トップページ - 横浜国立大学学術情報リポジトリ

全文

(1)Watanabe. Okiura. Tsuneo,. and the 'Defeat". Xazuteru,. PostwarShinjinkai. of the. HASEGAWA. Key. Watanabe. words:. Okium. Tsuneo,. Japanese. lhteru,. Kenji. Communist. ParbT, Shinjinkai,. Zengakuren. Introduction Ch. December. 16, 1947,. the JCP. it described. Uhiversitycellinwhat. mon仕1S beforethe. period. Thee. had established die. of也e. die "most. as. dissolution,. cell,. a. a. die JCP's. younger. for Japanese. leRism.". took. year, dley. debates. spearheaded. Soon. aRer the. die leadership. over. away血mintellectual. direct polidcal action. Withina. Uhiversitycell. students to establish dleir. exb'eme. of students. its Tokyo. of the postwar. Tokyo. of studentsindle. "formulaic. generation. redirected its style･of political engagement. and towards. group. Party)dissolved. Sigli丘cant punishment=. die need. Shinjinkai, emphasizing. subjecdvity("ego")andcriticizing dissolution. (JapaneseComrmmist. over. and. subjecdvity. the formadon. of die. Zengaknren. Ogtm. Eiji's study. as Shinjinkai. between. an. of how. example. the JCP. dlOught MiTLShu. of postwar. die larger conflict ofdle "debate. and Kin(あi bungaku甲i11ed. leaders u･ged hat也ey. devote heir wnbngs. rebelled against such exhortationswhich faihuTe tO C血ca11y reflect upon serve. The Kihdai wartime dtings. bungaku. regime's. younger. dlanthe. represented. their efforts to. come. to die advancement. against dlem.. Ogtm. ofKihhi. to reflect he. hoko. JCP. bmgaku. partyleadership's. the ("oblit'mte. self,. proletariatliterature movement.. dlirties when. die. War. ended.. Wi血dleir wartime. of i血ospective. Their. experiences,. activities dlat did not. reVOlutidnand initiatedan"a血ImOdemist". aptly statesthat die. -83-. w也le. die partyauth0rities,indlerear-guard of. tointellectual temlS. of die. w血ers. call for messhi. partyleadershipprovedrigidlyintolerant. directly conbibute. politics and literature". the student movement.. asthe failings of the wartime. were. over. for die reVOludon,the. proletariat literature movementandintheir. but die Older. campaign. dters. overinto. seemed,intheirview,. die Wanime. as well audlOrity"). public. aikoku, porh:ays die dissolution ofdle. to. Party1eaders,baskingindle. glory of.

(2) being the sole resistors ofdle movementwidlOut many he. driven toward. bungaku. political engagementindle. discussion. 0gtm's. of how. example But when. we. we. die Wake. of die failed 2.1 general. Missing. student movement. not have. and. by diverting. occurred. However. forthis Shinjinkai. fomntive. room. die formation. ofdle Zengakuren,. rq)ression.. he. rebelled agamst. or. dismiss. Universitycellas a血or. As. Shinjinkai. we. shall see, to die 2. 1. responded. most. die. histories of the. Subjectivitydebates. pre-historic q)isode. The. shortllived impedimentthat. delayed. toward emptydebates. students'energies. student acdvists, die nadon-wide. event. styleofpolidcal engagement leRlittle. politico. 2. reason.. student protests agalnSt die Red. itis irmppropriate The purging. leading up to die formation relied heavily. forinb,ospection. or. on. outside. heterodoxy.. -84-. Ofdle. to simply. dismiss the. audlOritysuch. This would. as. Whose. die JCP. continue to be. a. or. dleh. Purge of. subjecdvity. Shinjinkai students丘om. of die ZengahHTen,. die. Indeed,. had gained and maintained die Shinjinkai activityorientedgroups like. debates and die a. from. anti-modemist. of Kinciai bungaku,. to either ignore. tended. asaninsiglificant. of die Zengahuen. ascendancyamong. die. accentuatedin. Shinjinkai and. and not all youdlS. have. pork.ayed. was. driven toward. were. away. Who. bTeahent. Shinjinkaiis. 1950 would. memb肝S. sympadledc. dissolution of the Tokyo. ifintellectLlal. is too cle肝･Cut.. led youths. result of die JCP's. sympadletically,. and resulhg. formation. subjectivity.. political activitytowardiI血,ospection.. away丘om. coI】加st to Ogurrds. postwar. hework. was. ofdle. and ledthe formation. read Kinciai bungaku. sbike by tuming. dissol血on. of student JCP. an. party1eadership, prioritizing dleir polidcal. older. becomes,inthisview,the. here is die VleWPOint. all youdlS. of. its si卯i丘cance for. This tendency. sbike of 1947, which The. seauch for. youthreaders. experiences.. such tendencies. The. leadership of the student movement. h. dleir war. towardintrospection.. of die Zengakuren. dlat his generational. see. Uhiversitycellas. itselfand Shinjinkai. KindTai bungakuwitersand. cracked downon. readership. efforts to bridge die gap. dissolution ofdle Tokyo. dissolution ofdle. tothe. subjecdvityasa result of. power,. to awide. die early postwarintellectual. extinguished. search for. activitiesand. leading. i. student movement,. die yOtmg. For Ogtma,. yet found. early postwarmi1ieu,. politicsand literature･. shi氏ourfocus. die early postwar. also points out how. He. dtm'intellectual. ofdle conflict usesthe. the JCP. proletariat literature. wahe. Of die movement.. students atbncted bythe. among. balance between. a. and sbike. cell. resurrectthe. formulaicrigidityofMarx-Lenimismunsadsfactory,. Kinゐi. not. soughtto. die Shortcomings. COn&onting. were. youths. hastily. War,. die JCP resulting Stalinand. II喝Or PrOblenL.

(3) for he studerLt movement. Ofthe early I950s･. especially Ti1is. Shinjinkai,and Okiura. Kazuteru,. Watanabefrom. inousting. not. postwarShinjinkaiwas in 1947. against. w山expbre. bow. contrasting. the cordict. Watwbe. disciplinaⅣ. a. toward. but. the JCP, radicals. entering. cell･ In. doing, it. student of the JCP. of the. dissolution. the. role. for the. way. crackdownby. of younger. attitudes. the. how. show. the existing leadership. to this recent. as. the former. dleformer. ㍑petitbourgeois〃. so. led to. students. heading. the JCP. hereaRer. le氏 die. suddenly became. Tsuneo. media. a. Nakasone. Yasuhiro. as. well-known,. well. as. and die- former. become. Shinbun･ classIA. hisinvolvementwith. Party.What led die young. Watanabe. acquaintedwidl His close tieswidl criminal Kodam. war. die JCP. Uhiversity,he established he postwar. cell at Tokyo. professional. ubiquitouspresenceindle. have. people. attention, many. of Japanese. con血ction. rq)Orter and later president of Yomiuri. prlmeminister. has becomeJ. overthe. controversies. 78 year old Watanabe. Thanks. watanabe. Of die 2004. COtWSe. baseball,血e. yoshio. Itwill. leading. a. played. Tbuneo. ln ale. news.. andinpavmg. of the postwar. Shinjinkai.. the. over. leadership. rebeuion. university. leader. activist who. merely. dowiththe. to. much. Tsuneo,. the student. Zengakuren.. of the. establislment. the. postwarShinjinkai,. short-lived. of Watanabe. throughthe perspectives. specifically. had. the "defeat" of the. on. paperwillfocus. as. shldent. A丑er. a. Shinjinkaiandsoon. to the JCP, and what. led him. to leave. it? In 1943, Watanabe war. increaslngly. grew. deadland. hus甲ent to two. shortened =e. was. ente3Ted Tokyo imminent,. years by血s. assistedinfam conditions. were. work shabby. a. reading. and. awaited. would. mehods. dlen Plow. philosophy･Ashigher. -85-. had. school. Uhiversityin1945,. for physical labor, where. ･primitive･. The. He. dra氏notice･ students would. dlefl00dedfield･. splash and getinto his mouth･. hopeless. deadlinhe. his. 'bsefu1りinmtionalizing. die fateful "red paper,"the. and die farmlng. how. Nietzsche. erltered Tokyo. mountainvi1lageinNiigata. eXCrementand. yellow water. Ka血and. time, Watanabe. ricefieldwithhLman he. he found. of his time. much. proI叩tly sent to. Higher School.Ashisinevitable. Watanabe. dlOughthe. been. at age. 18･. the students The. living. fertike血e. could not bear '加ould radler die.

