1971年から1999年まで日本で開催されたエコデザインの活動(<特集>エコデザイン)

NII-Electronic Library Service

An

Overview

of

Ecodesign

Held

During

1971

to

1971ffhs61999E:TH"Teeee6tlk=:7nyifiYto$a

Edilson

S.

UEDA

vlsr

xs)"vvy

Chiba

University

+scJ<#

1999

in

Japan

This

_paper

is

focused

on

the

envirenmental

_product

devel-opment and ecodesign competitlon.

According

to

the

results,

during

90-ties

the

concept ofsustainable

development

was recognized

in

the

product

development

field,

An

increased

number ofregulations and new

terms

in

the

_professional

and academic activitieson

the

environmental concern were

in-troduced.

At

the

same

time

a significantnumber of national and

international

design

competitions related

to

environment

emerged,

The

number of

design

competitions related

to

en-vironmental

product

design

during

the

period

from

1

987

to

1997,

was mo$t significant

in

the

_years

1992-･1993.

The

majority of

proposal

entries were related with

technological

approach,

The

respective

themes

otnature elements

had

a

re-lationship

with each

fieid

of

design.

It

seemed

that

there

were more

flexibie

_{possibilities}

for

designers

to

_propose

innovative

ornew concept

design

in

their

respective

field,

1.

Introduction

According

to

the

conclusion of report

by

Environment

Agency

_[1]

in

order

to

build

a sustainable socio-economy

it

is

important

for

commercial enterprises,

that

_provide

_products

to

the

_public,

to

make an effort

toward

eco-efficiency, and

it

is

also

important

for

households,

as consumers,

to

increase

their

own eco-efficiency and

for

ordinary citizens

to

make en-vironmentaHy

friendly

changes

in

their

lifestyles.

One

way

for

consumer

to

achieve a

lifestyie

with

less

environmenta[

dam-age

is

to

use

the

"environmental

_housekeeping

_book".

_The

environmental

housekeeping

book

_provides

information

about

the

environmental

impact

of

daily

activities and

_provides

ex-amples of measures

to

reduce envirenmental

load.

The

book

js

also usefulwhen

it

comes

to

understanding

how

much

the

envirenmental

load

has

been

reduced and

how

much one spends on unneces$ary and non-urgent

items.

As

a result

the

reader can objectively evaluate

the

various efforts

he

or she

has

made,

The

book

_plays

the

same sort ofroleas corporate environmental management

[Tlable

1].

2.

Environmental

Product

Development

ties

in

Japan

This

section

focuses

on

the

environmental

_product

develop-ment activities

in

Japan.

It

concentrates on ac±

ivities

which consider

the

relationship

between

_product

and environment, which can

have

a

_potential

influence

on

future

sustainabte

product

development.

The

following

section

deals

with

the

product

orlented environmental

_policy,

the

environmental

pol-icy

statement and

the

eco-labeling.

Aiso

main events, related with environmental

product

during

the

period

from

1971

to

1

999,

are summarized.

According

to

Brezet

[2]

the

main

factors

that

encourage en-vironmental

improvement

in

the

surroundings of any company

are

the

_government

(legislation

and regulation)and market

de-mand

(from

industrial

customers and end-users).

In

Japan

the

product

oriented environmentai

_policy

is

developing

rapidly with

future

legislation,

_prohibition

ofcertain materials,

`take-back

obligation'.

For

exampte,

in

the

electric appliances

the

law

of recycling was effective

from

April

2001

[3].

In

the

fable

2

it

was noted

that

in

the end of

90-ties

(from

1

995

to

1

999)

_growth

number of articles with new

keywords

in

the

newspapers showed

tendency

to

_grow

speedily every

year,

These

new

keywords

were related

to

recycling applianc-es, environment assessment

law

and environmental

friendly

technology.

In

the

fable

3

the

main events related wlth environmental

product

activities

in

Japan

during

the

_period

from

1971

to

1

999

are summarized.

Making

an overview of

the

iist,

it

can

be

note

that

the environmental

_product

concern started af-tereconomy

_growth,

during

the end of

80-ties,

ln

1989

the

eco-labels were environmental estab[ished

in

Japan.

In

the

90-ties

with

the

_global

concern

the

sustainable

development

concept was recognized

internationally.

After

the

1991

ev-ery subsequent

_year

number oflaws and standards on

the

environmental

increased

and

they

were

introduced

in

the

product

development.

Only

in

1999

the

'ecodesign'

term

was

introduced

in

the

activities of environmental

_product

at

107tf{y\mflre-g

specia-ssveo"apanesesecletyTertheseienceotdesign

lk)1.IS-3No.7120"

Japanese Society for the Science of Design

NII-Electronic Library Service

JapaneseSociety for the Science of Design

lable

1

.

