Doctoral Dissertation 2013 FY 2013 Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies, Waseda University Yeeyoung, HONG 4009S320-0

Doctoral Dissertation

2013 FY 2013

Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies, Waseda University

Yeeyoung, HONG

4009S320-0

...1

1 ... 1

2 ... 2

3 ... 3

4 ... 4

1.4.1 ... 4

1.4.2 ... 4

1.4.3 ... 5

5 ... 6

6 ... 7

1 ...9

1 ... 9

1.1.1 ... 9

1.1.2 ... 14

2 ... 18

1.2.1 ... 18

1.2.2 ... 31

1.2.3 ... 39

3 ... 42

1.3.1 ... 42

1.3.2 ... 44

1.3.3 ... 46

2 ...50

1 ... 50

2 ... 53

2.2.1 ... 53

2.2.2 ... 55

3 ...58

1 ... 58

2 ... 60

3.2.1 ... 60

3.2.2 ... 62

3 ... 64

3.3.1 4 ... 64

3.3.2 6 ... 75

3.3.3 6 ... 79

4 ...84

1 ... 84

4.1.1 ... 84

4.1.2 ... 88

2 ... 91

4.2.1 ... 92

4.2.2 ... 96

3 ... 100

4.3.1 ... 100

4.3.2 ... 105

4 ... 108

5 HELP ...110

1 ... 110

5.1.1 ... 110

5.1.2 ... 113

2 ... 117

5.2.1 ... 117

5.2.2 ... 121

3 HELP ... 125

5.3.1 ... 125

5.3.2 HELP ... 126

6 ...132

1 ... 132

6.1.1 ... 132

6.1.2 ... 134

2 ... 136

6.2.1 ... 137

6.2.2 ... 138

6.2.3 ... 154

6.2.4 ... 161

3 ... 165

...168

1 ... 168

2 ... 173

...176

...177

...191

1 ...25

2 ...54

3 HELP ...63

4 ...76

5 ...88

6 ...89

7 ...90

8 1985-2006 ...118

9 HELP1-2 1999-2008 ...142

1 ...12

2 ...15

3 ...19

4 ...20

5 ...20

6 ..21

7 ...22

8 ...26

9 6 ...28

10 UCTS ...31

11 ...35

12 / ...36

13 ...37

14 ...38

15 ...40

16 ...47

17 ...56

18 ...57

19 300 ...66

20 300 ...68

21 ...70

22 ...72

23 ...74

24 ...75

25 ...77

26 HELP HELP1-3 ...82

27 ...85

28 15 ...86

29 10 ...87

30 91 31 ...92

32 ...94

33 ...95

34 ...97

35 ...99

36 ...101

37 ...103

38 ...105

39 ...106

40 ...111

41 2002-2010 ...112

42 5 ...119

43 ...120

44 ...120

45 3 0 ...124

46 2000-2001 ...124

47 HELP ...127

48 HELP2-4 1 ...138

49 HELP1-4 ...145

50 2005-2008 ...147

51 HELP1-2 1999-2008 ...148

52 HELP1-2 1999-2008 ...148

53 HELP2 ...156

54 ...166

1

cross-border collaborative degree program

Fischer 2009

Kuroda et al 2010

OBHE 2011

2

1

2

3

Knight

Knight 2009a, p.12

Sursock and Smidt, 2010 2000 EU

IDE 2003

45% 2025 70%

2007 10

10

UNESCO

2007, p.22

12005 12 ASEAN+3

3

2

1980 90

Harman 2006 1999 -2006 7 28

57 45 57% 6 33 2

UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2008, p.108

OECD 2008, p.83

Knight 2008a, p.90

1

3

1

2

3

4

4

3

1.4.1

ASEAN10 15

ASEAN

1.4.2

3

4

Cross-Border Collaborative Degree Program

1.4.3

degree of collaboration

4

3 International Collaborative Degree Program” “Cross Border Degree Program” “Transnational Degree Program”

4 1 1

Higher education degree programs, which are institutionally produced or organized with cross-border university partnership by at least two institutions in two countries or more.

Location of study

Curriculum Provider Teaching staff provider Degree Provider

2

bilateral programs one-side led programs

4

4

2 2

twinning

1

1

1 4

3

5

3

1

1000

2 HELP

2012 2 3

5

5

HELP HELP

15 3 3

3 HELP

6 HELP

HELP 2

27

HELP

6

6

1

2

3

4

5

HELP

6 HELP

HELP

1

1

2

3

1

1.1.1 1

internationalization 1980

1990

Knight,2003 globalization

internationalization 2 1990

1990 Altbach, 2004

internationalization

ArumandVan de Water 1992, p.202

1997, p.59 Knight 1993

Van der Wende 1997, pp.18-19 Knight

Knight

Knight2004, p.11 ⁶

Teichler 2009, p.95

globalization 1999, p.5

1

Altbachand Knight 2007, p.290 21

Knightandde Wit 1997, p.8

UNESCO 2004, p.6

1

Knight 5 IT

Knight 2008a, p.6

6 “a process of integrating international, intercultural and global dimensionsinto the goals, major functions teaching/learning, research, service and delivery ofhigher education at both institutional and national levels”

