トップページ - 横浜国立大学学術情報リポジトリ

全文

(1)Ontology. in. the. Verb. Semantics. by Naoytlk王FUEUSIIIMA*. 0･O. The. present. verbs. in. about. certain. pletely some. rambling. a. the. of. presents It. style･. linguistic but. unknown;. linguistic a. paper. this. to. make. give. any. of. rather. fancy. my. and. is. aim. here. my. nor. paper. as. conjectures. is not. problems,. problems. literature,. my. directs on. notes. to. Piece. which. ･some. less. or. proposal com-. to. like. restate. known. logical notions. the. of. I would. more. of. hitherto. observation. nature,. are. theoretical. any. Of. structure. semantic. make. personal. me. the. about. in. and. the as. others. personal皿e皿Orandu皿.. 0･1Asa tions･. Any. syntactic of. component,. lines. nature. the. of. base. the. just. in. T■bis sentential One. these. of. other. of. must. play,. which. is. of. tba･t the. use. The. what. *英語教室(Dept.. all of. from. se･ntence world of. a. the. tbese･. items. them. of. set. talk. must. form. the. a. of. sp･ecify. what. so･rt. the. about. will. be. will. contribute. to･. must. be. by. the. clearly. thematic must. more. to. and language･. the. formation. which. will. not. assume. notions. sentence.. has. question. the. the. focus.and. the. semantic. of vary. a. the. the. sense. the･ com-. linguistic in. with. rules. (in. relations. that. any. interpreta･tions･. inference. specify roles. on. its relevant. with. in of. UG.along. simply. semantic. sentence岩. system. familiar. structure. the･. There. is put. I. The. relation. lexicon,. relative/absolute. language･. appropria･te･. of The. imposed of. language.. assump-. of. ap<pr･opriate sorts) of.a. other. form,. theory. problem. (i.e.,the. Yet. sentential. this. English. the. framework. particular. the. must. sentence･. English). a. semantic. sentence･. but. projected linguistic. of. of. the. of. for. reCe･ive. Sptill other. (1976)). presupposition ponent. specify. undergoes･. Jackendoff. for. the: lexical. Another. sentences･. sentence. by. go. component.. from. into. some. is composed. phonological. the√ absolute:. not. specify. for皿muSt. must. be. introduce. me. which. consequence. might. above:. let. grammar and. framework. mentione:d. positio･ns being丘11e･d. own. I wo･uld. transformations. and. its. natural. or. p,aper,. grammatical. the framework. a. (1981). In tbe･ p･resent. discussions,. component be. might. Chomsky. laⅢguage･･ of. has. semantic. levels. of. following. the. language. particular. the･se four. the. to. preliminary. world contexts. use･r.. distinguished. from. the. real. world.. The.

(2) N.. 74. real. is. world. as. experienced as. such. a. series. the. to. say. tor. sentences a. the say. particular. What. 1.1. Cooccurrence. following. restriction. twice･･. diiference. of. 1S. must. that. a. are. user. in. matched that. or. or. world,. real. or. sentence. the: language. they. not. diagram. the. see. which. se:ntence. the. but. view. of. If. that Of. and. series. of. understand. sentence･. adverbs. Look. repetition･. of. the. that. 1.2. Co･occurrence･. verb. the. at. this. Men. struck. his wife. struck. their. the. contrast,. feature. restriction. must. is that. here. the. or. multiple. expression. frame. ･Men. which. that. is,. of. tall. overtly. the. (3). lS. over. by. imposed the. world'･. last. cannot. 'John. in. means. sentence･. locational. adverbs･. followlng･. attributed the for. The strikes. but. restriction. the. his wife'denotes omnlPreSent,. since. that. selectional. phenomenon･. for. anomaly cannot. While. this. of. the. repetitive. it is not. the. linguistic. nature. tbe･ origina･1 se･ntence. the. related. reason. semantic is o･k･. to. selectional a. be. cannot. (4). This. to. year･. Thus. analysis･. the. a. is due. (2). of. year･. be. is multiplied. that. expressed. last. person. particular. be･ suggested. verb･. main. the. in. world. that. like is in. solution. It will. certain. and. is inappropriate. linguistic world one. the. within. adverb･. repetitive. restriction. selectional. strikeさtheir wives, is