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(1)Does the I,ocal Chinese Economy. Benefltfrom the JapaneseMultinationals?. QualitativeAnalysis of IJOCal-International Linkages. -A. in China-. Jian Wang. Introduction. 1. decades,. ln recent country's. economic. quantitatively. and. and MNEs. nature. to. establishing effects. On. output. increase. can. by. impacts. JMNs. oriented. and. export. skills. China technology. lacks. Japan. of the JMNs. are也e. Economists an. job. integrated creation. domestic be. and. while. important. sector.. and. national exchange. are. view. linkages. importantly,. informal. and. spillovers concern. available. are. possible.. to. proven. ′nle extent. for many. policy. pools. of lowICOSt. document tO. makers labor. Which. learning breign. in developing and. the linkage. transfer. are. and. countries.. export. oriented,. include. transfers, backward. other. an. perspective. the. from. and. the of. marketing. and. the. reduce. effects from. external. technology2). to. the development. technology. transfer,. local value-added,. firms. of. amalgamation. transfer. growth,. boosting. Multinational while. or. the. access. market. managerial. local-international. multinational. establish Some. as. essential. of technology. technology. investors. by. linkages. between. as. not captured. Investment. expand.. of modern. industrial. In addition,. earnings3).. spillovers. linkages. Most. technological capabilities and productivity. them, analyses of (demand) linkages.Among customers. that. enhance. qualitative. the multinational-. economy,. alld sophisticated. self-reliance.. formal. to. certain. tax. I quantifled. one. only. to facilitate technology. I,ocal-international. and. as. local-international. forming. corporations. between. it is often regarded. for the dissemination. channels. IJOCal-international. of both. mechanisms. signi丘cant. By. areas. last paper,. represents. in the Chinese. serve. namely. a more. in. comparison. host. employment,. on. economy. Studyl). In my. in Japan favored. can. Chinese. a. ways,. qualified.. increased. that take. of JMNs. In fact, it is suggested. generally. strengthening foreign. JMNS. by. multiplier. technology. Japanese and. China.. most. policymaker. industrial. incomes. and. based. is particularly. advanced. capability. presence. those. and. sector. also. technology. between. gap. investments. manufacturing. capital but. only Japanese. the increasing. local丘rms. the economic. precisely. to those. O MNS) wi也a. multinationals. in two. economies be. can. to. contribute. subsidiaries of multinational. to也e. input10utPut. an. host. (MNEs). economy. spillover血･om. with. However,. an. refers. contribution. last paper. JMNs.. oriented. Chinese. in the Chinese. JMNs not. between. FDI. Japanese. effects. With. the JMNs'economic local linkage. in my. by也e. generated. and. that. affect. impact. qualitative. study examines. effect I examined. the multiplier. economic. ¶1is. to those. directly. technology. Enterprises. affect the. may. refers. MNEs. hand,. the other. competition,. local indigenous丘ms.. MNEs. speaking,. factories,. new. Multinational. accepted血at. Quantitative impact. qualitatively.. joint-ventures. widely. Generally. growth.. or. revenue,. it has been. linkages that. backward. they. of and raise. thought. are. improve. to. domestic forward. (supply) and. afBliates and their local suppliers which and. may. forward. afrlliates. multinational. are. make. productivity. linkages. has. established. affiliates. are. been. to access. primarily. a.