Exampies

of

Environmental

Housekeeping

Book

[1

]

ExamplesotEnvironmentalHousekeepingBooks

NameefHousekeepingBooks PublishingOrganisetien PublishedYeartype EnvironmentalCheckList EnvironrnentalPolicyPlanntngPolicyofChlbaPrefectureGovernment 1994 1 EnvironmentalActienNotebook EnvironmentalManagementOfficeofGifuPrefectureGovernment 1994 1 LivingEnvironmentalCheck ConferenceofRegionalWomen'sOiganisationofNagoyaCity 1994 1 EnvironmentatFriendlyContributionCheckGoodLivingEnvironmentalOfficeofOtsuCity 1993 3 EnvironmentalHousekeepingBook EnvironmentalManagementOfficeofOsakaCity 1993 1 EcoCheckNotebook EnvironmentalConservatienoftzumoCity 1994 1 EnvironmentallySoundDa"yLifeCheckTableEnvlronmentalPtanningOfficeDfKumamotoCity 1994 1 Eco-LifeDiary EnvironmentalProgrammePromotionOfficeofJapanCo-opFederation 1994 3 Envirc}nmentalHousekeepingBook JapanYWCAEnvironmentCommittee 1994 3 EcoNotebook HiroshimaPnetecturalEnvironmentalHealthAssociation 1994 2

{1}Thiscategeryestablishesthenormforconsumeractionandasksfortheirimplementatien

Netes:ThreeKousekeepingbooktypes

{2}Thiscategorytriestoencourageactlons,whicharea4sogoals,

anddatainthebook byaskingpeopletoenterfigures

(3)Anintermediatetypesthatadoptse4ementsfromboth{1)and(2)

lable

2,fendency

ofnumber ofarticlesrelatedwith environmentalin

Japan

[4]

Keywerds 19951996l99719981999 Recyting:EnvironmentAgency Environment Environmentalfriendlytechnelogy RecylingAppliances EnvironmentAssessmentsLaw Environmentalfriendlymethods Environmentalfriendlycars Environmentlhormones KyotoCOP3:JapanEnvironmentalLands t3309017201353115759127 922343851121322353 Total 133172140110129

the

academic and

professional

level.

For

example,

the

first

"EcoDesign

'99",

calledthe

"1

st

lnternational

Symposium

on

Environmentally

Conscious

Design

and

lnverse

ManufactuF

ing".

Many

other ecodesign activitieswere realized

in

this

_year,

such as "Ecodesign

Seminar

"99",

"3rd

WASTEC

-

Waste

Control

fechnology

Exhibition",

"Ecoproduct

Exhibition

'99"

and "Sustainable

_Product

_Design

Exhibition

'99",

One

of

the

most significant events

in

the

academic

field

was

the

"EcoDesign '99"

("1st

lnternational

Symposium

on

Envi-ronmentally

Conscious

Design

and

lnverse

Manufacturing">

held

February

1-3

in

fokyo,

Japan.

198

_papers

_(including

19

posters)

were contributed

to

the

Symposium.

These

_papers

came

from

21

countries around

the

world.

They

were

based

upon

the

three

_piliars

ofcategories as

follows:

category

A:

De-sign and

Life

Cycle

Management;

category

B:

Social

System,

Business

and

Practices;

category

C:

Process

lechnologies

and

Elemental

-lechnology,

2.1

Eco-IabelinginJapan

According

to

Burgh

[5}

Japan

was one ofthe

first

ceuntry

to

introduce

an `EcoMark'

(or

_Eco-Label),

_The

_Japanese

`Eco-Mark'

was

introduced

in

1989

after

two

_years

of study.

The

organization which controls

the

EcoMark

system

in

Japan

is

the

`Japan

_Environment

_{Association',}

a non-governmental

or-ganization

which was set

by

the

Environment

Agency,

The

Japanese

eco-labeling system

differs

from

other

sys-tems

as more

_pragmatic

and aimed more at specific

cat-egorles

in

the

life

cycle of

_products,

e.g. reducing

the

envi-ronmental

impact

of

_product

manufacture, or

the

energy a

product

uses when working.

The

Japanese

EcoMark

_program

is

intended

to

offera choice

to

consumers

to

opt

for

_products

witha

lower

environmental

impact.

Its

langer

_goals

is

to

widely

disseminate

information

on

the

envtonmental aspects of

prod-ucts and

to

urge consumers

to

choose environmentalty sound

products.

Products

that

apply

for

the

EcoMark

have

to

meet

one of

the

foHowing

two

requirements:

1.

Products

thatimpose

less

environmental

load

than

similar

products

in

their

manufacture, use and

disposal;

2.

Products

that

reduce

the

envirQnmental

lead

in

other ways,

thus contributing significantly to environmental tion.

