Higher brain function : visual cognition during the Stroop task
著者 沈 雪珠
journal or
publication title
博士学位論文要旨 論文内容の要旨および論文審査 結果の要旨/金沢大学大学院自然科学研究科
volume 平成19年3月
page range 90‑95
year 2007‑03‑01
URL http://hdl.handle.net/2297/14593
氏名 学位の種類 学位記番号 学位授与の日付 学位授与の要件 学位授与の題目
沈雪珠 博士(学術)
博甲第765号 平成17年9月30曰
課程博士(学位規則第4条第1項)
HigherBrainFunction-VisualCognitionDuringtheStroopTask (脳の高次機能一Stroop課題における視覚認知)
大熊勝治(自然科学研究科・教授)
小山善子(医学系研究科・教授),藤原勝夫(医学系研究科・教授),
細野隆次(医学系研究科・教授),吉川弘明(保健管理センター・助教授)
論文審査委員(主査)
論文審査委員(副査)
Abstract
TheP300componentoftheevent-relatedbrainpotentialduringthecolor-Kanji StrooptaskwaSusedmconjunctionwithresponsetimetoidentifi7tllelocusof interfbrenceandsexCmEfbrencesonperceptualprocessing、
SubjectswereinstructedtorespondtothedisplaycolorsandcoloredKanji charactersasquicklyaspossibleintherespectivestimuluscOnditions・
Responsetimevariedwiththecongruenceandincongruencebetweenthe stimuluscolorandtheKanjicharactersinwhichtheywereprinted・However>the P3001atencyremaineClstableduringthestimulusevaluationprocesses.P30O
amplituCleatFzwasthesmauestineachstimuluscondition・
Responsetimevariedinanstimulusconditions,themaleswerelongerthan fbmales・TheP3001atencyofmaleswaslongerandamplitudewassmanerthan femalesFurthermore,fbrpersonsofClifferentsex,thenamingcolorsarefasterthan thereadingKanjicharactersonRm
Thefindingsprovidefilrtherevidencethatresponsecompetitionistheprimary sourceofStroopinterference・Theresultssuggestthatcognitivestrategyofmaleis
diffbrent丘omfbmale・Femalerespondfasterthanmale.
lntroductions
lnl935,eJohnRiClleyStrooppublishedllisexcenentarticleonattentionand interference,whichismoreinfluentialnowthanitwasthenTheoriginalStroop taskisapsychologicaltestofourmentalenergyandmexibility
TheStroopeffects(facilitationandinterference)havebeenknownfbr70years,
duringwhichtimeanumberofstudieshavebeenmadeoftheStrooptaslEand numeroustheoreticalaccountsoftheStroopeffecthavebeenprofferedlnthe Strooptask,therearetwopathways-onefbrcolorinfbrmationandtheotherfbr
wordinfbrmation-thatshareoneresponsechanneLTheresponsecompetition
-90-
hypothesisoftheStroopinterfbrencestatesthatcoloranClwordarebeingprocessed
inaparanelmanneruntiltheirmotorprogramsareactivateCL
Nowonder)manyvariationsonthetesthavebeendevelopedandtesteCLThevast majorityofresearchregarClingtheStrooptaskhasfbcuseClonwhyfacilitationand interferenceoccur・RelativelylittleresearchhasaddressedindiviClualdiffbrenceson
thistask
OurintentioninthispaperistomustratetheroleofP300ERPandresponsetime inmetalchronometrybydescribingdatafromtheexperimentthataddressedthe fbnowingissuesmhumaninfbrmationprocessing:a)thelocusoftheStroop interferenceeffbct,thatis,whereisthestimulusevaluationorresponseproduction;
andb)thelocusofthesexdifferences,thatis,aretherethesexdiffbrenceson
cognitiveprocessing・
TllisstudyisbasedonthetheorizingofDuncan-JohnsonandKopeⅡ(1981).We improvedonstimulusmodality(Kanjicharacters)andresponsemodality(two buttonsinhands)inordertoinvestigatethattheresponsecompetitionhypothesis、
Andthen,toelucidatesuchsexdifferencesonperceptualprocessing
Experiment
Fifteenhealthyright-hanCledJapaneseundergraduatestudents(8male,7female)