2001, p.188

2

2011 2

Knight cross-border education ⁷

1

4

people

program provider

project 4

7 Knight

2011

1

OECD and World Bank 2007, p.25

OECD 2008, p.31 Knight

e 6

8

8OECD and World Bank 2007, pp.28-29

franchise

A B

B A

B A

articulation

validation articulation

A B

e e-learning or distance

2011

3

3 1

2

partner-supported delivery

3

A B C

1.1.2

9

2

MichaelandBalraj 2003; Knight 2008b, 2011; 2011

1 4

4

4

Knight2008b

9 Cross-Border Collaborative Degree Program

International Collaborative Degree Program”,

“Transnational Degree Program”

2

Duration Student Mobility

1

2

+

A B

A 1

Knight 2008b OECD and World Bank 2007

4

double degree joint degree

2

2 Knight 2010

1

Knight

2000 2004

Recommendation on the recognition of joint degrees

10

10

http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chukyo/chukyo4/houkoku/attach/1294388.htm 2

1

Schüle 2006, p.3;

Kuder and Obst 2009, p.10 2

2

2

4

dual degree

2

2 double major

Knight 2008b, p.6

2010

2 multiple degree

consective degree

2

1

11

2

1

1.2.1 10

Macaranas 2010 14

2006

3

11

http://www.nagaokaut.ac.jp/j/annai/twinning_program.html

3

Macaranas 2010, p.153

1

12

4 5

2009 256 2004 151

12 17 22

http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/koutou/kaikaku/sentan.htm

2009 93

13

4

16 59 8 84 151

17 56 10 81 147

18 54 10 96 160

19 66 22 186 274

20 55 22 169 246

21 57 66% 25 32% 174 29% 256

14

5

18 8 0 29 37

19 17 1 51 69

20 22 3 60 85

21 26 30% 3 4% 64 11% 93

2008

12

2012

13 2009, p.180

2008 85 260

14 16 http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/houdou/20/06/08061617/004.htm

17 19 2009 20 21 2011a

764

15

6

6

70(19.5%) 266(74.1%) 13(3.6%) 10(2.8%) 359(100.0%)

4(3.0%) 0 127(95.5%) 2(1.5%) 133(100.0%)

74(15.0%) 266(54.1%) 140(28.5%) 12(2.4%) 492(100.0%)

2011, p.137

1990 211 ¹⁶

985 ¹⁷

15 86 99

1/32012, p.4

16 211

21 100

2007, p.96

171998 5 100

1998 12 21

985 2007, p.96

2010 7

2010 2020

2012 29

2012, p.234

2012 2

1

2007

7

15 15.0

9 9.0

45 45.0

16 16.0

15 15.0

100 100.0 1

10.0

0 3

30.0

5 50.0

1 10.0

10 100.0 11

21.2

1 1.9

12 23.1

22 42.3

6 11.5

52 100.0 3

9.1

0 2

6.1

19 57.6

9 27.3

33 100.0 9

20.0

6 13.3

13 28.9

11 24.4

6 13.3

45 100.0

0 0 7

19.4

21 58.3

8 22.2

36 100.0 5

6.8

14 18.9

14 18.9

17 23.0

24 32.4

74 100.0

0 0 0 0 1

100.0

1 100.0 55

11.8

41 8.3

135 27.4

170 34.6

88 17.9

492 100.0

2011, p.137

6 2011

2011 1 4 492

74 73%

2+0 3+0

22.3% (16.4%) 15.2% 7.3%

34.6% 27.4%

7 2

382 2012, p.234

MIT IMBA

Li and Chen 2011, pp.249-250

1996

1996, p.188

1997

1998

1 1999

1997 21 13

18

18

dual degree

43

1/2

2002

4

2005 1997

2005p.44

e 2008

2+2 3+1

KEDI 2007 10 4

201 190

2004 14 2007

29

2007

1 2008 11

1996 2001 2002

2008 143

2012 EU

ICI-ECP Industrialized Countries Instrument Education Co-operation Programme

1

2009

19

19 1 CAMPUS Asia Collective

Action for the Mobility Program of University Students http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/koutou/shitu/1292771.htm

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

2012 10

8

4

BESETO

2

1 2.5

2

10 8

2

1

8

BESETO

1+1+0.5

2 1

KAIST

1+1 2

1+1 2

1

1+1+1 0.5+1+0.5 2

20

20

http://www.jsps.go.jp/j-tenkairyoku/h23_kekka_saitakua.html 2

2011, p.15

9 6

JP TP DP

DP/JP

TP DD

JP

TP JP

JP

TP DD

TP

TP DD

JP

2+2 4

DP

TP DD

JP TP DP

2012 4-3 p.164 4-9 p.172

2012 6

9 6

5

21

2012, p.163

22 2011 6

94 ²³

21 Announcement of the Ministry of Education on Guidelines for Academic Cooperation Between Thai Higher Education Institution and Foreign Higher Education institution”