7vly\maxre"e

specialIssueotjapanesesecietyiorthescieneeefdesign

Vel,IS-3No.7120"

NII-Electronic Library Service

lable3.The main events related with environmental

_product

inJapan

[6]

Date EventsendCharaeteristics 1971'MITIdevelopedintensivecooperationwithindustry.In1971legislationwasintroducedtoensure thatcompaniesestablishedand`controlied'antipollutionmeasuresthemselvesCthislawismeantfor airandwaterpollution).Thelawstatedthatsomeselectedcompaniesmusthaveanenvironmental managerandcon ±reller. 1989'Eco-tabels:TheEcoMarkCthe'Armtul')hasbeenawardedsince1989to49productcategoriesand to2300products.TheschemeisadministeredbytheJapanEnvironmentalAssociation,underthe guidanceoftheEnvironmentAgency. 1991'ALawforthePremotionofUtilisationofRecyclableRe$ourceswasadoptedin1991:thisferces manufacturesincertainindustriestotakeintoaccountrecyclingrequirementsatthepreduotdesign stageandcoversconsumerelectronics,carsandpackaging.Thejapanesegovernmenthasrecently passedanAutomobileExhaustLawthatplacesnewdemandsontheownersefcarstoreduce nitrousoxideemissionsandhasalsosetamandatorytangetforautomobilemanufacturesofimprov-ingtheaveragefuelefficiencyofnewcarsbyB.5percentin2000. 1992'1992fora1OyearR&Dprogrammeonreali$ingand'EcologicalfyConsciousFactory'or`Ecotac-toty'.Theresearchconcentratesondevelopingproduction-systemandrestoration-systemfaetories. Theproduetion-systemfactoryfocusesontheproductdesignandthematerialprocessing,machin-ing,andasssemblystagesofthepraductlifecycle.Therestoration-systemfactoryisconcerned withmaterialrecyclinganddisposalattheendoflife. 1993'ln1993theBasicEnvironmentalLawwasimptemented,integratingandamendingthreeformer laws.Thislawdefinesenvifonmentalload,givestheStatesprinciplesofenvironmentalpolicy,and stipulatesextendedcorporateresponsLbiLityforproperrecyclingandproperdisposal.Furthermore thelawstipulatesthattheGovernmentwillprovidetechnicalassistanceforcorporationsintheir effortstoimproveprocessesandpreductsbymeansofLCAs,preductassessments,designtor recyclinganddesigntortheenvironmentingeneral. ri995'JapanIaunchedtheRecyclingofContainerandPackagingLawin1995toencourageseparate collectlonandreclamationotcontainerandpackagingwaste,Thisisafollow-uptotheLawfor PromotionofUtilizationofRecyclableResources(alsocalledtheRecyclingtaw)issuedin1991. Thislawconcern$cars,4typesotelectricdomesticappliancesand16portableelectricand electronicmachine$operatedwithNi-Cdrechargeablebatteries,aluminumand$teelcans,andNi-Cdrechargeaglebatteries.TheMinistryoflnternationalTradeandlndustryhasprovidedindustry withamanualinwhichecodesignpracticesaredescribed,includingproductassessment,designfor recyclabilityanddesignfertheenvironrnent. 1996TheendofDecember1996,therevvere69producttypestowhichEco-Markwasawarded,witha totalof2,032productshavingrecelvedcertification. 1997'HyogoPrefecturalEnvirenmentalCreateCenterconstructedafacilityforsystematicallyrecycling discardedhomeappliances,ltwasthetirstinthecountrytorecyclehomeappliances, 1998ToyotaMotorCorp.becametheFirstJapaneseautemakertoobtainISO14001certificatienotits ProductEnv+ronmentManagementSysteminthepreductdesignanddevelopmentfield.Thesystem promotesthedesignanddevelopmentofvehiclesthatreduceth6burdenontheenvironmentwhiJe inactualuseandwhenbeingdisposed. 1999'FirstlnternationalSympo$iumonEnvironmentallyConsciousDesignandManufacturing,Tokyo. 'FirstEcodesignSeminar,Tokyo, 'lnApri1(1999),MatsushitaElectricallndustrialbegan''greensourcing'',aprogrammerunderwhich itwil)"givepriorityinbusinessdealingstocompanieswithISO14001certificationorwhicharethe processoferectingenvirenmentalmanagementsystem."lnotherwords,itaddedenvironmenttQ quality,costanddeliveryasastandardbywhichitjudge$potentialbusinesspartners. -3rdWASTEC-WasteControlTechnologyExhibition,Makuhari.

'EceproductExhlbition`99,TokyeBigSite.Atotalof450companiesdisp4ayitsecopreducts.

'$ustainabieProductExhibition'99,Ozone

Product

Category

1

is

dMded

into

the

following

sub-categories:

1.1Products thatimpose lessenvironmental load mainly

in

the

manufacturing

_process,

such unbleached coffee

filters.

1.2;

1.3

and

1.4

are categories

for

the

use stage,

disposai

stage and supply and manufacture orraw materials stage:

1.2

Products

that

impose

less

environmental

load

mainly

in

theiruse.

1.3

Products

that

impose

less

environmental

load

mainly in theirdisposal.