(4) early"indlemilitary. Clan continue. June. He. diary, "hound. woteinhis. Felt sads丘ed about dlat･. he had written since elementary. hem. hsten to Tchaikovsky,s dlem･ He. among. Watanabe. was. Sagamibay･ Pure. he. as. US He. Convention,. he would. being. bus. Reed;. b,oopsinvaded,. he would. soldierincharge. a. of getting along"indle few. nightsat. he would. 4. die eXtemiated. cadet examination･. lice.. Asked. As. a. English. (血皿ksto. camp a. and. was. Was. could not recite die reSCnPt and probably. die. the Geneva. of years before. couple. be able to read rq)eatedlywithoht chance. of succeeding.. beatenwitha. shoe. by. subjectedto. regularly Were. also. the veterm. bumedinan. taken aback. failed the examinadon. He. such beatings.. subjectedthe`bnbearable= air raid, Watanabe joyfully. Watanabe universitystudent,. immediately. of He. Hpretentiousり1etter citing Nietzsche･. a. Was. dicdonary･. forced to take die. was. if he had die Imperial Rescript for Soldiers memorized,. yes, dlen. answered. was. of. and surrender;thus. q)end. "5 to 10 percent". a-y. that die Camp. had. and distributed his books. pocket-size. he wわuld. he and die OdlerS. camp,. to his house,. hay pillow: K皿土's Cn'tique. prisoner. letters for wdting. itching oflice･ Later hearing. mechanically. had. dlOught也如his plan. of screenlng. …1acked血eknack. dlOughtof. which. all die POeby. dash towardsthem. where torture),. and Blake,. a. and. dlen beintmedina. be safe &om. and hmed. to rq)el die USlinvasion. was. dveeinhis. eI止ering his division, Watarmbe. a鮎r. Duringthe血st. andlOlogy,. would. sense. schoolmates song,-. artillery divisionthat. an. of fear.. anives. No. 3. poetry. the E皿t. losinginterest･ He. his "fun由1. as. to die･". younger. prohibited but he canied. were. dicdonary･. Shortly. to. WilliamBlake's. fantasizedthat English. "Pa出血que-. asslgned. Books. Reason,. school. Heinvited. "really prepared. was. to his homeinTokyo. retumed. draftnobcein1ate. received血e. for enlisbnent. telegram. noon,. Watanabe. ･.". He. workinginthefield.. ordered to recite it.He. when as. a. Watanabe. result, but he. war. ended. before he could find out. Watanabe onthe into. moming a. received ofdle. unoaicial 15th,he. classrrnte丘om. dlat dlemi1itary. overheard. dleir conversadon. being temporarily. passengers. were. for =Tennoheika. of his dischargefromthe. oBicially discharged･ On. was. amy. die -. comm皿d. and angily discharged. ordered to deb71in･ Bar-i,=the. was. prqparing. for reasslgnment. ALterdlemi1itary. aS血tors:. dley. tO die nOrdl. At. rr-withhe. soldiers listened to die emperOr's. ー86-. Same. for defeat･ A soldier sithg. berated dlem. on. August. back to Tokyo,. universitywho had been dischargedindle. speculated. simply. notificadon. Were,. rrmer.. 13･. he. ran. They. behindthem he told dlem,. Fujisawastation, die. highestrank led中e cheer surrender broadcast. Unable. to.

(5) decipher Tokyo. die meanmg,. dley re-boarded. station, dleyfound. Suddenly. &eed丘omthe. failed him. He. "crawling,". he nourished. to Tokyo. h Hibiya. moumtainof. to re-enter. attendingthe. silence.Whenthey. announcingthe. suffering from. himselfwidl. the "motmtains. he found. dlere, dlen. 5. holding public debates. Palace pla2n, People were days. 1eaming/the. as. demobilized. a. art of heckling.. student at Tokyo. h. late 1945, Watanabe. partywillingto fightagainst what he considered the twin evils of Japanese and dlemi1itary.. Yoyogi, he. saw. However. sign dlat read "P肝ty. a. Before. Watanabe. League,. where. to Tokyo. about life as. High(T School. to Ka血an. retLmed. to die ideology. devodon･. It. was. His. 7. philosophy,. die. which. Which. by. society:. headquartersin a. steelymi1itary. devoted. a. himselfindle. pasting. However,. during. philosophy. to. was. pwtyactivist.. Communist. p叫posters. Youdl. die Streets. He. on. teachers. odstthemi1itaristic. he continued. to be haunted. by doubts. doublelih,givingagitation speeches. a. night.Just. as. he had doneindle. he feltprovidedthe. and. amy,. necessary ･complement. itself wasaninsuBicient. dlat hevisited. also around血stime. impetus. soughtcouncil. for total. &omfomer. 8. prewarShinjinkai.. doubts. turned. of 1947.. In. student. party. generators. all over. Japan.. to a丘ve-yearpower. decisivelyinto. members The. shortage,. by starvlng. them.. the. `1 think. for the. preparation. assembled. party:. he became. to lead die Campaign. 1946･. of Marx-Lenin1Sm,. of the. members. assiduously. ale JCP. to. the only. was. feelingthat this organization. to prove. p叫activist. He found himself living. a. the day and reading. Watanabe. needed. ofhistime. entered die JCPinmid. watanabe. strike. jointhepwty, he. he spent much. also retumed. during. could. dleuneaSy. Regardless,. justanotherformofmi1itary.6. die JCP. to sbictly observe. are. members. because. so. he entered. when. discipline:'Watanaberecalls being如しICkwidl perhaps. did. p叫He. a. headed. polidcal. the. on. University. headquartersinYoyogitoenter. system. legs. had evacuated.. the JCP. the emperor. War.. Watanabe's. his mother. of food". of die. md. ITnh血tion,. where. reached. university.. spent his血st. raucousaBTa血,. exbns. for avillageinChiba,. Park andinthelmperial. regular basis. Watanabe. satinglum. newspaper. tension of warand. headed,. For three mondlS rettmed. a. die tminand. His February something. disenchantmentwith generalstrike,. andinstructed. logic,Watanabe makngthe. recalls, was. JCP. general. leadership. to destroy. the. electric. that this would. records his growing. terrible is happemng.What. -87-. the. "wise" and ready. people. ll diary entry. them. 2.1. the. lead. fTorrevolution doubts. I experienced. about is.

(6) of it to. speak. be kept. that can･hardly. something. one. even. of March. cell meeting. Watanabe. comrade?". workhorses. of the party. andinitiating. withinthe. cell. Watanabe. stressed. his瓜er. f♭rnot recognlZlng. study-centered. fromfe1low. Literature. incumbent. student. intellectualism. to. his. Watanabe, JCP. withinthe. the party. leadership. resulting from. "a. d'6tat of sorts," Watanabe. coup. activists who. students. rebelled. to. Watanabe's. stemmed a. support. the. written. toward. sense. of伝心ure. 1 0. According. from. the "abnormal". boon. for the revolution.. sulfering. as. Watanabe. to take. the. oust. move. of the generalstrike･. cancellation. human. thatviewed. the failed 2. 1. Accounts. control.. as. it.Inan. gained. 9. against. of the. ･to. enoughvotes. subjectivitydebate. for the debate. reason. and. Watanabe's. of the. source. the last-minute. stemrmngfrom. faction"insupport faction" opposed. cell cameunder. place the. division resultedwithinthe. A sharp. "formulaic. Department. leaders. The. younger. as. criticized. andthe. orientation. he describes. strike,inwhat. to establish. movementand. the uprogressive. words,. of distrust toward. atmosphere. the communist. the. (subjectivity debate). debate". eachindividualneeded. this necessity.. cell between,inWatanabe's. by. that. to. theright. leaders asunthirhg. existing. the "ego. self("ego")before enteringinto. the party. new. the. have. not. the offensive during. to. tuned. denouncmg. 16,. do I. but. to myself,. thinking. Ⅸazuteru. Okiura. Whilethe. 2.I general strike caused. ac血Ⅴ姑es,odlerS reaCtedindle. opposite direction･ One. student. a. activist who. played. leading. step back. a. such student. role in die Ouster. was. from. revolutionary. O血∬a. Kazuteru,the. &om. Of Watanabe. die Tokyo. UhiversityJCP cell. Okitm war. wnbng. 18 years old,inhis. was. ended･ m血唱dle. he. War,. was. class not draRed,. lightswent. dlemightof. on. secretly reading recrun叫g. members. Marxist. a. a. August. Highq. "sbange. factory work･. sense. As. ofliberadon". 15. A student acdvistfrom. litetature duringthe. for die Communist. SchoolinOsaka. =1iterary youdl,〟 reading Tolstoyand. off from. symbolic poemsinhistime. his humamities. second year at Naniwa. war. immediately. YoudlLeague･When. -88-. one. ofdle. when. Dostoyevsky Bve. Student. Class who. joineddie. and. students &om. s山ICkthe yo皿g die next. die. JCP. as. die. had been and started. the activist bled topersuade.