not. of a. role. world. over. all. phenomenon. reading. ubiquitous. adverbial of. certain. particular. there,. and. a. the. abandon. wives. This. strike･. syntax･. of. phrases. the. over.. all. one. restriction feature. unacceptability. is observed. contrast. taking. not. noun. certain. ungrammaticality. of. for. up. set. analysis. of. to. according. appropriate･･. that. Semantic. conspicuous. restriction. (3) *Jobn (4). a. plays. than. rather. adverbs. of. the. that. to. not. and. natural felt. two,. the. selectional. the･･ level. more. slightlydiぽerent. but. similar. be. a･. kill, but. on. it is generally. the. of. choice. between. that. way to. feature. will. that. note. a. such. assigned. diacritic. a. account. semantic. wrong. wife,,. pro･jected. world. about･. judgement. in. explained. introduce. to. (3). about. piece. verbs. grammaticality. is. only. be. the. ･[+repetitive Adv.】】. we. of. linguistic. utter. hearing. certain. Mary. analysis,. we. of. killed. a. by. (1980;. Fukushima. something. to. is. world. subset)･ Similar. a. world. will. real. means,. co･gnitive. other. is. which. p･roblems?. (2) *Jobn. effect. real. particular. world. twice･. ･. In. real. Mary. -【_･. the. user. aSymmetry･. co･mmon. A. a. about. struck. The. the. the. the. language. the. of. the. Of. language,. hears. or. is in. also. this. (1981). suggested. with. John. (1). that. of. but. means,. structure. semantic. use. something. are. Jackendoff. about. user. pleCe. 1.0･. to. is compared. something. fashsion,. linguistic. isalready. ordinary. of sentences. wants some. (of which. Jackendoff's In. by. According. etc.. as. 19).. p.. only. language. the. of. environment. surrounding. not. structure. refined. on. actual. such,. vision,. conceptual as. the. FuKUSHIMA. of. À. of. (4)･. man. strikes. his.

(3) Ontology. T■be facts the. on. combination. a. preferably. 2･O. pretation. particular. a. of. the. 2･1. of. are. of. What. amplifiers.. with. the. Consider. (at. certain. is multi_. (in this. unit devices.. various. inter-. a. strikes his wife-. man. semantic. call. of. The. case. device. ampliPer. of. ampli丘cation. there. the. nominals･. (the. and. kinds. sentential. verbs. in. ava･ilable. three. are. and. adverbs. of. grami.e.,. amplifiers,. amplifier,. sentences,. and. the. each. of. respectively･. a),.... throughout. the. events･. very. to. close. the. rOle･ of. locational. and. world,. The. notion. each. other;. verb. struck. his. twice〉 rep･eatedly. status. than belong. It will. there,.... of. the. verbal this. perhaps in. frame･. be. seen. only. along. is. of. verbs,. above,. l･1. is. A. a. the. and. ･amplifier parallel. phenomenon. distinction. rough. sen-. be. can. projected. the time. axis. of. amplifying. can. be. in. less. is closer. terms. notation:. of. numbers. and. what to. year.. that repetuedly X-bar. tba･n血e･. multiply. the verb. the verbal. sentential. properties. various these. linguistic structure,. represented. to. ampli触･. sentences.. elements. see. p･artly. last. clearer. bars. to. last year.. (6) shows. be. nominals. interest. some. of. world. of. twice. of. to the･ verb-node･. have. real. wife. off grammaticality twice･･. De畠nitional. itwill. and. tbe･ fo･1lowlng.. (6)?John. we. adverbs.. here. mentioned. repeatedly. world. "A. throLugh. to. his wife. Tbe outer. like. struck. As. from. in the. meaning. strikes Mary. minimum. is effected. of. =Jobn. of. a. of. John. a皿pli丘er. subject. meaning.. multiply are. conspicuous. in meaning. Now. verbal. times,. amplifier. The･ dubious. 2･2. and. articles. temporal. many. (5). about. type. some. in 1.2. ampli丘er. units. generic. includes. ampliBers. made･. and. this problem. iteratively,.... amplify. the. verb. restr･ictions the. amplifiers.. repeatedly,. tential. think. certain. things･. ･amp･1ify. These. are. the. as. well. to. event. Roughly. verbal. semantic. markers,. of. elements. they?. the. Nominal. twice,. reiterated,. multiplication. are. 2･1･1. This. as. like. would. single. grammatical. the. These. adverb. T.here. amplifier.. several. Verbal. a. multiplication,. amp壬iBes. 