2007 Policies and Guidelines in the Implementation of

International Linkages and Twinning Programs 2000

22 2009 2010 2011 Ministry of Education

Thailand 2009 2011

2394 2

6 34

54

46 36

9 1

2009 61 2010 63 2011 92

2009 2011 2

5 14 36

47

2011

1800 119

83

30 83

350

2012, p.54 Morshidi

2005 1990

24

AIM 2015 10 10 500

2013 AIM

UMAP ASEAN

ASEAN

SEAMEO-RIHED AIM

ASEAN International Mobility for Students Programme AIM

2010 3

Malaysia Indonesia Thailand (MIT) Student Mobility Programme 2010

25

24 5 2

25UMAP University Mobility in Asia and the Pacific

UCTS UMAP Credit Transfer Scheme SEAMEO RIHED 2012

UCTS 10

10 UCTS

A (10%) EXCELLENT outstanding with only minor error

B (25%) VERY GOOD above average standard but some error

C (30%) GOOD generally sound work with a number of notable errors

D (25%) SATISFACTORY fair but with significant shortcomings

E (10%) SUFFICIENT performance meets the minimum criteria

FX FAIL some more work required before credit can be awarded

F FAIL considerable further work with required

UMAP 2009, p.12 ²⁶

1.2.2 UCTS

UMAP

UCTS UCTS

UCTS

2008; 2007

1

1993 EU

1993

http://www.umap.org/en/about/

26 GPA UMAP

http://socyo.high.hokudai.ac.jp/grade/fujita.html

EC

1 1976

2011a 11 1987

27

10

Teichler and Maiworm 1997

European Credit

Transfer System ECTS ECTS UCTS

7 1998

Europe of knowledge 1999

28 2010

European Higher Education Area=EHEA

29 30

2002 European University Association EUA

Zgaga 2004

31

27ERASMUS European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students 3 12

2003, p.75

28 29

ECTS 2

2005, pp.78-80 6

29 2008, p.99

30 Joint Degrees

Joint Masters

312001

Project

31 26

Tauch and Rauhvargers 2002

Joint Masters Project 2002-2004 11 21 100

3

Crosier 2005 2004 EUA 2004

Joint Masters Project

EMNEM European Masters New Evaluation Methodology

32

800 22

32 Erasmus Mundus 2011

EU EMNEM

2006

Guidelines for Quality Enhancement in European Joint Master Programmes

2009-2013 1

Erasmus Mundus Masters Courses :EMMCs) Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorates EMJDs

3 EU

2

33

Schüle 2006;Nickelet al 2009 Porath 2010

Maiworm 2006

2007 European

Consortium for Accreditation in Higher Education ECA

Principles for accreditation procedures regarding joint programmes

2

ECA2007

2002 Transnational European Evaluation

Project 2010

Joint programmes: Quality Assurance and Recognition of degrees awarded

34

11 Maiworm 2006

71

33EACEA The Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/erasmus_mundus/

342006 4 33

24 303

German Academic Exchange Service DAAD 40%

2 Maiworm 2006

3 EU 15

EFTA

EU EU/EFTA

47%

11%

11

EU-15/ EFTA EU EU-15/ EFTA

1 11% 20% 35% 13%

61% 57% 35% 59%

1 13% 6% 12% 12%

7% 11% 12% 8%

9% 6% 6% 8%

n:

100%

246

100%

35

100%

17

100%

298 EU-15 : 2004 EU15

EFTA : EU 2004

EU 10 EU-15/ EFTA EU EFTA

Maiworm 2006 DAAD Survey on study programmes awarding Double, Multiple or Joint Degrees”

12

Maiworm 2006

12 /

JD DD DD DD

83 225

220

JD

DD JD 119

HE 342

6000

DD JD

DD JD JD

DD JD JD DD DD JD

JD DD

2012 p.19 2012 ³⁵

35 24 3 21

DD JD 2

2009

167 78 48%

14 13 Becker2010

Kuder and Obst 2009

Kuder and Obst 2009

2011

2

Joint and Double Degree Programs in the Global Context Report on an International Survey Institute of International Education IIE

2 ³⁶

76% 68%

2

Kuder and Obst 2009 2011 6

13

IIE 2011

13

21% 14% 39% 6% 26% 50%

24% 81% 44% 58% 43% 36%

55% 4% 10% 18% 31% 10%

N/A 1% 6% 18% N/A 5%

IIE 2011 Survey on International Joint and Double Degree Programs 2011^”

2009

Kuder and Obst 2009 2011

362008 2011 2 FIPSE Fund for the Improvement of

Postsecondary Education 2008 180

2011 28 245

14

14

1 2 3 4 5

IIE 2011 Survey on International Joint and Double Degree Programs 2011^”