(7) Okium. to JOln, he. being. reluctant, not. himself to die dangerousand. committing. "pebt bourgeois. able to. singingdie. a氏erthe ac丘vist and told him. ran. his. overcome. marginalizedgroup,. die aCdvist lea,. nature,". Okiura. receded,. was. about to deny. urging Okitm. ARer. "Intemationale.". he would. nervousness. his. die Singing voice. As. join.=Ithink. such happenings. l_ I. were. In October a. played. die. liberadon. wearmg. die armband. shocked. to. had. He. of the Red. war1n. PnSOn. apologmg. agltadon. a. favor opposing. Went. "opposing. shouted. emperor. die emperor. dvew. System," Okitm. of. his comprehenslOn,. was. prewar. had. thingsthey. a. "die. passionate. loom. a. was. die CaSewidl. experience. of the prewar. A group ofpeople. die Stage and. die Stage and. pros血ted. begananintense. of Tokuda's. nattue. on. revolubon. stillagnostic. Okim.. forces growing. about. be throw While. out. was. much. long years. Out Ofdle. be indispensable to decide how. he. Masato. he w血es.. andthe. commtmist. of students did not experiencethe. generation. to die Pmty. religiousdevotion. 1 3. audlOritative presenceinimportant Am. started crymg.. deep impression. desire for change. easily acc申tedmi1itarism,= powerful. was. and o血er leaders who. stand.Althoughhewas. &ee丘om. were. that had as. but. name. hall. At die end of the rally, hosein. Party" would. since Okituds. movement,they was. Kyuichi. his. schdol,. society.. wdtesthat. commumist. Tokuda. took. half of. 12. to live his lifeinpostwar. UozmiAkira. called out. he powerful. sense. to termswidl. and that coming. war,. everybody丘℃m. stood up out of the fear dlat he would. party1e丘a. he could. Okium. out ofdle. told to. were. system. Hisfirst real encoumterwiththe beyond. him. die JCP's. classmate鮎mmiddle. dlemistaken. out. dlat month,. dlat day, and. the warapproached Tokuda. initiated. group. election to detenmine. Latw. former. a. The. which. hall wasfilled,withabout. stage, the crowd. heckler Troops. Study Group,. school-wide. cancelled. Troops.. OntOthe. be坤1.. Defense he. a. campus.. cold glance.When. fortheir a. speechWhen. strategy, die Red. were. Defense. convertedtheir也oughtduring. hemselves,. on. Korean血end,. a. spotted. him respondwith. had resistedthe. Classes. held. die teacher, attended the rally.The. the participants Koreans.. who. die reSultinglist. posted. class,including. see. teachers, They. heldinOsaka.. was. rally. Ohm's. and. Social Sciences. a. of the school's student govemment.. ofwarcriminal. Criminals. formed. and classmates. formation. central roleindle. War. dletime," he says... I945, Okiura. boycott movement. a. at. quite corrrmonplace. and distrust towwd This. overstates. ways. Kin(lai bungaku. movementthat. -89-. the. "The. only. the older generation case,. as. die JCP. for die Students. MoI℃OVer, group,. 1hvas. led to skq?ticism. oRen of. did aS. ale direct. partyaudlOrity..

(8) Uozumiisright, however,inconleCtingthe postwar. blindly subservient to puty. as. period. leaders. early Zengakuren. issuesinthe. c血cal. of dleAmericanOCCuPation. school. system.. proposed. He. higherschools A week. a. presented. on. he血st. of JCP. meeting. "so氏mood". by. die. forces,. he也esis,. leading to. an. "a血dsphereof. members.. A. Ce血al. Pary headquarters. Comittee. the Kanto. before ■theplaned. govemment. and to jom. demanding. measures. of. a. tothe dismay. Osaka. days of debate,the Tokyo. draR. die end. toward. reglOnstO. Its. group was. and other. voted down,. Universityand regionalschool cell. Shiga. proposal･. sbntegy. followedwith. Yoshio. devote. of the meehg. dlemSelves. the Japanese. a. speech. imminent. tothe. revolution,and. and. die Students. 1 5. reglOn, meanwhile,. the firstrally of die Federadon. 1 6. Uhiversitycell. of student govemments.. "so允.= Okium's. beginningof. students. activitiesand lacking concrete. appeared. totheir. Tokyo. excited.. Students丘om. leade指.. between. downthe. die. die Tokyo. and. revolution. However. was. member. to mark. was. moreover,. war". die Students to go back. home. the day. an. senior yearof. 30 schools. The. horizontal associadon. a. and aRerthree. cold. for vobng. general sbike which retumed. building. or. S帆Iggles. reg10nal schools opposed. instruchg. tothe Were. heldina. student cell members. to it,sbTeSSlng Culhml. of die occupation. reprlrrundedthem. Was. of the party,visiting. Okiura, nowinhis. 150 students &om. about. were. dleSis draRed. mass. orgam2mg. evaluation. a. tO respond. gOlng. a. highq. abolishedthe. actindependently. outlining the role of the student movementwidlinJapan's of Okiura, ithad. Were. Was. Okitu71. rq?1ythat dleAmericanS. 2,1 general sbikein1947,. Umiversityclassroom wherethere were. beganto. dlere. student govemments.. before Ale Planed attended. dley. which. clear. i 4. to organize. ･higherschool,. leaders how. impatient Okitm. early. "no. partyhad. higherschools,. reform. disappointinglyformulaic. receivedthe. of liber血on." The. "army. die JCP. he. Tbinkingthat. warinthe. forces'educadonal. questioned. reformbut. recalls how. early postwarperiod.. of liberalism and resistance tothe. tmdi也on. of student activistsindle. authority-something which Okitun and other. quick to point out. Okitm. are. policy" regarding educational valuable. image. pR-held. The. core. a. of Kanto s山ke. They. nadon-wide. Uhiversities,. theater building. The. HighSchools,and. called out to all schools. of campuses. and. handed. itdraRed. a. for. Schools. Vocational. to establish student. fTederadon of students. In addidon,. for die reCOnS机1Ction members. Imperial Palace plaa. assembledinthe. self. resoludon. it to govemment. of the group attending die rally spent dlat nightinthebasemmt JCP. leadership. assigned. -90-. dlem. the. job. of relaymg. information.

(9) betweenunions. during die general sbike.Whenthey found. sbike, the students. dlemSelves. abruptly. received deprived. ofdle CanCella血on of the. news. of dleir. dleir. vent. opporhmityto. i 7. polidcal energleS･ forces 'cancellation of the general s吐ike had. The occupation youdlS,. die enSumg. and. anti-Americamism Ono. Akio,. led him. vividly how Hearing. Kyoto. a. Uhiversitystudent who. die emPerOr's. sunlender broadcast. he felt. emptyall day before. hearing. die radio broadcast. mortifica血on. a. momentary. him. impact. emotional. 血e 2･1 sbike･2. O. h. ㍑autonomous1y of Ale Sbike,. tothe. and entered die JCP. was. to maintainits. the peripheries by pwsuing. the. Postwar Two. From. months. 2. 1. at. night.By. so允 stancevisふvis die Organization. die. contrast,. feltanintense transformedthe. a洗er die CanCelladon being. JCPfrom. of a. merely. diBicult oddsin. ovwcome. The JCP,s response to the cancelladon die occupation. fTorces,and to. of sbikes, seeking to regroup丘om. "regionalpeople's s加ggle.=2. respondedwidl. 2Andthe. Tokyo. Uhiversity. Tokyo. Uhiversity.. Subjecdvitydebates.. Shinjinkai aRer the failed general sbike, Okitm. dle血st cell meeting. die upper. Japan･=. padlfor. aWay丘om. The. any emOtioninhim:. studentsinhighschool. masse. resolve to. rqpresented也e. p叫that. lower its posture by movlng. cell led by Watanabe. en. die 2･1 strike transfTormedthe. openingthefuture. however,. younger. acbvist.. yamada. 15 broadcast.. of die Sbike, he irrmediately. communist. YoudlLeagues. Okitudsview,. party "of dle血es=. him. s加ck. 1 H. service, recalled August. blgger. impact.. of die Sbike. diary.. audlOrity-a Sustained emotionthat a. student philosopherinto. established Corrrmunlst. die CanCelladon. differently &om. acdvist. its growing. especially. had retumedfrommi1itary. 1 9. agonizing. on. be tJnderstood apartfromthis. did not immediately. the cancellation. die OCCuPadon. towards. movement,. leader, clearly remembersthat. of die Cancellation impacted. news. impact. powerful. =audlOrity=(kenfyOku)for dlefirst timeinhis. die WOrd. to w血e. of die Student die JCP, cannot. and conflictswidl early Zengakuren. an. Munemutsu,. development. a. Classmen,. heldinApri1,. denouncing action.. and the丘eshmen. die Older students 2 3. subjecdvityandneglecting. Okitm. ARer. bteruentered. for. clashedwidl. engaginginemptydebates. the failed general sbjke, die Tokyo. cell's.immediate. reaction reflected die. regionalstudents. had called for. Al血oughdle Sbike had endedinfailure,. more. -91-. Watanabe. Struggle-oriented. stance. hat. and over. Uhiversity. Okitmand. it had shownsigns. the.