211･2. l･1. i would. which. These･. just seen.. multiplication. sentence). ampli丘er,. Phlral. I. a. English･. nominal. the. 75. units.. In. meaning. kinds. There. the. involve. or. semantic. of. semantic. reiteration. Various. mar. of l･2. time)" is. of. event. single. Semantics. we血ave. and. Below. sentence･. point. The. plied･. and. the. of. a･s. Verb. persp･e･ctive.. Multiplication Ill. are. verb. so?. why. wider. Both. the. of. But. nounphrase･. l･2. l･1 and. of. in the. in. conceptual. semantic. semantic and. the. units.. units stream. structure. by. have. ｡f. a. the.. series.

(4) FuKUSHIMA. N.. 76. of. frames. brief. sulBciently or. world is in. a. of. of. the. of. unitary. The. A. They. frames,. the. frame:. of. were,. has. expression. for. a. a. successive･. o･f the･ stream. part. sequence. successive･. correspond･. sentencemight. certain. frames. of. sequence. to. sufRciently. If these a. world. compared. with. scene･. a. containing. particular. be. scene. perceive. will. a. of. a. real. projected. might. of. of. the･ conceptual. of. of. This. representation. structure. semantic. stream. units. people. speed,. sumcient. the. pictures. constituent. frame. unitary. experience.. takes. camera. co･nceptual. the. linguistic. Each. it. a-s. are,. Call. ple･Cei Of. movie. Tolhe. realworld.. unitary. possible. projected with. are. pictures. world･. smallest. tot. frame. This. time･. of. period. short. ･sufBciently like. would. afi1m.. intervals･. short. a. I. period,. the. way. scans. which. experienced. frames. the. of. each. its. define. which. meanlng･ what. individuals,. to. refer frames,. temporal. many be cases. the. in. subject. but. oLf the･ verb, different. time. Finally, and. the. 3.0. Now. may. be. of the. frame･. On. the. the:. that. distributed. ･are. frame. de血itional. in. in. subjects, in. are. the･. same. individuals. expression. is put. a. of. the･ definitional. a. sentence. is. determined. in. frame. definitional. the. over. set. not. may. slngular. takes. not. across. or. plural. nominal. one. frames. which. by. both. the. verb. amplifiers. let. us. distinguished. individuals and. initial problems. the types. certain. brevity. of. to. back. go. of also. of. the. derivatives), consider. Nom(A). Verb. this. basic. and. the. following. time. (MRT). the. time. required. words. minimum. or. existence. l･2･. and. the. present. therefore. There. non-existence fra･mes･. For. (since. analysis. types. other. of. constructio･n･. Nom(ち). minimum]eferring as. sentence. l･1. t也erde丘nitional. in. in. to. are. to･ the. ･according. its significance. of. additives. in. mentioned. expressions. because. sentences. (7). verbs. nominal. semantic. in other. plural. were,. than. may. (referents). verb. it. scattered. are. of. are. defined. if the a. be. may. the. as. more. individuals. the･ referred. modifiers. The. and. to. requlreS. verb. individuals. referred hand. fra皿e･,. the. are,. individuals. multiple. If. other. they. or. longer. values.. the:. tbe･ referred sake. the. de丘nitional etc･, then. time,. particular. much. They. refer. necessarily. unitary. Consequently. world･. interest･. great. they. case･,. then. they. a. at. no. real. briefest. and. continuo･us. the. of. is of. in the. represented. typically. most. expressions. ･stable,. frame･. unitary. thelormer. its de丘nitional. positiorn,. subject. have. =n. time･.. same･. fairly. expressions,. co-exist. c･oexist,. is. expre･ssions. plural. tb､e: ver･bal. the･. at. the. time･. cooperate,. frame as. in. found. the･. be. could. existencel of. Nominal. expressions?. individuals. nominal. may. of. points. the. to. They. individuals.. and. of. As. there･. always. O･f nominal. extent. frame. de丘nitional. easel. temporal. their. since the. than. the. about. it is the: time･1ength. of. of the. to. the. action. complete. definitional. or. the frame. the. process. action. or. of. a. of. process. verb･. The. the of. verb a. is. verb･,. individuals.