58

32% 26%

40% 27%

21%

12

8

5

8

Kuder and Obst 2009

1990 Joint Masters Project

4

1.2.3

ODA

2002

2000 ODA

2006

37

USAID

1992 6 HED Higher Education for Development ³⁸

HED

USAID USAID

15 JICA

ASEAN

37

http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chousa/koutou/027/siryo/06021607/062.pdf

38 ALO Association Liaison Office for University Cooperation in Development

2006 6

The American Association of Communitu College:

AACC The Association of State College and Universities: AASCU

The American Council on Education: ACE The

Association of American Universities: NAIU The Association of

Independent Colleges and Unigersities: NAICU The National

Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges:NASULGC http://www.hedprogram.org/about/history.cfm

15

AUN/SEED-Net 2003

SW(PhD) 11 10 19

3 HELP3 2007

TW BS 16 University Selangor (UNISEL)

3 PHRDP3 2007

DD(MS) 14

ITSS HEDSPI 2006

DD(BS)

MJIIT 2011

DD SW 23

JD TW SW

2012 p.120

AUN/SEED-Net

AUN/SEED-Net ASEAN University Network:

AUN 10

19 11 2001 4 JICA 2003

AUN/SEED-Net

39

3 8

AUN/SEED-Net

1 2003~2008 66 2 27

2011a 2013 3

ODA

39AUN/SEED-Net http://www.seed-net.org/01_index_jp.php

40 USAID

HED 2012 37 70 HED

2012

2000

WashingtonState University University of Botswana

ALO 2003 Georgia State

University Gadjah Mada University

41

DFID ADB

2013

72 ⁴²

40 double

degree joint degree twinning program”

United States Agency for International Development USAID DEC Development Experience Clearinghouse https://dec.usaid.gov/dec/home

(Department for International Development: DFID

http://projects.dfid.gov.uk/ Development Tracker Beta http://devtracker.dfid.gov.uk/

ADB http://www.adb.org/projects

2013 7

41 USAID Dual Master's Program USAID 300

2001 2003

Andrew Young School Master of Arts

Master of Science http://aysps.gsu.edu/isp/3575.html

42

http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/erasmus_mundus/results_compendia/selected_projects_action_2_en.php

3

1

2008, p.214

diploma mill degree mill

2004;OECD2004; 2009

accreditation mill

2010, p24

1.3.1

OECD 2008

OECD 2008

pp.121-122

2004

2011 3

AUQA ⁴³

43 AUQA National Institution for Academic Degrees and

University Evaluation 2011 TEQSA Tertiary Education

Quality and Standards Agency

fitness for purposes

2007, p.121)

AUQA

Lenn 2004 excellence

outstanding performance fitness for purposes

1.3.2

2010 3

1991

International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies

in Higher Education :INQAAHE 2011 12 INQAAHE 236

169 67 INQAAHE

2012 INQAAHE

44

INQAAHE

INQAAHE 2003

INQAAHEGuideline of Good Practice 2005

2008, p.220

45

44INQAAHE

http://www.inqaahe.org/main/about-inqaahe/constitution/constitution-html

45 INQAAHE 18

http://www.inqaahe.org/members/list-networks.php

2000 European Association for Quality Assurance in

Higher Education ENQA ENQA

3

46

ENQA 2005

Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area

3

47

OECD 6

6

2003 OECD

2005 OECD

Guidelines for Quality Provision in Cross-border Higher Education ENQA

2005 code of practice

48

46ENQA http://www.enqa.eu/profile.lasso

47 2012

48

http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/koutou/shitu/06032412/001.htm

Code of Good Practice in the Provision of Transnational Education

Criteria and Procedures for the Assessment of Foreign

Qualifications 2001

4

2005, p.282

INQAAHE 1990

1.3.3

16

1990 2000

16

Higher Education Evaluation Center of the Ministry of Education Korean Council for University Education

Brunei Darussalam National Accreditation Council

Accreditation Committee of Cambodia

The National Accreditation Agency for Higher Education

Educational Standards and Quality Assurance Centre Malaysian Qualifications Agency

University Central Council

Council of University Academic Bodies

Federation of Accrediting Agencies of the Philippines MOE Higher Education Assurance Section

The office for National Education Standards and Quaity Assessment General Departmentfor Education, Testing andAccreditation, Ministry of Educationand Training

Hong Kong Council for Accreditation of Academic and Vocational Qualifications

Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan

(2010 pp.198-199)

ENQA

2004 INQAAHE

Asia-Pacific Quality Network APQN

16 2012 40

130 APQN APQN 2013

APQN⁴⁹

2006 APQN APQN

UNESCO-APQN Toolkit: Regulating theQuality of Cross-Border Education OECD

9 2008 pp.76-77

APQN APQN

50

49APQN

APQN full member (intermediate member)