(10) thatthe. die desbuction. people, it stated･ die Cellindle Freshman. 2. elitemiversityto "retreatinto feudalism". outwom. s仕ongholdof toward. of he. tendency. of the =imperial=. In June,. off-campusacbvities･. Tbkei Teruo, who. students was. Tbkei, and. Watanabe. was. indle Cell meeting criticisms toward all obeying. me･. why. become. I imitiateddie. die Charismatic. h -ospect,. I seethey reign. aRer taking power,. as. had. saidthey. leader of the Tokyo. led to stagnation of cell activities and students leaving die around. sophomores die. give up moved. Okium. whom. Instead, Subjecdvitydebate.. his actiⅤ姑esdlqe, eStablishingthe. groupwithindle. Cell.. dlem, 'Ifany of you have any. none,. I assumed. ‥so. dley. Were. 5 -=2. and Hestablishing die Self'had leadership centered. new. P叫The. watanabe. acdvists supported･. he established postwar. a. 2 6. and die &esh-. dleSe. Uhiversitycellended･ FourmondlS. debating. on. mergie革tO. to campus･Among. dleirintentions-. conceahng. but the emphasis. had rebelled against･. firstleader of die Zengakuren.. I told Subjectivitydebate･. were. leadership had moved. He recalls, "I explained to dlefreshmen. scheming.. feel Bee to tellme.'They. me,. universityforthe. directed dleir. styleand. activistssecretly formed. of也efreshmen's. stqp. the radical s叫ggles against. expenmced. of these studelltS retumed. some. would. h July 1947, Watanabe's had passed. had. dle血st. was. new. sty1ethatOkim. alienated bythis. five odler丘eshman aware. not. This. overcome･. entered, Watanabe's. he "so允". of whom. were hditaristic teachersinhighschool,. Okiura,. Okitm. opposite direction, accentuating. acdvist students, many. to be. umiversityanddie Creadon of a. by dletime. However. ･4. beginning. was. die ivory toweトーill fact, reb'eatinto. his･independent. did not. organizationand. Watarnbe ShinjinkaiinSq)tember･. called. out to students:. years have passed. Eventhoughtwo members. of ouryoung. touted aAerthe. war. nation, having. a. stereotypes a. or. remainlost. of democracy. o触Il end up Impeding shallow. are. of die. War. Of aggression. die Progress Ofhistory,. againstarted as. are. The (b,odltSu)･. exhaustion once. inflicted on. to be. die yOudl Ofthis. rejectthem on die basis of old distort血emthroughfana血cal pracbce･As. splnt, eidler. modem. doomed. co∬se. in despairand. and. efforts to build awide-based. die Students. defeat, the甲irittnl wounds. and socialism that have. accept dlemunCridcally. result, rqpeated. among. duringthe. generation. deep, and countless corrmdes progressive prmciples. sincethe. to. andmified. failure and. stagnate･. -92-. democradc. die Student movement. o喝anizadon can. only.

(11) we. have. young subjecdvityofthe to. a. die Present. generadon,. to open. die Padl Of. based. fordl its ovemiding. reactionary tendencies against Hall fTeudal to =overcomeformulaic 7. Nakamum. dlat it was. argued. and. watanabe. criticized the JCPindlis. agalnSt dlenL. heroic tragically. die O也er leading member. dley refused to succumb. inidal ■prewarShinjinkai's. work. of mankind dl. We. prewar However. Smidl. new, Shinjinkai: as. forand. which engage. contempor訂y. The historian Henry. "I may. Shinjinkaialso. new. aS die negativelight,. of students waswiser still,defermce. clique-. Were. Stq?Ped. However,. -. byflauntlng. remained･. anyrightto. not have. dley. as. was. of political. mode. and wellt tOtheir de血s. even. justiceand. leRism". extreme. student apadlyina. heroic actions･. fight. humanity" and. of social. of die. 2 8. to. of. of die Wartime. COnhuadon. of their =血eoryH. achievements. are血ey. speak. vo血血g on,. kicked. not,impart,. die Shining exarrple. dleir. 2 9. "pracbce'?=. wewill. "fomlulaic. painfully tactful way:. nature. Foundedin1918,the. Ⅱ.. P加y's. brutaltorture by dlemi1itary. theincomplete. obscumg. dleflag. gaherunder. for the liberadon of die People,. subjectedto. around, and. how. considering. and scream1ng. the free development. dlat impede. a. years.. rqpression･ Instead, his generadon. of wartime. and to open up. to establish "humism"and. as. to simplyviewwide甲read. wrong. regainthe. heightened. by reflecting deeply onthe. goal. skq,tical, tending to shunplunglnginto. more. blood. Masamitsu,. byproduct. unforhmate. die. it exempliBed. FeaChonaryindlat. humism. a new. ofdle Past two. leftismand. exbTeme. and. confusion. sbTOng spirit of autonomy,. &ont. Shinjinkai,血eCommunist. Forthe. involvement.. a. ofdle yOt血movement. shinjinkaiput. hal."2. on. democratic. stage for the youdl. and shortcommgs. ne. amidst. for social change. passion. new. up. torise. gadlered. eXhcts. statement. seek to advancethe. ofpupose. new廿ends. read: A. is a umivぽSal cultLmlforce. owselvesindle. movement. for he. radonal. reform･of. Japan･. the following. key imageriesfrom. die early Ⅶユbngs ofdle. bri如, total, universal, popular, y?ung,natural,. die ini血l optimism. die liber如ion. towards. ofdle b1喝eOnmg. -93-. le氏-wing movement. wore. and. humanistic･. offa鮎r. 1919,.

(12) the group moved. rapidly towards. Shinjinkai's rrngazine: Doho revive. die. was. the HmodemistsM. likethe. "modem,". re-evaluatedthe. ideologues)dismissed of the early prewar. The despaired op血ism 3 1. postwar. -i血gs･. =sublime. early. lived experiences. new. experience. "hctionM. expand. cell membership. inclusive group,. a. was Shinjinkai. a. of die road. p叫influence･. party,he. had received. Shinjinkaimembers. partyheadquarters･There Watanabe. as. an. "and-commmist. PWty. Having. grew. to. Watanabe's. was. beganwithpartyleaders. die "Tokyo. declaradon"and. Yamabe. dle丘eshmen. ordered die word. -94-. Bee of. party. But die Situadon changed. abruptly. 0n. November. 15,. a. took placeindle. meebng. Yoyogi. surprise a比氾k by die &eshmen.. Then, anti-partyactivities.. p叫1eadersand. not. Tokyo. Uhiversitycellmembers a. more. students, main1y血m. die Cell leadershp1. to subjected. a. were. aims. calledthemselves. loo. about. a. failed to. to build. PaQy" and soughtto buildanorganization. and Tokyo. for his. ostensibly. die Cell leadership to. for die. leftistgroup･りHowever,. 4. group. attaCk･ The. die. as. leads dialectically to. dlOughtitnecessary. over. joinedinon die. War.. in early. had described. pemission血)m. took. Watanabe. young. by die. postwarShinjinkaiwas. inOctober,. l℃Primanding. ow. dleme. expressed. Pain, degradadon-which. odler CamPuSeS･こ13. meeting. dark despair.. impacted. J･ Victor Koschmann. onto. The. linkedwidl. corrmonly. Uhiversity,and quickly expanded. leadership. important. 2. The Shinjinkaiquickly oversight･こ33. JCP. irrngeries. andvitality."こi. UhiversityIndqpndent CommLmist. betweenthe. the modem". the principles bom丘om. on. tmder his leadership, Watambe. wh孤Okitm's. posidvely. Organization,widlthe. to build a■wider stq?port base. Hmiddle. limited to expanding. die postwar. of what. Watanabe. establish -dlis groupinorder. democradc. Masao. "overcome. Wartime. (seikatsu taiken)=overwhehhgly. of negadvismJeadl,. to. Japan's. of. 1920,. sought. society.Accordingly,the. com-mist. `based Shinjinkai. It wasanexample. of die JCP. Watanabe. and Mamyama. (notunlikedie. its dlinly veiled critique of the group. die "pioneer. dters. overinto. of die postwar. awareness heightenedsubjective. Despite. what. 'brightness" wereine加icably. and. revivethe. O. result of harsh repression. This wasinlinewidl. a. stqp toward. mere. dtles of he. changing. Senku伊ioneer)tillAugust. 1922.:3. as. served. die JCP. Shinjinkai camies. soughtto. generadon's. a. "newness". qualification that Watanabe. as. April. Kihdu'bungaku. which. reflectedinthe. 1919,. 1921, and Nmvdtill. Shinjinkaiwhich. early. was. December. before being driven to failure as. movement". how. Democraq,till. @rodlerS)･d11 May. This. communism･. Kentaro. to Watarnbe's. denounced. Miyamoto. and. Kenji. shock, dle丘eshmen. die. ‖fTomlulaic exheme. Shinjinkaiplatform leRism". deleted..