(5) Ontology. (or entities) referred procerss and. tbe･. after. in. some. the. and. There. after.. o･f the. MRT. after. the. MRT. value. of. X. pro･cess. and. following has. the. for. both. that. the. Y. of. the. A. subject J7_. 1. 3. B:. (1,1), (1,0), (0,1), (0,0). (0,1) exist. it reads. and. tO. prior Next,. to･. show. ties. of. diagram,. above. each the. does. the. plot. before. exist. B. and. for. expr･essions. the. of. kill, destroy,.... (Al,B3). build,. are. (A2, B2). beat,. dig,. paint,. (A2, B3). killed. commit grow. are. be. four. the. logical. the. action/. (or Y). possibilities. make,. by,. be. double into,. and. subject. object. dependent. lift,.... become,.... destroyed suicide. turn. produced. by,. by,.... with,. into, become,. be. ma.de. does. A, not. by,. to. give. another. sixtee･n. pair. po･ssibiii-. (Al, Bl), (Al, B2),..., (A4, B4).. as. are:. kick,. of. condition. e･Ⅹp･r･e･ssion A. altogether. burn. with,.... melt. into･,‥.. (A2,B4) (A3,Bl). and. where. is there･ X. ontological. (Al,B4) be. tO. prior. is combined. is entirely. MRT. type･. each. recognize,. (Al, B2). (A2,Bl). before. (X, Y). pair. individual. nominal. There. representable. the. after. the. the. time･･. same:. individual. and. (Al, Bl)find,. logical possibilities. of the ∫.efer.eat immediately. verb. Example. befor.e. exist. MRT.'. A. of. thus. are. by. to･. the. after. the. at. referred. denotes. referred. condition. They. the. there. referents. respectively:. example,. does. conditio･ns. combination･. Whether. but. ontological. bo･th. for. individual. MRT. the. Thus. the. 1. A3,. `tbe. re･ferred. before. exist. ontology. referent. co･ndition. there. B,. the. is,. That. 4. (1,1), (1,0), (0,1), (0,0). the･. of. verbs,. Referential. before. verbs･. they. or. action. change. verbs. other. ordered. the･. do. all the. of. of. If the. object. A:. Diag.. In. the･. and. form. existential. if it is not. 0. in. extent. condition. the. of. still other. types･. the. o･f the･ verb.. 1, and. of. in. existential. represents. In. sixteen. semantics. period;. Full. well.. represented. action/process. value. as. may. subject expressions. the. period.. includes. the. represents. the. of. individuals. the. o･n. in. involved. are･. these. of. after. the. cases. o･ntology be. not. after. other. may. status. 77. B. and. depending.. are. there. Semantics. A. individua)s. but. are. referential. MRT■. the. referred. are;. The. way.. the. but. there. not. some. of. the. of. Verb. tbe･ expressions. period. verbs. period. are. in. the verb. of. by. to. in the. results. from,‥.. expressions on. the. does meaning. or. Of.

(6) N.. 78. (A3, B2). grow. (A3,B3). be. bloo･m. from, born. as. from,-. twin. a. FuKUSHIMA. ･. with,･･･. (A3,B4) (A4,Bl) (A4,B2) (A4,B3) (A4,B4) Diag.2. It is to. 3.1. to. sense. much. be. noted talk. that. all ther verbs. not the. about. MRT. the. of. It will. into･ this chart･. enter. stative. not. make it is. althoughtechnically. verbs,. possible. 3.2. is clear. It. haveミa･ny. not. both. cases. with. the. from. lexical. frame. in. need some. (A2, B3). poses. from. the. over. scene. the. arer. the at. (8). John. became. (9). The. pumpkin. is. John. a. (A2, B3).. this. 3.4. It. as. others. phrasal. the. latter. not.. But. a. are. note. whatever. nothing tO. in. that. the. end. of. some. of. something's･. it is usually. there. appears,. user. is close. that. be. two. latter. the. identify. will. to. seem. whether. appearance. understood. language. the. thing. other. disappears. something. them. as. Look. readings･. why?. to. (Al, B3). If the. Thus Ther･e:. or. this. is the. there ･are. as. appropriate. is not linguistic. are. several. types. that. means as. well. that as. expressions. p･ossible･. a. and an. John. after. sentence. natural an. suddenly. individual. F-or. (A2,B3)･. type. mor･e. some. entirely. having. a. point. of. some. name. time･. type･. realized. that. be. will. into. changed. in the. disappears,. diagram. above. type. (9). something. (10). Bts. become. instead･. teacher. a. that somebody. possible. case,. scene･. as. no. it is. that. the. the. from. not.. coach･. used. magic. identifiable. expressional case･.. In. is normally real. observed. a. but. magic.. is brought. reading, is. into. expression,. into. It is. became. John. For. the. we. does. teacher.. a. some･. turn. different thing of. that. says. MRTL. become,. of. turned. strange. by. this reading, for. case. B4. Bill.. became. rather. person. other. the. therefore. or. cases.. the other, then. of. has. A2,. beginnlng. the. structure. of. if. natural. object. from. If the: time. not･. or. either. followlng:. the. (10) (8). In. individual.. same. or. former,. the･. with. the end. at. and. bo･tb. With. is only. there. This. questions.. disappearance. contiguous. in. pairs. subject. not. are. mention. individual. the This. o･f the. they. to. MRT. same. the. enoughto is. individuals. no･. that. expressio√ns･. phrasa･1. question;. 3.3.. they. or. diagram. above. theてreferred. T■ber･e is. MRT.. the. are answers･. types. some. lexical are. items,. available. lexicalized. are. either at. well-1e･xicaliz･ed land. while. it is realized. all･. See. 3･2. those･ that. for are.

(7) Ontology. (ll). Because. (12). Because. there. are:. no. typ･es. such. in the. such are. not. Verb. Semantics. 79. corresp･onding.. types. imp･ortant. the. for. in. the. real. human. world.. be･ing,. if they. even. exist.. (13) Asto. Because. first possibility,. the. because. dies. it is possible. For. the type･. and. at the. kind,. and. that. this. dies, Or. case･. single. bad. ber. there. by. suggestion. (15). and to. Jackendoff. follows. 4･O. roles. (1) John. as. ･seen. in. but. the. apply. to. this. it. into. the. by. expressed. ontological change. Diag.. where 2.. a. single. passive･. correspond. Al. (A2, Bl). (Al, B2). is. Bl. or. (A3, Bl). and It. expressions. to. by. expressed. either. For. beautifully. individuals. of. agent. new. I. (13). expression. to･. the. may. perspective. that. say. restraint. by. is. a. well-. (Al, B3).. and. by. exp･ressed. a. single. is limited. verb. to. thinking. am. of. the. preference. rule. proposLed. verbs,. on. be. the. and. system. I think. present. dealt. have. shown. the. and. patient. certain. languages,. topic.. But. with. language,. of I. v･erb. to. restricted. on. the･ phenomena the. the. precedes. but. rather. it to. a. this question. we. are. above. expression. must. wait.. not. be. to. the. certain. attributed. semantic. extent.. Memos. dicta. vs.. John is. not. theoretical. de. re. is the: dean.. discussio･n of the some. the. followlng･. i.e.,. events,. more.. the. a. like. played. de. be. Thus,. more･. examples,. Althoughit. to.. us. pragmatic. Ap･pe･ndix:. [1]. may. seems. order.. verb?. lead. the. that the. no. and. the possibility. is it that. I would. to. two. as. it. (1983).. the. might. But. born.. viable.. Agent-Verb-Patient. Why. be. dead.. suggests. and. of viviparous. can. in. individual. some:. incorporate. not. type. especially. kill a丘sh. possibility. does. same.. situations.. but. event,. second. as. event,. where.. may. the. and. such. situation. single. predicate,. expressions,. change no. The. one. non-realizable a. grammar. born. one,. seems. a. die-and-born. single. expression. Ontological. as. this. lexical. good. above. 