betweentheageofl8and23years(mean=20.3years)wereassessedindividuanyin adimlylit,sound-attenuatedroom・Nonereportedanyneurologicalorpsychiatric
disorClers・Amsubjectshadnormalorcorrected-to-normalvisionandnocolor
blindness
Thestimuli℃onsistedoffiveconditions・Subjectswereinstructedtorespondtothe displaycolorsinthefirstcondition・Stimuliconsistedofthecolors(red,blue)in whichthestimuluswaspresentedtomatchthemeamngoftheKanjicharacters RED,BLUEintheseconClcondition、Subjectswereinstructedtorespondtothe KanjicharactersrelevantconditionsinthethirClconditionandthecolorrelevant conditionswhneignormgthewordsthemselvesinthefburthcondition・Thefifth conditionwastheKanjiRED,BLUEwritteninblackink
Meandiffbrencesbetweenconditionswereassessedusinganalysisofvariance withthecolor/Kanjicharacters(congruent,neutral,incongruent)andelectrodes(Fz,
Cz,Pz)fbrtheERPandRTdata・Posthocdifferencesbetweenpair-wisemeans
wereassessedwithTukey'sHSDtest、Andmeandiffbrencesbetweensexeswere
assesseClusingt-testfbrtheERR
Results
lBehavioraldata
Fig1mustratesthemeanRTfbrS1,S2,s3,S4andS50onditions(P<0.05).
Reducedresponsetimeincolor/Kanjicharacterscongruent(S1andS2)ascompared toneutralcondition(S5)pointtofacuitationeffectswhereaslongerresponsetimein color/Kanjicharactersincongruent(S4andS3)ascompareCltoneutralcondition canbeinterpretedasmterferenceeffects・Then,thereweresignificantdifferences betweenS1andS4(colorrelevantconditions,P<0.05),S2andS3(Kanjicharacters relevantconditions,P<0.05)fromTukey,sHSDtest.
:】
-●-Responsetime-■一P300Latency
着400:
EE
350
300
S2 S3 S4 S5
S1
Fig.1.MeanresponsetimeandP3001atencyatPzfbrtheS1,S2,s3,S4andS5
conditions(n=15).ThereweresignificanteffectsbetweenS1,s2,s3,S4anClS5inmalesandfemales (P<0.05)onRIlFig、2mustratesthemeanRTvaryinginanstimulusconditions,fbr bothconditionsS4andS3werereliablylongerthanS1andS2onRmThe、,RTof bothmaleandfbmalemthenamingcolorwerefasterthaninthereadingKanji
characters.
500
450
004(のE)』正
350
300
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Fig.2.Meanresponsetimeofmales(n=8)andfbmales(n=7)fbrtheS1,S2,s3,S4and S5conditionsTheRTofmalesislongerthanthefbmales'inallstimulusconditions.
-92-
2.P3001atency
TablelmustratesthemeanP3001atenciesandamplitudesfbrS1,s2,s3,S4anCl S5conditions・NosignificanteffectsofS1andS4werefbundfbrthequantifieClP300 1atencyClata,incontrasttothelargeeffectonRnnAlsoinsignificanteffectsofS2and S3werefbunClfbrP3001atencyBTherewerenosignificantelectrodesitedifferences fbrS1,S2,s3,S4andS5conditionsintheP3001atency(P>0.05)TheP3001atency
wasnotaf6ecteClbyanyexperimentalvariablaThus,P3001atencyremamedstable acrosstheS1,S2,s3,S4andS5buthadastronginfluenceonRTfromthese
conditions.
Table1.MeanP3001atenciesandP300amplitudesattheFz,Cz,Pzelectrodesitesfbr
S1,S2,s3,S4andS5conditions(n=15).
significantdifferencesofmaleanClfemalewerefbundfbrP300compOnents (Table2).AlargeP300componentwaseliciteClbyaustimuliinfemale・TheP300 1atencyofmaleswaslongerthanfelnalesThesamesignificantdifferencesoflnale anClfemalewerefbundfbrP3001atencyzThus,P3001atencyvariedbetweenthe maleandfemaleacrosstheseconditions(t=5.51,T(14,0.05)=2.14).