1.4

Products

that

impose

less

environmental

load

in

the

sup-ply

and manufacture of

their

raw materials.

Product

Category

2

is

also subdivided:

2.1

Products

_that

enabie society

to

reduce

the

overall

load

it

places

on

the

environment;

2.2

Product$

that reduce the environmental

load

imposed

by

domesticactivities;

2.3

Products

that

contribute

to

the

_preservation

of

the

envi-ronment.

For

example,

books

and magazine$ on environmen-tai

_probiems.

I27VI)#Mftkkg

speciaLissueefjapanesesesietyforthescienceefdesign

Vo),IS-3No.712011

Japanese Society for the Science of Design

NII-Electronic Library Service

JapaneseSociety for the Science of Design

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10%t---T---t-tt...t---'tttttttttttt

8%.t...tttttttttttttttttttttttttt..tTt-ttt.'tttttttttt 6%...t--tttttttttttttttttttttt..tt-t.tttttttt 4%ttttttttTt----t.ttt...t..ttttttt'tt-ttttt 2ofottttttttttttttttt

-t'

''

o%198719g819B919901991199219931994199519961997 -EcolegyTheme 1%o%1%o%1%6%6%3%4%3%4% MBarrier-FreeTheme o%e%o%1%1%3%3%3%1%1%3% DOthetsThemes o%3%3%3%4%1%syo13%9%10%5%

Fig,1

,

The

ecological

design

competitien lnJapan

[1

4]

3.

Ecodesign

Competitions

in

Japan

During

twenty

year's

history

of

industrlal

design

tjeld

in

Ja-pan,

the

_promotion

of

"environmental

concern" and "ecology"

in

design

field

was

focused

jnjtiaHyon the activities related to the

_design

competitions.

In

the

period of

90-ties

the

term

like

"ecodesign", "green

de-sign","design

_for

environment" and "sustainable

_design"

was considered

in

the

desjgn

academic

fields

[7,

8,

9]

The

term

"ecological

_desjgn"

_in

_the

_Dictionary

of

lbday's

Design

_[1Ol

was

introduced

in

the

_year

1992,

after many

eco-logical

design

events

like:

"lnternational

_Design

_Competition

Osaka"

_(IDCO}

with the theme

"ferra"

and

"Green

Designing

in

Yamagata

Competition"'.

Considering

this

fact,

the

proposal

of thisresearch

is

to analyze the design competitions related

tothe environmentat concern

in

Japan

from

the

period

of

1987

un±

il

1997.

Three

following

questions are set

in

this

section:

1.

How

can

the

ecodesign competition

in

Japan

be

characterized?

2.

How

can

the

_product

designs

selected

in

the

ecode$ign

competi-tion

be

characterized?

3.

How

can

the

_product

designs

se-lected

in

design

competition with

following

themes of nature:

"Water", "Fire",

"ferra"

and

"Wind"

be characterized?

3.1

Design

of research

lb

make

possible

this

research, at

the

first

stage a

list-up

all competitions related

to

product

design

during

the

period

from

Januaryl1987

until

Decemberf1997

was made.

These

design

compeMions were

publicized

by

main

Japanese

design

maga-zines likeDesign News

_[11],

_Axis

_[12]

_Nikkei

_Design

_[13]

and so on.

80

products

design

competitions

in

the

_period

of

1O

_years

in

Japan

were reviewed

their

proposal

theme,

objectives,

sponsor and

level

(national/international).

From

these

prod-ucts

design

competitions

the

main

design

competition related

toenvironmental concern

"lnternational

Design

Competition

Osaka"

<IDCO)

was chosen as case studies.

95

design

wouks

related

to

the

environmental

issues

from

IDCO

were analyzed

and studied

from

ecodesign criteria

These

ecodesign criteria were

based

on the

_princlple

of the

LCA

_(life

cycie assessment)

and ecodesign strategies with new adaptations.

3.2

The

lnternational

Design

Competition

Osaka

(IDCO)

The

IDCO

known

as

the

"Osaka

_{Competition",}

_is

an unique

biannual

competition

in

the

wortd,

that

attracts

the

attention of

designers

around

the

world

for

its

unprecedented scale coveF

ing

allareas of

design,

with

global

themes

represented

by

Chi-nese characters.

The

_{prize-winning}

works

have

been

selected

in

terms

of excellent

design

as well as

the

social and cultural

significance

to

the

future

humankind.

Since

1

983

the

competition

is

sponsored

by

the

Japan

De-sign

Foundation

(JDF)

with

the

basic

theme

"Design

for

Every

Beingi:.

Judges

of

Competition

areselected wjth

the

coopera-tion

of

the

ICOGRADA

{1nternational

Council

of

Graphic

Design

Association),

the

ICSID

(International

Council

of

Societies

of

lndustrial

Design}

and

the

IFI

_{{lnternational}

Federation

of

lnte-rior

ArchitectstInterior

Designers)

_[7].