3.5. If. lexical. linguistic. Finally,. to. as. not. English. no. young丘shmight. born･. consideration. ･are. one,. is. is. there. Afisherman. the. as. elements. that. imagine. is born･. is taken. a. contiguous. to. open. baby. limited. not丘nd. established The. is. linguistically. cut. fact. with. verb. cou一d. h. not. the: above. Such. the. though. (14). prove. something. (7)･. Now,. invoived,. is. correctly,. Mar■y. could. its child. of. sentence,. one. two. it is easy. event. and. more. construction. I. time. its body. when. the. imagln. (A2, B3),. same. takes no. to. die-and-born. something. a. human. a. the. dean. in. reality,. semantic/pragmatic notions.. then. (I). is. quali丘cation. not. of. felicitous.. Before. (1), it. be. will. useful. I. turn t｡. t.. the. intr.duce.

(8) N.. 80. The. interactions. of. the. (3). thai bearer. (4). factors.. several. (2). the. the. of. observer. is not. (5) At. we･. Manila. that. de. part. o･f the. we. knowledge i. edges. a. subset. and. the. on. si血o･f. spheres. itまs. type. with. life:. any. This. many. and. is true,. States,. Only. the. believe. deF dicta. each this. latter. great. perhaps. situation,. tb.e aid. with. be. might. knowl-. scientists know. front. most. Mars,. (5) would. of. information,. In. o･ther.. think. who. that they. and. perhaps. each. on. people. abundant. situation. the･. mode. could. is. there. a. inte書rated. of. inference. Cognition,. knowiedge. deF dicta. or. thLe. of by. represented. (6)･. better. real. be. as. and. that. is vaまued. the. it. brain;. it stlrely does. not. his.h互y than. more. terms. It. intention. is. perhaps. remain. merely. knowledge. the. side:s.. real. kind. a. and. which. of畠1ter. it is. Although. the･ rea互know王edge. of. might. same･. through. knowledge.. real. btlt the. human. a. of. the. human. case. to･鼠PPear. seem. on. the. experience･.. to. rea旦knowledge, in the. knowledge. world. correspond. by. replaced. is the. types. other. each. knowl-. are. o･f lower. AIphabe･ts. o･f the. interminglewith. I''s. rules, and. type･. Both. respectively,. knowledge･. about. re･. more. of. type. re. they. and. Verbal. whether. modes. This. various. knowledge･.. de. of. this rule,. oJf de. certain. other. is of this kind,. knowledge,. of. know. and. ･Know.1e(age. is that. and. obtain. dl'cto･ OPPOSitionmight. re/de･. perceive. not. or. processes,. the knowledge. (5). to･id that. with. chemistry.. events,. are. people. the set of all the s･emantic. the vet.bat knowledge, to. these. are. not. the r･eferential,meaning. of. of. there. society. that therel is. they..are. represent. De･. if they. theoretical. as. of. o･f whether. either. that. speaker-bearer. (P(i),‥.,P(j))うP(n). is. (6). to.. For. logicallyrelated. or. distinction. re. Perhaps. it is not.. people･. biollogy. of. (6) I in. but. advanced. fashion. re. particular. Philippine･. of. isモrue.. (5). dictoゝknowle･dge. refer. in the･ de. a. of. in ther krlOWledge. distinction. rat. capital,. knowledge…. usually. de dicta/dew. the. as. that. is semantically,. edge･. knowledg,e. the. told. highly. this. to. a.. In. sentence. is the㌻ cap-ital. is the. ■so･. are:. city. are･. constitute早S. that. dictα/de. Quezon. schoo･1. complex. sentence. respect. be noted. is also de. there. throughthe. dealt.. the. 王t mtlSt. is determined. sentence. sentence. the. of. a. of. They. o･f the. speaker. (1) is infeiicitotlS With Johll. status. semantic/pragmatic. FuKUS‡ⅠIMA. be･ relate･d. to. the. of. verbarl knowledge. de≠dicto3 mO-de. or. Look. the. kflOWiedg.e･.. verbal. 【2] Some. transitive;. fo11owlng. (1). John. (2). *Jo･hn. In. the･ above. by. John's. are. verbs. not. have,. to. ana呈yzed. CAUSE･. within.. ･at. COntraSt.. hit Mary,. but. kilie･d Mary, sente･nce,. action. `John. one. but. see･. cannot one. canno･t. hit･ Mary'does. o･f hitting.'', still less. "One. had. what. see･. not can. what. happend. had. happened. necessarily tell. from. mean. the. her.. to. to. her.. "Mary state:. is of. ･affected that. Mary.