(associate member) institutional member 4

observers http://www.apqn.org/membership/

50 2008

2006 4

The Asia-Pacific Education Ministers’ Meeting 27 Brisbane Communique

2008 APQN

constitution APQN Department

of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations DEEWR

Quality Assurance Arrangements in Higher Education in the Broader Asia-Pacific Region

APQN ASEAN

ASEAN ASEAN University Network AUN

ASEAN

1998 AUN-Quality Assurance

2008

p.48 AUN 2004 ASEAN University Network Quality Assurance

Guidelines 2006 Manual for the

Implementation of the Guidelines ⁵¹ 2008 ASEAN

ASEANQuality Assurance Network AQAN AQAN

INQAAHE APQN

52

51

52AQAN http://www.mqa.gov.my/aqan/aboutus_mission.cfm2013 10

2012, p.268

2

1

2

1

1997, p.315

1950

core periphery

1970 Mazuri 1975; Altbach 1981; Eckstein and Noah 1985; Benno 1985 Altbach 1981 1998 Altbach and Umakoshi 2004

1994, p.109 2005

2006 2013

1

brain drain

2011

3 ⁵³

53 1 1

1

Altbach 2006, p.134

product

Becker 2010, p.4 2006

the Eastern Asian Approach J

J

4 ⁵⁴

flock

2006, pp.40-41 2013

54

Cummings 1997, pp.275-276 2013, pp.19-20

2

2

2.2.1

1 1

2005

2011-2015

2 Knight

Knight

OECD and World Bank 2007 2

vertical development educational commercial

horizontal Knight

Knight

2

a Knight b

Yuki et al 2012

Knight degree of collaborarion

2

HELP

HELP 1 HELP 2

HELP 3 2

one-side led programs bilateral programs

4 program

mobility

2 6

2.2.2

rationale 4

knight and de Wit 1999

Knight

2010

17 18

2

4 17

3

3

3 15

3

17 dimension

Academic

Improve quality of education

Promote intercultural/international awareness and understan ding Achieve research excellence

Political

Improve international visibility and reputation of your institution Promote regional collaboration and identity of Asia

Promote global citizenship Promote nationl culture and values

Economic

Meet demand of your national economy Meet demand of global economy

Meet demand of Asian regional economy Generete revenue for your own institution

Kuroda et al 2010

18 dimension

Academic

Difficulty of employment prospect Irrelevance of education content Difficulty of assuring quality Lack of accreditation

Administrative

Difficulty of recruiting students Difficulty of resolving language issues Insufficient financial resource Diffences in academic calendars

Insufficient administrative capacities Miscommunication with partner university Difficulty of credit transfer recongnition

Social

Brain drain Inequity of access

Loss of cultural or national identity Overuse of English as medium

Yuki et al 2012

3

1 2

HELP 3

4

6

1

3

1 2 300

1

1000 1.

4 2.

4 3.

6 6

3

2

4

3

HELP

2

HELP

3.2.1 1

leading university

1 2

3

AUN

55

552013 AUN 30 ASEAN

http://www.aunsec.org/aunmemberuniversities.php

2

semi-structured

2005, p.285 3 1

HELP

1 HELP

HELP

2 20 HELP

HELP 1

HELP 3 2015

3

HELP HELP

HELP HELP

HELP

HELP

3.2.2

Higher Education Loan Fund Project in Malaysia HELP HELP

HELP 2 3 ⁵⁶

HELP HELP

3 HELP

HELP 2

1

3

diploma

HELP

HELP

56 1 2

15

20

3 HELP

1 HELP

2009 8 2012 1 2

JICA

HELP JICA

HELP JICA

HELP

×

Certificate Certificate Diploma

HELP-I 1993-2004

HELP-III 2005-2015 HELP-II

1999-2009

3

3.3.1 4

1

JICA 2009 2010

57 JICA

AsiaSoutheast Asia Engineering Education Development Asia SEED

ASEAN+5 1000

E 254 249

stata

2 300

300

300 4

Times Higher Education QS World University

Rankings 2008 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Academic Ranking of World Universities 2008

57JICA

1 3 8

2

2

3 3

4 22

Webometrics Ranking Web of World Universities

2008 8

2009

University Mobility and Asian and the Pacific UMAP 324

ASEAN ASEAN University Network AUN 21

International Association of Universities IAU 593

International Alliance of Research Universities IARU 10

Association of Pacific Rim Universities APRU 42

Association of East Asian Research Universities AEARU 17

Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning ASAIHL 165

Association of Universities of Asia and the Pacific :AUAP 206

3

2 3

2009 6 30 JICA

SEAMEO RIHED

21 300

58 300 19 300

58 8

19 300

A B

1 2 3 4 A+B

1* 1 0 1

5* 1 1 6

50* 17 11 61

1* 0 0 1

28* 18 0 28

2* 1 2 4

9* 2 0 9

12* 3 2 14

89 30* 2 32

83 38* 2 40

349 31* 11 0 31

286 78 29* 0 29

96 24 8* 1 9

47 28 28* 0 28

13 7 7* 0 7

1,071 288 83 21 300

*

JICA

3 1000

300

1 300

2

3

300

59

60

59 11

2 3 1 2

1 1

60 1 Korean Educational Development

Institute KEDI 2008 11 30 Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam 2009 4 1

http://www.crs.jsj.edu.cn/check_info.php?sortid=2 2009 6 24

Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia 2007 Education Guide Malaysia Commission on Higher Education 2006 Collaborative Degree Programmes between Thai and Foreign Higher Education Institutions