3.3

Research

results

3.3.1

Ecological

design

competitions

in

Japan

According

to

the

Figure

1,

the

number of

design

competi-tions

related

to

_product

design

during

the

_period

of

ten

years

showed significant

_growth

in

the

_years

1

992--1993.

In

this

period

numerous

design

competitions related toenvironmental

issues

have

been

held

in

Japan.

In

1992

was

_preclaimed

the

"Earth

_Nbar",

_during

which various efforts

have

been

taken

to

tackle

this

issue,

The

so-calied sustainable

development

con-7tft>\Mveresg

specialissueetjapanesesocietvtorthesclenceefdesign

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lable4.The category ofdesignworks otiDCO

_[1

5]

Year 3th(19B9} 4th(ri991) 5th(1993) 6th{1995)

Themes

"WATER"

"FIREH

"TERRA"

"WINDH

WerksbyDesignFieldWerksforprelimaryjudgingWorksforfinaljudgingWorksforprelimaryjudgingWorksforfinaljudgingWorksforprelimaryjudgingWorksfor finaljudgingWorksforprelimaryjudgingWerksforfinaljudgingTOTALWorksforfinaljudging A,Poster,Sma)1printed rnaterials,Photography etc 365 25 410 35 422 18 281 9 87 B.Transportation, Lighting,Machheryetc.256 16 313 38 85 8 242 27 89 C.Furmiture,Toy,Miscel-laneous,Text"eetc. 196 1 153 7 214 3 194 3 14 D.UrbanPlanning, Architecture,lnterior etc, 298 11 111 16 246 16 249 12 55 E.Others 29 o 22 1 167 2 161 4 7 1144 53 1009 97 1134 47 1127 55 252 N.Other M.fextiles L.Displays J,tabteware G.Furniture F.fools E,Equipment D,Machinery C.Lighting B,Transportation A.Packaglng e% 11

//

e 11

/

/

t

11

/

1

1

11

/

1

/

11

/

1

/

//

/

/

/

11 1 1 / 11 1 1

/

11 1 1 / 11 / / / // / / / 11 1 1 / 11 1 1 / 11 1 1 / 11 / 1 / 11 1 / / 11 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 11 1 / / /1 / / / // / / / 1/ / / / // / / //// 11

/

1

/

/ / / / 1 1 1 1 / / / / 11 1 1

/

1 1 1 1 1 1

/

/

1

/

/

/

//

/

1

1

//

/

/

1

11 1 1

/

11 1 1

/

//

/

/

/

11 1 1

/

//

/

/

/

11

/

/

1

10%20%30%40%50%oo%

Fig,2,The category ofdesignworks selected inIDCO

_[1

5]

cept

(promotion

of

the

economic

development

combined with

the

_protection

of

the

Earth's

environmenO was

the

key

word of

the

environmental

issue.

3.3.2

Design

works selected

in

IDCO

with

themes

as

"Water", "Fire", "'lerra"

and

"Wind"

IDCO

is

a

biannual

international

design

competition that

covers allareas of

design

and serves

to

redefine

the

role

played

by

de$ign

while

_presenting

aconcrete visionofa

better

future

for

mankind.

The

jury,

chosen

from

allover

the

world, screen entries

to

honor

outstanding works with

_prizes;

then

all

these

prize-winning

works areexhibited and advertised

to

deepen

the

_general

_public's

understanding and

interest

in

de-signactivities,contributing

to

the

development

of culture,

En-tered

works are

_judged

in

two

stages:

the

_preliminary

screen-ing

and

the

final

review.

The

_jury

is

selected

following

fair

and

impartial

deliberations

on

the

basis

ofconformity with

the

competition

theme,

origi-nality; socialadaptabilitytothetrend ofthetimes,suggestions

for

the

future

and

_possibility

ofactualuse of

the

technology

in

the

near

future.

The

entries are classified

into

the

following

five

categories

for

smooth

_preliminary

_judging:

A.

_poster,

_printed

matter,

il-lustration,

typography,

_package,

etc.;

B.

vehicle,

lighting

equipment, machinery,

tool,

etc.;

C.

furniture,

sundry

_goods,

tableware,

craft, textibe,object, etc,;

D.

environmental

design,

architectural

design,

interior

design,

monument, etc;

E.

design

concept, research and others.

According

to

the

table

3,

at

four

competitions

in

the

period

from

1

989

to

1

995,

89

entriesworks

from

field

B.

{transpor-tation,

lighting,

machinery, e±c) were

passed

for

finai

_judging,

87

entries

from

field

A.

(visual

communication) and

55

from

field

D.

_{urban

_planning,

architecture,

interior,

etc).