(13) They. Watanabe. diarythat day. woteinhis. Meeting. established branches. the newly. also ordered. of Tokyo. world to make of dogma,. The丘nal. declaration ofindq)endence-a. a. Nakamm. Eastem. Uhion･. Okiura. Miyamoto. die expulsion. of Nakamm. as. denouncingthe. Miyamoto. issue.. held. farewell to die puty. He. contactedthe. 30, cell members back. had. p叫1eader to. agreed. by his audlOritadve and deliberated. of die Classroom.. Okitm. rrnde. of Amdsfromanami-JCP of Okium's. "conspiracy,". for hisunderhanded. but it scheduled. expulsion,. tothe Soviet. and. assembled. caughtwind. Okitm. merchant". fate ofdle. p叫headquarters. action called for expulsion. who. December. on. stated血at. 7, and. he did not. failed leadership of die Cell. His ego debate, die Cell･ More. hgic. a. ways.. subsequent. The. importantly, however,. it was. desewe. Watambe. die direct. cause. dlerethat to stayinthe. admitted, had. Watanabe. o瓜cially bid. p叫considering. cell. no. long肝endure. meeting-.[The]. dlevi1e nature. of his decision to leave die. factthat. human. ー95-. ofdle Okium relationships. facdon's acdons can. his. divided and weakened Partywas. dlat:. I could. to. meeting. 3 6. was. meetmg. he. for his in血ction. The. satinthe. his. on. pointed out die Stalimist. citing his accqptance. "Osaka. did not resultinNakamtm's. dehberatethe The. immediately. Watanabe,. objected,. "Behold. facilitatedie eXPulsion坪OCeSS. of Nakamtq. 丘gure and die neWSPaPerincident.. meeting. newspaper,. of November. aRemoon. die attack. Was. Party. discussed the matterwithWatanabe,. to expel Nakamtm. he would. Where. for die expulsion. case. angily. having. Kenji alsothoughtthatNdkamtu71's. presence. On die Sunday. isthe tin1e for my. cridcized die JCP's blind obedience. cell members. be allowed. attend the cell meetlng,. breakwithdle. Nakamtm Subjecdvity.". and implicidy. EばOPe. dutthey. Now. off1imits tothe apes. 0 slaves. world. YoudlLeague's. and the freshman. and demanded. 也eir. ARer. Europeanpeople-一息PeOPlewidlOut. repression ofEastem. on. to formally. Masamitsu.. Communist. wroteindle. Okium.. Fell [sic].. back to die land of the moultaingori11as!こ与5. dlat led Watanabe. s仕aw. Ken. Kenji and Yamabe. leadership-.Mountaingorilla. go dancing. Shinjinkai corrmde Nakamm. night:. Uhiversitycellwith Miyamoto. into die tmp Set bythe. A血dous Shinjinkaidissolved.. of the. t'eb7mPled. since otmecent upon…indle.

(14) of "iron discipline" has overttmed. name. await die day when. ow. every last bit of hope. l. be correctedand. mu血1mistakeswi11. life‥ ‥I. hadinpary. tO the. retLm. my. party. made possit)le.. Despite die relentless cribcism. by dle丘eshman. leveled at Nakamtm. acdvists, the expulsion. 3 7. was. not rad丘ed,wihthe. 0n. December. oBcial. as. die "most. rqport of the party's 6h. As. a. to dle血iningthey. havethe. bungaku. is extremely people. The. rapid development. ‥. ‥. have. receivedinour way. do not engage. who. important. on. of lax discipline"indle. case. simply. aCdonand. conTeCt. Nakamm's. measure. oRen. odlerS. influenced. these. Uhiversitycell･. decrying. and Nakamwa, The. dleFe. showedthat. factthatthere. Was. "problem. a. Uhiversitycell.The party leadership thus sbippedthe. Tokyo. by. each odler. It. occl-gamOng. Ofexpulsion.. expulsion. many. debateamongst. Tokyo. occmedinthe. die Obviously. of Blinking,thallks. are血ose. partydisciplineby Watanabe. of. on. notunanimousagreement. For example,there. not. are. who. PWty. Manyamong. die. PrOletarianway. disciplinary inhctionsare. regrettablethat. [The]most. ln. people. relentless s帆1ggles･ However. of他山king.. JCP. The. aS■ follows:. Pan, many. begun印tering. pary memberswithdle. outlined dleinhctions. rqprt. of die. elements-have. Uhiversitycellin. out by die postwar. describes die Process. good. thatthe cell failed to decide was. parb, Cortvemioh. petit bourgeois. Kindai. die Tokyo. pmishmenf'handed Si如丘cant. bourgeois. have become. dissolved. p叫headqualterS. result of die recent. w血耶-------pdt dlem. virtually evenly split･. 16, 1947,the. it described. what. votes. cell. 3 8. members The. ofpartymembership･ abrupt. and. wholesale. s1Ⅱprise.A startled Okitm leadership would. decide. long beforethe Yoshihiko. cell. was. went on. was. to talk to Miyamoto. measures. ofre血statemmt. reconsbcted. a丘eshmance11. dissolution,Close approved. dissolution of the cell took. member. by Okium. around. the cell.■3 Most. cell members. ended. dlefreshman. at dletime,. andthethree. 9. up. Kenji,who whenthe. He. self_criticisms,. -96-. activists by. told him stemlythatthe time. recalls dlat. party. Itdid not take. wasright･. activistsI The soon. other丘eshmanleaders. rejoiningdie PartyaRer. 4 0. &eshrrm. eventhe. w血g. historian Amino aaer die ShcK:king gradually and. rejoined. submidng.

(15) Watanabewished dlat he. reason. to enlist sympadletic. 7 farewell letterthat hemight ･December tothe =reacbonaries," he proclaimed not leak parb, informadon. Promising. hintedinhis. i. such. condemn血on. conciliatory. talk did not. Communist. YouthLeague. onthe. leadership. by. tendency=. complacently. students into die. 4 2. some. cell members. activities to sabotage. die Organizadon. Shinjinkai, expelling. all party members,. around. studmtswidl. Petit bourgeois The. of die attack. against die =modemists" Kihdai Japan,4. bungaku 4. group. of Kindai for having. for Watanabe. 'hevolubonary" dleir rallksand. transformed. was. Kazuteru. bungaku.. Indeed,. Oki-and. watanabeand. Only. Oki肌eXPerienced. a. by dissolving. the JCP's. Shinjinkaiwas. simply. reasons. JCP's. as. ideologues.. rq)ression. the students were. tBing die. were. die. of &om. However. ofunorthodoxy･. its denouement.. Causes. audlOrityofthe. Ofdlis conflict? 4. as. apartinage,也erewas. -97-. harshintolerance. die "mOdemists". excluded. JCP. postwar. for rebelling against theintellectualism. What,then,. the warand. campalgn. it lS possible to posi血vely evaluate die. described die conflict. few years. 1948. 4 :3. virulent and-communist. ovm. die. devotion. s血king. The JCP. dleirperspective,. older students have. aldlOughdleyWere. dlis call and started. responded. othersinvolved,the. more. had dleh. group,and鮎m. vowed. tendencies. to die "CultLml revolution"inearly. corlbibuted. JCP to oust die Older students, notvice-versa. Bodl. While. beunderstood. camot Shinjinkai. Students like Okitm. die postwar. on. of dleminto. some. Watanabe. revolutionary. and many. introspecdon. die defeat of the. ofWatanabe's. Tsuneo. die "OPPOrtunistic". away". habled for die JCP･. studentsand. larger context. to the police･ They. and reestablishing die OrganizadoninJanu甜y. thingincommon:. One. influence. ･Shinjinkai. Shinjinkai answered. &omwithin.. adamantly. of unrevolutionary. to expand. to leak informabon. wi他山the. a. posted. responsibilityfor polidcal. plodng. were. to "sweq). Shinjinkai and. to. of taking advantage. accused. 'tofu-like eclecticmishmashu. a. bi dveatening. p血y. were. students,foregoingtheir. atb71Chg. die b71itors of die. they rq?resented.. Nakamtm. FurdlermOre,they Shinjinkai.. and byhlg tO blackmailthe to "crush". of. calling out, "Sbuggle. newspaper. ". of the "opportunistic. hisintendon. acbvists･ They. soothdlefreshrrnn. elements ! Watanabeand. tmitorous. agalnStthe. rejointhe party･. cell against eff)rts to "sellthe people tothe. continuefighhgwithhis血endsremaininginthe enemy･"4. for dmi. It was Shinjinkai.. the. cell studentsinto. a. a. generational. conflict･. clear mptureindle. Watanabe. Way Tokyo. enter;d. 5.