(2) (602). 150. to. established. affiliate in. a. has. market bene丘ts. industrial. JMNs,. commenced. characteristics access. market. induced. effect and value also has. orientation. basis. empirical as. countries. of the questions. some. address in China,. this chapter. identify and is to. intention. on. examine. identi&. of view. of investment. examined. between. raised. any. the potential can. economy. two. also in other. from. studies. illustrate. to. the. spillover. the industrial. effects and. market. Here,. orientation.. oりapanese. My. first intention My. perspective.. from. will be. in the automobile. JMNs. and. second the point. investigation. comparative. to. applied. multinationals. characteristics. industry. in the electric. UMNs). a. be. impact. qualitative. linkage. inter-flrm. been made.. may. Japanese. market question.. developing. ever. throughlocal-internationallinkages. the. production. interesting. very. however,. studies,. case. company. affiliatesfrom. multinationals. case. but. oriented. export. of both. of this belief have. analyses. Company. a. the. examine. the associated. and. not is. or. only in China. not. evidence. associated. linkages. to. with. in terms. for investment. comprehensive. some. between. and. the local economy. to. weak. development. of Japanese. motivations. the Japanese. no. Employing. above.. dependency. of the home. is used. model. that compared. reports. analysis. requirements.. local economic effects. local. mle6). Moreover,. to the Chinese. spillovers. of the. formal. linkages arises because. and. the motivation. is quite. to provide. attempts. investment. multinationals. data. is the extreme. course,. of. My. the local- internationals. on. knowledge,. the best of my. instituted. but the importance. of the input10utPut. signi丘cantly. for this belief, however,. well. To. reason,. the framework. contribute. impact. transfer. linkages. vertical. an. The. market.. explicit local content. no. forward. and. is. country. linkages.. contribution.Whether. added. is. on. there. export-orientation,. backward. multinationals.. JMNs. impact. an. investment, there. heavy. with. have. may. industries. of technology. effectwithin. qualitative. a. automobile. in other. extended. oりapanese. oriented. Japanese. in terms. through. multiplier. orientation. the host. on. sell predominantly. market. concernabout. direct investment. last paper,. and. operations. time. The. over. considerably. In my. is to. investors. Japanese. of. for investment. while. increased. be enhanced. One. of ways4). In China,for. number. Japanese. the associated. and. 第10巻第5号(2006年1月). local customers. to. ac.cess. requirement5),. many. The. improve. for investment. motivation. content. 横浜国際社会科学研究. industry. Tne. of the locaトinternational. the study. in the context. research studies. of the Chapter. remainder. of. Japanese. of. a. simple. multinational. as. proceeds linkages. qualitative. literature.. A. few. documented studies. analyses. learning. seldom. information assume. impact. in China. subsidiaries. that. relationships of the existing. Cooperation Backward. reveal. generate. international. and. technology. whether among也eir. spillovers linkages-. are. linkage. MNEs. related. between. linkages. and. to. forward. and. fonvard. literature concerning也e. relationship. are. that may. there. the. MNEs. spillovers. are. is. affiliates. my. discussion. 4. I conclude. is not. no. with. case. of. on. study. two. case. 5.. section. and. that. the. There. created. have. spillovers.. usually. arise. from. These. technologies. new. are. wi也customers.. in the. subcontractors. of spillovers. But. linkages. contacts. linkages. discussed. widely. for productivity. bene丘ts. clear proof. so. suppliers. basis. a. all the. Backward. stem血･om. and. MNEs. of linkages7).. extent. local-intemational. up. extract. linkages.. linkages. by. make. so. 3. Some. in section. their local. and. to. I will introduce. linkages in section. created. able. of the literature. Review. MNEs. supplier丘rms,. positively. while. between. transfers. the. backward. wi也suppliers,. linkages. brief review. a. (MNEs).. will be presented. Literatllre. of local血ternational of the. Enterprises. of local-international. model. 2, I provide. In section. of Multinatiollal. 2. ¶1e. follows.. or. it is reasonable two. the. types MNE. Following. to. of localaffiliate's. is a summaⅣ. by MNEs.. local firms.. the result of cooperation. between. affiliates and. local丘rms.. Some. of the.

