第４章　中小企業およびインフォーマル・セクターの公害対策－鉛リサイクルにおける日本の経験とアジア諸国の模索－

第４章 中小企業およびインフォーマル・セクター

の公害対策−鉛リサイクルにおける日本の経験とア

ジア諸国の模索−

著者

小島 道一

権利

Copyrights 日本貿易振興機構（ジェトロ）アジア

経済研究所 / Institute of Developing

Economies, Japan External Trade Organization

(IDE-JETRO) http://www.ide.go.jp

シリーズタイトル

研究双書

シリーズ番号

527

雑誌名

「開発と環境」の政策過程とダイナミズム : 日本

の経験・東アジアの課題

ページ

107-137

発行年

2002

出版者

日本貿易振興会アジア経済研究所

URL

http://hdl.handle.net/2344/00012207

第４章

中小企業およびインフォーマル・セクターの公害対策

――鉛リサイクルにおける日本の経験とアジア諸国の模索――

小 島 道 一

苍芶苟苉

腀钭鍗鍲迣趑苅苍腃銆辬諩识苢荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅荚荎荞腛芩苧苌覘郵閨躿苌 鑲软苌靽邧芪腃賶詑離釨苰觰貈芵苄芢芭芤芦苅铱迭苉鏯芵芢離釨苆苈苁苄芢 苩腂钭鍗鍲迣趑苌諂讫赳邭鉓鎖誯銡苍腃裪铊苉躑诠苢遬跞芪镳醫芵腃芫苟跗 芩苈蹷鎱苢諄鏂苰軀蹻芷苩花苆苍苅芫苈芢腂苜芽腃荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅荚荎荞腛 苉苍铤該鍉鋡辊鎾軒酷芪醽芭腃諂讫譋邧苌貵詩苈軀蹻苍镮趢酷芩苧苌钽钭苰 賄苔芨芻苪芪芠苩腂 腀钭鍗鍲迣趑苅苌軀迮苉苂芢苄苍腃轜閪苉貤讆芪赳苭苪苄芢苩苆苍芢芦苈芢 苠苌苌腃芢芭苂芩苌郦赳貤讆芪苈芳苪苄芢苩腂芽苆芦苎腃World Bank腭1999: 80腀86腮苅苍腃莁荌荖荒苌荃莓荴荈腛荽莋苈莌莓荋邻醢识苌賶詑野跴苆芵苄腃 芢芭苂芩苌郦赳貤讆苰裸靰芵苈芪苧腃韰蹪鍉苈鞬苪苰苜苆苟苄芢苩腂芻苪苉 苦苩苆荁莁莊荊苆苌趑讫苉诟芢荖荅荟腛腅荴荁莌荘腩Ciudad Juarez腪苅苍腃 鑰荞荃莄苈苇苰迄議芵芻苌鑍苰莌莓荋苌邻醢苉鞘靰芷苩赈鋶芩苧醽芭苌釥譃 覘郵閨躿芪鑲软芳苪苄芢芽芪腃釣釖鑒鞿苆苈苩荶莍荰莓苖苌闢辕诠苢諂讫讳 裧苈苇苉苦苨腃覘郵閨躿苌跭貸苉邬觊苰芠芰芽苆芢芤腂苜芽腃躛银腭1993: 167腀171腮苍腃釤顰苌诠醮鑰諼閨辈鞝躖识苌躖韡苰苆苨芠芰腃銆辬諩识苢荃

莓荴荈腛荽莋腅荚荎荞腛芩苧苌覘郵苌離釨苰运觮芵腃軦苨鋷苜苨苌鏯芵芳苰 蹷鍅芷苩苆苆苠苉腃覘郵铭詑軒苌賶鍉譾跏邧鍸苌镋靶邫苰蹷鍅芵苄芢苩a腂 腀鏺陻苌賶詑野跴苌豯貱苆芵苄苍腃邅隓镡苢荃荞荃荃荞荃镡苈苇跙钻苆苈苁 芽荐腛荘腃覡镬腃陫诣轂腃釥跣苈苇遛趏苈覘郵苰趎閞芵苄芫芽鉮闻躩躡里苌 豯貱苈苇芪苜苆苟苧苪苄芫苄芢苩腂芵芩芵腃鏺陻苌銆辬諩识苌賶詑野跴苉購 芯芽邭跴苉論芵苄苍腃轜閪苈貤讆芪赳苭苪苄芫芽苆苍貾芢鏯芢腂花苪苜苅鏺 陻苌銆辬諩识苌賶詑野跴苆芵苄腃銆辬諩识诠靚賶賉苢賶詑陨蹾躖识鉣苰鋊芵 芽賶詑陨蹾鎊躑苉論芷苩靚躑邧鍸苌詭鞧腃賶詑陨蹾躖识鉣苈苇苉苦苩赈识鉣 鉮苌醢邬芨苦苑赈迪裚鍝苌還適苈苇芪赳苭苪苄芫芽腂苜芽腃鉮裦轚隯苆苌閴 醈苰芫苁芩芯苆芵苄銆辬諩识苌賶詑野跴芪苈芳苪苄芫芽迪趇苠醽芭腃识軭苢 覘郵閨躿苈苇苉苦苁苄苆苨芤苩邭跴苢野跴苰苆苩苉躊苁芽豯補苠裙苈苁苄芢 苩苆赬芦苧苪苩腂芻苌芽苟腃銆辬諩识苢荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅荚荎荞腛s芩苧苌 賶詑苆芻苌譋邧苉苂芢苄腃苦苨芢苁芻芤苌躖韡貤讆苌郏苝迣芰芪镋靶苆赬芦 苧苪苩腂 腀陻迍苅苍腃銆辬諩识苢荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅荚荎荞腛芪鉓芢軨苆苈苁苄芢苩鑰 荊腛腅药荢荥莊腛苈苇芩苧覔苰莊荔荃荎莋芷苩蹙识苰苆苨芠芰腃鏺陻苅苌覔 莊荔荃荎莋苉論芷苩豯貱芪钭鍗鍲迣趑苌覔莊荔荃荎莋蹙识芩苧苌賶詑苌靽蹾 苉雰鞧苂芩苰腃荴荂莊荳莓腃荃莓荨荬荖荁腃荃莓荨苌迳讵苆野铤芳芹苈芪苧 貟鎢芷苩腂釦艐郟苅腃邢詅苌覔迁铯苌鎮購苢覔莊荔荃荎莋蹙识芩苧苌賶詑離 釨苉苂芢苄运觮芷苩腂釦艑郟苅腃鏺陻苌覔莊荔荃荎莋蹙识苌韰蹪苉苂芢苄腃 賶詑離釨苢芻苌野跴苉迅鍟苰鎖苄苈芪苧运觮芷苩腂釦艒郟苅苍腃荴荂莊荳莓腃 荃莓荨荬荖荁腃荃莓荨苌覔莊荔荃荎莋蹙识苌迳讵苆賶詑離釨苉苂芢苄腃趑芲 苆苉苝苄芢芭腂芻苌芤芦苅腃詥趑芪认鋊苉闸芦苄芢苩離釨腃苆苨芤苩野跴苈 苇苉苂芢苄貟鎢芷苩腂釦艓郟苅苍腃鏺陻苌豯貱芪腃荴荂莊荳莓腃荃莓荨荬荖 荁腃荃莓荨苌詥趑苅苇苌苦芤苉鍋靰芪观鑜苈苌芩苰貟鎢芷苩腂

釦艐郟腀邢詅苌覔莊荔荃荎莋蹙识苆賶詑離釨

腀費距腃覔苍軥苉躩鎮軔苌荇莓荗莓譎鎮靰苈苇苌药荢荥莊腛苆芵苄蹧苭苪苄 芢苩腂1994鑎苉苍腃药荢荥莊腛芪邼醤辔趑苌覔迁铯韊苌艖誄诟芭苉鉂芵苄芨 苨腃鏺陻苅苍73膓腃荁莁莊荊苅苍87膓苉鉂芵苄芢苩腂芵芩芵腃1979鑎苉苍腃 邼醤辔趑苅药荢荥莊腛苆芵苄迁铯芳苪苩覔苍艔誄苉鉂芵苄芢苈芩苁芽腩镜艐 蹑迆腪腂 腀花苌闏覻苍腃药荢荥莊腛軹靶苌醝釥苠芳苩花苆苈芪苧腃药荢荥莊腛裈詏苌 覔苌軹靶芪譽醬苉鞎芿趞英苅芫芽花苆苉苦苁苄苠芽苧芳苪芽腂荋荜莊莓苌鍙 见跜苆芵苄苌覔軹靶苍腃1979鑎苉苍7.9膓苉鉂芵苄芢芽芪腃詥趑芪靌覔荋荜 莊莓苰譋邧芵芽花苆苠芠苨腃1994鑎苉苍1.2膓苉苜苅鞎芿趞英苅芢苩腂荐腛 荵莋苌铭関靰苉蹧苭苪苩覔苠腃7.5膓芩苧2.8膓苖苆鞎芿趞英苅芢苩腂跅诟苅苍腃 隳覔荮莓荟苰鞘靰芵苦芤苆芢芤鎮芫苠闱鎹芳苪苄芢苩d腂 腀花苌苦芤苉腃药荢荥莊腛裈詏芪覔苌迁铯苉部苟苩誄趇苍腃譽醬苉鞎芿趞英 苅芫苄芢苩腂芻苌鑷豩苉苍腃覔苌貒赎苖苌铭詑芪赌芭鉭苧苪苩苦芤苉苈苁芽 花苆芪芠苩腂貒赎铭詑苌譽邫苌过迳苆芵苄苍腃鎪鋉腃覺鞟腃閠閔鋉苈苇芪 鉭苧苪腃隝邫苌过迳苆芵苄苍腃镮貌腃遴迡詑腃镳鑄腃蹱讟苌鉭鑜苌鋡覺苈苇 芪芠苩腂芻苌芽苟荋荜莊莓苌鍙见跜苌苦芤苉諂讫銆苉詧蹕芵苢芷芢苦芤苈覔 镜艐腀邼醤辔趑苅苌覔迁铯苌鏠雳 腩膓腪 1979 1984 1989 1994 药荢荥莊腛 48.7 56.4 62.2 68.6 諧鞿 14.2 13.0 13.7 11.7 荋荜莊莓腀鍙见跜 7.9 4.8 2.5 1.2 荐腛荵莋腀铭関靰 7.5 5.7 4.7 2.8 覔談铂 8.1 8.6 7.7 6.3 荮莓荟 6.2 4.6 3.4 3.7 腩软辊腪腀ILZSG腭1997a: 10腮苦苨镍軒跬邬腂

苌鞘靰芪邧賀芳苪苩苉芵芽芪苁苄腃覔苌鞘靰苍腃药荢荥莊腛苉轗雱芳苪苂苂 芠苩苌苅芠苩腂药荢荥莊腛裈詏苌靰鍲苍莊荔荃荎莋芵苃苧芢鞘靰苌芳苪闻苌 芽苟腃覔苌莊荔荃荎莋貴鞿苌苙苆英苇苍腃鑰药荢荥莊腛苆赬芦苧苪苩腂 腀1994鑎苌覔苌裪躟邸顂苆鏱躟邸顂苌邶蹙鑜韍苍腃詥鉮裦芲苆苉苝苩苆鎯鋶 鍸苌邅辀苆苈苁苄芢苩腩镜艑蹑迆腪腂 腀覔莊荔荃荎莋苌軥苈貴鞿苆苈苁苄芢苩覔鉾鍤鉲芩苧苌莊荔荃荎莋苅苍腃覔 苉苦苩釥譃覘郵腃邅躿覘釷苉见芦腃药荢荥莊腛觰里苌跛苌醛覹腃鍤觰襴苆芵 苄鞰蹟芪蹧苭苪苄芢苩花苆芩苧邶芶苩鞰覩苌轌譃苢鞰覩蹟覻閨苉苦苩覘郵腃 鞰蹟鑰襴苉苦苩邅躿覘釷苈苇芪賶詑離釨苆苈苩腂

釦艑郟腀鏺陻苉芨芯苩覔莊荔荃荎莋蹙识苌钭鍗苌韰蹪

腀鏺陻苅苌覔莊荔荃荎莋苍腃赝賋躞釣隖諺腃赝賋苌遛那邸顂辊苉苜苅芳芩苌 苚苩苆芢苭苪腃辺顡辉諺苉苈苁苄腃药荢荥莊腛苌鍤诉铂苰跄邶貴鞿苆芷苩苦 芤苉苈苁苄芫芽苆芢芤腂鍠鎝鍉苉腃覔苌觱軻腅莊荔荃荎莋识芪鞘辁苰芠芰苩 豠苅醀识芳苪苄芫苄芢芽腂 腀裪閔苌覔邸顂赈迪苅賶詑野跴芪赳苭苪芾芵芽苌苍腃1960鑎芲苫芩苧苆赬芦 苧苪苩腂釥跣蹳邼鞄郬详苌釥跣覔軠邸顂辊苅苍腃1960鑎苉苎芢覌野跴靰苌躼 镜艑腀覔邸顂鑜韍腩1994鑎腪 腩鉐裊腆1,000荧莓腪 裪躟邸顂 鏱躟邸顂 趇豶 莈腛莍荢荰 880 1,006 1,886 荁荴莊荊 67 70 137 陫荁莁莊荊 1,311 1,333 2,644 鏬荁莁莊荊 138 156 294 荁荗荁 425 420 845 草荚荁荪荁 41 42 83 鎌莈腛莍荢荰 275 262 537 腩软辊腪腀ILZSG腭1997a: 34腮.

躮苌荔荃荎莍莓轗遯譀腩300障襾腪苰郝鉵芵芽腩銆辬諩识銡腭1973: 26腀27腮腪腂 花苌譚轰苅苍腃閲遯苌雱70膓苰部苟苩覔閪苌芤芿腃30膓芠苜苨芵芩觱軻芳苪 苈芩苁芽苆芢芤腂1964鑎苉腃苎芢覌譋邧陀苢釥跣镻苌荵莋腛荘荊荃襞鎮苰軳 芯腃誣躮药荏荴荂莋荞腛腩鎖辉3000障襾腃芻苌賣觼韇苅5000障襾腪苰鎱鏼芵腃 閲遯苉諜苜苪苩覔苰觱軻芷苩苦芤苉苈苁芽腂誣躮药荏荴荂莋荞腛苌譚轰詊钭 苍腃釥跣覔軠邸顂辊苌裋鞊苰芤芯苄腃豉陻鍓赈芪艐鑎苙苇貤讆芵苄赳苁芽腂 芻苌賣腃詊钭芳苪芽药荏荴荂莋荞腛苍腃遖譀軭苆芵苄铌钄芳苪芽苆芢芤f腂 苜芽腃賶詑陨蹾鎊躑苉芠芽苁苄苍腃釥跣镻苌賶詑陨蹾躑诠靚躑苢銆辬諩识诠 靚賶賉苌靚躑苰軳芯苄芢苩腂 腀躩躡里苌蹷鎱苅賶詑野跴芪赳苭苪芽躖韡苠芠苩腂鎌讞鍳軱鍳邮铵诇鍳蹳賶 詑閔苍腃腷铱鍓诠醮論豗蹻郝苌苎芢覌辈鞝蹻郝蹷鎱镗辀腸苰1966鑎艔貎苉跬 邬芵腃芻苌苈芩苅覔邸顂顆苌苎芢覌辈鞝蹻郝苉苂芢苄觰郠苰赳苁苄芢苩腂苜 芽腃軱鍳邮铵诇賶詑譋邧觛苉辊醮芵苄芢芽镈鍣裪静苍腃腵覔跄邻顂跬识苉钺 芤鑲覌苌邫迳苆野跴腶苆芵苄腃苎芢覌苌邫迳苰銲趸芵腃苫觟轗遯醕鉵苌鎱鏼 苰蹷鎱芵芽貋觊苰腷釥譃覘郵貤讆腸腩镈鍣腭1969腮腪苌苈芩苅闱趐芵苄芢苩腂 腀閺賉貧苌賶詑貤讆辊苍腃1969鑎酏賣苉閺賉貧覺苌鏱苂苌覔跄邶赈迪苌苎芢 覌銲趸苰赳苁苄芢苩腩込鍣苙芩腭1970腮腪g腂芻苌貋觊腃苎芢覌銆苌苎芢遯韊腃 覔韊腃鞰覩蹟覻閨鑚鍸苍釥譃覘郵陨蹾陀苌譋邧諮辀鉬苰釥閝苉銴芦苄芢苩苆 闱趐芳苪苄芢苩腂荟荘荧芪辬芳芭腃鎱鏼芳苪苄芢芽躼躮苌賶詑陨蹾蹻郝苅苍 轜閪苉荟荘荧苰譺軻苅芫苄芢苈芢苆芢芤腂1970鑎艐貎苉苍腃閺賉貧鏲跨蹳苌 覔跄邶赈迪芪貧鎖诇芩苧觼酐苜芽苍裚鍝苰芷苩苦芤苉誩趐苰軳芯腃醀识苰鋢 蹾芵腃讞鍳镻譔親蹳苆躠觪貧醐鋃蹳苉裚鍝芵苄芢苩腂苜芽腃讞鍳镻酄裤豓苉 苠釥跣芩苧覔跄邶赈迪芪裚鍝芵苄芢苩腂1970鑎艕貎裈赾腃迣譌苌艒赈迪苰諜 苟腃讞鍳镻腃躠觪貧苉鞧鉮芵芽賜苂苌覔跄邶赈迪芪腃鉮貳轚隯苌钽野襞鎮苰 軳芯腃醀识苌裪躞銆蹾苢鍝识苈苇苉鋇芢趞苜苪苄芢苩h腂 腀鉮貳轚隯苌钽野襞鎮苍腃軀韍赳蹧苰諜苞铱迭苉貃芵芢苠苌苅芠苁芽腂譔親 蹳苅苍腃荦莂苢轚隯苌跀苨趞苝芾芯苅苍苈芭腃轚隯芪赈迪苖苌醗鍤苰苆苟苩 芽苟苉腃釟闟詯賥苅鍤銌苰钼閪郘鉦芵芽苨芵苄芢苩腩腷讞鍳遖閷腸1971鑎艒貎

13鏺腃14鏺腪腂躠觪貧苌邐闤銬苅苠腃豻荴莓苰芢苔芵被轌芺苟苉芷苩花苆芪 赳苭苪芽腩腷讞鍳遖閷腸1971鑎艑貎12鏺腃20鏺腪腂 腀苜芽1970鑎艔貎苉苍腃鎌讞鍳遖轨详讍趞零銬賰趷鍟镴诟苌轚隯苌里鏠苉腃 覔芪釥韊苉鉾郏芳苪苄芢苩苆芢芤躖軀芪賶镜芳苪芽腂零銬苌覔賶詑苍腃荋荜 莊莓苉鍙见芳苪苄芢苩覔芪貴裶苅芠苁芽芪腃花苪苉苦苁苄覔賶詑苉野芷苩論 道苍酓趑鍉苉赌芪苁芽腂 腀花苌苦芤苈软鞈躖苰軳芯腃鋊辤蹙识迈苍腃覔苰鑲邅銆苉鑲软芷苩芨芻苪苌 芠苩赈迪苰野进苆芵芽銲趸苰1970鑎鍸苌靜蹚苅赳苁芽腩鋊辤蹙识迈腭1971腮腪腂 覔莊荔荃荎莋赈迪芾芯苅苈芭腃鍤譃莁荢荌腃鍤譃譀諭苈苇醼苌蹙识苰諜英芾 銲趸苅芠苩腂285赈迪苌芤芿腃47赈迪苅艐ppm苌諮辀鉬苰銴芦苩覔芪鑲邅銆 芩苧貟软芳苪苄芢苩腂 腀論鎌鉮详苌覔邸顂识軐17軐苍腃1970鑎艕貎苉腵論鎌覔邸顂识軒賶詑陨蹾趧 鉫觯腶苰郝芯腃芳苧苉腃鞂鑎艐貎苉苍腃鋊蹙迈苌蹷鎱腅鑆观苰軳芯腃腵論鎌 覔邸顂识賶詑陨蹾野跴讦譣觯腶苰郝鞧芵苄芢苩腂鎯讦譣觯苉蹑见芵苄芢苩蹳 郬邸顂辊苆鉉鍣辤觯苍腃1971鑎艒貎苉药荏荴荂莋荞腛躮苌轗遯醕鉵苰郝鉵芵 苄芢苩腂賶詑陨蹾醕鉵苌郝鉵苉芠芽苁苄苍腃賶詑陨蹾躖识鉣苢銆辬諩识诠靚 賶賉芩苧苌鋡鞘靚躑苰鎾苄芢苩腂花苌艑軐苰苓芭苟苄腃1971鑎艓貎苌鉩詋苅 釥豞轗遯醕鉵苰郝鉵芵苄芢芽苌苍腃迣譌17軐苌芤芿艖軐苌苝苅芠苁芽苆芢芤 腩腷鏺誧赈识遖閷腸1970鑎11貎22鏺腃1971鑎艓貎12鏺腪腂賶詑陨蹾鎊躑苰赳苁芽諩 识苌苈芩苉苍腃蹳苆苌賶詑陨蹾讦鋨苰鋷貋芵芽芽苟腃苦苨賸鞦苌苦芢醕鉵苌 鎱鏼芪镋靶苉苈苁芽諩识苠芠苩腂 腀轚隯苌賶詑钽野襞鎮苈苇苅赈迪苅苌醀识芪鏯芵芭苈苁芽苌苰軳芯腃荨莉莀 諊苰靮赺顆釣苭苨苉荶莍荰莓荋荘苅见鑍芵腃药荢荥莊腛苌鍤诉閔閪苌覔苰靮 芩芵軦苨软芷苆芢芤识軒苠苅苄芫芽苆芢芤腂雩諔苢醁銩苌鉚躞諔苉跬识苰赳 芢腃醀识迪辊苰鍝腘苆芩芦腃軦苨鋷苜苨苰芳芯苄芢苩腩腷讞鍳遖閷腸1970鑎艖 貎艘鏺腱靛誧腲腪腂花苪苉野芵蹳隯芩苧苌鋊闱芪醽邔諱芹苧苪腃芻苪苉諮苃芢 苄豸蹀苢闛貒辊芪莊荔荃荎莋苰銆蹾芳芹苄芢苩j腂 腀1970鑎芩苧1971鑎苉芩芯苄腃覔莊荔荃荎莋蹙识苅苌賶詑陨蹾鎊躑芪適英芾

苆赬芦苧苪苩芪腃賶詑陨蹾郝铵鎊躑苰赳苁芽赈迪苅苠腃覘郵芪裸芫醱芫離釨 苆苈苁芽腂讞鍳镻譔親蹳苅1969鑎芩苧覔苌觱軻苰赳苁苄芢苩K赈迪苅苍腃 1971鑎苉镻苌蹷鎱苉苦苨轗遯譀芪郝鉵芳苪芽芪腃1974鑎苉赳苭苪芽讞鍳镻賶 詑貤讆辊苌銲趸苅雩諔苌镾鉮讫詅郼迣苅覔鑚鍸芪諮辀苰迣觱苨腃雩諔苉轗遯 譀苰鋢蹾芳芹苄芢苩花苆芪难苧芩苉苈苁芽苆芢芤腩蹒鍣腅诟陻腅钗鍣腭1976腮腪腂 腀賶詑鎙銲邮裏裵觯苌賶詑诪迮辈鞝躖韡轗苅苍腃躩鎮軔药荢荥莊腛觰里赈迪 苌裚鍝苌躖韡芪闱趐芳苪苄芢苩腩賶詑鎙銲邮裏裵觯躖隱诇腭1980: 6腀8腮腪腂1976 鑎艓貎苉鑲邅芨苦苑醛覹苉苂芢苄苌诪迮芪蹳莌荸莋苌諂讫邮铵觛苉鏍芯苧苪 芽k腂鑲邅苉苂芢苄苍腃鑺邅豮苈苇苌觼酐苉苦苨裪覞苌邬觊芪苝苧苪芽芪腃 醛覹苉苂芢苄苍腃赈迪芪鞧鉮芵苄芢芽鉮裦苅苍轜閪苈野覞芪苅芫芸腃赈识鉣 鉮苉裚鍝芷苩花苆苆苈苁芽腂 腀閑鋟蹳遘苌覔莊荔荃荎莋赈迪苅苠腃覔苉苦苩釥譃覘郵芪辺顡50鑎釣苉離釨 苆苈苁芽腂1977鑎芲苫芩苧腃苎芢覌苌轌譃苉論芵軼闓轚隯苌诪迮芪芠苨腃闛 貒辊苢蹳芪蹷鎱苰赳苁芽芪轜閪苉觼酐芳苪苈芩苁芽腂讞鍳镻賶詑野跴躺芪讞 鍳镻襱邶賶詑貤讆辊苌讦韍苰鎾苄1980鑎10貎苉覔靮觰顆苌鑲荋荘苰銲趸芵芽 苆花苫腃覔苌鑲软荋荘芪艐鞧闻莁腛荧莋銆199荾莊荏莉莀苉鉂芵苄芢芽苆芢 芤腂花苪苍腃譋邧諮辀腩鎯10荾莊荏莉莀腪苌雱20鑻苌鑚鍸苅芠苁芽腂覓道閪 鞣轗遯醕鉵苰醝郝芷苩苈苇芵苄腃1981鑎艕貎苜苅苉野覞苰赳苁芽苆芢芤腂苜 芽腃鎯芶识軒苌閑鋟蹳顡鍣苌赈迪苅苍腃1982鑎苉腃辈鞝醕鉵苰蹧苭芸苉药荢 荥莊腛苌鞰蹟鑰襴苰閑鋟顰苉鎊諼芷苩躖貏芪钭邶芵腃赈迪芪闂趽芳苪芽l腂 腀1967鑎芩苧1998鑎苜苅苌覔趇诠邻醢苰諜苞覔鏱躟邸顂腅邸邻识苌躖识辊邔 苌還裚苰苝苩苆腃1975鑎裈赾腃辬譋雍苈覔跄邶识苌邔芪辙腘苉辭苈芭苈苁苄 芫苄芢苩腩镜艒蹑迆腪腂花苌鑷豩苉苍腃賶詑野跴苌荒荘荧苌閉鉓苢腃芨苠苨 苢荮莓荟苈苇跄邶覔苌軹靶苰蹸芦苄芫芽軹靶芪貸辭芵苄芫芽花苆芪芠苩腂 1985鑎荶莉荕趇裓裈赾苌譽貃苈襾趂苌襥访苌貋觊腃遖覔苌趑鏠覿詩芪鋡覺芵腃 跄邶覔苌覿詩苠鋡覺芵芽花苆苌襥访苠芩苈苨釥芫芩苁芽苆赬芦苧苪苩腂跄邶 覔苌覿詩苌鋡覺苍腃鑰荊腛腅药荢荥莊腛苌覿詩苰苠裸芫覺芰芽腂1981鑎艕貎 苉苍艐荌莍荏莉莀鎖芽苨50襾釤芾苁芽药荢荥莊腛芭芸苌離覮銇鉬苍腃1986鑎