(16) Uhiversityin1945,. Okitmin1947;. 丘omthemi1itary. die Sbdents. as. quite plausiblethat,. tended to be. of. more. studentswithoutmi1ibry. younger. Watarnbe. hadmi1itary. Shinjinkai. claimed, die generation to their stance. cautiousinregdrds. Jimbei,. experience.Ando. year a触r OkitHn, for e東ample, spoke of. .universityone die. to his. Older students retuming. widl deadl he. On. a. end this was. war,s. somedling. odlerS feltoverwhelming also deprived. were. a. AsWatanabe's. denunciation. regionaldimension his endreformal. school. discussing. campus. political capital." He ahosphere,. which. was. Januaw. a. ideaswidl. that had. as. Honda. Watanabe. Shugo. level,the. not. and. wotethat. so. 4 7. okiura,. as. many. was. suggests,there. reconstruct. of Tokyo. and reinforce.By. his encountering. die. students walked. higher. aroundthe for die. exaltedintellectual. "absurd.''"Osakapeople die Other Osaka. as. a. also. haughtiness"appropriate. well. as. class Tokyoite, receiving in die aCademism. =mysterious=and. as. okitmand. of students possessed. his alienation丘omthis. are. highschooI. Uhiversitycell'sso丘intellectual styleduring dleir. conflict. temperamentand die JCP. nO. necessityof. direct, but his血hking. personalityas generational. "petit-bourgeois" honest way. bourgeois. was. similar. Watanabe. -98-. difference or. regiornl. group revolved. precisely. devotethemselves. to the. nature,. to condbute. otw. Okitm's. and. privileged students-a. deⅢⅦ1d dlat Wdters. overcomlngtheir Was. as. selves. Watanabe's. and die Kin(あi bungaku. to die JCP's. dlere. from. stemmed. "petit-bourgeois". dowith. be true to die imer was. soughtto. air of selfish. oveI℃Ome. he concluded.. conflict between. by denying. revolution. merchant". raised asanupper. he. it-andwith. die WaryearS.. felt quite at home. an. to s也ke him. issue. In response. aroundthis. thanto. to. much. he held toward. likely shared dlis student's alienadon.. concrete. differences. The. dter. able to. attitudes towardthek. co仙ng. was. somedling. rebelled against die Tokyo. more. "Osaka. an. Universitycampus, where. co血ed. 1947 meebng,. On. was. never. entered. recollec也on suggests,they. generadon. die Tokyo. better off...1ivinginOsaka," students who. as. 6. be able toknow･4. never. described his shock upon. absbuse.. leader who. face to facewidl. come. Osakavividly on. styleromanticism. politicsthanthe. =complex". powerful. die younger. Capital. He. tower. student from. one. Zengakuren. ended; but asAndo's. War. to die COnflict. Watanabe. University;and its ivory c00ぬst. die. ofO血a. educationindle. of students retuming. toward. potential energy dlat Femainedunspentfrom. higherpoli血al. a. result. dlat he would. Quitepossibly,. war,. a. did not. It is. highschoolfrom dlemi1itary･Althoughhehaq grappled. reliefwhen. of也e. a. level, die Older students had. COnCq)tual. experience, Okium. die Kindai. tothe revoludon. selves."48. In his =ego. asked, how. bungaku =odler debate,". could students.

(17) =fundamental. overcometheir Hegelian discarding. dleirpetit-bou喝eOis. higherlevel. The debate.. Students. philosophical. To. like Okitm. Okiura,. Watanabe's. did. were. not. content. "sublation". building. stq) toward. simply. a. soludon. concem. it to. ■ofhis subject. wasthe. "world-scale". over也is. nature,. stage ofhistory･. probably. to be. appeared. Clan. more. nodling. Was. natLWe. students'pedt-bourgeois. Watanabe. was. w血ers, Okitun. read dlemina. "self-assertion" seemed youdlS. had beenruined. by the war.And. result. ac血ist. Watanabe. devobon. to. revoludonary. But subjectivity. contentwidl. reverence. Ofthe. had begunto. For Watanabe, have. seen,. he. was. a. formof. could not. even. aRer all,adults･ decision. undhking. aim. him,. polidcal. postwar. successfully. out. cany. what. months a. geneml. of. being. acdvity. that he. moreover,. Ofthe. lack. primitive. refraining &om mean,. a. selfこdemialand. self-assertion. For. general sbike two. student movement. to become. JCP. his pe血t botH.geOis nattNe.. extinguishing. dissipatea洗er he血iled saw,. by die. menintheir. younger. actiomism'し瑚Ild. studerlt" and. awed. p叫by. dluS Sethng out to achieveinthe. die realmofpolidcal. also. for. 5 0. were,. of Okituds. proof. was. dters'call. by die Older leaders ofdle. War. They. self-demial. His ac也vism did not. wordly. This JCP, he university.. as. "petit-bourgeois. a. for the JCP. htially. resolved to become. Aswe. "self-denial". have been anumatLml. `加ork-horse". this. aS. largeinOkium's. a血vity-'bork-horse-like. Okitm's. becoming. saw. bungaku. that dley,. did not lrnPreSS him loomed. of the Kind(ai bungaku. Kindai. victilnized during die. natLUe. While. pathetically "solitary cry" by dlOSe Whose. die Writers'claim. had been. war,. by the dtings. The light.. nothing morethana. his petit-bourgeois. communist. was. antagonistic. proletariat literaturemovement. Denymg. would. more. to him. thirties atthe end of the prewar. heavilyinfluenced. toand. sympadledc. an. the immediate. student movement,. an. dlat. asanactivist.AldlOughWatanabeargued. all too apparent: die StagnatlOn Of cell ac丘vides and die declineinmembership.. was. a. 4 9. broad-based. a. instead of. to sin1Ply discard dleir petit-bourgeois. to ■"sublate". how. on. his. share. tO the "premodem=. for his declining motivation. dlOrOughgoing debate indispensable. groping toward. die. was. seek to dialectically "develop=. students should. and也e. who. beasts belonglng. intellecttnl cover. his. how,. question, and who. "primidveH. were. nature,. was. question. Hisanswer. petit-bourgeoisintellectLmls=?. (Auheben). Watanabethoughtthat. of "subla血dn". concq)t. as. weakness. was. and. a. had. However. before entermg s由ke. Okium. die JCP provedincapable. of in. action. die Self-demial of his petit bowgeois when. he entered die JCP. headquarters. -99-. natLWe. Was. Clearly against his nature･. for dlefirsttime,. he. saw. the poster.

(18) for. calling. discipline". "steel. discipline. and-petit-bourgeois and devoted. JOined. soughtvengeance One. himself. school entrance. inschool,. even. cracked. on. Middle. School,. examinadons.. uniform, him. of his. anoher dqprived In The. was. a. let out a. higha. =had entered. Momings. school to. students would. Even. students. who. crack, Watanabe did not. punishmentinorder. to. save. take. die Warended,. chosenthrbugh die. won. white. votes).He. s*pes. his. on. schools eventually dq)rived. forced to forfeithis presidency to. was. livid,beingunjustly. was. by Watanabe'sunequivocal students firstmendoned. answer. clogs," but die school. and wooden. against die teaChers･. A苧darkness fell,he and. and odlermi1itaristic teachers･ Predictably, affair to confess.. die Participants to sign. on. a. AAer. higher school, and dlevicious. Watarnbe. Jdging. had. to. forgo. to. school. endure. beatings by hismilibry studmt. dlat. jointconfession.. attack signed, forcingthe. his rebellion.Anolder whm. tomilitary加iningandthe. students to die for die COun8y･. had partakenin血e. ofNiigata. he resumed. Higher School. die fallschool festival ofhisfirst year, Watanabe. called. 1. longer existedinTokyo. die manteau. wear. partindle. face.5. 甲lashing excremerltindlefields But when. presidenbal. tellingthe. assaulted he pnncipal. allthe students who. some. was. autolnatically. devoted. were. stupidthings,". fashion. D也g. higherschool. ordered. faihTe, he. dleincreasinglymi1itaristic如mosphwe･. lifeno. higherschool. his血stradonsthroughaviolent rebellion. die school. he. butted headswidl. amivedin1943.. group offreshmanstudents. most. highestgrades,. attended Kaisei. s也pes.. militaristic teachers "kq)t saying. prohibited die. (The president. almost. Watanabe. of academic. ofmi1itary discipline. Watanabe. paragon. too, Watanabe. higherschool,. Watanabe. the best gm血s. him to succeed. tutor. But. personal. huniliation. a血osphereinthe. of his prized two. Watanabe. driven bythe. dleincreasinglymi1itaristic. exaltedintellectual world of. when. as. his two. studerlt Who. of failurein. for his top dlree Choices. He. best Fades. die. his humiliation. school. exams. he. System.. sbTeetSwithpride,flaunting. dtle.AldlOughhehad. because. elementary. day and failed die. only. onerouschores. had constantly pressured. of class president by eaming. However,. League's. His modler. his fourdl Choice, where. Tokyo. Okitun,military-style,. had led him to die Party. He. his you血was. memories丘om. class election, but die Studentwithdle walkedthe. Youdl. and die emperor. hiring his teacher from. examination. wonthetitle. Communist. to血e. mostvivid. hismiddle. Unlike. uneasy･. die Very opposite of what. was. againstmi1itarism. ofWatanabe's. became. and. die. superior･. ofdle JCP cell was. struck. he asked die reaSOnfor his joiningtheparty. While. reasons, ideological. --. 100-. Watanabe. answeredwidlOut. hesi血on:. 'To.