(3) Does. from. spillovers. FDI. The. customers･. the I』calChinese Economy. process. improvements).. I,all. backward. linkages. firms. others. +. help. +. provide. ● provide. or. +. provide. training. ●. assist suppliers. identifled. These. complementary. foreign the MNE. incurring. a. activities that. its local. af丘1iate and. that. the. exhausts. activities that" may to. contribute. whole. create. and. of product from. gain. the. spilloversthrough. the productivity. raise. 151. suppliers. knowledge. affiliate's superior. cost. of the "complementary. some. to. and. in. efBciency. reliability and. help. control,. which. raw. of. set up. facilities;. production. raise the qualityof supplier's facilities;. to. materials. in management. intermediaries;. and. and. that also. spillovers. of deliveⅣ. speed. also had. forced. organization;and customers. local. in their. emphasized. and. prices. In developing. also. on. the general. and. to adopt. suppliers. competitive. climate.. less study. of forward. the. processes. there. (1983). an. notes. effect. on. both. from. product. technologies. what. little additional. are. on. evidence. quality. MNEs. in. by the suppliers. used. complaints on. General. stricter. that foreign. (1969) reported techniques. of quality, by. made. MNEs. of the. requirements. is very. standards. the impact. studied. and. Watanabe. have. may. Katz. higher. the. importance. operations,. productive. However,. to meet. (1966). foreign且rms'tough. this alone. countries,. Brash that. Similarly,. of origin. the large. about. instance,. the suppliers'other. on. forced. are. suppliers. suppliers,. country. in the Philippines. as. For. impact. an. occur. of the MNEs.. their domestic. firms. main. information. or. foreign) to. as. well. diversifyby丘nding additional. its Australian. on. as. by MNEs. and. Motors. (domestic. assistance. and. Driven. producers. MNEs. benefltfrom. without. (1980). assist il一purChasing. Linkages. their. markets,. suppliers. technical. Argentina. when. or. between. local flrmS. (603). include:. prospective. Pressure. occur. spillovers. technologies. or. linkages. via the. operate. I∋ene丘t血･om也eJapanese Multinationals? (JianWang). small. of. local. characteristics. used, such. and. perhaps. "forced. linkage. effects".. Forward. Linkages. There et. is much. (1973). al.. Mcjueese. organizations･ same. the growing to. technical. develop. and. to be. Other. important more. generally. Case ln. an. more. 1997). modern. require. from. in most. Aitken. argues. the. other. In fact, they. argue. minorityof. development. hand, He. in closer. MNEs. industrial. can. (1991) conclude. distributors. and. application. sales in the. grew. detail, and. afford. emphasizes R&D. the necessary. of e.g. information. contribute. to increasing. that spilloversfromforward. linkages. that this would. claims. by Reuber. studied. in the Irish economy. linkages. that only. the firms. of local. linkages. foIVard. He. Harrison. a. that the downstream. effects offoreign. foreign. producers. investment. are. effects.. Researches Lim. and. transfer. the sourcing. (1982) interviewed. Fong They. wi也Japanese-owned丘rms. examines. On. and. the. discussed. the manufacturers.. the upstream. Japanese-owned.. technology. (1991). products.. industries.. than. to. Only. that forward. report. industries.. expertise血･om COntaCtS.. early research,. of which◆was. (1978). in many. complexity. beneflCial. Study. predominantly. McDonald. linkages.. significantly. linkag･es. Blomstrom. of MNCICuStOmer. the role. backward. contributed. manufacture. technologies might seem. have and. backward. as. way. to. claimed. than. supply. practices. that. report. established linkages. with. of Japanese. three. most. of the. in Singapore. locally owned. electronics. electronics. local-international They. flrmS. linkages. that if Singapore. argue. Should. manufacturers. in Singapore,. be established.. in Malaysia. and. are. wants. created to bene丘t. Capannelli report. one. (1993,. that the role.

(4) (604). 152. 横浜国際社会科学研究 Table. l. Criteria used. 第10巻第5号(2006年1月). for examln[ng. the impact. Typesoflinkages. Criteria. FonVardunkage. Localsales. of local-international. linkages. ⅠmproVementofproductquality.byusingbigbquality. components,thetransferofskillsthroughafter-salesservice andtraining Di任し1Sionoftechnicalinformation Incentivestootherlocalsuppliers I,ocalPurchases. Backwardunkage. TectlnOlogica1(organizeproductionlines,equipmentleasing, equipmentrepair,imprdvetechnology/facilitateinnoVation) Managerial(worktraining,staffsecondment,qualitycontro1) Ⅰnformationa1(assistanceinpurchasingofrawmaterials /intermediaries,assistsupplierstodiversifybyfinding additionalcustomers,Transportation/JITdelivery,marketing:. introducingnewcustomers) Financial Source:. Young. (1996). IAN. and. of locally owned丘rms. in the supply. In summary,. there. the. importance. about. influence. growing. be. also. have. 1990;. I,an and. 