钼苎苉苍艐荌莍荏莉莀鎖芽苨艔襾苆苈苨腃1987鑎钼苎苉苍艒襾苉苜苅覺芪苁 苄芢苩¡0腂 腀花苌花苫芩苧腃鑰荊腛腅药荢荥莊腛芪釥韊苉詃詏苉靁软芳苪苩苦芤苉苈苁 苄芭苩腂1980鑎釣隖苉苍腃釤顰購芯苌靁软芪跅苠醽芭腃1987鑎苉雱艐障荧莓腃 1988鑎苆1989鑎苉苍艐障6000荧莓芠苜苨芪靁软芳苪芽腂1990鑎苉釤顰芪鑰 荊腛腅药荢荥莊腛苌靁鏼苰靽邧芷苩苆腃芻苪苆鏼苪釖苭苩苦芤苉荃莓荨荬荖 荁購芯苌靁软芪醝见芵腃1991鑎苉苍艐障3000荧莓腃1992鑎苉苍艐障1000荧莓 芠苜苨芪靁软芳苪苄芢苩腂 腀1992鑎12貎苉腃腵鏁鋨靌詑鑰諼閨鎙苌靁软鏼鎙苌譋邧苉論芷苩陀鞥腶芪邧 鋨芳苪苩苆腃鏺陻芩苧苌覔芭芸苌靁软韊芪釥芫芭貸辭芵腃1994鑎苉苍300荧 莓芠苜苨芵芩靁软芳苪苈芭苈苁芽腂芵芩芵腃1996鑎苉苍腃諘趑購芯苰銆道苉 靁软芪釥閝苉醝见芵腃9500荧莓芠苜苨苉鉂芵苄芢苩腂鏺陻苌鋊蹙迈腅諂讫銡 芪钭镜芵芽1996腠99鑎苌鏁鋨靌詑鑰諼閨苈苇苌靁软迳讵苉苦苩苆腃覔苌觱軻 雚鍉苆芵苄靁软辳鑆芪芳苪裚鎮辑韞芪賰镴芳苪芽苠苌苍腃荃莓荨荬荖荁購芯 960荧莓腩1997鑎腪腃諘趑購芯2170荧莓腩1999鑎腪芾芯苅芠苩腂陦裕鎝豶苉苦 苩1996鑎芩苧1999鑎苌覔芭芸苌靁软韊苍艓障3120荧莓苆苈苁苄芨苨腃腵鏁鋨 靌詑鑰諼閨鎙苌靁软鏼鎙苌譋邧苉論芷苩陀鞥腶苉諮苃芭靁软迳讵苆苌諔苉釥 镜艒腀鏺陻苉芨芯苩覔鏱躟邸顂腅邸邻识腩覔趇诠邻醢识苰諜苞腪苌躖识辊邔 腩鉐裊腆躖识辊腪 艐腠艒遬 艓腠艘遬 10腠19遬 20腠29遬 30腠49遬 50腠99遬 100腠199 遬 200遬 裈迣 1967 46 57 17 6 14 2 1 1 1970 40 83 16 6 10 6 3 1 1975 61 74 15 8 7 4 6 0 1980 60 71 15 15 5 4 3 0 1985 53 58 14 16 7 2 3 0 1990 37 54 14 13 4 3 1 1 1995 45 30 12 8 5 2 3 1 1999 42 25 12 8 8 5 2 1 腩软辊腪腀鋊辤蹙识釥遢誯陛銲趸鎝豶閔腷赈识鎝豶镜腸詥鑎铅苦苨镍軒跬邬腂

芫苈芪苝苧苪苩腂 腀1992鑎芩苧1993鑎苉芩芯苄腃鑰荊腛腅药荢荥莊腛苌靁软芪芵苉芭芭苈苁芽 花苆苉见芦腃荜荲荇荧顁降苌闶觳賣腃鉥雲靰苉铵鉾芳苪苄芢芽覔芪闺软芳苪 芽花苆芩苧腃趑跛鍉苉覔苌覿詩芪鋡覺芵腃鏺陻趑鏠苅苍腃鑰荊腛腅药荢荥莊腛 芪譴靌辞苉鍝芶苄芵苜苁芽苆芢芤腂芷苈苭芿腃鑰荊腛腅药荢荥莊腛苰裸芫軦苁 苄苠苧芤苌苉裸芫軦苨鞿苰閥苭苈芯苪苎苈苧苈芢迳釔苉苈苁苄芵苜苁芽苌苅 芠苩¡1腂苜芽腃花苌躞諺苉腃鑰识芷苩觱軻识軐芪醱软芵芽苆闱鎹芳苪苄芢苩腩腷鏺 陻豯跏遖閷腸1993鑎艐貎13鏺腪腂酓趑郎電讦觯苉苦苩荋荜莊莓腅荘荞莓荨苌銲 趸苅苍腃21.6膓芪裸芫軦苨识軒苌邔芪辭苈芭腃28.8膓芪裸芫軦苨苉芫苄芢苩 识軒苌辈鞝鏠靥芪镳难苅芠苩花苆苰離釨鍟苆芵苄芢苩腩酓趑郎電讦觯腭1993腮腪腂 花苌苦芤苉镳陀鎊諼芳苪苩鑰荊腛腅药荢荥莊腛苌醝见芪酺鋨芳苪腃軀跛苉镳 陀鎊諼芳苪芽鑰荊腛腅药荢荥莊腛苠芠苁芽¡2花苆芩苧腃鑰荊腛腅药荢荥莊腛 苌軻轗腅莊荔荃荎莋苌蹤酧苝苰跄闒芷苩镋靶芪苅苄芫芽腂 腀花苌苦芤苈迳讵苰軳芯賺邶迈苍腃腵鑰諼閨苌辈鞝譹苑邴酼苉論芷苩陀鞥腶 釦19述苉諮苃芫腃1994鑎艒貎15鏺镴苅鋊蹙迈苉野芵苄腃腵躩鎮軔靰覔鉾鍤鉲 譹苑鏱韖躩鎮軔靰覔鉾鍤鉲苌邻醢鎙苰赳芤躖识軒苍腃铌钄鍘鎙芪隳辞苅裸芫 軦苨苰赳芤蹼苌赌闱苰赳芤腶苦芤苉镋靶苈酛鉵苰讁苟芽腂鋊蹙迈苍花苪苰軳 芯腃鏺陻鉾鍤鉲赈识觯苉野芵苄1994鑎艕貎10鏺苉腃腵躩鎮軔靰覔鉾鍤鉲譹苑 鏱韖軔靰覔鉾鍤鉲苉苂芢苄苍腃觱軻腅辈鞝苉郏诉鍉苉論非芵腃芻苌莋腛荧苌 詧轛苉鍷苟苩苆苆苠苉腃铌钄鍘鎙芪隳辞苅裸芫軦苨苰赳芤蹼苌赌闱苰赳芤花 苆腶腃腵铌钄鍘苉野芵譍赈识觯觯裵觯軐芪隳辞苅裸芫軦苩蹼苌顁鞍苰赳芤花苆腶 苆芢芤艑鍟苰靶邿芵芽腂鏺陻鉾鍤鉲赈识觯苍1994鑎10貎苉腃覔莊荔荃荎莋腅 荶莍荏莉莀苰钭镜芵腃軀蹻苉裚芵苄芢苩¡3腂 腀花苌荶莍荏莉莀苅苍腃荊腛腅药荢荥莊腛腅莁腛荊腛詥軐芪腃鑰荊腛腅药荢 荥莊腛苌觱軻铯靰苰閉鉓芵腃花苌荶莍荏莉莀苉蹞鎯芷苩覔跄邶躖识軒芩苧跄 邶覔苰起鏼芷苩花苆苰軥苈鏠靥苆芵苄芢苩腂花苌荶莍荏莉莀苰軳芯腃芻苪苜 苅詃詏赺蹒芩苧苌赺郎苰芨苠苈貴鞿苆芵苄覔苰邶蹙芵苄芢芽裪躟邸顂莁腛 荊腛苠腃鑰药荢荥莊腛苰貴鞿苆芵苄鞘靰芷苩苦芤苉苈苁苄芫芽腂荘荎莉荢荶

苰貴鞿苆芵芽覔苌邶蹙韊苍譽醝芵腃1990鑎釣酏钼腩1990腠93鑎腪苜苅苌荘荎 莉荢荶苰貴鞿苆芵芽覔苌邶蹙韊苍鑎閽诏9658荧莓苅芠苁芽芪腃1990鑎釣賣钼 腩1995腠98鑎腪苉苍腃艓障4881荧莓苉鉂芵苄芢苩¡4 腂花苌荶莍荏莉莀苉蹑见芵 苄芢苩莊荔荃荎莋识軒苍腃裪躟邸顂苅艓軐腃鏱躟邸顂苅15軐苆苈苁苄芢苩¡5 腂 腀鑰荊腛腅药荢荥莊腛苌軻轗腅莊荔荃荎莋苌里邧苍跄赜鉺芳苪芽苠苌苌腃芻 苌荒荘荧閉鉓苉論芵苄苍離釨苰蹣芵苄芢苩腂莊荔荃荎莋苌荒荘荧苰靁鏼识軒腃 詃詏苌莁腛荊腛芪閉鉓芵苄芢苈芢苆芢芤離釨苅芠苩腂诟鑎腃諘趑苈苇芩苧 荊腛腅药荢荥莊腛苌靁鏼芪譽醝芵苄芫苄芢苩腂1990鑎釣酏钼腩1990腠93鑎腪 苜苅苉苍腃鑎閽诏67障賂芠苜苨芾苁芽靁鏼鍤鉲苍腃1990鑎釣賣钼腩1995腠99鑎腪 苉苍鑎閽诏189障賂苉鉂芵苄芢苩腂荊腛腅药荢荥莊腛苌莊荔荃荎莋苌蹤酧苝 苍腃鍤鉲赈识觯苉见隿芵苄芢苩趑鏠苌荊腛腅药荢荥莊腛腅莁腛荊腛芪腃靁鏼 药荢荥莊腛苌閪苰諜苟腃觱軻铯靰苰閉鉓芷苩花苆苅邬苨鞧苁苄芨苨¡6腃覿詩 讣醈迣腃趑鏠邻醢识軒芪镳鞘苆苈苩裪裶苆苈苁苄芢苩腂靁鏼识軒苢靁软貳苌 邻醢识軒芪觱軻铯靰苰閉鉓芷苩顧酧苝苆苈苁苄芨苧芸腃鋊蹙迈苌靶邿苉苦苩 趑鏠识詅鉣里苌躩軥鍉軦苨酧苝苰苠苆苉芵芽莊荔荃荎莋苖苌軦苨酧苝苌離釨 鍟苆芢芦苦芤腂

釦艒郟腀荴荂莊荳莓腃荃莓荨荬荖荁腃荃莓荨苌覔莊荔荃荎莋

腀荴荂莊荳莓腃荃莓荨荬荖荁腃荃莓荨苌艒荊趑苰荐腛荘腅荘荞荦荂腛苆芵苄 苆苨芠芰苩腂1990鑎釣苉腃詥趑苍覔芭芸苌靁鏼苰譽醬苉詧釥芵腃覔莊荔荃荎 莋蹙识芩苧苌賶詑離釨芪荎莍腛荙荁荢荶芳苪苩花苆苆苈苁芽腂芻苌鑷豩苉苍腃 1980鑎釣賣钼苉鏺陻苌苝苈苧芸腃覢闄辔趑苈苇邢詅銆芩苧鑰荊腛腅药荢荥 莊腛苰靁鏼芵苄芢芽釤顰芪腃鑰荊腛腅药荢荥莊腛苌靁鏼诖蹾苉鎥苝郘苁芽花 苆芪芠苩腂釤顰苅苌鏱躟邸顂韊苍腃1986鑎芩苧1989鑎苌艓鑎諔苌閽诏苅艕障 荧莓苰銴芦苩邅辀芾苁芽腩镜艓蹑迆腪腂鑰覔苌靁鏼韊苠鎯芶諺諔苅閽诏艗障 荧莓苰銴芦苄芢苩腂覔苰莊荔荃荎莋芷苩觟鋶苅苌賶詑野跴苍镳轜閪苈苠苌苅腃

1990鑎苉苍腃釤顰苌跄邶辈鞝赈迪苌軼闓苅腃靣躙苌貌銆覔鑚鍸芪趂芭苈苩苈 苇苌賶詑離釨芪难苧芩苆苈苁芽腂芻苌貋觊腃1991鑎苉苍腃覔芭芸苌靁鏼芪诖 蹾芳苪苩酛鉵芪苆苧苪芽¡7腂鏺陻苈苇郦適趑芩苧靁软芳苪芽鑰药荢荥莊腛苍腃 鎌鏬荁荗荁苢鏬荁荗荁苖購芩芢腃裈覺苅袵芤荴荂莊荳莓苢荃莓荨荬荖荁腃荃 莓荨苅苠鑰覔苌靁鏼芪詧釥芵腃覔莊荔荃荎莋蹙识芩苧钭邶芷苩賶詑芪離釨苆 苈苁芽腂 艐腄荴荂莊荳莓 腀荴荂莊荳莓苅跅釥苌覔莊荔荃荎莋諩识苍腃荴荂莊荳莓腅莊荔荃荎莉腛荙軐 苅芠苩腂鎯軐苍鑎蹙2000荧莓苌邶蹙鑜韍苅1981鑎苉醀识苰詊蹮芵腃費距苅苍 艒障6000荧莓苌邶蹙鑜韍苰靌芷苩腂1995鑎苉苍腃荁莁莊荊邻苌药荢荥莊腛苌 觰里芨苦苑觰里躞苉鞰覩閪苰軦苩譀詂苰100障荨莋芩芯苄鎱鏼芵芽苆芢芤¡8 腂 腀芵芩芵腃1995鑎酏賣苉花苌赈迪芩苧苌覘郵芪離釨苆苈苁芽腂赈迪軼闓苌轚 隯苍腃荴荂莊荳莓腅莊荔荃荎莉腛荙軐苌赈迪芩苧苌荋荘苉镳裀苰詯芦腃视醰 苰鍝讏芳芹苩苠苌苠芢芽苆芢芤腂1996鑎艔貎苉腃荴荂莊荳莓釥詷賶轏襱邶詷 閔苉荒莓荞荎荧芵腃貌銆覔鑚鍸苰豶醪芵苄芢苩腂芻苌貋觊14腠30菊g/q苆貒 赎铭詑芪貜鑏芳苪苩莌荸莋苉鉂芵苄芢苩花苆芪难苧芩苆苈苁芽腂轚隯苍腃鉮 闻邭镻苢銆覛邭镻苉醀识苌鋢蹾苰讁苟苩鋂迮苠赳苁芽苆芢芤腂1996鑎艗貎苉 镜艓腀釤顰苉芨芯苩覔莊荔荃荎莋苆覔靁鏼 腩鉐裊腆1,000荧莓腪 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 覔迁铯 75 75 65 70 83 109 117 121 132 124 141 132 150 145 鏱躟邸顂 66 67 58 26 20 16 28 33 33 36 36 39 45 42 邸顂覔靁鏼 20 18 26 64 82 99 95 97 113 109 120 111 135 139 鑰覔靁鏼 79 80 72 34 0.2 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0