2007 [

]

8 7

JICA

20 300

A B

A-B

7 0 7

5 2 3

136 3 133

16 16 0

112 0 112

1 0 1

13 0 13

81 0 81

73 1 72

151 1 150

ASEAN 595 23 572

166 9 157

93 1 92

69 0 69

163 9 154

4 0 4

+5 495 19 476

1,090 42 1,048

JICA

1,048

20 1,048

8

4 1

4

2009 9 17 10 2

E E

2 21

11

highly fairly

moderately slightly 5

1

3 15

21 A:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

ASEAN 7.

8.

9.

10.

1

JICA B:

1.

2.

3.

5

ASEAN+5

AsiaSEED

2009 10 16

2009 11 13 22

22

A 1 B 1

B/A %

7 1 0 0 0%

3 2 4 2 133%

133 23 32 5 24%

0 0 ⁰ 0 ^0%

112 14 2 2 2%

1 1 0 0 0%

13 3 0 0 0%

81 7 2 1 2%

72 15 7 2 10%

150 13 85 12 57%

ASEAN 572 79 132 24 23

157 26 ⁸⁵ 22 ^54%

92 16 26 9 28%

69 7 1 1 1%

154 16 10 3 6%

4 2 ⁰ 0 ^0%

5 476 67 122 35 26

1,048 146 254 59 24%

A

% 100%

JICA

2010 5 254

24% ⁶¹

1 1

2

1 5

300

1 146

254 1 59

5 4

1 249 98%

6

4

4 249

stata

do Stata

2

0

61

2009 10 16 1 50 2009 11 13 2

72 2009 11 30 28 2009 12 25 91 2010 5 17

13 254 AsiaSEED 2010, p.30

2

1

4

23

33 13% 190 76% 26

10%

249 100%

46 18% 187 75% 16

6%

249 100%

43 17% 176 71% 30

12%

249 100%

92 37% 145 58% 12

5%

249 100%

JICA

23 249

1

HELP 2

1

7

249 3

World Bank 2009

: : :

24

42 60% 26 37% 2 3% 70 100%

35 26% 95 70% 6 4% 136 100%

0 0% 20 87% 3 13% 23 100%

15 75% 4 20% 1 5% 20 100%

92 37% 145 58% 12 5% 249 100%

n=249

JICA

2 6

24

24

3.3.2 6

1

2012 2 2

HELP

HELP

HELP

3 4

15

HELP

E

JAPEMA Japan Alumni of Yayasan Pelajaran Mara Yayasan Ilmuwan

4

60

Yayasan Ilmuwan (

•JAPEMA( )

2

25

25

MOHE

Deputy Director General,

Private Higher Education Management Sector Deputy Director General, Public Sector