(19) 5 2. topplethe. The. system･". emperor. war. was. Althoughservinginthe Japanesemi1itary themilitary. as. experience. servingindleinhtry. get rrly ideas. a. to die Public,りhe wrote･. "v Narode" factoty denying. a. 5 4. Watanabe's. resporue. liberals= like Yoshida hsyday. ofdle Prewar. wasalso. dismayed. &om. below.. cotNSe,. die. Shigeru who. as. WaSthe. been. yoshida. a. joiningdie. nearly. aRer die. JCP. War･. desire for. die above. Narode". cited soldier, a graduate of die "Old. period of Taisholiberalism-die 's. diplomatic. Yoshida irrationality, die. elEects of total mobilization, specter of. a. social revolution Yoshida,. 50 years apartinage■and However. a. striking. dlek elitist mentalitywas reinforced. way苧inwhich. HV. solidaritywith,. and ra血er resembled也ose. the Pacific War. were. likely had die opposite. to his forced or. highculture,andthe. and Watanabe. a. of his initialinterestin. source. experience. fearful of die socially leveling. and. of. workinginhis. similar experience. of age duringthe. came. thefoundadon. socially privileged soldier, was. a. sharplywih. aristocratic to. bo. become. responded. alieutenant,. Shinjimi. Critical of. POndwed. never. die two. conbnsted. hostilitytowardwestemized 5 5. have. had. watanabe'smilitary. died. KokugakuinUhiversitywho. intensified. have. his =democrabc". formerly. was. toward, radler dlanSymPa血y. feehgs. negative. =masses.M. may. this may. nature･. of how. =Tbis experiencewill. odler Student soldiers, Watambe. many. experiencewidl. of. okiura. highschool student;and. his peat-bowgeois. eHect. Like. die. 5 3. type ofexperience･. as. well･ HI. work･M The amly, forthis young. selfこasstmceinmyfuture. lower social classesin. such soldier wrote him. serve. would. for. experience. generallyanexcruciating. experience･ One. positive leaning. across. was. dleir Brst real contactwidlthe. experienced. student soldiers, some. most. time for revenge･. and itwas. over. of. simi1aritybetween. by dleir experiences. of. War.. Epilogue The. =defTeat" of die. did Shinjinkai The. the sbdent movement. the JCP watanabe's okim's. student. si伊ifydleJCP's. leadership would. ac血ists of Zengakuren. group. Nor group. JCP. not. can血e. of students. shinjinkai pavedthe. way. over. were. defeat of die die Older. for die formadon. himself later lamentedtheirvictory.. soon血d no. to p血y. less obedient. Shinj血kaibe. seen. simply. as. o血odoxy血an die 'Ⅵctory=. generabon･Althoughtheir expulsion of die Zengakuren. over. Okitmand. to也血dismaythat. eightmondlS. His group "forcibly" cuttieswih. -101-. conblOl. successinestablishing. any kind. of. of die. later, Okiura. ofhought. dlat.

(20) did not lead to political action･ w也le. they subjecdvity, rejectedsuch. establish. back. came. hatmt. to. Watzuube,. =Since. entered die. to `bpple. Ale emperor. ISyStem, and dlen later became. TokudaM. forcedinto. was. defeat by. rrnde it '他e enemy. that seeks hstead back. ital1indle. he leamed丘om members. Yomiuri. which. we. of. System," 1e丑dle himselfthe. late 1990s, Watanabe. his JCP. of the JCP. days wasthe. 5. bitter Watanabe. "I. to itwitha. mass. die. 20,000. 5 8. ends,= he wrote.. Looking. vengeance･. dlat die ㍑most. mobilization.. cell, he had been able to movethe. denounced. pro申stagamst die group. rettmed hnkly. 7When. dlis inherentflawinpolitics. Ofbeaudful. reminisced. media." had. die guSe. soon. skills of. mass. Ofdle. all hate die most.=. he. its. Watanabe. student conmde,. tO ends･ It was. mearLS. should. a. became. eventually. Partyrebellingagainst itsりEmperor. =EmpぽOr. Students,. politics,however,. 5 6. former. a. wasunrealized,. A very dark and solitary valley. Shinbunand. fAsehoodunder toincubateinjusticeand. ofrebTeating &om. on. COreムf dlOught w他山us broke down.". die younger. `bgliness of politics目地at sd)ordinated which. die. president･ h die apt WOrds. auhoritarian. need to. partially sympaddzedwiththe. "pedt botu･geois". thinking. This, he later reflected,. die Organizadon. meanwhile,. enteredthe JCP. have. directly to personal breakdom･. 1950s whm. awaitedusin也e. powerfully. his group:. breakdpwn1ed. o喝anizadonal. he. they may. important lessonH. Widlthe. 200. student. Uhiversity. students ofTokyo. Hatwill."59. Despite. his seeming. Watanabe. TsuneoI. Junichiro. somersault, 2005,. is. yearold. one. amidst. to the Yasukuni. clarifywarresponsibility. This renown for itsright-wing tendencies. editorinchief,. generation] how. who. explained,. thing the. has not changed. controversies. Shrine, the. to. j迫血bun. younger. August. In. Koizumi'svisit. campaign. 79. POhtical. Behind. many,. a. Started. was. to. really evil thing."9. ten 0. Bibliography Ando. Jimbei, Sengo. JolmDower,. nihon. &osanto shiki Crokyo:Gendainorironsha,. Empire. 1976). andAPennath, (Cambridge:Harvard UhiversityPress,I 988) -Ftikuingakusei no I969. I0, 1 2) kujuto kosho," Asahi Funabashi山aomichi, Lfan肌( Ito Tbkashi et･aleds･ Watanabe Tsuneo KaikoyDku Crokyo:Chuo koron shinsha, 2000) ,. ユ102-. a. Yoml'LLt7'. as. this campaign. `1 think it isindispensable. the Japanesemilita町WaS. surrounding. Yom'Lm'SAihbLLt2. surprised. about. the. [the.

(21) Fwikaette Kojima Shinji, J Victor Koschmann,. (軸ima Shinji, 2002). ima. (Chicago:The Uhiversityof Chicago Rんolutionand SubjectiviO,. Press,. 1996) J･ Victor Koschmann, dleAl1ied. tmder. Legacies. Occupadon. of Japan,". Shin'ichi and Watanabe. MoriokaKiyomi, Ogtm. Kesshi･ ". `肋hu Eiji,. Okitm. Ka2uteru,. Donald. "aikoku. ". :. Schlant. The Woodrow. (Tokyo:Yoshikawa. Center. S血tegy. Rimer. eds.,. Press, 199 1). (1948.1). taiwa," Ningen. no. J. Thorrus. and. Wilson. Literary. over. Ko. Bunkan,. 1993). (Tokyo:Shin'yosha, 2003). kessei. keFPLrVku. Schooldcvs. Emes血e. Tsuneo, "Sedai. "Zengahwen. Roden,. Partyand he Debate. h. sedai to Lsho. no. to. Akio, Zbngakuyien. Commumist. (WashingtonD.C.. andAmbiguitieu. Mashita. Ono. "Japanese. kokoro. no. (Tokyo:20. in Imperial. to chikara,. jo,"Asahi. Jana7J. (1969/1 I/9). seikisha, I 967). LIapan. Berkeley: Uhiversityof. Califomia. Press,. 1975) ShiTyO SengO gakusei Henry. Smidl, Japml. Tdkada. ihite (Tbkyo:Tokuma. Togawa. wo. Kazmiet.al.,. Tdkei Teruo, So. to. Yoshio,. (Tokyo:San'ichi. i First ShJaTent Radicals. Rieko, Bungakubu. Tbkahashi. 1. unゐv. megmL. "Sengo. 1969). (Cambridge:Harvard UhiversityPress,1 972) Shoraisha, (耳yoto:. ymai. gakuseiundo. no. 1). 200. gentm,"inShogai. ni watan4. mhura. to. shoten, 1 970). (7bkyo: Seitmsha, 2005). shiteno gakuseiundo. "Komaba. 瀧uⅦ血Kazuko,. shobo,. zuiso,". Social Chmlge. Ichojinv. 4 Princeton UhiversityPfess, IndividiLal伊rinceton:. the. and. 1970) UozmiAkim, Watanabe. Watmabe Tsuneo. et.al.,"Yasthi. Yapabe. Kentaro,. Yamada. Mtmemutsu,. Yimanaka. 1. 2. 3. oguma. Akhn,. =Heibon. Sengo. see, for example,. na. kenTyOku. kataru, gaiko. wo. gin1u. to. Akahata. WO,". (Tbkyo:Kodansha, 2003) wo. gakusei undoshi. ". to. "aikoku. Yamanaka. Akhn,. et.aleds., Watanabe. ". kataru,= Ronza. (I947/1. San'ichi Sengoshisoshi侭yoto:. "MifLShu Eiji,. Ilo Tdkashi. Tsuneo, media. (2006/2). 2/I 3). shinsho, I 959). (Tbkyo:Gunshuppan,. 1 966). (Tokyo:Shin'yosha, 2003) p.223-242. Sengo gakusei undoshi (Tokyo:Gunshuppan,. Tsuneo. Kaikorvku. p.32-35.. -103-. (Tokyo:Chuo. koron. shinsha,. 1966). 2000).