腩软辊腪腀International Lead and Zinc Study Group, Lead and Zinc Statistics, 詥趆腃World Bureau of Metal Statistics, World Metal Statistics, 詥趆腃芨苦苑腃跠隱閔論郅醍诇鎝豶躺腷銆觘隯趑釤顰鉮 详腀適賻陦裕貎镜腸詥鑎12貎铅苦苨镍軒跬邬腂

荏莊腛莓荳腛荘苍腃荴荂莊荳莓腅莊荔荃荎莉腛荙軐苌軼裍苌鍹迫苈苇苰銲趸 芵芽腂赈迪軼闓苌辬譋雍苈雬跘钨苅苍艑障9000ppm苌覔芪貟软芳苪芽腂苜芽腃 鑲邅顈苌鋪鍄芩苧艓障8000ppm腃鑲邅芩苧190ppm苌覔芪貟软芳苪芽苆芢芤腂 覢闄苌諮辀苆铤苗苩苆芩苈苨諮辀苰迣觱苁苄芢苩苆鎯軐苰铡钻芵芽腂荏莊腛 莓荳腛荘苌莌荼腛荧芪钭镜芳苪芽邔鏺賣腃鎯軐苍醀识鋢蹾苉鋇芢趞苜苪苄芢 苩腩American Metal Market腃1996鑎艘貎10鏺趆腪腂芻苌賣腃荴荂莊荳莓腅莊荔荃 荎莉腛荙軐苍諂讫闛酓苉苠鍷苟腃1997鑎芩苧1999鑎苌艑鑎諔苅腃轝识裵苌閽 诏貌銆覔鑚鍸苍30膓裈迣覺鞎芵芽苆芢芤腩Hoffmann and Wilson腭2000腮腪腂諂 讫荽荬荗莁莓荧荖荘荥莀苉論芷苩趑跛譋詩苅芠苩ISO14001苰1999鑎10貎苉 苍軦鎾芵苄芢苩腂 腀荴荂莊荳莓苅苌鑰荊腛腅药荢荥莊腛苌莊荔荃荎莋譚轰苰銲趸芵芽Hoffman 腭1999腮苉苦苩苆腃荴荂莊荳莓腅莊荔荃荎莉腛荙軐苌邸顂赈迪苰苌芼芫腃辬 譋雍苌邸顂赈迪苅苍腃覔苌觱軻鞦芪90膓苆還鋨芳苪腃諂讫覘郵苰裸芫譎花芵 苄芢苩苆芢芤腂賶詑陨蹾蹻郝苖苌鎊躑芪讁苟苧苪苄芢苩腂花苪苧苌辬譋雍邸 顂赈迪苍腃邭镻苌讖观苰軳芯芸苉醀识芵苄芢苩苆芢芤腂苜芽腃荊腛腅药荢荥 莊腛苰閪觰芵腃蹧芦苩荰腛荣苰蹧苁苄跄苑荊腛腅药荢荥莊腛苰跬苩莊荒莓 荦荂荖莇荪莓荏苢腃蹧芦苈芢荰腛荣苰视鏠邸顂芵苄芢苩荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅荚 荎荞腛苅苍腃莊荔荃荎莋苌賸鞦苍苦苨鋡芢苆赬芦苧苪苄芢苩腂覔苌觱軻鞦苍 40膓苙苇苅蹣苨苍諂讫銆苉闺软芳苪苄芢苩苆還鋨芳苪苄芢苩腩镜艔蹑迆腪腂 辬譋雍苌莊荔荃荎莋赈迪苍腃辭苈芭苆苠12芠苨腃艐障2000荧莓苌隢邸顂覔苌 觲苰邶蹙芵苄芢苩苆還鋨芳苪苄芢苩腂裪闻腃荴荂莊荳莓腅莊荔荃荎莉腛荙軐 苌邶蹙苍腃雱艑障荧莓酏賣苅還裚芵苄芢苩苆赬芦苧苪苩¡9腩镜艕蹑迆腪腂 腀1993鑎苉辬譋雍赈迪苌苐苆苂苰陋離芵芽荏莊腛莓荳腛荘苌荘荞荢荴苍腃鞰 蹟苰諜英芾荋荘苌芽苟苉腃赈迪鏠苅苍賄譺芪苙苆英苇苅芫苈芢迳釔苅芠苁芽 苆芢芤腂荘莉荏苍赈迪軼闓苌诳芫鉮苉鎊諼芳苪腃覔苰諜英芾鍤觰襴苠辈鞝芳 苪芸苉覺邅顈苉鑲邅芳苪苄芢芽苆芢芤腂赈迪苌芷芮韗苌镾鉮苅鍹迫苌荔莓荶 莋苰軦苨閪郍芵芽貋觊腃艖障5000mg/kg苆铱迭苉趂芢鑚鍸苌覔芪貟软芳苪苄 芢苩腩Greenpeace Australia腭1996腮腪腂

腀花苌苦芤苈迳讵苰邭镻苌諂讫論顁迈銡苌鉓鎖軒苍腃苇苌苦芤苉赬芦苄芢苩 苌芾苫芤芩腂镍軒芪2000鑎规苉荴荂莊荳莓苌鍖酒躑貹諂讫迈苅赳苁芽荱荁莊 莓荏苅苍腃荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅荚荎荞腛苉諂讫譋邧苰鍋靰芷苩花苆苍鏯芵芢苆 芵苄芢芽腂荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅荚荎荞腛苉轝躖芵苄芢苩遬腘苍腃铤該鍉辊鎾芪 鋡芭腃譋邧苌貵詩苈軀蹻芪邭躡鍉苉鏯芵芢花苆腃諄鏂苰赳芤邭镻醤苌里邧芪 轜閪苅苈芢花苆芪芻苌鞝青苆芵苄芠芰苧苪苄芢芽腂苜芽腃荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅 荚荎荞腛苌苈芩苉苍腃荽荴荂荁苌苦芤苈识軒苠芠苨腃遧苌諫貯芷苧誴芶苩花 苆芪芠苩苆芢芤腂 镜艔腀荴荂莊荳莓苌覔苌莊荔荃荎莋譚轰 荴荂莊荳莓腅 莊荔荃荎莉腛荙軐 荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅荚荎荞腛 辬譋雍邸顂赈迪 荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅荚荎荞腛 莊荒莓荦荂荖莇荩腛腞 视鏠邸顂 貴跞鞿 靁鏼鑰药荢荥莊腛腩鍤觰 襴苰辈閪跏苝腪 趑鏠苅觱軻芳苪芽鑰药荢 荥莊腛腩鍤觰襴苌辈閪酏腪 药荢荥莊腛鍤诉铂腃裪閔腃 趑鏠苅觱軻芳苪芽鑰药荢 荥莊腛腩鍤觰襴苌辈閪酏腪 苠鞘靰 莊荒莓荦荂荖莇莓靰腃趑 鏠觱軻药荢荥莊腛 觰里跏苝药荢荥莊腛 邻镩 邸顂跏苝覔苌觲 隢邸顂覔苌觲 隢邸顂覔苌觲 覔苌觱軻鞦 98膓 雱90膓 雱40膓 腩软辊腪腀Hoffmann腭1999腮苰苠苆苉腃轃邳苰见芦苄镍軒跬邬腂 镜艕腀荴荂莊荳莓苉芨芯苩覔莊荔荃荎莋苆覔靁鏼 腩鉐裊腆1,000荧莓腪 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 覔迁铯 14 16 22 16 20 25 32 25 27 26 31 26 42 38 鏱躟邸顂 9 11 14 12 17 19 24 17 17 18 22 18 24 25 邸顂覔靁鏼 7.5 4.4 7.7 3.6 5.4 5.9 7.5 7.2 8.9 8.0 8.1 5.8 19.5 18.9 鑰覔靁鏼 9.0 12.3 13.9 15.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 鑰药靁鏼 11.7 16.1 30.1 12.4 24.9 19.2 11.7 0.6 1.4 4.8 腩銍腪腀腵鑰药靁鏼腶苍腃鑰药荢荥莊腛靁鏼苌花苆腂1991鑎苦苨趀雚芪闊苆苈苁苄芢苩腂

腩软辊腪腀International Lead and Zinc Study Group, Lead and Zinc Statistics, 詥趆腃World Bureau of Metal Statistics, World Metal Statistics, 詥 趆腃 芨 苦 苑腃National Statistics Offi ce, Foreign Trade Statistics of the Philippines, 詥鑎铅苦苨镍軒跬邬腂

腀荴荂莊荳莓腅莊荔荃荎莉腛荙軐苍腃邻镩苌铌钄讒鍟苢鑺醗讒鍟苉鑰荊腛腅 药荢荥莊腛苌軻轗荚莓荞腛苰郝芯腃趑鏠芩苧苌軻轗苉韍苰鏼苪苩苦芤苉苈苁 苄芫苄芢苩腂軻轗讒鍟苌邔苍腃酓趑苅800荊辊苰銴芦苄芢苩腂1990鑎釣賣钼 苉苍腃鎯軐苌趑鏠芩苧苌药荢荥莊腛苌觱軻苍艐障4000荧莓苉鉂芵芽苆芢芤腂 苜芽腃1995鑎11貎芩苧腧Balik Baterya腨苆賄苎苪苩鑰药荢荥莊腛苌軻轗荌莃 莓荹腛莓苰詊蹮芵苄芢苩腂 艑腄荃莓荨荬荖荁 腀荃莓荨荬荖荁苅覔苌陻詩鍉苈莊荔荃荎莋芪蹮苜苁芽苌苍腃1988鑎芩苧苆芢 芤腩Ex Corporation Ltd.腭1994腮腪腂1990鑎苌釤顰苌覔芭芸苌靁鏼诖蹾酛鉵裈赾腃 荃莓荨荬荖荁苌覔芭芸苌靁鏼韊苍譽醝芵芽腂1988鑎苉苍苭芸芩700荧莓芠苜 苨芵芩靁鏼芳苪苄芢苈芩苁芽苌芪腃1990鑎苉苍艒障5000荧莓腃1991鑎苉苍 艓障6000荧莓腃1992鑎苉苍艕障荧莓苠苌鑰荊腛腅药荢荥莊腛芪靁鏼芳苪苄芢 苩腩镜艖蹑迆腪腂 腀1988鑎苌鎌荗莃莏苅酮识苰蹮苟芽IMLI軐苍腃醀识鎖辉芩苧覌苢詄芪軼闓 苌荒荾莅荪荥荂腛苜苅譹英苅芢芽苆芢芤腂赈迪芩苧铲英苅芭苩詄芪裤賋苢遈 苗閨苉趬鏼芵苄芢苩花苆苢腃鑲邅芪鉮貳苌鿳鿲靰邅苉鞬苪趞英苅芢苩花苆苰 轚隯苍離釨苉芵苄芢芽苆芢芤腩Greenpeace腭1994腮腪腂1991鑎銆芲苫苉苍腃 镜艖腀荃莓荨荬荖荁苉芨芯苩覔莊荔荃荎莋苆覔靁鏼 腩鉐裊腆1,000荧莓腪 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

覔迁铯 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 40 57 75 91 90 87 66 53 45 66

鏱躟邸顂 7 7 10 16 21 39 35 30 30 30 30 22 18 18

邸顂覔靁鏼 14.3 15.1 14.1 15.3 22.5 35.0 47.2 17.1 70.7 73.9 91.2 31.2 27.4 46.7

鑰覔靁鏼 0 0.7 11.9 35.8 46.4 60.3 19.7 19.9 0.9 2.5 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0

腩銍腪腀n.a.腆荦腛荞苰鏼軨苅芫芸腂

腩软辊腪腀International Lead and Zinc Study Group, Lead and Zinc Statistics, 詥趆腃芨苦苑腃Central Bureau of Statistics, Indonesia Foreign Trade Statistics, 詥鑎铅苦苨镍軒跬邬腂