Table2MeanP3001atencyandP300amplitudeofmales(n=8)andfbmales(n=7)atFz,
Cz,PzfbrtheS1,S2,s3,S4andS5conditions.
Latency(ms)
S1S2S3S4S5
Amplitude(似V)
S1S2S3S4S5
zzzFCP
366366371366369 363364366366369 364366368364369
36.034.922.719.528.0 44.345.232.330.239.2 47.347.433.932.441.4
3.P300amplitude
P300amplitudefbrS4andS3weresmanerthanP300amplitudefbrS1anClS2 showinnbleLAsmustrateinTablel,P300amplituClewasthesmallestatFz,the
nextatCzandthebiggestatPzfbreachstimuluscondition(P<0.05).
ELble2mustratesthatthemeanP300amplituClefbrmalesweresmanerthan femalesinanstimulusconditionsandelectroClesites(t=6.80,T(14,0.05)=2.14).The P300amplituClewasClecreaseClsignificantIy(P<0.05)whenthestimuliweremore
dijビEiculttodiscriminate(e、9.S4andS3),whereastheRTwasmuchlonger(Fig.4).
Conclusions
Thesedatasuggestthatresponsesareemittedafterlesscompleteevaluationof thestimulus・ThetimeatwllichP300iselicitedseemstobeindepenClentofthe extenttowhichtheresponsehasbeengeneratedTheresultsupportstheviewthat responsecompetitionistheprimarysourceofStroopmterference、
Theresultssuggestthatcognitivestrategyofmaleisdifferenthomfemale、
Femalerespondfasterthanmale・ThemaleshaveamorecautiousandcH1m responsestrategyinthemfbrmationprocessing・Furthermore,P300amplitude
decreasedasRTincreased.
-94-
P300Latency(ms)
S1S2S3S4.S5
P300Amp
litude(“V)
S1S2S3S4S5
e1aM zzZFCP e1ameF zzZFCP
357370374384378 358372370384379 358370370386381
357361360355363 357361355355362 358361355355364
74489●●●●●7918223424 8●44
788595●●●●●●091570223234
449567●●●●●●967379122233
217518●●●●●●301713344355
425925●●●●●●羽仙⑫ 269455
学位論文審査結果の要旨
Stroop効果は、文字と色という2つの属性が競合するような刺激(例えば赤色で描かれた青という文字)
を提示し、色名を答えさせる課題において、その反応時間が、2つの属性が競合しない刺激に比べて遅延す
るという現象で、Strooptestは臨床場面では前頭葉機能検査としてよく使われている。しかしこのStroop
課題における干渉が、刺激評価過程で生じるか反応生成過程で生じるかは未だ結論が出ていない。そこで本 論文ではStroop課題中のP300と反応時間を指標として、情報処理過程を検討したものである。結果は(1)
反応時間は色課題が漢字課題よりも短く、色・文字一致条件が不一致条件よりも短い。(2)P3001atency は課題(色、漢字)と刺激カテゴリー(congruent条件、incongment条件)間で有意差は見られなかった。(3)
P300振幅は不一致条件が一致条件よりも小さく、またFzはCz、Pzより小さく、Pzが一番大きかった。(4)
反応時間は男性が女性より長く、又、男性は女性よりP30011atencyが長く、振幅は小さく性差が認められた。
上記の結果はDuncan-Johnsonらの所見と同様で、Stroop干渉は反応生成過程で生じることが示唆された。
また、任意による制御機能の障害として臨床的に捉える検査Strooptestであるが、P300からも前頭葉の関 与を支持するものであった。情報処理過程には性差も考慮すべきことが判った。
本研究は情報処理過程での解明に貢献するもので、臨床にも活用し得る知見である。本論文は博士(学術)
論文に値すると評価された。