙࣥ㸦Mission㸧ࠖࠕࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ㸦Program㸧ࠖࠕே ⓗ㈨※㸦Human Resources 㸧ࠖ࡞ 14 ࡢ㡯┠ࡽ ᵓᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤ➨1 㡯┠ࡢࠕ࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥࠖ ࡛ࡣ㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥ ࡋ࡚ࠕ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫᏛ⏕ࢆ㛵 ࡉࡏࡿࡇࠖࢆᥖࡆ㸪࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥ㐩ᡂࡢࡓࡵࣉ ࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡣࠕ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡣᏛࡪ㸦㌟ࡘࡅࡿ㸧 ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠸࠺ಙᛕᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠖ㸪ࠕ᫂☜ ࡞ཎ๎㸪౯್㸪௬ㄝ࡙ࡅࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ㸪ࠕከᵝ ࡞࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ⌮ㄽࡸࣔࢹࣝ㸪᪉ἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ ࡿࠖࡇ➼ࡀ⣙᮰ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ➨2 㡯┠ࡢࠕࣉࣟࢢ࣒࡛ࣛࠖࡣ㸪ඛࡎᏛᩍ⫱ ࠾ࡅࡿᏛ⏕ࡢᡂ㛗Ꮫ⩦ᡂᯝ㸦࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢ࣭ ࢘ࢺ࣒࢝㸧ࢆ 1) ▱㆑ࡢ⋓ᚓ࣭⤫ྜ࣭⤌❧࡚࣭ᛂ ⏝㸪2) ᛮ⪃ຊ㸪3) ⮬ᕫᙧᡂຊ㸪4) ᑐே㛵ಀຊ㸪 5) ࣄ࣮࣐ࣗࢽࢬ࣒㸦ே㐨⩏㸧ᕷẸࡋ࡚ࡢ㈐ ௵ほ㸪6) ᐇ㊶ຊࡢ 6 ࡘࡢ㡿ᇦࡋ࡚♧ࡋ㸪࣮ࣜࢲ ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢ࣭࢘ࢺ࣒࢝ ࡶࡑࡢ6 㡿ᇦἢࡗ࡚タᐃࡉࢀࡿࡁࡇࡀグࡉ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢୖ࡛㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢࣛ ࣒ࡢせ࡞せ⣲ࡋ࡚ḟࡢ3 ࡘࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ㸸 ձ ຠᯝⓗ࡞࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉᚲせ࡞⬟ຊ 㛤Ⓨࡢᶵࡀᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡿࡇ ղ ከᵝ࡞ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢᙧᘧ㸪᪉ἲ㸪ࢥࣥࢸ ࢡࢫࢺ㸦ᑓ㛛ᩍ⫱㸪࢟ࣕࣜᩍ⫱㸪ࢧ࣮ࢡࣝ ࡸጤဨάື㸪Ꮫෆ㞠⏝㸪ࣥࢱ࣮ࣥࢩࢵࣉ㸪 ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢ㸪♫άືᅋయࡸ᐀ᩍᅋ
య࡞ᆅᇦ♫ࡢ⤌⧊ࡢάື㸧ࡀᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡿ ࡇ ճ Ꮫෆࡢᵝࠎ࡞㒊⨫࣭⤌⧊ࡢ༠ാ㸪࠾ࡼ ࡧᆅᇦࡢࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ ≉㸪ձࡢࠕ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉᚲせ࡞⬟ຊࠖࡘ ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࠕ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡢᇶ♏⌮ゎࠖ㸪ࠕ⮬ᕫࡢⓎ 㐩ࠖ㸪ࠕᑐே㛵ಀࡢⓎ㐩ࠖ㸪ࠕࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡸ⤌⧊㸪ࢩࢫ ࢸ࣒ࡢⓎ㐩ࠖࡢ4 㡿ᇦศࡅ㸪ྛ㡿ᇦࡈ⣽ ࠸⬟ຊࡀグࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᭱ᚋࡢ㡯┠㸦➨ 14 㡯┠㸧ࡢࠕຠᯝ ᐃホ౯ 㸦Assessment and Evaluation㸧ࠖ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࣉࣟࢢ ࣒ࣛࡢຠᯝ ᐃホ౯ࢆᐃᮇⓗ⾜࠺ࡇࡢᚲせ ᛶࡀ㏙ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪㉁ⓗ࠾ࡼࡧ㔞ⓗㄪᰝἲࢆ㐺 ᐅ⏝࠸࡚Ꮫ⏕㸪ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢࢫࢱࢵࣇ㸦ᩍ⫋ဨ㸧㸪 ࡑࡢ㛵ಀ⪅ࡽࢹ࣮ࢱ㞟ࡍࡿࡇࢆዡບࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪ホ౯⤖ᯝࢆᇶ㸪ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢᨵ ⦅ࡸᨵၿࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࢆಁࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ30)ࠋ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺㸪SLPs ࡣ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟ ࢢ࣒ࣛࡀഛ࠼࡚࠾ࡃࡁᇶ‽ࡘ࠸࡚⣽ࡃグ㍕ ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉᩍ⫱ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࡀ⮬ Ꮫ࡛ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆ㛤Ⓨࡍࡿ㝿ࡢཧ⪃ᣦᶆ࡞ࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋ 㸬ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣ㸪ᐇ㝿ࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋᮏ㡯࡛ࡣ㸪 ࣂ࣮ࢪࢽᕞ ࠶ࡿࢪ࣮ࣙࢪ࣓ࢯࣥᏛࡢྲྀ⤌ࢆ⤂ࡍࡿࠋ ࢪ࣮ࣙࢪ࣓ࢯࣥᏛ࡛ࡣ㸪Ꮫ⏕ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎᩍ ⫋ဨ㸪᭦ࡣ༞ᴗ⏕ࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ㣴ᡂࢆ┠ⓗ ࡋࡓᏛࢆᣲࡆ࡚ࡢྲྀ⤌ࡳʊ0DVRQ/HDGVʊࡀ ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ≉ᚩࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ඛࡎ㸪Ꮫ⏕㸪 ᩍ⫋ဨࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿጤဨ㸦Task Force㸧ࡼࡗ ࡚Ꮫෆࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉᩍ⫱ࡀ᳨ウࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢጤဨ࡛ᑂ㆟ࡉࢀࡓ㡯ࡣ㸪 ᩍ ᏛᢸᙜᏛ㛗Ꮫ⏕ᢸᙜᏛ㛗ࡢ୧⪅ሗ࿌࣭ᥦ ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪 ᩍᏛ࣭Ꮫ⏕ᨭࡢ୧㠃ࢃࡓࡗ࡚ ᗈࡃ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀᐇࡉࢀࡿࡇ ࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀศࡿࠋ ࡲࡓ㸪 MasonLeads ࡗ࡚ࡢࠕ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵ ࣉࡢ⪃࠼᪉㸦Assumptions㸧ࠖ㸪 ࠕ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ ࡢᇶ┙࡞ࡿ౯್ほ㸦Values㸧ࠖ㸪 MasonLeads ࡛ ⫱ᡂࡍࡿࠕ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ⬟ຊ㸦Competencies㸧ࠖ ࡀ᫂ᩥࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪 ࡇࢀࡽࡣ๓㡯3.1㸬࡛⤂ ࡋ ࡓ Social Change Model of Leadership Development ࡸ Relational Leadership Model ࢆ࣮࣋ ࢫࡋ࡚⪃ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡞࠾㸪 ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ᩍ ⫱ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡗ࡚ࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡢ⪃࠼᪉ ࡸ౯್ほ㸪 ⫱ᡂࡍࡿ⬟ຊࢆ᫂♧ࡍࡿࡇࡣ㸪๓㡯 3.2㸬࡛⤂ࡋࡓ The Standards for Student Leadership Programs つᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞యไࡢࡶ㸪 ṇㄢᩍ⫱࡛ࡣྛᏛ㒊࣭ Ꮫ⛉ࡀࡑࡢᑓ㛛㡿ᇦ༶ࡋࡓ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ⛉┠ ࢆᥦ౪ࡋ㸪ṇㄢእ࠾࠸࡚ࡣྛ✀ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡀ⊂⮬ ࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆᐇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉ᚋ⪅ࡘ࠸࡚ ࡣ㸪Ꮫ⏕άືᨭࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡸᏛ⏕ᑅࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ㸪 ࣎ࣛࣥࢸࢭࣥࢱ࣮㸪࢝࢘ࣥࢭࣜࣥࢢࢭࣥࢱ࣮ ࠸ࡗࡓ㸪Ꮫ⏕࡛࠶ࢀࡤఱࡋࡽ⏝ࡍࡿࢭࣥࢱ ࣮࠾࠸࡚࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀᥦ౪ࡉ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪࠾ࡼࡑࡍ࡚ࡢᏛ⏕ࡀ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩ ࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛཧຍ࡛ࡁࡿᶵࡀᏛෆ⁄ࢀ ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶ㐣ゝ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ぢ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺㸪⡿ᅜࡣ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩ ࢵࣉࡢ◊✲⪅ࡀᵓ⠏ࡋࡓᏛ⏕≉ࡋࡓ࣮ࣜࢲ ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ⌮ㄽࡸࣔࢹࣝ㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉᩍ⫱ࡢᑓ 㛛ᐙࡀ⟇ᐃࡋࡓ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢࢫ ࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡸ࢞ࢻࣛࣥࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡇࢀ ࡀయ⣔ⓗ࡞ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛᵓ⠏ࡢࡁ࡞ᇶ┙࡞ࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋ᭦ࡣ㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ㛵 ࡍࡿሗࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿᶵ㛵㸦National Clearinghouse for Leadership Programs 㸪 Center for Creative Leadership ࡞㸧ࡸ㈨㔠ຓࢆࡍࡿ㈈ᅋ㸦W.K. Kellogg Foundation㸪 Rockefeller Foundation ࡞㸧 ࡶᩘከࡃᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡞㸪⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣᏛ⏕ࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࢆ⫱ᡂࡍࡿᅵተࡀࡋࡗࡾᩚഛࡉࢀ࡚࠸ ࡿ࠸࠼ࡿࠋ 㸲㸬⪃ᐹ ᮏ✏࡛ࡣ㸪Ꮫ࠾ࡅࡿ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ㣴ᡂࡢ ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡀ┒ࢇ࡞⡿ᅜ↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩ ࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀᗈࡃᐇ㊶ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓ ⫼ᬒ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ≉ᚩࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿ ࡇࢆヨࡳࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟ ࢢ࣒ࣛᬑཬࡢ⫼ᬒࡣ㸪♫ⓗኚ㑄క࠺࣮ࣜࢲ ࣮ࢩࢵࣉほࡢኚᐜᏛᩍ⫱࠾ࡅࡿᏛ⩦ࡢࣃࣛ
ࢲ࣒࣭ࢩࣇࢺࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡢ⤖ㄽ⮳ࡗࡓࠋࡲ ࡓ㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ≉ᚩࡋ࡚㸪 ⌮ㄽࡸࣔࢹࣝࢆ࣮࣋ࢫࢹࢨࣥࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ ຍ࠼࡚㸪ᑓ㛛ᐙࡽࡼࡿᏛ༠ࡀᵓ⠏ࡋࡓ࢞ ࢻࣛࣥࡸࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇࡶ᫂ࡽ ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼㸪᪥ᮏࡢᏛ ࠾ࡅࡿຠᯝⓗ࡞࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ㛤Ⓨ ఱࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࢆ⾜࠸ࡓ࠸ࠋ ⡿ᅜࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛᬑཬࡢせᅉ ࡞ࡗࡓ♫ࡢኚ㑄ࡣ㸪ᙜ↛࡞ࡀࡽ⡿ᅜࡔࡅࡢࡶ ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ1970 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡢ㸪⛉Ꮫ࣭ᢏ⾡ࡢⓎᒎ㸪 