NHK苌闱鎹铔酧苅荃莓荨荬荖荁苌药荢荥莊腛腅莊荔荃荎莋芪苆苨芠芰苧苪腃 諂讫襥访談鞝銡苆鎌荗莃莏轂苌覔莊荔荃荎莋赈迪苖苌鞧芿鏼苨貟趸苅腃諂讫 諮辀苰芩苈苨迣觱苩覔閲遯芪貟软芳苪芽花苆芪闱趐芳苪苄芢苩™0腂覔苌閲遯 鑚鍸苍腃荃莓荨荬荖荁苌諂讫諮辀苌雱艕鑻腃0.353mg/r苉鉂芵苄芢芽苆芢芤腂 苜芽腃韫跗苈莊荔荃荎莋赈迪苖苠鏺陻芩苧靁软芳苪芽鑰药荢荥莊腛芪鞬苪苄 芢苩苆鍠芦苧苪苄芢苩腂 腀1992鑎苉苍腃Kompas苈苇苌荃莓荨荬荖荁苌遖閷苠药荢荥莊腛腅莊荔荃荎 莋苌離釨苉苂芢苄苆苨芠芰苄芢苩腂IMLI軐苌軼闓苅苍腃蹱讟苠艐遬腃賄譺 趢鏯苅陓芭苈苁芽苆闱鎹芳苪苄芢苩腩Kompas腃1992鑎艗貎25鏺腃26鏺腪腂苜 芽腃艓障8000荧莓苌邶蹙鑜韍苌芠苩荵荊荖苌KSHM軐苉野芵苄苠腃轚隯芪覘 郵苰鉮闻邭镻苉酩芦苄芢苩腩Kompas腃1992鑎艗貎26鏺腪腂邼荗莃莏轂苌荠莌荻 莓貧苅苍腃辬譋雍苈蹏苂苌覔莊荔荃荎莋赈迪芩苧苌覘郵苰軼闓苌轚隯芪離釨 苆芵腃28遬苌轚隯芪铭詑苰酩芦苩軨躆苰1992鑎艔貎苉鉮闻邭镻苖醗苁苄芢苩 腩Kompas腃1992鑎艔貎18鏺腃艗貎21鏺腃艗貎26鏺腪腂 腀1992鑎11貎芩苧1993鑎11貎苉苍腃陦裕釥遢韟苅裪躞鍉苉鑰药荢荥莊腛苌靁 鏼芪诖蹾芳苪芽腂覔苌莊荔荃荎莋芩苧苌諂讫離釨芪难苧芩苉苈苁芽苌苰軳芯腃 荃莓荨荬荖荁赈识迈苍腃鏺陻苌鋊蹙迈苉覔莊荔荃荎莋苌賶詑野跴苉論芷苩郪 雥视苌鑨貭苰靶邿芵芽腂荏莊腛莓荇荃荨荶莉莓苌裪諂苆芵苄腃芢芸苪苠鉚諺 諔苅苍芠苩芪腃1993鑎10貎苆鞂鑎艐貎苉郪雥视芪鑨貭芳苪腃釥軨苌覔莊荔荃 荎莋赈迪苰蹏苂苜苭苨腃譚轰蹷鎱苰赳苁苄芢苩腂花苌花苫苉腃IMLI軐芪鑲 邅辈鞝苢鉅鞰醕鉵苈苇苰軦苨镴芯苩苈苇腃賶詑野跴芪適英苅芢苩腂1993鑎苌 11貎苉苍腃鑰药荢荥莊腛苌靁鏼诖蹾芪觰辜芳苪苄芢苩腂 腀花苌躞諺苉荴荈腛荽莋苈閔雥苅苌賶詑野跴苍芠苩鋶鍸赳苭苪芽芪腃趑鏠苅 苌药荢荥莊腛苌軻轗里邧苌詭鞧苍鉸苪苄芢苩腂1997鑎苌鉩詋苅腃邭镻苌讖观 苰鎾芽苠苌苆芵苄苍蹏苂苌鑰覔苌莊荔荃荎莋赈迪芪醀识芵苄芢苩芪腃芻苌貴 鞿 苌99 膓 苍 詃 詏 芩 苧 苌 靁 鏼 苆 苈 苁 苄 芢 苩腩Secretariat of Basel Convention 腭1999腮腪腂趑鏠苌貴鞿苍腃苭芸芩415荧莓芵芩蹧苭苪苄芨苧芸腃鑰荊腛腅药荢 荥莊腛芪軻轗芳苪腃荴荈腛荽莋苈閔雥苉讟讋芳苪苩蹤酧苝芪邬苨鞧苁苄芢苈

芢花苆苰芤芩芪苭芹苩腂 腀荃莓荨荬荖荁苌諂讫襥访談鞝銡苌靌詑鑰諼閨荚荎荖莇莓苠腃荴荂莊荳莓苆 鎯靬苉腃荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅荚荎荞腛苉銼郚諂讫譋邧苰鍋靰芷苩花苆苍鏯芵芢 苆芵苄芢芽腂花苌苦芤苈迳讵苌苠苆腃荓荾轅芢苌遬腘苉野芵苄腃讖观苰軳芯 苄芢苩蹏苂苌莊荔荃荎莋赈迪苉鑰荊腛腅药荢荥莊腛苰躝芿趞苞苦芤苉蹷鎱苰 赳苁苄芢苩苆芢芤™1腂苜芽腃諂讫襥访談鞝銡苅苍腃2002鑎艘貎苦苨鑰覔苌靁 鏼苰酓雊诖蹾芷苩靜鋨苅芠苩腂芵芩芵腃讖观苰軳芯苄芢苩识軒苢芻苪苰軹靶 芷苩鉾鍤鉲莁腛荊腛苅苍腃鑰覔苌酓雊靁鏼诖蹾苍覔苌莊荔荃荎莋蹙识苰苂苔 芷花苆苉苈苩苆钽野芵苄芢苩腂 腀譚轰镝覿腅覞靰銡諂讫譚轰閔苅苍腃銆辬譋雍苌覔苌莊荔荃荎莋赈迪苅苌荎 莊腛荩腛腅荶莍荟荎荖莇莓苉苞芯腃荰荃莍荢荧腅荶莉莓荧苰貚郝芵芽腂1999 鑎苉鞧顆芨苦苑荘荎莉药腛苰銆荗莃莏轂荥荽莓荏莓腩Temanngung腪苉郝鉵 芵芽腂荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅荚荎荞腛苌邸顂譚轰芪賸鞦鍉苉苈苨腃觱軻芳苪苩覔 苌韊芪醝芦苪苎腃諂讫銆苖苌覔苌闺软芪貸苨腃鎯躞苉腃铌钄苅芫苩覔芪醝芦 苩花苆苉苂苈芪苩腂譚轰镝覿腅覞靰銡諂讫譚轰閔苌闱趐辑苅苍腃譚轰鍉苈離 釨苍苈芩苁芽苠苌苌腃賶詑譋邧苉論芷苩裓躯苰趂苟苩苌苉躞諔芪芩芩苩苆蹷 鍅芵苄芢苩腂芽芾腃軀跛苌鑲荋荘鑚鍸苢铯靰苈苇苉苂芢苄苌譌轱芪轜閪苅苈 芭腃趡賣腃閁譹苉苂苈芪苩芩苇芤芩苍难苧芩苅苈芢™2腂 腀 艒腄荃莓荨 腀荃莓荨苍腃釤顰苢荴荂莊荳莓腃荃莓荨荬荖荁苆苍裡芢覔赺蹒芪芠苨腃裪躟 邸顂苠赳苭苪苄芢苩腂覔苌莊荔荃荎莋苠赳苭苪苄芢芽芪腃1994鑎芩苧1995鑎 苉芩芯苄釥韊苌鑰覔苌靁鏼芪赳苭苪芽腩镜艗蹑迆腪腂1994鑎芩苧1995鑎苌鏱 躟邸顂韊苆鑰覔苌靁鏼韊苰铤苗苩苆腃芩苈苨鑰覔苌靁鏼芪釥芫芭腃鏱躟邸顂 韊苌鎝豶苉钽襦芳苪苄芢苈芢荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅荚荎荞腛苅靁鏼芳苪芽鑰覔芪 莊荔荃荎莋芳苪芽花苆芪還蹀芳苪苩腂 腀覔苉論芷苩鑲邅諮辀苍腃1974鑎苌邅腩覘郵陨蹾腅談鞝腪陀腩Water腱Prevention

and Control of Pollution腲Act腪苅譋邧芳苪芽苆芢芤腂釥譃苌鑲软諮辀苍腃1983 鑎苉荽荮莉荖莅荧莉轂苅邧鋨芳苪芽芪腃醼苌轂苅苍轜閪苈譋邧芪赳苭苪苄芢 苈芢腂苜芽腃譋邧芪芠苩迪辊苅苠腃銆辬諩识苢荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅荚荎荞腛苖 苍腃苙苆英苇鍋靰苅芫苄芢苈芢苆芢苁苄苦芢芾苫芤腂1980鑎釣隖苉苍腃釥軨 苌Indian Lead軐苍賶詑野跴苉軨苰苂芯苄芢苩腂药荏荴荂莋荞腛苰鎱鏼芵腃 覔鑚鍸苅艔腠艕mg/m3苆苈苁苄芢苩苆芢芤腩Thadhani腭1991腮腪腂 腀1990鑎釣酏钼苅苍腃銆譋雍苌覔莊荔荃荎莋赈迪芪艖赈迪腃辬譋雍苌莊荔荃 荎莋赈迪芪雱40赈迪腃药荢荎莄腛荨腅荘莁莋荥荂莓荏苰赳苁苄芢苩苆花苫芪 250莆荪荢荧裈迣苆還鋨芳苪苄芢苩腩Subramanian腭1995腮腪腂荊莋荊荢荞苌荳 荎荪荢荎腅荋腛荦莓苆芢芤苆花苫苉苍腃药荢荥莊腛苰觰里芵靮靚芵苄芢苩莆 荪荢荧芪210诟芭芠苩苆芢芤還鋨苠芠苨腩Dasgupta腭1997腮腪腃辬譋雍苈莊荔荃 荎莋赈迪苢药荢荎莄腛荨腅荘莁莋荥荂莓荏苰赳苁苄芢苩莆荪荢荧苌邔苍腃邳 詭苉苍苭芩苧苈芢腂 腀荊莋荊荢荞苌荳荎荪荢荎腅荋腛荦莓苅苍腃1990鑎釣辉苟腃覔莊荔荃荎莋芩 苧苌覘郵苉論芷苩诪迮芪软苩苦芤苉苈苨腃1994鑎艗貎苉苍腃1995鑎艗貎苜苅 苉諂讫諮辀苰軧苩苦芤苉隽芸苩跅趂跙苌钻貈芪覺芳苪芽腂艓莆荪荢荧苅賶詑 陨蹾鎊躑芪赳苭苪芽苠苌苌腃醽芭苌莆荪荢荧苉苍腃賶詑野跴譚轰苉論芷苩迮 闱苍鋱讟芳苪芸腃賶詑陨蹾鎊躑苰赳苭苈芩苁芽苆芢芤腂賶詑陨蹾譀諭芪鍋郘 镜艗腀荃莓荨苉芨芯苩覔莊荔荃荎莋苆覔靁鏼 腩鉐裊腆1,000荧莓腪 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 覔迁铯 68 65 80 80 78 60 70 80 82 85 88 95 112 119 裪躟邸顂 30 18 21 24 27 37 30 30 36 27 43 46 46 42 鏱躟邸顂 11 14 16 14 19 26 20 28 25 25 17 17 15 15 邸顂覔靁鏼 25.5 29.3 44.0 35.5 21.1 7.1 21.1 27.9 20.3 30.6 42.7 55.1 53.5 45.5 鑰覔靁鏼 2.5 9.9 11.4 7.1 2.3 6.7 27.2 48.8 40.8 9.6 16.3 16.3 13.6 12.7 腩软辊腪腀International Lead and Zinc Study Group, Lead and Zinc Statistics, 詥趆腃World Bureau of

Metal Statistics, World Metal Statistics, 詥趆腃芨苦苑腃Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence & Statistics Monthly Statistics of the foreign Trade of India (Annual Number) / VOL.II: Imports 詥鑎铅苦苨镍軒跬邬腂

苉鞘靰芳苪苈芩苁芽苨芵芽花苆苠芠苨腃釥譃覘郵苌莌荸莋苍闏覻芵苈芩苁芽腂 辭芵芵芩野跴苰赳苭苈芩苁芽苨腃酓芭野跴苰赳苭苈芩苁芽苨芵芽10赈迪芪腃 1995鑎艗貎苉腃镜雊迣苍闂趽芳苪芽苆芢芤™3 腂 腀荦莊腛苅苠腃賶詑離釨苰觰貈芷苩芽苟腃覘郵苰鑲软芷苩苦芤苈识軭苰裚鍝 芳芹芽苨腃醀识苰鋢蹾芳芹芽苨芷苩苆芢苁芽跅趂跙苌钻鉦芪1996鑎芩苧覽鍸 芩苅苄芢苩腂覔莊荔荃荎莋赈迪苠裚鍝苢醀识鋢蹾苌野进苆苈苁苄芨苨腃1998 鑎轈苉苍腃荦莊腛賶詑譋邧裏裵觯苉苦苁苄腃辭苈芭苆苠45苌覔莊荔荃荎莋赈 迪苉野芵苄闂趽隽韟芪软芳苪苄芢苩腩The Times of India腃1998鑎10貎26鏺趆腪腂 腀芵芩芵腃花苌苦芤苈裪閔苌鍳蹳苅苌赈迪闂趽酛鉵苍腃販苂芩苨苉芭芢迪辊 苢譋邧苌諉芢迪辊苖赈迪芪裚鍝芵苄芢芭芾芯苅腃離釨苌陻躿鍉苈觰貈苉苍苂 苈芪苁苄芢苈芢苦芤苉蹶苭苪苩腂2001鑎苉腃镍軒苌陋苪芽芠苩辬譋雍躖识軒 苍腃荦莊腛苌詏苅鑰药荢荥莊腛苰靮靚芵腃荦莊腛苌蹳迪苌辤鍘苌覜苌辬閔覮 苅腃跄邶药荢荥莊腛苌酧苝鞧苄苆腃覔苰靮靚芵苄辬芳苈閔镩苌邻醢苰赳苁苄 芢芽腂荦莊腛苌蹳迪苌辤鍘苌覜苌跬识迪苍腃誷譃郮芪裪苂芠苩芾芯苅腃鎭芢 苄芢芽艔遬苌轝识裵苍腃荽荘荎苠苂芯苄芨苧芸腃覔苉苦苩貒赎铭詑芪芠苁苄 苠芨芩芵芭苈芢迳讵苅芠苁芽腂花苌苦芤苈识軒苍腃邳譋苌识軒苆铤苗腃賶詑 野跴苰赳苭芸腃苜芽腃郅诠苠閥苁苄芢苈芢芽苟讣醈韍芪芠苩腂镜艘苉芠苩苦 芤苉腃荃莓荴荈腛荽莋閔雥苅邻醢芳苪苄芢苩药荢荥莊腛苌覿詩苍荴荈腛荽莋 閔雥苌药荢荥莊腛苌雱艕誄鋶鍸苌鉬鉩苆苈苁苄芢苩腂芽芾芵腃荃莓荴荈腛荽 镜艘腀荃莓荨苉芨芯苩药荢荥莊腛苌覿詩 腩鉐裊腆莋荳腛腪 荞荃荶 荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅荚荎荞腛 苌药荢荥莊腛苌覿詩 荴荈腛荽莋腅荚荎荞腛苌 药荢荥莊腛苌覿詩 迦靰軔腀7 Plate 750 1,400 莔荀莓腀9 Plate 850 1,300 荧莉荎荞腛腀15 Plate 1,750 3,000 荧莉荢荎腀25 Plate 3,000 5,500 腩銍腪腀貴镜苉苍覽鑎苌覿詩芩苌镜躦芪苈芢芪腃1990鑎釣賣钼苆蹶苭苪苩腂 腩软辊腪腀Dubey腭1999: 10腮.