(22) 4. Ilo, Watw7abe ken7yOku. 5. 6. 7. (Tbkyo:Kodansha,. p･38-39･ UozmiAkira,. Tsuneo. Kaikorvku,. p,40-42. IIo, Watwlabe. Tsuneo. KaikoTVku,. p･44. Tsuneo, media. t9. wataywbe. leading member. he. ofdle Kyoto. Imperial. he. and critiqued Marxist economics.. Theintellectual animportant. a. provides. how. conhuitybetween. JCP･ Yoshida. postwar. MoriokaKiyomi,. ､1 0. 1 1. p.46. Uozumi,. see for example okitm. no. undo. 1. a. couple of other. Tsuneo KaikoTVku, to. a. p･55-561. higldights. cause. public. Wartimemi1itaryand血e. ofdle lastmission. of he battleship Yamato While. POStWarJCPI. Watmabe to. isho. shobo, to. shiteno gaklLSeiundo no. betweenthe. Crokyo:Yoshikawa. Tsuneo, media. kessei. "Zengakuren. was. Student soldiers protestedthatthis. (Tokyo:San'ichi. Tbkei Teruo, So. Kazuteru,. to. sedai. v.. tenko). wartime. and. Ito, Watmabe. for dleir deadl, reSultingina bawl. shifyO SengO gakzMei KaikoyDku,. die emperor,. Kesshi. Tokuma･. schools sbleSSedthat dley Should all be happy. soldiers educatedinthemilitary. 9. Watanabe. sbikingly similar pichwe to Watanabe'sindle. insu血cient impetus. on. shdy. students actedindle. Mitsuru's account. to die for die nadonand. Utsunomiya. to rationalize total devotion. search for ways. kokoFO. /. heavily influenced by the former. was. Uhiversity'sShakm. periodically h占1dstudy sessions at his housewidl members. to. influenced by former prewar. was. (whom TiumiShmstikeincludedinhis. Utsunomiy?. Tsuneo, media. p･53154. does talk of how. Watanabe. Shinjinkai members,. ken'yoku,. speci丘cally how. does not mendon. AldlOughhe. Watmabe. 2003) p･48･. IIo, Watm7abe. uozmi,. 8. Tsuneo Kaikoroku,. Ko. kenfyOku,. being able an. groups; Citedin. two. Bunkan,. 1969)p. 163.. young. 1993)p･ 143･. Ito, Watmabe. p,60163. Tsuneo. ･. (rokyo:Seiunsha,2005)p.24.. tO Chikara,. jo,"Asahi. LImlmL. (1969/11/9)p.84186. 1 2. okiura, =Zengalwen media. 1 3. 1 4. uozmi,. watanabe. okiura, "Zengakuren. 5Ando. ■1. to kenTyOku,. Jimbei, Sengo. kessei. no. kokoro. to chikara,. shifyO SengOgakwei. Uozumi,. Watwzabe. Tsuneo,. p.65. Tsuneo, medk7 kessei nihon. no. ken7yOku,. tO. kokoro. p･66･. to. p.87. chikara,jo," b,osmto shiki (恥kyo:G孤dainorironsha,. 0軸p.88･ 1 6. jo,"p.85.. undo vl p･138-139･. -104-. 1 976)p.239..

(23) 17. Funabashi. Naomichi,. =F血in. gakusei. kosho," Asahi.km. kujuto. no. (1969.. 10. 12). p.111. 1. 8仇10. I 9. 2. Akio, Zkngtk7m. yamada. 2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5. 2 6. 2 7. 2 8. 2 9. こ30. p･238,241. okiura, "Zengakuren Koyama. Koken,. kokoro. to. kokoro. to chikara,. p.86, chikara,jo," b,osmltOShiCrokyo:Hoga shoten, 1966)p.37-47.. nihon. shivo. undo, vl, p･143･. no. jo,"p.89.. uozmi,. watanabe. Tsuneo, media. to. kenfyOku,. p･68-70･. uozmi,. watmabe. Tsuneo, media. to. kenTyOku,. p･70,72･. shiryo sengo gakzMei. undo, vl, p･1571158･. shifyO. undo, v.1,p.162.. SengO赫ei. Shin'ichi and Watanabe. Mashita Henry. Smith,. L7LPml. perhaps. "Sedai. no. taiwa," Ningen. (1948.1)p. 13.. (Cambridge:Harvard UhiversityPress,. 66.. die two. most. and "On. =Japanese. under die Allied Occupation andAmbiguities. die essays =SecondYouth". are. rq)reSentative works. J･victor Koschmam,. Legacies. Tsuneo,. k First Student Radicals. bungaku writer Ara Masato 3 2. no. kessei. sengogakusei. 1967)p.34.. FurF'kaeHe ima Pojirrn Shinji, Kojima Shinji, 2002) p･ 162･･. kessei. Sengo. seikisha,. San'ichi shinsho, 1 959) p.52-54.. Pyoto:. okiura, "Zengakuren. 1972)p.52-58, こii. See also. ･. (Tokyo:20. Sengoshぬゞhi. Munemutsu,. 0Ando,. 2 1. keIW'Vku. Decadence". Communist. Washington. D.C.. by SakaguchiAngo. and die Debate. Puty. of Japan," Emestine :. by die Kindai. Literary Strategy. over. Schlant and J. ¶10maS. The Woodrow. Wilson. Rimer. eds.,. Center Press, 1 99 1). p,175 1133. 3 4. uozmi,. watanabe. watanabe. Tsuneo, media. received especially. warm. kenryoku,. to. p･72-73･ Ito,p･47･. receptionsinthe. women,suniversides･. ■Hfi11edwidllovelettersH aRer glVlng SPeeChesthere･ would be Kaikoroku, Some. p.46. The. influence ofTokyo organizadons. 3. i? uozmi,. Tsuneo. worship,". die direct lTellunder. Uhiversitystudentswithoutrrnintaining die neCeSSaryties wi血party. See Yaxrnbe. Watanabe. See Ito, Watanabe. activides" asunproletarian. p叫Iater criticizedsuch "individLLalistic. students, infectedwith"academism. women. His bag. Kentaro,.=Heibon. Tsuneo, media. nagimu. to kenTyOku,. p.62.. -105-. wo,". Akahata. p･74-751 Ito,Watanabe. (1 947/1. 2/1 3)p.2.. Tsuneo Kaikopvku,.

(24) 3 6. shipyo sengo gakusei kenfyOku,. こ37. 1, p･ 166-167･. v. undo,. Uozmi,. Watanabe. Tsuneo, media. to. p.79180,. shi7yO SengOgakusei. undo, v･1, p･167-168;. p･159･ Uozmi,. Watanabe. Tsuneo, medb. to. kenTyOku,p. 8 1. 3 8. 3 9. 4 O. 4. 1. 4. 2. 4 :3. shiTyO SengO gakusei uozmi,. watwu7be. Ilo,Watw7abe. v. undo,. 1, p･ 157-160･. ken'yoku,. Tsuneo, media. to. Kaiko'vku,. p･5 1. Tsuneo. Tsuneo Kaikoruku,. p･50･. p･84-85,. I. shi7yO SengO gakwei. unafo, v･1,p･168･. shifyO SengO gakuyei. undo, vl, p･160-161･. shiTyO SengO. undo, vl, p･1691170･. gakusei. Ito,Watw2abe. Uozmi,. Watanabe. Tsuneo, media. to. ･kenTyOku, p.90,92. 4 4. J Victor Koschmam,. 5. okitq. kessei. "Zengakuren. kokoro. no. "G血seiundo血okerusedaino Sanichi Shobo, 4. 6Ando. 4 7. 4 8. 4 9. 5. Togawa. seishun,. Yoshio, "KoI血ba. (Tokyo:Gendai. zuiso,=. norironsha,. Naomichi, gelPO. 1. (Tokyo:. Ito,Watw2abe. KaikopDku,. p･570-573･. Tsuneo. Kazmiet･al･,. …Sengo. (Tokyo:TokLIma. Ito,Watm7abe. 1979)p.24-25.. Ichojinv.4 p. 10-I I.. m7dSubjectivibiP.48.. gakusei tmdo. no. genten,りinShogai. ni wattn. ashura. to. Shoten)p,357,368.. Tsuneo KaikoTDku,. p･2 1-29･ UozumiAkhL. Watanabe. Tsuneo: Media. to. p.37･42.. Ito,Watmabe. Tsuneo. 5? TsurumiKazuko, Press,. Funabashi. Shi7yO SengO gakusei undo. Revolution. kenfyOku,. 5 4. mondai,". jo,"p.88.. J victor Koschmann,. shite. 5 2. to chikara,. 1968)pA17.. Jimbei, Wareraga. ('Tbkahashi. 5 1. SubjecdviO)(Chicago:刀le UhiversityofChicago. mid. 1996)p,87.. Press, i. Revolution. Kaiko7Vku,. Social Change. p･57, Princeton and the IndividJa岬血ceton:. Uhiversity. 1970)p. 1301131.. Far丘om. being. 丘rdywithin. postwarphenomenon,this. Ale. ofpebt rejection. PreWarhigherschool culttNe･ See @erkeley:Uhiversityof Califomia. ImperiaU窄m2 BungahLbu. a new. wo. megunL. ymai. Pyoto:. Donald. Roden,. selves lay. in 5chooldq/s. Press, 1 975)p.2 I0-229. Tbkada. Shoraisha, 200 I )p.224.. -106-. bourgeois. Rieko,.

(25) 5 5. 5 6. 5 7. 5 8. 5 9. 6 0. JolmDower,. Empire. p.279-292.. Oguma,肋hu. okiura, "Zengaknren Ito,Watw2abe. m2dAPemath, (Cambridge:Harvard UhiversityPress,I 988) to. kessei. watmabe. no. kokoro. Tsuneo Kaikoyvku,. shi7yO SengO gakusei undo Ito, Watmabe. aikoku, p. 193-1 95.. Tsuneo. Tsuneo. to chikara,. jo,"p.89.. p･56157･. v･1･,p･170･. Kaiko7Vku,. et.al.,"Yasukuni. p･47･ wo. kataru, gaiko. -107-. wo. kataru,'?Ronza. (2006/2)p.33..

(26)