3.3.3

Analy$is

of

design

works shown

in

IDCO

Analyzing

in

detail

each theme, the entry works

for

final

judging

and

its

respective

fields

in

fable

3,

it

can

be

noted

that

the

number of

frequency

of

field

A

(25)

was significant

in

rela-tionto

both

themes

"Water"

and

"ferra"

and

the

field

B

₍₃₈₎

was more significant

in

the

both

themes

"Fire" _and "Wind".

Comparing

the

field

D

{1

6)

with

fields

ABC

it

can

be

said

that

the

field

D

was more significantwith

the

theme

E`lerra",

_ln

these

results

frequency

of

_entry

works,

it

can

be

angumented

that

the

respective

themes

of nature elements

CWatet

Fire,

ler-ra and

Water)

have

arelationship with each

fields

of

design

CA,

B,

C,

D

and

E).

In

other words, according

to

the

theme

there

are more

possibilities

and

flexibility

for

designers

to

_propose

innovative

or new concept

design

in

their

respective

fiefds

of acting.

147tfIY\mascreIS

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NII-Electronic Library Service

JapaneseSocietyforthe Science ofDesign

fable

5.The

analysis ot

design

works shown

in

IDCO

Frm nyimel"otulon F cavr-.t-Hn.-/hwhmutothwt"im'-dion o !Sdi1mbn 2 aWTts1"be s

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.1

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.1

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_GrvupBvv'

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-'･

･t

o t - t･

Thecategory sample

_groups

A'and B'

ewll. 't'tt.:

-.----thlptntpph,,efixE"vMNptSN

roupAl -w:,:w,thp"--me-e･ s"l-..sthmaN.x# indntme 'ksss spmne:VVi)d'_{1"ttipdeiS--tiepa-,u-l'1} Votdit-bsua

'

h

Re:y

gekt----'

dw N N tltttNetitoidxs -pe-eefi-s ts--' 1 todi-pa"-imdiimmaut-dw-th)1

1he.if･)'eTtamti:Ns.--.

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pCl

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oot _'-J''lt NxGroupqim.GT--.-bepMvaarv-tr,･･"---t( " " o ]

The

category ofgroups

A

and

B

t :..

Among

a

total

of

103

entry works

from

the

fields

B

and

C

that

had

_pas$ed

for

final

_judging,

95

entrieswere selected as

case study

for

thisresearch,

Each

entry work was

judged

with values

O

and

1,

based

on the criteria

like

LCA

(life

cycle assessment) and ecodesign

strategy wheel with

implementation

ofsocio-cultural

factors.

According

tothe number of

frequency

of entry works on the

Figure

3,

the competition was characterized

by

majority of number of entries

from

field

ofequipment

(49%}.

The

results

of number

frequency

can

be

seen

in

the

_fable

4,

in

which

the

majority of

proposal

entrieswere alsorelated

to

the

technical

approach.

The

reduction of environmentalimpact

during

the

use of

product

was characterized

by

the

following

elements:

prod-ucts

that

not emit

toxic

substance and waste, any energy consumption and cleaner u$e.

Methods

of

the

utUization

the

nature

from

the

sub-factor conserve the nature and reuse of

product

from

optimiza±

ion

of

the

end-of-lifesystem were also

noted

by

designers

in

theirworks.

In

the socio-cultural

ap-proach

the number of

frequency

was also relatively

low

in

the

relationship

to

others

factors.

These

results can

be

justifled

with

the

arguments

that

the

environmental

_preduct

concern or "green

_design"

_in

_its

grow-ing

_period

was

focused

mainly on the three re's _, reuse,

re-duce

and recyclingof

_products.

In

other words,

the

concept of

"eco-redesign"

{the

redesign ofan existing

_product

in

order

to

reduce

the

environmental

impacts)

was main

idea

for

genera-tion

appreach

in

the

entry works.

It

_can

be

_added

_also

that

in

this

_period,

the

concept of service and mix

_product

and selt vice were not

yet

introduced

in

the

ecodesign

fields.

4.

Conclusions

Making

an overview of the main events related with

environ-mental socio-culture activities

in

Japan

(1971-1999>

it

can

be

said that,

during

the oilcrises

in

the

70-ties

the environ-mental

problems

were understood as

_pollution

_problems

with anti-pollutionmeasures

to

reduce

them

[lable

5].

During

the

economy

_growth

in

80-tles

the

environmental conservation started.

Only

in

the

90-ties

the

sustainable

develepment

was

recognized.