(9) Ontology. the･. that. case,. they. have: hit her･M. must. somebody. all the. necessarily. for. refer. the･ idea. of. (GO. is, 'John. That due. to. the. [3]. action. Notes. and. killed. `John. sente言ユCe. of. change. on. the. is the. implication. is the. Conditional. has. relation. Entailrnent:. 'A. If A,. entails B. then. assumes,. is often. as. the. analysis. glVen. below,. the. patient.. (See. Jackendo･ff. such. 'Mary. that. has. has. sentence. that. and. (1983). this. some. undergone. change the. meanlng'while. other. entailment.. between. inanite. between. two･. If a. of. one. implication.. reiatio･n. taken. this. and. and. statement:. assigned. entails. no･. entailment. Entailment. if. problem. X3)). agent,. Mary'has. a. 81. below.). X2,. (Xl,. Semantics. the･ state. Mary'necessarily. of. hit. Ìf Aibert. are. verbs. the. Verb. presents. the: representation. CAUSE. (3). This. transive to. in the. A,. then. larg.e. dose･. B'if. À,. A. number. statements. of. land. ･a. statement,. stateme･nts.. B. of. B'is. therefore. therefore. he: will. therefore. arsenic,. a. die.'. inference.. valid. B. Lh. i!. 円. t:. (2). t. f. f: false. true･. (3) (4) To･. (1)-(4),. type. each. the. following. (1)I. A:. John. went. (2)I. A:. John. has. swallowed. the. entailment. (3)′ Ho且ding relation, A: (Llう′ Th甜e･. that. so. John are. to. York;. John. relation. (3). case. New. is of. is. su氏cient. a. is not. B:. arsenic;. John. will. die.. fo･r the. condition. implication. possible.. did. John. then. here.. not. dose. York;.B:. `互君A,. Where. B:. large. a. the. to. went. Cases. New. (1)′-(4)′wi11correspond.. B'is. true･,. not. but. ･A,. New. to･. go. York.. therefore. B,. is not. a. valid. infe.Fence. Material A→B. tiona】. conditional The. implication: is true･. is. a. not. because. statements. material. of. between. the. followlng. grass. then. dogs. bark.. (2)王f. grass. is blue,. then. dog.s. do. (3). grass. is not. First,. If. conditional. it is obse･rved. theTe五s. no. clear. conseq-Lle紙and is something. from. b互ue,. relevant there. these. no. by. point A. and. of. material. the. logical. of. implication.. material. of. condi_ force. true:. aS. bark.. the. B,. of. the. bark.. implication. the･ material for. where. paradoxes Statements. not. dogs. that. relation. se･ems. shared. then. B. and. representation. following. allows. If. A. satisfactory the. is blue,. (1). there. This. the･ relation. inference. saying as. shown. a.1lows. between. 'If A,. then. (4)-(6),. the B'.. odd. inferences. where the. antecedent.and. second,. even. contradictions. if where. such. as.