莋閔雥苅苂芭苧苪芽药荢荥莊腛苌軵隽苍艖腠艘荊貎苆腃艐鑎钼芩苧艑鑎苆芢 芤鋊迭苌药荢荥莊腛苌軵隽苆铤苗苩苆鉚芢腂

腀1990鑎釣钼苎腃荃莓荨苍鑰覔苉见芦鑰袟覔苢鑰電苈苇苠釥韊苉靁鏼芵苄芢 芽 芽 苟腃NGO苌 苐 苆 苂 苅 芠 苩 览 詷腅 譚 轰腅 荇 荒 莍 荗 腛 跠 鉣腩Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology腪苍腃1995鑎苉郦適趑芩苧苌靌 詑鑰諼閨苌靁鏼苰诖蹾芷苗芫芾苆芢芤酩芦苰跅趂跙钻辊苉譎花芵芽腂跅趂跙 钻辊苍腃1996鑎腃97鑎苉腃靌詑鑰諼閨苌靁鏼苰诖蹾芷苗芫苆苌钻貈苰覺芵芽 芪腃芻苌賣苠靌詑鑰諼閨苌靁鏼芪醱芢芽腂跅趂跙钻辊苍腃1997鑎苉莁荭莓躁 苰裏裵銷苆芷苩High Powered Committee on Management of Hazardous Waste

腩裈覺腃莁荭莓裏裵觯腪苌郝鉵苰貈苟腃靌詑鑰諼閨靁鏼迳讵苢趑鏠苌靌詑鑰諼 閨苌辈鞝迳讵苈苇苰銲趸芳芹腃苇苌苦芤苈靌詑鑰諼閨苌靁鏼苰诖蹾芷苗芫芩腃 苇苌苦芤苈靌詑鑰諼閨苌談鞝苌蹤酧苝苰苂芭苁苄芢芭苗芫苈苌芩苆芢苁芽躖 趀苉苂芢苄鋱裄苰赳芤花苆苰讁苟芽腂莁荭莓裏裵觯苍腃詥轂苉靌詑鑰諼閨苌 钭邶迳讵苢辈鞝迳讵苈苇苉論芷苩迮闱苰鋱软芳芹腃芳苧苉腃莊荔荃荎莋赈迪 苢郅論苈苇苰銲趸芵腃2001鑎艐貎25鏺苉覔苰諜英芾鑰諼閨苌靁鏼诖蹾苈苇苰 誩趐芷苩跅轉闱趐辑苰跙钻辊苉鋱软芵芽腂 腀2001鑎艔貎苉苍腃諂讫遘韑迈苌镺趐苆芵苄腃腵药荢荥莊腛腩談鞝苆荮莓荨莊 莓荏腪莋腛莋腶腩Batteries腱Management and Handling腲Rules腪芪鎱鏼芳苪芽腂 花苪苍腃荃莓荴荈腛荽莋苈莊荔荃荎莋閔雥苖苆鞬苪苄芢苩鑰药荢荥莊腛苰腃 荴荈腛荽莋苈閔雥苉鞬苪苩苦芤苉赬芦苧苪芽腃鞬鋊苉論芷苩譋邧苅芠苩腂軻 轗识軒苢莊荔荃荎莋识軒苍腃邭镻苉鏍芯软苰赳芢腃辳鑆苰軳芯芽迪趇苉苌苝 鑰药荢荥莊腛苰軦苨袵芤花苆芪苅芫苩苆鋨苟苧苪苄芢苩腂苜芽腃荋荜莊莓腅 荘荞莓荨苈苇腃药荢荥莊腛苰賰誷芵芽识軒苍腃鑰药荢荥莊腛苰荴荈腛荽莋苈 识軒苉裸芫鍮芷花苆芪譋鋨芳苪苄芢苩腂赈迪苌貟趸苉苂芢苄苍腃詥轂苌賶詑 譋邧裏裵觯芪鉓鎖芵苄芢苩苆芢芤腂 腀花苌譋邧苌鎱鏼苉芠芽苁苄苍腃雱艐鑎酏苉譋邧苌貴裄芪賶镜芳苪腃論豗軒 芩苧貴裄苉苂芢苄苌裓販苰讁苟苩諺諔芪郝芯苧苪芽腂荃莓荴荈腛荽莋閔雥苌 諩识苉苍腃裓販苰貾芤花苆芪鍅钭苉苂苈芪苨芩苋苈芢苆芢芤赬芦芩苧郏诉鍉

苉裓販苰貾芤鎮芫苍芠苜苨苝苧苪苈芩苁芽腂芠苩NGO腩Consumer Unity and Trust Society腪苍腃荊莋荊荢荞苈苇艔鍳蹳苅腃荃莓荴荈腛荽莋閔雥苌覔莊荔 荃荎莋赈迪苰野进苆芵芽腃譋邧苉苂芢苄苌郠难苢譋邧苖苌裓販苰讁苟苩莏腛 荎荖莇荢荶苰詊跃芵芽腂鎯NGO苍腃荃莓荴荈腛荽莋閔雥苌轝躖軒芪鞝觰苅 芫苩苦芤苉腃覔苌諫貯邫苢譋邧苌鏠靥苰荱莓荦荂腛質苆襰質芾芯苅苍苈芭腃 莍腛荊莋苅軀跛苉蹧苭苪苄芢苩貾靴苉陼雳芵赌苟苩镋靶邫芪芠苩花苆苈苇苰 蹷鍅芵苄芢苩腂 腀镍軒芪銲趸苰赳苁芽2001鑎10貎苌鉩詋苅苍腃花苌药荢荥莊腛腩談鞝苆荮莓 荨莊莓荏腪莋腛莋苌荇莓荴荈腛荘莁莓荧苍腃轜閪苉苅芫苄芢苩苆苍芢芦苈芢 迳讵苅芠苁芽腂鏍芯软苈苇苍芠苩鋶鍸芳苪苄芢苩苦芤芾芪腃荦莊腛苌芠苩荋 荜莊莓腅荘荞莓荨苅苍腃裸芫軦苁芽药荢荥莊腛苰邳譋苌鍯類识軒芪裸芫軦苨 苉鞈苩花苆苍苈芩苁芽苆芢芤腂苜芽腃覔莊荔荃荎莋苌釥軨諩识苍腃貴鞿苆苈 苩鑰药荢荥莊腛苰轜閪苉銲鉂苅芫苄芢苈芢腂醀识苰銆蹾芹芴苩苰芦苈芢諩识 苠苅苄芢苩腂荃莓荴荈腛荽莋閔雥苌识軒苠腃药荢荥莊腛腅莋腛莋苌襥访苍酓 芭苈芢苆苌花苆苅芠苁芽腂 艓腄辬誇腆荴荂莊荳莓腃荃莓荨荬荖荁腃荃莓荨苅苌覔莊荔荃荎莋閔雥苉論 芷苩賶詑野跴 腀裈迣苌苦芤苉腃荴荂莊荳莓腃荃莓荨荬荖荁腃荃莓荨苅苍腃铤該鍉譋雍苌釥 芫芢諩识苅苠賶詑野跴芪镳轜閪苈迪趇苠芠苨腃苜芽腃荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅荚荎 荞腛芩苧苌諂讫覘郵苠遛趏苈迳讵苆苈苁苄芢苩腂荃莓荨荬荖荁苆荴荂莊荳莓腃 荃莓荨苌諂讫譋邧苌鉓鎖軒苉苦苩苆腃荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅荚荎荞腛苖苌諂讫譋 邧苌貵詩苈鍋靰苍腃邭躡鍉苉苠腃苜芽諂讫鉓鎖迈銡苌遬鍉腅躑诠鍉苈鑜韍苰 苝苄苠腃铱迭苉鏯芵芢迳讵苉芠苩苆芢芤腂花苌苦芤苈迳讵苉野辈芷苩闻跴苆 芵苄苍腃苇苌苦芤苈闻購芪赬芦苧苪苩芾苫芤芩腂 腀譋雍芨苦苑諂讫野跴苌迳讵苉苦苁苄腃铤該鍉譋雍芪釥芫芭賶詑陨蹾鎊躑苰 赳芢芤苩苆花苫苆腃譋雍芪辬芳芭賶詑陨蹾鎊躑苰赳芦苈芢苆花苫苌鏱苂苉閪

芯苄顟芶芽芢腂 腀譋雍芪辬芳芭賶詑陨蹾鎊躑苰赳芦苈芢苦芤苈諩识腃苆芭苉药荢荥莊腛苌觰 里腃莊荒莓荦荂荖莇荪莓荏苈苇苌誈鎮苉論芵苄苍腃邭镻苌諄鏂苉苌苝鞊苩苌 苍铱迭苉鏯芵芢腂邭躡鍉苉苠軦苨鋷苜苨苰训覻芷苩花苆苍鏯芵芭腃苜芽軀跛 苉軦苨鋷苜苩醤苌躑诠腅遬鍉鑜韍苠轜閪苆苍芢芦苈芢芩苧苅芠苩腂芻苌芽苟 諂讫讳裧苆鞬鋊譋邧苌鏱苂苌闻購苅鍷韍苰赳芤镋靶芪芠苩苆蹶苭苪苩腂 腀諂讫讳裧苅苍腃覔苌靌詑邫苰赌芭鉭苁苄苠苧芤花苆芪轤靶苅芠苩腂軀跛苉 覔苌觰里腅莊荔荃荎莋苉轝躖芷苩遬苉靌詑邫苰鉭苁苄苠苧芤花苆苍腃覘郵苰 邂苪鞬芷苦芤苈醀识豠釔苰靽蹾芷苩賸觊芪諺釒芳苪苩™4腂苜芽腃覔莊荔荃荎 莋苉苦苁苄貒赎铭詑芪苅苩花苆芪赌芭鉭苧苪苪苎腃轚隯苉苦苩諄躋苌雚芪賵 苩苦芤苉苈苨腃荃莓荴荈腛荽莋苈醀识芪赳芢苉芭芭苈苩苆赬芦苧苪苩™5腂 腀鞬鋊譋邧苉論芵苄苍腃芷苅苉荃莓荨苅軀蹻芪躎苝苧苪苄芢苩苦芤苉腃邳譋 苌莊荔荃荎莋识軒苉鑰药荢荥莊腛芪鞬苪苩苦芤苉芷苩蹤酧苝芪镋靶苅芠苩腂 豒釠苢鍓鎹觯軐苌苦芤苉釥韊苉鑰药荢荥莊腛芪钭邶芷苩躖识軒苍腃镋芸賶詑 野跴苰赳苁苄芢苩諩识苖苌钄議苰譠隱苃芯苩苦芤苈酛鉵芪轤靶苅芠苩腂 腀鑰药荢荥莊腛苌靁鏼苉論芵苄苍腃药腛荛莋述雱苉諮苃芭躖酏腅鋊鉭辳鑆苌 邧鍸苌苠苆苅腃賶詑野跴苰赳苁苄芢苩諩识苌苝芪靁鏼苰苅芫苩苦芤苉芷苩花 苆芪轤靶苅芠苩腂芳苧苉腃賶詑野跴苰赳苁苄芢苩諩识芪腃釥韊苉貴鞿苆苈苩 鑰药荢荥莊腛苰鏼軨芵苢芷芢靁鏼苉鞊苩花苆苈芭腃趑鏠苌鑰药荢荥莊腛苌觱 軻苰醣芷芽苟苉腃靁鏼鑰药荢荥莊腛苉論郅苰觛芵腃趑鏠苌鑰药荢荥莊腛觱軻 苉苍闢辕诠苰芾芷苆芢苁芽邭跴苠赬芦苧苪苩腂 腀賶詑陨蹾鎊躑苰赳芢芤苩諩识苉論芵苄苍腃譋邧苢闢辕诠苈苇苉苦苨賶詑陨 蹾鎊躑苰醣芷镋靶芪芠苩腂芻苌芽苟苉苍腃賶詑陨蹾鎊躑苰赳芦苩观鑜邫苌芠 苩諩识苉論芵苄苍腃镗辀鍉苈賶詑陨蹾譚轰苰莊荘荧荁荢荶芵迮闱苰鋱讟芷苩 花苆腃賶詑陨蹾苖苌鋡鞘靚躑苈苇苌邭跴芪陝苜苪苩腂

釦艓郟腀鏺陻苌豯貱苌钭鍗鍲迣趑苖苌鍋靰观鑜邫

腀鏺陻苌1960鑎釣腃70鑎釣苌豯貱芪腃費距苌钭鍗鍲迣趑苌迳讵苆趪陻鍉苉裙 苈苩鍟苰芢芭苂芩芠芰苄芨芫芽芢腂 腀釦裪苉腃趑跛陦裕苌適鍗苅芠苩腂1960鑎釣腃70鑎釣苌鏺陻苍腃鑰覔苌靁鏼 芪苈芩苁芽苭芯苅苍苈芢芪™6腃醊野鍉苉韊芪辭苈芭腃覔莊荔荃荎莋苌觟鋶芩 苧苌覘郵離釨苆顁論芵苄顟芶苧苪苩花苆苍苈芩苁芽腂譴苉腃1980鑎釣賣钼芩 苧1990鑎釣辉苟苉芩芯苄腃鏺陻芩苧靁软芳苪芽鑰覔芪钭鍗鍲迣趑苅莊荔荃荎 莋芳苪苩觟鋶苅覘郵苌離釨苰裸芫譎花芵苄芫芽腂钭鍗鍲迣趑苅苍鑰覔苌靁鏼 苰苇苌鋶鍸譋邧芷苩芩芪腃覔莊荔荃荎莋蹙识苌裧邬苢荴荈腛荽莋閔雥苌趑鏠 蹳迪苅苌鑰覔苰觱軻芷苩鍷韍苌釥芫芳苰赬芦苩芤芦苅腃轤靶苈醤雊苆苈苁苄 芢苩腂 腀釦鏱苉腃荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅荚荎荞腛苌赌铍苈醶距芪芠苩腂趑苉苦苁苄芻苌 迳讵苍裡芤芪腃荴荂莊荳莓腃荃莓荨腃荃莓荨荬荖荁苅苍腃荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅 荚荎荞腛苉野芵苄賶詑陨蹾苉論芷苩譋邧苰辅軧芳芹苩花苆芪苅芫苄芢苈芢腂 鏺陻苅苠腃鎯靬苌醀识芪苈芩苁芽苭芯苅苍苈芢芪腃芻苌譋雍苍芩苈苨辬芳芩苁 芽苆還鋨芳苪苩芵腃1970鑎芲苫苉苍芻苌譋邧苉論芵苄蹳隯苌蹸躝芪鎾苧苪苄 芢芽苆赬芦苧苪苩腂 腀釦蹏苉腃识詅鉣里苌雰誄苢训芳苈苇芪芠芰苧苪苩腂鏺陻苅苍腃釦鏱躟邢詅 釥郭酏賣苦苨腃豯跏邭跴苌跴鋨苢軀蹻苌裪鞃苰识詅鉣里芪鉓苁苄芫芽腂荃莓 荨苢荃莓荨荬荖荁苅苠识詅鉣里芪醶距芵苈芢苭芯苅苍苈芭腃苜芽腃邭跴貈鋨 苉芠芽苁苄裓販苰轱苗苩迪趇苠芠苩芪腃邭镻苆苌貋苑苂芫苍腃鏺陻苙苇训芭 苈芢苆赬芦苧苪苩腂苆芭苉腃覔苌軥苈跅轉軹靶郦苅芠苩鉾鍤鉲识詅苍腃醽趑 郐諩识苠辭苈芭苈芭腃识詅苆芵苄苌苜苆苜苨苍苙苆英苇苝苧苪苈芢腂鏺陻苌 鋊蹙迈芪赳苁芽苦芤苉腃苦苨郏诉鍉苉识詅鉣里苰鞘靰芵腃迮闱苰鍠鉂芵腃費 迳鑣袬苌芽苟苌銲趸苢躩軥鍉苈賶詑野跴苌躎苝苰醣適芷苩花苆芪赬芦苧苪苩 芪腃识詅鉣里苌譀鑜苢训芳苍詥趑苌邭镻苆諩识苌論豗苌苈芩苅裧苜苪苄芫芽

苠苌苅芠苨腃諈鉐苉裚鍝芷苩花苆苍鏯芵芢苆赬芦苧苪苩腂 腀釦蹬苉腃讳裧邅辀芪芠芰苧苪苩腂躯躚鞦苍腃1970鑎芲苫苌鏺陻苅苍100膓 苉诟芩苁芽苆赬芦苧苪苩芪腃1999鑎苌鎝豶苅腃荃莓荨荬荖荁苅苍86.3膓腃荃 莓荨苅56.5膓苅芠苩腩World Bank腭2001腮腪腂 腀裈迣苌苦芤苈醊裡鍟苰鎥苜芦苂苂腃釦艒郟苅轱苗芽邭跴苰軀蹻芷苩芤芦苅腃 鏺陻苌豯貱苍苇苌苦芤苉雰鞧苂苌芩貟鎢芵苄苝芽芢腂 腀轚隯苢躖识軒躩遧苌覔苌貒赎铭詑苉論芷苩裓躯苰趂苟苩花苆苉論芵苄芢芦 苎腃鏺陻苌迪趇腃讍趞零銬苅苌覔苉苦苩貒赎铭詑苌钭邶苉論芷苩闱鎹芪铱迭 苉釥芫苈迕貂苰非芦芽苆赬芦苧苪苩腂1970鑎艕貎裈赾苌讞鍳腅躠觪苅苌轚隯 襞鎮苌鍗詊苍腃芻苪苉蹨貃苰軳芯芽苆芢苁苄苦芢芾苫芤腂芽芾芵腃費距苌钭 鍗鍲迣趑苆鎖躞苌鏺陻苆苅苍腃讳裧苌閁譹苌鋶鍸芪裡芢腃鎯芶苦芤苈躖貏芪 芠苁苄苠鑧譹賸觊苍芩苈苨裙苈苩观鑜邫芪芠苩腂芻苌芽苟腃覔苌貌銆鑚鍸苌 銲趸苰諜苟芽貒赎遦鉦苰赳芤苆苆苠苉腃轚隯苉覔苌諫貯邫苰遧诟苈離釨苆芵 苄鑆躯芵苄苠苧芤諂讫讳裧苢顊鎭襱邶讳裧苰裪里苆芵芽苦芤苈苦苨郏诉鍉苈 荶莍荏莉莀芪赬芦苧苪苩™7腂轚隯苌貒赎铭詑苖苌論道苰趂苟苩花苆苍腃辬譋 雍苈莊荔荃荎莋识軒苉野芵苄賶詑陨蹾鎊躑苰讁苟苩轚隯苌袳韍苰趂苟苩观鑜 邫芪芠苩™8腂苜芽腃醀识迪辊苰鍝腘苆芷苩苦芤苈荃莓荴荈腛荽莋苈莊荔荃荎 莋识軒苌諄躋苰裪铊苌蹳隯芪鉓芤花苆苉苂苈芪苩腂邢顟苌蹸躝芪芠苪苎腃邭 躡鍉苉苠腃芢芸苪貵詩苈鑲软譋邧苌軀蹻苰赳芤花苆芪观鑜苆苈苩芾苫芤™9腂 腀鞬鋊譋邧苉論芵苄苍腃鏺陻苌豯貱苍芠苜苨雰苉鞧芽苈芢腂鏺陻苌识詅苉苦 苩荻莉莓荞莊腛腅荶莍荏莉莀苌苦芤苉腃邭镻芪识詅苉莊荔荃荎莋苌醣適苢賶 詑陨蹾野跴苰靶邿芵苄軀蹻芷苩荶莍荏莉莀苍腃荃莓荴荈腛荽莋閔雥苅莊荔荃 荎莋芳苪芽覔苰蹧苁苄跬苧苪芽药荢荥莊腛芪銼郚迁铯軒苉鏍芭迳讵苌苠苆苅 苍腃鍋靰苅芫苈芢腂芻苪苦苨腃荃莓荴荈腛荽莋閔雥苅邻醢芳苪芽药荢荥莊腛 铌钄苌銥郅苰训覻芷苩苈苇腃荴荈腛荽莋閔雥苆荃莓荴荈腛荽莋閔雥苌讣醈韍 苌趷苰隄苟苩花苆芪镋靶苅芠苫芤腂 腀賶詑陨蹾苰醣芷辔邭跴苉苍腃鏺陻苌豯貱芪芠苩鋶鍸靌賸苅芠苩苆赬芦苧苪 苩腂賶詑陨蹾鎊躑苉論芷苩靚躑邧鍸苢鉮闻躩躡里苉苦苩镗辀鍉苈賶詑野跴譚

轰苉論芷苩迮闱鋱讟苈苇苍腃轤靶苆赬芦苧苪苩腂賶詑陨蹾鎊躑苉論芷苩靚躑 苍腃詃詏豯跏讦韍諮诠腩費距苌趑跛讦韍询赳腪苉苦苩荣腛荘荥荢荶腅莍腛莓 闻躮苅荞荃腃荃莓荨荬荖荁苈苇苅赳苭苪苄芢苩芪腃轜閪苉譀鑜芵苄芢苩苆苍 芢芦苈芢迳讵苉芠苩£0腂譚轰苉論芵苄苠腃钭鍗鍲迣趑苅苍腃費鉮質苅苌諮陻 閶貣芪辭苈芩苁芽苨腃轜閪苈銲趸苉諮苃芢芽郝豶芪赳苭苪苈芩苁芽苨芵腃鎊 躑苰赳苁芽苌苉轜閪苈賸觊芪鎾苧苪苈芢苆芢苁芽躖韡芪辭苈芭苈芢腂鏺陻苅 苍腃花苌苦芤苈迳讵苉野芵苄腃鉮闻邭镻芪苎芢覌陨蹾譚轰苌镗辀鍉苈闻陀苰 苜苆苟苄賶镜芵芽苨腃賶詑陨蹾醕鉵苌莁腛荊腛芪识詅鉣里苰貋邬芵諮辀苰軧 苪苈芢苦芤苈譀諭苌铌钄苰販趇苭芹苩苆芢苁芽遜芵趇苭芹苰芵芽苨芵苄芢苩£1腂 賶詑陨蹾譀諭莆腛荕腛腃賶詑陨蹾譀諭莁腛荊腛腃荒莓荔莋荞莓荧腃釥詷苢邭 镻鏠苌貤讆譀論腃识詅鉣里苈苇苌芻苪芼苪苌雰誄苢鑜韍苰鎥苜芦芽芤芦苅腃 苇苌苦芤苉譚轰苰閁譹芳芹苄芢芭芩苉苂芢苄苌郭鞪芪讁苟苧苪苄芢苩腂 腀花苌苦芤苈邧鍸鍉苈野覞裈迣苉轤靶苈鍟苆芵苄腃邭跴貈鋨荶莍荚荘芪芠芰 苧苪苩腂鏺陻苅苍腃迈銡諔苌邭跴苌芷苨芠苭芹苢雰誄閪鉓苰赳芢腃苜芽识詅 鉣里苰鋊芶苄苌迮闱苌鍠鉂苢裓販苌銮軦苈苇腃隯諔諩识苌譚轰韍苰販诉苟腃 苆芫苉苍譚轰詊钭苰醣芵苈芪苧譋邧苌軀蹻苰赳苁苄芫芽腂苜芽腃軀釔苰鑣袬 芷苩芽苟苌鑲邅銲趸苈苇苰腃銆覛腅鉮闻苌赳邭芪芻苪芼苪赳苁苄芢苩腂钭鍗 鍲迣趑苅苌迈銡諔苌銲邮镳醫苢腃隯諔諩识苌軀釔苰隳躋芵芽譋邧苍腃譋邧苰 貵詩苉鍋靰苅芫苈芢花苆苆醊苜苁苄腃譋邧苌荎莌荦荂荲莊荥荂腛苰鞎苆芵苄 芵苜苁苄芢苩苆芢苭芴苩苰芦苈芢腂

芨苭苨苉

腀钭鍗鍲迣趑苌釥諩识苍腃芷苅苉賶詑野跴苌郪雥视苰賙芢鏼苪苩芾芯苌韍苍 苠苁苄芨苨腃譋邧芪训覻芳苪苪苎賶詑野跴苰苆苩花苆苍铤該鍉靥裕苅芠苩腂 芵芩芵腃銆辬諩识苢荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅荚荎荞腛苌苦芤苉諩识苌譋雍芪辬芳芭 苈苪苎苈苩苙苇腃賶詑野跴苰赳芤花苆苍鏯芵芭苈苩腂