An

increased

number of regulations, standards,

new

terms

in

the

_professional

and academic activities on the

environmental

concern

were

introduced,

The

number of

de-sign competitions related to environmental

_product

design

during

the

period

from

1987

to

1997,

was most significant

T-if()\Meek-g

specLa)issueeflapanesesocietyforthescienceotdesign

Vel,IB-3No,7t2011

NII-Electronic Library Service

lable6.The main events otecodesignin Japan

_('71-i97)

_[1

6]

PeriedEnvironmenta1lnternational_Cencern EnvironmentalSocie-cukura1 ConcerninJapan EnvironmentalProduet DevelopmentinJepenDesignCempetitionsrelatedwithEnvironmenta1CencerninJapen d97tOitcrisesintheinternationallevel'Measuresfortheprotectionof'MtTldevelopedintensivecoop-healthofschoolchildreninpol-erationwithindustry.In1971that lutedaweas. companle$establishedend`con-'The`EnvironemntAgencyofJa-trolled'antlpollutionmeasures. pan'wasestabtishided. d977

+Oilcrisesshiftorientationef

gevernmentpolicybacktowards amoretechnocentricappreach; Pub4icconcernedwitheconemic issues.Emeigenceofamenitycon-cerns,withleisuredevelopment dncreasingcontlictingpressures betweenpreservationandcen-struetioninterests, 1987TheWorldCommitteeforthetheJapanEnvironmentalAssoci- 19B7Osakalnt,DesignCompeti-EnvjronmentandDevelopmentationstartedaneco-marksystem tion

(WCED),cameoutwithareportin1989,designing1987itemsfor

Theme:"ntater" underthetitleotOurCommonFu-merchandiseasMarch311992,' turein1987. lgeg'MinisteriaiConferenceCFCsand

'TheEcoMarkwasintroducedin1989Osakatnt,DesignCompeti-theezonelayer{London}comes 1989 tion outwithamessagepinninghopes Thenle:t`Fire" ondrasticcutbacksintheemss-sionofCFCs,etc.,bytheendef the2orhcentury. 1992TheEarthSummit(U.N.Confer-'Realizationofneedferinterna-'ALawtorthePromotionofUtili-1992GreenDesignininYamagata eneeenEnvironmentandDevel-tionalnetworkingandgreateronga-$ationofRecyclableResources1992KoizumiLighitingCompeti-epment[UNCED])isheldinRiodenizationalskidlsamongJapanesewasadoptedin1991. tion Janeiro(Brazil conservationalmovementasare-'1992foratOyearR&Dpro-Theme:"LightingEcoiogy" sultofexposureatUNCED,CITES,grammeonreaeisingand`Ecolegi-1992OsakaDesignCompetition RAMSAR,GlobaiForumandIWCcallyConscjou$FactDry'or'Eco-Theme/"KeepCleen"

heldimJapan. factory' 1992NagoyaDesignCompetition

Theme:'`Re"Design d993 'ln1993TheBaslcEnvirenmentalGovernmentprovidestechnjcal1993lnt.DesignCompetition

Lawwasestablished, assistanceforcerporationsin Theme:'`VVind"

'TheJapanEnvironmentCorpora-theireffortstoimproveprocesses1993GpeenDesigninginYamagata tionwa$established andproductsbymeansofLCAs,1993KoizumiStudentDesign productassessments,designforCompetition recyclinganddesignfortheenvi-Theme:"LightingEcotogy" ronmentingeneral. t994 1994GreenDesignininYamagata 1994KoizumiStudentDesign Competition Theme:"LightingEcotogy" 1994NagoyalnteriorDesign Competition Theme:"tnten'or-Exterior" 1995 'AsianCitiesforClimateProtection'JapanlaunchedtheRecyclingof1995GreenDesignininYamagata Campaign(CCP)Workshop ContainerandPackagingLawin1995KeizumiStudentDesign 'TheJuniorEcoClubwasestab-1995.TheMinistryoflnternationalCempetition lishedtoprometeenvironmentalTradeandlndustryhasprovided Theme/"LightingEcology" awarenessandunderstandingindustrywithamanualinwhich arnongchildFenwhowillbetheecodesignpracticesaredescribed, learderofthenextgeneration.includingproductassessment,de-signforrecyclabilityanddesignfor theenvironment, 1996 'TheGlobalEnvironmentlnforma-'TheendofDecember1996,there1996GreenDesignininYamagata tionCentre(GEIC)wasestablished.were69producttypestowhich1996KoizumiStudentDesign 'TheFistWorldForumonYeuthEco-Markwasawarded,witha _Cempetition RecyclingforDevelopmentattotalof2,032productshavingre-Theme:"LightingEcoiogy" NagoyalnternationalCenter,pre-ceivedcertification. sentedinnovativerecyclingproject bynongevernmentaloiganizations in14countries. rl997'KyotoCOP3,160nationsadopted'lnternationalWorkshoponLocal'HyogoPrefecturalEnvironmentalrt996GreenDesignininYamagata ahistoricagreementtofightgloballnitiativesforSustainableDevet-CreateCenterconstructedafa-rt996KoizumiStudentDesign warmingthatcallsonindustriaFopment,togetherwithKanagavvacitityforsystematicaliyrecycting Competjtjen izednationstocutthetotalvotumePrefecturalGovernment,theEnvi-discardedhomeappliances.ItwagTheme:"LightingEcolosuf" oftheirgreenhousegasemissionronmentalAgencyheldan"lnter-thefirstinthecountrytorecycle1997KawasakiDesignCompeti-by5.2percentbetween2008andnationalWorkshoponLecallnitia-homeappLiances. tlon, 2012. tivesferSustainableDevelopment" Theme:"DesignforEnviron-inJanuaty1997. MentatJt

167vlv#m"re"e

speelaiissueofjapanesesocietyforthescienceotdesign VeLIS-3No.712011

Japanese Society for the Science of Design

NII-Electronic Library Service

JapaneseSocietyfor the Science of Design

in

the

_years

1

992-1

993.