YPM

Project Director Duputy Project Director Manager, Coordination Unit Staff

JAD UNISEL

Duputy Dean Leturer Leturer

Yayasan Ilmuwan YI Executive Chairman

JUCTe

Director, Secretariat Division General Manager

JAPEMA President

Vice President Graduate

2012 2

2012 1 HELP

2 3 HELP

JAPEMA 3 1

HELP

JUCTe JUCTe

JUCTe

3

Ministry of Higher Education MOHE 2020

2004 3 MOHE

5

62

HELP Universiti Industri Selangor

UNISEL 1999

Bestari Jaya Shah Alam 2

JAD Japan Associate Degree

MOHE 3

Department of Higher Education

public private 2

Deputy Director General

Yayasan Pelajaran MARA YPM Ministry of Entrepreneurial

and Cooperative Development MoECD MARA

1969 HELP 1992

HELP 2

2

HELP HELP

HELP

62MOHE

http://www.studymalaysia.com/education/art_education.php?id=nationaledu

40

HELP

Japanese University Consortium for Transnational-education JUCTe 2006

HELP 3

63

3.3.3 6

HELP

JUCTe

HELP JAPEMA Alumni association

HELP

Yayasan Ilmuwan

1

6 HELP JICA 2010 HELP

JICA 2010 5

E Asia SEED

63JUCTe HELP 15 Asia SEED

http://www.jucte.org/corporation/business.html

2

HELP HELP

HELP

HELP 1

HELP 2 HELP 3

2 HELP 27

HELP

HELP 1 2 12

HELP 1 3 15

JUCTe 15 26

3

6 4

A

B HELP HELP

HELP

C HELP HELP

D HELP -

E

HELP HELP

: HELP

C E HELP

4

2010 5 21

2010 8 17 17

HELP 1 2 4 HELP 1

3 13

4

300

1 1,000

3

2

3

3 3

4

1

300 1,000

4.1.1

31.3% 23.1%

20.2% 11.4% 10.9%

2006 pp.35

45%

2006 2007

2012 2012

86 99

41 2 19

3 12

2008

27

% % % %

1 31.3 28.9 34.1 33.5

2 23.1 25.8 22.4 32.3

3 20.2 19.2 19.6 21.5

4 11.4 17.9 17.5 5.1

5 10.9 5.4 4.0 1.9

1.9

n=1,048

JICA

28 3

193 18%

15

ODA AUN/SEED-Net

HELP

IIE 2011

28 15

1 193 82 116 41

2 138 34 105 36

3 122 29 92 22

4 107 25 73 11

5 73 22 42 9

6 70 16 26 6

7 52 15 21 3

8 33 13 12 3

9 31 12 12 3

10 30 9 10 2

11 24 9 9

12 18 8 8

13 18 6 7

14 17 5 6

15 17 3 5

n=1,048

JICA

29

1,048

18.6% 195 17.7% 185

ASEAN+3

64

29 10

5.8% 2.2%

2012, pp.53 AUN

AUN

- %

1 - 195 18.6

2 - 185 17.7

3 - 134 12.8

4 - 112 10.7

5 - 92 8.8

6 - 82 7.8

7 - 70 6.7

8 - 61 5.8

9 - 51 4.9

10 - 23 2.2

n=1,048

JICA

64 ASEAN ASEAN+3 University Network

Guangxi Guizhou Xiamen Yunnan

http://www.aunsec.org/policy.php

4.1.2

5

50.3%

31.7%

MBA

5

n=902

JICA

2012

Kuder and Obst 2009

36% 15% 14%

65

6 3

64% 43% 21

33%

IIE 2011

53% 28% 14%

+ + 2

2.4%

6

n=899

JICA

65 4 11% 10% 2010

or circa UNESCO Institute for Statistics

<http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=143&IF_Language=eng>

2011 08 25

1000

1989 1990-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010 5

7 1989

1 1990 1999

10% 1990

2000

2000 2004 32% 2005

2009 57%

10

Kuder and Obst 2009

1996 54%

1996 2000

7

n=232

JICA 10%

32%

57%

1%

1989 1990-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010

2

expected outcomes 2 3

5 1

30

(Acceptance of foreign students)

(Outgoingmobility opportunities for students)

3.13 3.20 3.57

2.89 3.06 3.21

3.29 3.35 3.33

2.88 2.94 2.86

3.06 2.86 2.78

3.07 2.94 2.86

3.45 3.33 3.42

2.60 2.60 2.66

2.59 2.55 2.60

2.79 2.69 2.72

2.57 2.00 2.53

4 = 3 = 2 = 1 = 0 =

JICA-300

cross-border activities student mobility

program mobility 30

3 300

66

4.2.1 2

249

31

31

0-4

1 3.02

2 3.00

3 2.97

4 2.78

5 2.69

6 2.68

7 2.66

8 2.63

9 2.63

10 2.59

11 2.08

n=249

4 = 3 = 2 = 1 = 0 =

JICA

66JICA 300 Kuroda et al

2010 44% 131 ASEAN 83

48

motivation Kuder and Obst 2009

67

2.08

Knight 2008c, pp.7

67 2010 1

Knight 2008b,

pp.20 2011 IIE 2011

10

32

60% 40%

5% 20%

32

4.02% 9.64% 12.85% 16.47% 44.58% 12.45% 100%

4.42% 6.43% 23.69% 28.92% 23.29% 13.25% 100%

3.21% 2.81% 18.88% 30.92% 31.33% 12.85% 100%

5.22% 6.02% 20.88% 36.14% 18.88% 12.85% 100%

5.62% 6.43% 22.09% 28.51% 24.1% 13.25% 100%

4.82% 7.23% 24.1% 34.14% 17.27% 12.45% 100%

3.61% 2.41% 20.08% 23.69% 37.35% 12.85% 100%

4.42% 10.44% 21.29% 26.91% 23.69% 13.25% 100%

6.43% 7.23% 20.88% 30.12% 22.09% 13.25% 100%

4.42% 9.64% 18.47% 22.49% 32.13% 12.85% 100%

20.88% 7.23% 17.67% 25.7% 15.26% 13.25% 100%

n=249

JICA

33

33

0-4

0-4

1 2.77 3.69

2 2.60 3.52

3 2.55 3.35

4 2.52 3.31

5 2.43 3.08

6 2.43 3.02

7 2.34 2.99

8 2.32 2.98

9 2.27 2.88

10 2.24 2.87

11 2.00 2.24

n=249

4 = 3 = 2 = 1 = 0 =

JICA

1

4.2.2

3 3

t

3

3

34

34 3

2

2

34

2.90 < 3.13 3.25 > 3.11 2.98 < 3.09 2.53 < 2.82 2.63 < 2.89 2.56 < 2.83 ^* 2.58 < _3.16 *** 2.85 < _3.17 * 2.89 < _3.09