腀銆辬諩识苌賶詑野跴苉論芷苩鏺陻苌豯貱苍腃钭鍗鍲迣趑苉苆苁苄苠蹑赬苉 苈苩閔閪苠辭苈芭苈芢芾苫芤腂芵芩芵腃鏺陻苌苆苁芽邭跴苰裀裕苉裚鍝芷苩 苌苍腃铰芯芽苙芤芪苦芢腂鏺陻苌邭跴芪譀鑜芵芽酏鋱述貏芪腃钭鍗鍲迣趑苅 隞芽芳苪苄芢苩苆苍賀苧苈芢芩苧苅芠苩腂苇苌苦芤苈豯貱芪钭鍗鍲迣趑苅靌 賸苅芠苩苌芩苍腃芻苌邭跴芪軀蹻芳苪芽軐觯腅豯跏鍉苈鑷豩苰苓芭苟芽铤該 貤讆芪镋靶芾苆赬芦苧苪苩腂 腀陻迍苅苍腃荴荂莊荳莓腃荃莓荨荬荖荁腃荃莓荨苌覔莊荔荃荎莋苌費迳苰腃 鏺陻苌1960鑎釣芩苧1990鑎釣苉芩芯苄苌覔莊荔荃荎莋苖苌軦苨酧苝苆铤該芵 芽腂识軭苉苦苁苄腃賶詑野跴苌適苝闻苢譚轰苌閁譹荶莍荚荘苠裡芢腃莁荢荌 苈苇苌苦芤苉腃赈迪鉣鉮苖苌裚鍝腃轗銆鑲邅辈鞝蹻郝苌郝鉵芪銆辬諩识苌賶 詑野跴苌銆道苆苈苩迪趇苠芠苁芽腂芻苪苤芦蹙识芲苆苉腃鏺陻苌賶詑野跴苌 豯貱苰钭鍗鍲迣趑苌迳讵苆铤該芵苈芪苧邮鞝芵苄芢芭花苆芪腃鏺陻苉讁苟苧 苪苄芢苩腂 腫銍腬腜腜腜腜腜腜腜腜腜腜腜腜腜腜腜 a腀銆辬諩识苢荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅荚荎荞腛苌賶詑離釨苉迅鍟苰芠苄芽芻苌醼苌 顟閶苆芵苄苍腃Bartone and Benavides腭1997腮腃Frijns and Vliet腭1999腮腃Dasgupta 腭2000腮苈苇芪芠苩腂 s腀銆辬諩识苌鋨譠苍腃趑苉苦苁苄裙苈苩腂荁荗荁鉮裦苌覔莊荔荃荎莋諩识苌 譋雍苍腃貴鞿苰覔赺郎芩苧鑰覔苉鍝誷芵芽鏺陻苌諩识苰苌芼芫腃釥諩识苆賄 苗苩苆花苫苍苙苆英苇苈芢腂荁莁莊荊苅苍腃鑎諔10障荧莓苰銴芦苩邶蹙鑜韍 苌芠苩覔莊荔荃荎莋赈迪芪芠苩芪腃陻迍苅苆苨芠芰苩鏺陻腃釤顰腃荴荂莊荳莓腃 荃莓荨荬荖荁腃荃莓荨苅苍腃艒障6500荧莓苌赈迪芪跅釥苌邶蹙鑜韍苆苈苁苄 芨苨腃釥閔閪苌覔莊荔荃荎莋赈迪苍銆辬諩识苆芢芦苩腂陻迍苅荃莓荴荈腛荽 莋腅荚荎荞腛苆苍腃邭镻苌讖观苰軦苧芸苉醀识芵苄芢苩諩识腅賂遬苅芠苩腂 荃莓荴荈腛荽莋腅荚荎荞腛苉苍腃賶詑陨蹾蹻郝苰苠芽芸腃苜芽腃銥郅苠集苪 苄芢苩辬譋雍赈迪苆腃賂遬芠苩芢苍邔遬苌譋雍苅药荢荥莊腛苰觰里芵腃鍤诉 铂苰靮靚芵腃覔苰軦苨软芵苄芢苩识釔芪芠苩腂 d腀芽苆芦苎腃腷鏺陻豯跏遖閷腸2000鑎艗貎21鏺苉苦苩苆腃込覺鍤諭蹙识荏莋腛 荶苍腃2002鑎鍸隖苜苅苉腃覔荮莓荟苰酓鑰芷苩靜鋨苅芠苩苆芢芤腂 f腀2002鑎艑貎艐鏺苉赳苁芽釥跣覔軠邸顂辊雬跨赋静賚離芩苧苌荱荁莊莓荏芨 苦苑釥跣覔軠邸顂辊腭1997腮苉苦苩腂

g腀醪鋨躞苉芨芯苩覔觱軻鞦苍腃86.2膓苆62.4膓苆還鋨芳苪苄芢苩腂 h腀腷讞鍳遖閷腸1970鑎艕貎艕鏺腃鎯艕貎艖鏺腃鎯艕貎14鏺腃艕貎27鏺腃腷鏺誧 诠醮鏁闱腸1970鑎10貎艘鏺苈苇苉苦苩腂 j腀覔莊荔荃荎莋赈迪苅苍苈芢芪腃鎌讞鍳苌醫鞧详苅苍腃详鏠苌韎鉮鉮裦苉芨 苦芻1000苌隳鑆观赈迪芪芠苩苆還鋨芳苪腃详苌賶詑觛苉苦苨腃軀釔銲趸腃鞧 芿釞芫苌醣適苰赳芤闻遪芪软芳苪苄芢苩腂腷鏺誧赈识遖閷腸1969鑎艔貎19鏺腩鎌 讞铅腪腂 k腀賶詑鎙銲邮裏裵觯躖隱诇腭1980: 6腀8腮苅苍腃误里鍉苈蹳苌隼酏苍譌轱芳苪 苄芢苈芢腂 l腀陻鉩鞎苍腃閑鋟蹳蹪闒芳英裏裵觯腭1988: 733腀735腮苉苦苩腂花苌躖貏苍腵赌 芭閑鋟蹳隯苌論道苰轗苟苩賶詑離釨腶苅芠苁芽苆芢芤腂 ¡0腀药荢荥莊腛芭芸苌鉬鉩苍腃腷鏺誧赈识遖閷腸苉苦苩腂 ¡1腀荋荜莊莓腅荘荞莓荨苖苌銲趸苅苍腃裸芫軦苨覿詩苍腃药荢荥莊腛艐陻鎖芽苨腃 蹙识鑰諼閨辈鞝识軐芪裸芫軦苩迪趇苉苍閽诏48.7襾腃荦荂腛莉腛芪裸芫軦苩迪 趇苉苍27.5襾芾苁芽苆芢芤腂酓趑郎電讦觯腭1993: 33腮苉苦苩腂 ¡2腀腷隈鏺遖閷腸1995鑎艖貎19鏺腩陫詃鎹铅腪苉苦苩苆腃1994鑎艒貎芩苧10貎苉 芩芯苄腃蹄陹蹳苆辬鉍蹳苌荋荜莊莓腅荘荞莓荨苈苇芩苧邔郧賂苌鑰药荢荥莊腛 芪觱軻芳苪腃蹄陹蹳陫详苌貴雬苉镳陀鎊諼芳苪芽苆芢芤腂腷銩鏺遖閷腸1994鑎 艕貎艖鏺苉苦苩苆腃荓莋荴荊腛荧靰苌药荢荥莊腛雱4.5荧莓芪鏞韇貧譧雬豓郬 迣醺苌醺靌韑苉镳陀鎊諼芳苪芽苆芢芤腂 ¡3腀趲鎡腭1999腮芨苦苑腃2000鑎12貎苉赳苁芽鍤鉲赈识觯苅苌荱荁莊莓荏苉苦苩腂 ¡4腀鋊辤蹙识釥遢誯陛銲趸鎝豶閔闒腷躑貹鎝豶鑎闱腸詥鑎铅苦苨蹚软腂 ¡5腀2000鑎12貎苉赳苁芽鍤鉲赈识觯苅苠荱荁莊莓荏苉苦苩腂 ¡6腀腷鏺誧躩鎮軔遖閷腸1995鑎艑貎艐鏺苉苦苩苆腃鏺陻鍤鉲苍腃鑰药荢荥莊腛苌 莊荔荃荎莋苉苆苠苈芤荒荘荧苰譺軻芷苩芽苟腃躩鎮軔靰药荢荥莊腛苌赈迪软 觗詺苰艒腠艗膓鉬迣芰芵芽苆芢芤腂

¡7腀花苌豯補苉苂芢苄苍腃遁鍣腭1992: 198腀199腮腃Center for Investigative Repor-ting and Bill Moyers腭1990腮芪迚芵芢腂

¡8腀鎯軐腃荺腛莀荹腛荗苉苦苩腂http://www.bulacan.net.ph/phirec/pri.htm ¡9腀镜艖苌鏱躟邸顂韊苍腃荴荂莊荳莓腅莊荔荃荎莉腛荙軐苌邶蹙韊苰钽襦芵苄 芢苩苆苝苈芹苩腂 ™0腀NHK荘荹荖莃莋腵荓荾芪諂讫苰芨苑芩苢芷腶1991鑎艖貎10鏺闺醗芨苦苑陫 软腭1993腮苰蹑迆腂 ™1腀2000鑎艗貎苉腃镍軒芪諂讫襥访談鞝銡苅赳苁芽荱荁莊莓荏苉苦苩腂 ™2腀2000鑎艗貎苉腃镍軒芪譚轰镝覿腅覞靰銡苅赳苁芽荱荁莊莓荏腃芨苦苑腃

Derektorat Teknologi Lingkungan腭1999腮苉苦苩腂譚轰镝覿腅覞靰銡苅苌荱荁 莊莓荏苅苍腃諂讫迈芩苧靌詑鑰諼閨苰莊荔荃荎莋芷苩讖观苰鎾苄芢苈芢芽苟腃

豰醱鍉苉荔荼腛荧苰赳芤花苆苍鏯芵芢苆芵苄芢芽腂 ™3腀陻鉩鞎苍腃Dasgupta腭1997腮苉苦苩腂鎯顟閶苅苍腃辬譋雍赈迪苉野芷苩邭 镻苉苦苩賶詑野跴譚轰苉論芷苩迮闱鋱讟苈苇苰讁苟苄芢苩腂 ™4腀醼苉辊鎾詬鎾苌譀觯苌辭苈芢镮趢酷芪荃莓荴荈腛荽莋苉赳苁苄芢苩覔苌莊 荔荃荎莋苉論芵苄苍腃諂讫讳裧苈苇苰赳苁芽苆芵苄苠諈鉐苉苍苈芭苈苧苈芢 苆赬芦苧苪苩腂芵芩芵腃鎪鋉苈苇覔銆鏅苌躩詯过迳芪芠苪苎腃醀识苰裪躞鍉 苉譸英芾苨腃荽荘荎苰芷苩苈苇苌靜陨酛鉵苰苆苁芽苨芷苩观鑜邫芪芠苨腃铭 詑苰辭芵苅苠遈芢蹾苟苩花苆苉苂苈芪苩苆赬芦苧苪苩腂 ™5腀荴荂莊荳莓腃荃莓荨荬荖荁腃荃莓荨苅苍腃覔莊荔荃荎莋苌醀识苉野芷苩诪迮腃 赒譣腃苈苇芪赳苭苪苄芢苩韡芪芠苩花苆苍腃釦艒郟苅苝芽苆芨苨苅芠苩腂 ™6腀覔莊荔荃荎莋赈迪芩苧苌賶詑離釨芪荎莍腛荙荁荢荶芳苪芽1970鑎腃71鑎苌 靁鏼韊苍腃芻苪芼苪腃2639荧莓腃1759荧莓苆苈苁苄芢苩腂 ™7腀药莓荏莉荦荢荖莅苉芨芯苩裤賋邅荱酦覘郵野跴苅苍腃裤賋邅銲趸腃誳軒苌 詭鑆腃轚隯苖苌豛钭誈鎮腃釣釖邅野跴苈苇芪赳苭苪苄芢苩腂郬貴腭2001腮苰 蹑迆腂 ™8腀荴荂莊荳莓苢荃莓荨荬荖荁腃荃莓荨苅苠腃軼闓轚隯苌覔莊荔荃荎莋赈迪芩 苧苌覘郵苰離釨苆芷苩赒譣誈鎮苈苇芪諏蹀芳苪芽腂釦艒郟蹑迆腂 ™9腀覔苌莊荔荃荎莋苅苍苈芢芪腃荃莓荨荬荖荁苌荗莃荊莋荞苌莀莓荗莅腛莋苅 苍腃釥軨誣鍤鉲莁腛荊腛苈苇芩苧苅芽鑰諼閨芩苧轤诠醮苰觱軻芷苩跬识苰赳苁 苄芢芽韫跗諩识芪腃鍹迫芨苦苑鉮覺邅苌覘郵苰裸芫譎花芵腃軼闓轚隯苢NGO 苈苇苌襞鎮苌貋觊腃闂趽苉鋇芢趞苜苪芽躖韡芪芠苩腂Kompas腃2000鑎12貎艓鏺腃 2001鑎艖貎13鏺苈苇苰蹑迆腂 £0腀鏺陻芩苧苌賶詑陨蹾荣腛荘荥荢荶腅莍腛莓苌蹤酧苝苉苂芢苄苍腃鉮讅蹙识 閶覻貤讆辊腭1998: 12腀20腮苅运觮芳苪苄芢苩腂荞荃苢荃莓荨荬荖荁苅苌襞靰 苉苂芢苄苍腃趑跛讦韍询赳腭2001: 115腀160, 364腀375腮苉譌轱芪芠苩腂 £1腀賶詑陨蹾醕鉵苉論芷苩鑲软諮辀苌辅軧苉豗苩遜芵趇芹襞襣裏裵觯腭1978腮 苉苦苩苆腃鎯裏裵觯苍1970鑎艓貎苉钭醫芵腃腵鑲软諮辀苌辅軧苆靄韇賶詑陨蹾 醕鉵苌閁譹腶苉鍷苟芽苆芢芤腂 腫蹑赬閶貣腬 腱鏺陻質閶貣腲 遁鍣顡赏腭1981腮腵躑貹莊荔荃荎莋苌貴鞝腶腩腷賶詑貤讆腸釦11說釦艑趆腃2腠10荹腛 荗腪腂 腜腜腭1992腮腷鑰諼閨苆莊荔荃荎莋苌豯跏詷腜釥韊鑰諼軐觯苍闏芦苧苪苩芩腜腸靌

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