(10) N.. 82. (4). between. is. John. tis not. If. a. (6). is. If. Jo･bn. (5). Formal. freer. from. causal. the. the. fro･m. the be. only. by. determined. cedent. the. and If. (7). has. is. that implication between. infiniteL COlle･ction formal. The. 【2]. In. formal. the. the or. events. Carnap･. introduced. one centaur or. may. this. be,. could. On. centaurs.. its three. in the: formal. And to. to. angles. 'There. deny. ･This. is. a. triangle･. angles'would. be. two. an. N.. (1981).. in. can. the. ante-. facts. John. die.. will. be. false: when. to･. the･. A. is. except. e･ntailme･nt is. entailment. true,. relation. a. statement･. o･f spreech･. mode in. a. between. In. subject. tbose･. about. that. way. them･. the: true. that. mode. into. hand,. idea. one. true. the. subject. the: material. or. mode,. is. discourse:. of. objects Rudo･1f. eveLntS･. obje･cts. of. deny. 'This. things. speech. person. triangle. contains. to. that. say. the. material. 'There. are. them,. would. be. has. three. angles. a. contradiction･. Lectuyers. on. Government. es. and. Binding･. three. Foris･. in. sum. equality. of. mode of. spe･ech･. them'and that. or. to. are,. neces-. o･f the. contradiction, equal. fact. uThreehopld. the; idea. of. concept. tbere･ in. Says,. whoI. the. about. o･f wbe･tber. is emp,loylng. say. would. number to. the a. o･f. angles,". right. of. tbe･ questio･n. Refere:nc CHOMSKY,. then. cannot. spee･ch. relations. other. =The. odd. and a. the. or. mode,. are. implication. propositions. whereas. a. uses. the formal. in. one･se･1f. sarily involves･ oddne;ss,= of. follow. not. contrast･. committing. without. type. This. does. the. of. TLbis is equal. material. one. co･ntingent. say. rightly. the. vs･. if B. B. statements,. it clear. make. the: supposed. land. no. antecedent. consequent･. arsenic,. of. and. logical. the. and to. two. speech,. of. is employed. speech. the. true･. statements. sp･eech. mode. about. amount. bo･1ds. of. of. is concepts. discourse. of. mode. large. between. relation. in the. consequent. value. knowledge. a. conditional a. the. tbe･ truth. logicallyimplies. A. the. it, it is. in. implication･. material. in. implication,. causal. fo･rm. formal. a. express. described. mentioned. generalized. their relation･. swallowed. is, t血e･ material. event. empirical. the. circumstances. de･duction;. and. implication:. Logical that. the. consequent,. John. =n. logical. by. the. the. of. than. A. to. is said. conditional. material. above. U,. then. causal･. ante･cedent. a. Russel･. by. proposed. fails･. conditional. material. (Vx) (Px)Fx). as. mentioned. occurrence. is called. implication. the. relation. contains. '=f A,. B'･. then. is mortal･. John. formally. problems. implication:. cause. actually. then. fo-ula. this. 'If A,. of. mortal･. is the. This. intention. original. the･ implicationwith. expressed. Since･. the. is immortal･. John. human,. equate. statement. implica土ion･. of. human,. implication:. conditional. less. to･. attempt. Jolmis. then. a. impairs. again. which. human,. John. an. arise,. a. (4). Thus. (5). and. FuEUSHIMA. two･. to. say right.

(11) Ontology DowTY･ FLEW,. D･ R･ A･. FuKUSHIMA,. o/ the JACKENDOFF, lnqu7ry JACKENDOFF, WALL,. a. etal･. (1981)･. (ed･) (1979)･ N･ (1980)･ Yokohama. A "A. R･. (1976)･ 89-150,.. R･. (1972)･. Introrduction. Dictionary. (1983)･. Semantics. Introduction:. to. Semantics. Montague. to. toward. Univers･ity.. HToward. Verb. of Philosophy.. Memorandum. National. 7.1,. in the. an. See.. Explanatory. Semantics. Pan. the II.. 83. Theory N｡.. Reidel.. Books. of. Word. Meaning".. Journal. 27.. Semantic. Cognition. The MIT and Mathematical Linguistics.. Representation". Press. Prentice. Hall.. Linguistic.

(12)