It

can

be

justified

with

the

introduc-tion

and recognition ofthe sustainable

development

concept

in

1

992,

while at

the

same

time

an

increased

number of

laws

and standards on theenvironmental

protection

had

been

cre-ated and

introduced

in

the

product

development.

The

majority

of

_proposal

entries were related with

technical

approach.

The

main

points,

stressed

by

designers

in

their

proposal

design

works, were

the

reduction of environmental

impact

during

the

use

_phase

of

_product

and optimization of end-of-lifesystem.

The

reduction of environmentafi

impact

during

the

use of

prod-uct was characterized with

the

following

elements:

_products

that

not emit

toxic

substance and waste, any energy

con-sumption, energy consumption and cleaner use.

The

respec-tive

themes

of nature elements

(VVate4

Fire,

Terra

and

Wind)

had

a relationship with each

field

of

design.

It

suggests

that

there are more

flexible

_{possibitities}

for

designers

to

_propose

innovative

concept

design

in

their

respective

fields.

12)

Axis,

Search

in

various numbers

{1

987-1

997).

13)

Nikkei

Design.

Search

in

various numbers

(1

987-1

997).

14)

Ueda

E.:

Figure

1,

Japan

Design

Foundation.

Search

in

variou$ reports of

2nd,

3rd,

4th

and

5th

lnternational

Design

Competition,

Osaka

(1.989-1995);

Design

News

(1987-1

997>;

Axis

{1987-1997};

Nikkei

Design

(1987-1997).2000.

15)

Ueda

E.:

table

4,

Japan

Design

Foundatien.

Search

in

various reports of

2nd,

3rd,

4th

and

5th

lnternational

Design

Competition,

Osaka

{1

989--

1

995}.

16)

Ueda

E,:

lable

5,

The

Main

Events

Reiated

with

mental

Socio-Cultural,

Product

Development

and

sign

Competitions

in

Japan

(1

987-1

997>,

Environmental

Report

by

Agency

Government

of

Japan

{1

970-1

997),

Japan

Times,

(1

995-2000),

Design

News

(1

987-1

997),

Axis

(1

987-1

997),

Nikkei

Design

{1

987-1

997)

2000.

References

1

)

Environmental

Agency

Government

of

Japan:

Quality

of

Environmental

in

Japan

(1

996).

2)

Brezet,

H,

Carelien

NLH:

Ecodesign

a

Promosing

Approach

to

Sustainable

Production

and

Censumption.

United

Nations

Environmental

Program.

(UNEP},

(1

997).

3)

Nitta,

Z

Development

of

Green

Product

in

±

he

Electronic

lndustry.

Matsushita

Electric

lndustrial

Co;

Ltd.

Paper

presented

at

First

tnternational

Symposium

on

mentally

Con$cious

Design

and

Inverse

Manufacturing,

fokyo

(1

999).

4)

Ueda,

E:

lable

2:

fendency

of

Number

of

Articles

Related

with

Environmental

in

Japan,

Sources

from

Japan

Times

(1995-"2000).

5)

Burgh

R.

V:

An

Overview

of

Product

Related

mental

Activities

in

Japan,

United

Nations

Environmental

Program

{UNEP).

Working

Group

on

Sustainabfie

Product

Development{1995).

6)

Ueda,

E:

lable

3:

The

Main

Events

Related

with

mental

Product

in

Japan,

Compiled

from

various sources,

Environmental

Report

by

Agency

Government

of

Japan

{1

970-1

997),

Japan

Times

{1

995--2000),

7)

Japan

Design

Foundation.

Search

in

various reports of

2nd,

3rd,

4th

and

5th

international

Design

Competition,

Osaka(1989--1995).

8)

Green

Designing

in

Ylamagata.

Search

in

various resortsof

1

st,

2nd,

3rd,

4th,

5th

and

6th

(1

992-1

997).

9)

Ecodesign

`99:

_First

_{lnternational}

Symposium

_on

mentally

Conscious

Design

and

lnverse

Manufacturing.

Ibkyo(1999).

10)

Katsui,

M,

lanaka

K,

Mukai

S.:

Dictionary

of

foday's

Design,

Heibon

Publishing.

Japan

(1

992)

,

11)

Design

News.

Search

in

various numbers

_(1987-1997).

7ifl)\ffzakl-specialissueefjapanesesocietytorthescienceQfdesign VdLle-3 No.71 2011