ᨻ࣭⤒῭࣭♫ࡢὶືⓗኚࡸࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝࡢ ୰࡛㸪ேࠎࡀ࠸ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆㄆࡵᑛ㔜ࡋ༠ྠࡍࡿࡇ ࡛ᑐᛂ࣭ゎỴࡍࡁㄢ㢟ࡀቑഴྥ࠶ࡿࡇ ࡽ㸪Ẹⓗ♫ࢆᨭ࠼ࡿࠕᕷẸࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࠖࢆ Ꮫ࡛㣴ᡂࡍࡿࡇࡢ㔜せᛶࡢᙉㄪࡸ㸪ே㛫ᙧᡂ ࡸ⬟ຊᙧᡂ㠃࡛ࡢᏛᩍ⫱ࡢᮇᚅࡢ㧗ࡲࡾࡣ㸪 ୡ⏺ⓗ࡞ὶࢀ࡛࠶ࡿゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏ࠾࠸ ࡚ࡣ㸪⡿ᅜࡢᏛྠᵝ㸪㏆ᖺ⾗ࡀ㐍ࡳ㸪Ꮫ⏕ ࡢᣢࡘᏛࡢᮇᚅࡸࢽ࣮ࢬ㸪Ꮫ⩦⤒㦂ࡶከᵝ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ20)ࠋࡇࢀࡽࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡿ㸪⌧௦ࡢ᪥ᮏࡢ Ꮫᩍ⫱࠾࠸࡚ồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ ࡢ㣴ᡂࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿୖ࠾࠸࡚㸪⡿ᅜࡢᏛᩍ⫱࡛ ᬑཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⌮ㄽ㸭ࣔࢹࣝࡑࢀࡽࢆᇶ┙ࡋࡓ ࣉࣟࢢ࣒࣭ࣛࢹࢨࣥࢆཧ⪃ࡍࡿࡇࡀ᭷ຠ࡛ ࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡓࡔ, ♫ࡢኚඹ࣮ࣜ ࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡢᮇᚅࡣኚᐜࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ, ຠᯝⓗ࡞࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣᩥࡼ ࡗ࡚␗࡞ࡿ 31)ࠋࡲࡎࡣ, ᪥ᮏே≉᭷ࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩ ࢵࣉ࣭ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡘ࠸࡚ᩚ⌮ࡋ, ⡿ᅜࡢࢆ ཧ⪃ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ᪥ᮏࡢᏛ⏕㐺ࡋࡓ㣴ᡂࣔࢹࣝࢆ ᵓ⠏ࡍࡿ㝿άࡍࡇࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ➨3 ⠇♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺㸪⡿ᅜ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪࣮ࣜ ࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢ࣭࢘ࢺ࢝ ࣒ࡋ࡚ࠕ▱㆑ࡢ⋓ᚓ࣭⤫ྜ࣭⤌❧࡚࣭ᛂ⏝ࠖ㸪ࠕᛮ ⪃ຊࠖ㸪ࠕ⮬ᕫᙧᡂຊࠖ㸪ࠕᑐே㛵ಀຊࠖ㸪ࠕࣄ࣮࣐ࣗ ࢽࢬ࣒㸦ே㐨⩏㸧࣭ᕷẸࡋ࡚ࡢ㈐௵ほࠖ㸪ࠕᐇ㊶ ຊࠖࡢ6 㡿ᇦࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡣṇㄢ࣭ṇ ㄢእᩍ⫱ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㣴ࢃࢀࡿ㈨㉁⬟ຊ࡛࠶ࡿࡢㄆ ㆑ࡀᗈࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭦㸪ຠᯝⓗ࡞࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵ ࣉ㣴ᡂồࡵࡽࢀࡿ㸪Ꮫ㤳⬻㝕㸪ᩍဨ㸪Ꮫ⏕ㄢ ⫋ဨࡢᙺࡸ㈨㉁⬟ຊࡲ࡛ᩚ⌮ࡉࢀጞࡵ࡚ஂࡋ࠸ 32)ࠋ᪉㸪᪥ᮏ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ෑ㢌࡛ࡶ㏙ࡓࡼ࠺ 㸪㏆ᖺ㸪ࠕ♫ேᇶ♏ຊࠖࡸࠕᏛኈຊࠖ࡞࠾ ࠸࡚㸪♫ࡢኚࡸㅖၥ㢟࣭ㅖㄢ㢟ᑐᛂࡋ㸪♫ ᙧᡂయⓗ㛵ࢃࡿேᮦồࡵࡽࢀࡿ㈨㉁⬟ ຊࡀ᫂♧࣭ᩚ⌮ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࢆ㣴࠺᪉ ἲࡋ࡚㸪ࠕㅮ⩏ࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆ㨩ຊ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡍࡿ ࡶ㸪య㦂Ꮫ⩦ࢆྵࡴከᵝ࡞ᩍ⫱᪉ἲࢆ✚ᴟⓗ ྲྀࡾධࢀࡿࠖ1)ࡇࡸ㸪ၥ㢟ゎỴሙ㠃ࡸ༠ാሙ 㠃ලయⓗ㛵ࢃࡾ㸪ࡑࡇ࡛ࡢ⤒㦂ࡸ⋓ᚓࡋࡓ▱ ㆑ࢆ᧯సࡋᵓ㐀ࡍࡿ୰࡛♫ேᇶ♏ຊࢆ㣴ᡂࡍ ࡿࡇࡀᥦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 2)ࠋࡋࡋ㸪ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ศ ࡅ࡚⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓṇㄢᩍ⫱࡛ࡢᏛ⩦㸪ㄢእά ື࡛ࡢே㛫ⓗⓎ㐩ࢆ⤫ྜࡋ㸪Ꮫ⏕ࡢㄆ▱ⓗ࠾ࡼࡧ ືⓗⓎ㐩㸪ࡲࡓ⾜ືⓗኚᐜࢆక࠺ேࡋ࡚ࡢ ᡂ㛗ࢆಁࡍ⤌⧊ⓗ࡞ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࡲࡔ㆟ ㄽࡀ῝ࡲࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡢ⌧≧ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡿ㸪ᚑ᮶ᆺࡢ≉ᐃࡢಶ ே㸦ᆅࡸ⫪᭩ࡁࢆࡶࡗࡓ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮㸧ࡸࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ ࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࡍ࡚ࡢ Ꮫ⏕ࡀ㌟ࡘࡅࡿࡁ♫ࡢᢸ࠸ᡭࡋ࡚ࡢ࣮ࣜ ࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࢆ᪥ᮏࡢᏛ࠾࠸࡚࠸⤌⧊ⓗ 㣴ᡂࡍࡿࢆ᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡃୖ࡛㸪࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢྲྀࡾ ⤌ࡳࡣ࠸ཧ⪃࡞ࡿゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࡶ㸪 ከࡃࡢ᪥ᮏேࡀᢪ࠸࡚࠸ࡿᑒᘓⓗ࡞࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵ ࣉࡢ࣓࣮ࢪ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪⌧௦♫ồࡵࡽࢀࡿࣜ ࣮ࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࡘ࠸࡚᫂ࡽ ࡍࡿࡇࡀ⫢せ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡢୖ࡛, ࣮ࣜࢲ ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆ᪂ࡓᑟධࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ ࡃ, ᪤ᏑࡢṇㄢᏛ⩦࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡢᾰ㣴ࢆࡡ ࡽ࠸ࡋࡓࢡࢸࣈ࣭࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢࡢᡭἲࡸ, ࢢ ࣮ࣝࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢆྲྀࡾධࢀࡿࡇ࡛, ࡼࡾ ᖜᗈ࠸ࣇ࣮ࣝࢻ࡛ࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ㣴ᡂࡀྍ⬟ ࡞ࡿ⪃࠼ࡿࠋ ࡞࠾㸪ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓព㆑ࡢࡶ㸪᪥ᮏࡢᏛ࡛ࡶ᪂ ࡓ࡞࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀ⏕ࡲࢀጞࡵ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤ㸪❧ᩍᏛ࡛ࡣ㸪 2006 ᖺᗘ⤒Ⴀ Ꮫ㒊࠾࠸࡚ဨᚲಟࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉᩍ⫱ ࠕBLP (Business Leadership Program)ࠖࢆ㛤ጞࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࡀ㸪 ࡇࢀࡣࠕᙺ⫋࣭ᶒ㝈ࡀ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶ┠ᶆࢆඹ ᭷ࡋ࿘ᅖࢆᕳࡁ㎸ࡴ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࢆ㌟ࡘࡅ ࡿࠖࡇࢆᏛಟ┠ᶆࡋࡓ㸪 ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ㢮ࢆぢ࡞࠸ 㸳Ꮫᮇ㸰ᖺ༙ཬࡪ✚ࡳୖࡆᘧࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒࡛ࣛ࠶
ࡿࠋࢫ࢟ࣝᙉࢆ㔜どࡋࡓㅮ⩏࠾ࡼࡧࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࣡ ࣮ࢡ㸪⏘ᴗ⏺➼㐃ᦠࡋࡓࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺᐇ㊶ࢆ ᐇࡍࡿࡇࡀ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪2010 ᖺᗘࡣ㸪 ᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬᪥ᮏᏛ⾡⯆ࡼࡾᅜࡢ㉁ࡢ㧗 ࠸Ꮫᩍ⫱᥎㐍ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ㸦ᩍ⫱ GP㸧ࡢࢺࢵࣉ 15 㑅ฟࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ33㸧ࠋᮏྲྀ⤌ࡳࡀᏛෆእ࠾࠸ ࡚ᗈࡃホ౯ࡉࢀ㸪2013 ᖺᗘࡣ㸪 Ꮫ㒊⏕ࢆᑐ ㇟ࡋࡓࠕGLP㸦Global Leadership Program㸧ࠖࡀ㛤 ㅮࡉࢀࡓࠋ ࡲࡓឡᏛ࡛ࡣ㸪2007 ᖺᗘࡼࡾ㸪 Ꮫ㛤 ࢀࡓࠕឡᏛ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢬ࣭ࢫࢡ࣮ࣝ㸦௨ୗELS ࡍࡿ㸧ࠖ㸦2007 ᖺᗘᩥ⛉┬ࠗ᪂ࡓ࡞♫ⓗࢽ࣮ࢬ ᑐᛂࡋࡓᏛ⏕ᨭࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ࠘᥇ᢥᴗ㸧࠾ ࠸࡚㸪ࠕ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡣ㞟ᅋࡢᵓᡂဨဨࡀⓎ ࡍࡿࡶࡢࠖ࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡢࡶ㸪 ᑓ㛛ศ㔝≉ ࡋ࡞࠸࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡢ㣴ᡂࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏࣉ ࣟࢢ࣒࡛ࣛࡣ㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉồࡵࡽࢀࡿ㈨㉁ ⬟ຊࡘ࠸࡚㸪 ๓㏙ࡋࡓSocial Change Model of Leadership Development (SCM)ࢆཧ⪃ᩚ⌮ࡋ㸪 S C M ࡢ 8 ࡘ ࡢ ㈨ ㉁ ࢆ ᐃ ࡍ ࡿ ㉁ ၥ ⣬ ㄪ ᰝ 㸦SRLS-R2 ὀ4㸧㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ຠᯝ ᐃࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ 34)ࠋ ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ࠕ⮬ᕫㄆ㆑ࠖࠕ⊩㌟ࠖࠕ༠ྠࠖࠕ㔜 ࡞㆟ㄽࠖ㛵ࢃࡿ㈨㉁ࡀ㣴ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ ࡞ࡾ㸪ྠࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓ㉁ⓗㄪᰝ ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶᴫࡡࡑࢀࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ⤖ᯝࡀᚓࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 35)ࠋ ୍᪉࡛㸪⡿ᅜ࡛㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡓᮏᑻᗘ㸦SRLS-R2㸧 ࢆࡑࡢࡲࡲ⏝࠸ࡿࡇࡢ㞴ࡋࡉࡶᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ௨ୖࡢ⪃ᐹࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡿ㸪௦༶ࡋࡓ࣮ࣜࢲ ࣮ࢩࢵࣉほࡢᵓ⠏ඹ㸪ᚋ᪥ᮏࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ ồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢࡋ࡚㸪ྛᏛࡀ㸪⮬ࡽࡢᩍ⫱⌮ ᛕࡸᘓᏛࡢ⢭⚄㸪⫱ᡂேᮦീ㸦࣮ࣛࢽࣥࢢ࣭࢘ ࢺ࣒࢝㸧ྜ⮴ࡋࡓ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ㣴ᡂࣉࣟࢢࣛ ࣒ࢆࢹࢨࣥࡍࡿ㝿ᣦ㔪࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞㸪᪥ᮏே Ꮫ⏕㐺ᛂࡋࡓ࢞ࢻࣛࣥຠᯝ ᐃ᪉ἲࢆ㛤 Ⓨࡍࡿࡇࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࡶ㸪ࡇࢀࡲ ࡛⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ᪥ᮏேᏛ⏕ࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓඛ⾜◊✲ ࡢᩚ⌮㸪ᚋࡢᐇドⓗ◊✲ࡢ✚ࡳ㔜ࡡࡀྍḞ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ὀ 1) ➹⪅ࡀ 2014 ᖺ 11 ᭶ 11 ᪥ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡢ ᳨⣴࢚ࣥࢪࣥࢆ⏝࠸࡚ㄪᰝࢆᐇࡋࡓࠋ 2) 2002 ᖺࡣ㧗ᰯ༞ᴗ⪅ࡢᏛධᏛ⋡ ࡣ 75㸣㐩ࡋࡓࠋAssociation of American Colleges and Universities (2007). College Learning for the New Global Century: A Report from the
National Leadership Council for
Liberal Education & America’s Promise.
(http://www.aacu.org/leap/documents/GlobalCentur y_final.pdf 2014.12.11) 3) ⡿ᅜࡢᏛ⏕࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࣭ࣉࣟࢢࣛ ࣒࡛⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿせ࡞࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵ ࣉ࣭ࣔࢹࣝࡍ࡚࠾࠸࡚㸪ࠕࡼࡾⰋ ࠸♫㐀ࠖࡀࡡࡽ࠸ࡋ࡚ᣲࡆࡽࢀ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
4) ࠕSocially Responsible Leadership Scale – Revised Version 2ࠖࡢ␎⛠ࠋᏛ⏕ࡢ ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ⬟ຊࢆ ࡿࡓࡵ㛤 Ⓨࡉࢀࡓࠋ68 ࡢタၥࡽᡂࡿࠋヲࡋ ࡃࡣ௨ୗࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ
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