2.51 < 2.78 2.65 < 2.82 2.66 < 2.72 2.45 < _2.81 * 2.55 < _2.88 * 2.71 2.71 2.45 < 2.70 2.53 < 2.76 2.67 > 2.60 3.08 < _{3.11 3.13} < _{3.19 3.05} < _3.07

2.85 > _{2.66 2.95} > _{2.73 2.80} > _2.62 2.93 > _2.59 * 3.03 > _2.70 * 2.93 > _2.50 ***

2.95 > _{2.81 3.10} > _{2.89 2.91} > _2.83 2.88 > _1.95 *** 2.95 > _1.97 *** 2.83 > _1.64 ***

2.67 < _3.04 ** 2.91 < _{3.06 2.81} < _3.00 2.62 < _{2.85 2.71} < _{2.91 2.77} < _2.78 2.90 > _2.50 ** 3.01 > _2.57 *** 2.87 > _2.40 ***

n=249

4 = 3 = 2 = 1 = 0 =

*p<.1 t

**p<.05 t

***p<.01 t

JICA

4

34

4

2

3 3

35

-

2 -

p<.01

34 -

35

- -

3.64

<

<

2.64

<

<

3.07

<

<

2.83

>

<

2.76

>

<

2.76

>

<

3.14

<

<

3.21

<

<

3.26

>

<

3.40

<

<

3.02

>

>

3.12

<

<

2.88

>

<

3.23

>

<

n=249

4 = 3 = 2 = 1 = 0 =

World Bank 2009 3

*p<.1 t

**p<.05 t

***p<.01 t

JICA

3

2

challenges 2

3 15

4.3.1

36 1~2

2

Maiworm 2006

Nickelet al 2009

Bologna states

2012

100

0

10%

36

0-4

1 2.11

2 1.98

3 1.78

4 1.77

5 1.73

6 1.67

7 1.59

8 1.58

9 1.50

10 1.47

11 1.46

12 1.40

13 1.37

14 1.26

15 1.22

n=249

4 = 3 = 2 = 1 = 0 =

JICA

2

2012, pp.155

1 IIE 2011

IIE 2011

65 26

NPO

Knight 2008b

Knight 2009a 2

2

1 3

ECTS

European Credit Transfer System ASEAN

SEAMEO ASEAN ASEAN Credit Transfer System:

ACTS UMAP UMAP Credit Transfer

System:UCTS ⁶⁸

37

1

22.49% 23.69% 24.5% 8.43% 4.02% 16.87% 100%

25.7% 20.88% 17.67% 17.27% 2.41% 16.06% 100%

32.13% 19.68% 15.66% 15.26% 1.61% 15.66% 100%

32.53% 17.67% 14.86% 15.66% 2.81% 16.47% 100%

19.28% 13.65% 26.1% 17.67% 7.63% 15.66% 100%

22.49% 17.67% 20.08% 21.29% 2.81% 15.66% 100%

22.89% 14.06% 23.69% 21.29% 2.01% 16.06% 100%

27.31% 12.45% 24.5% 16.87% 2.81% 16.06% 100%

14.06% 18.88% 26.91% 19.68% 4.42% 16.06% 100%

20.48% 17.67% 21.29% 18.47% 6.02% 16.06% 100%

22.49% 20.88% 18.07% 18.88% 2.81% 16.87% 100%

26.51% 16.47% 19.28% 18.88% 2.81% 16.06% 100%

19.68% 12.85% 26.91% 20.08% 4.82% 15.66% 100%

11.24% 14.86% 18.88% 30.12% 8.03% 16.87% 100%

11.65% 16.87% 22.09% 25.70% 6.43% 17.27% 100%

n=249

JICA

68ASEAN student work load 1

25~30 UMAP UCTS

1 UCTS 60 UCTS÷

1 60 UCTS÷31 1.935UCTS 124 2012

37

8%

26% 6%

29%

2% 2

38

1

5 2011b

13

2 1 9

1 6 1

3 2

9

38

0-4 0-4

1 2.37 2.07

2 2.27 1.95

3 2.19 1.87

4 2.12 1.81

5 2.06 1.53

6 2.04 1.46

7 1.95

1.46

8 1.93 1.36

9 1.93 1.33

10 1.86

1.27

11 1.83 1.26

12 1.82

1.25

13 1.77 1.18

14 1.74 0.96

15 1.55

0.96

n=249

4 = 3 = 2 = 1 = 0 =

JICA

4.3.2

t 39