也e presence have. not. several. Young,. of MNEs. been. as. any. any. 1996). The. based. on血e. MNEs'market. extent. of local-international. that. examine. orientation. linkagesand. of these. ¶1is brings technology. suspicion may. characteristics regulations, time,. over. increases.. the skill. as. it must. However,. between. connection. the. and. the impact. of. transfer explicitly. of MNEs. effects. company. surveys to. tend. interviews. the theoretical to. my. Chinese. market. firms. (e.g.Lall,. 1980;. prediction. that. knowledge,也ere. local-international. through. whe也er. local. on. However,. of MNEs. the question. and. suppoll. industries.. impact. and. orientation. linkages. in且uences. the. transfer. Methodology. Model Usually,. linkages with. up. local content. and. spillover. domestic. country. likely to increase. are. explain也e. studies. qualitative. 3. Basic. to. host. linkages. size, local content. market. technology. the. 1994) and/or. spillovers the. can. which and. of backward. of the. linkages. examine. findings. positive. with. identifled,. are. studies. (e.i.0'Malley. generates. studies. that. studies. as. well. Moreover,. suppliers. hardly. statistical data. utilizing published South. been. revision. and potential. well. Some. as. throughlocal-internationallinkages. orientation There. their impacts. new. are. author's. ,. existence. linkages. of local arms.. grows,. that也ere. mentioned. market. of forward. technological capability. level of local entrepreneurs. of the. evidence. and. (1997). and Tan. is still limited.. chain. is much. of linkages. the extent. size and. Iiall (1980),Batra. ,. local-international. arise from. suppliers through elements. and. the MNE. The. customers.. customers. MNEs in the. linkages. model. afFlliate's relationships. impact. of local-international. of MNE. is presented are. compose. mutually. 1 and. types:. with. suppliers,. linkages. affiliates. A basic. in Figure. of two. model. will guide. reinforcing,. a. change. backward. the. on. of the qualitative discussion in. one. can. stem. relationships. and. impact. the. entire. rest. Backward. from. contacts. contacts. of local-international. througbout血e cause. linkages.. forward linkages. whileforward. depends. the. and. with. linkages. of the paper.. environment. to. The. adjust..

(5) Does. the I,ocalChinese Economy. (JianWang). Benefit from the Japanese Multinationals?. (605). 153. Enterprise. JMNs-Local. Multinationals. Japanese. I.ocal Enterprise. Backward. Source:. Poller. Fjgure. Thus,. it is in也e. that form. elements and. interest of血e a. are. suppliers. formal. last paper.. informal. and. The. linkages. Based. the. on. inteⅣiews. were. suⅣeys. and FDI. transfer. the. Selection. Data rarely. of. linkages;. or. collects. interviewed. two. in June. Japanese. 2004.. investors,. and. so. linkages.. The. The on. for investment. a. range. overall. impact. and. of local-. 1). of Japanese. and. suⅣeys. of experience. objectives. multinationals. in China.. by the author. were. development; orientation,. to enhance. 2. possibility. research. market. policies required. Personal contain. with也e. of the. linkages. the associated. on. capabilities. qualitative. local-international and. of both. mechanisms. inteⅣiews. personal. recommendations to the host. impact. undertaken. to provide. as. multinationals. to make. local linkages. linkages the. publishes senior. study research. selected. of motivation. (Figure. the. 1 and Table. ancillary linkages. to to. which. the positive. region.. lnterviews. and. local-international. on. were. important. discussing. consumers. multiplier. technological. qualitative. in this research.. Japanese. characteristics. of Japanese multinationals-. Company. China. impact. in China. be. to. are. conditions,. economic. domestic. criteria when. the. the stakeholders. through也e. thought. are. analyses. a case. employed. companies. the local-international. impact. study. throughlocal-international. quantitative. identifythe industrial a鮎ct. some. interact. and downstream. upstream. for the local supply. improve. that. key. multinationals. this. mainly. enterprises;也e. of technology examine. framework,. above. linkages. firms. highlight. by Japanese. they. as. in both. conditions,. the stakeholders. success,. local-international linkages with. throughthe Japanese. cluster's. Framework. its stakeholders. local demand. clearly. of technology. I will. created. For. are. Linkages. to recognize. Local-international. transfer. productivity. In this paper, international. investor. local stmcture.. to the. by the author. modi丘ed. International-Local. First-tier suppliers. also connected. in my. covered. l. Japanese. success血11. local distributors.. (1990) as. ljnkages. relevant. officials in the. These. interviews. including. JMNs. of. extremely. information.. Foreign provide. the general. are. In order. Investment general. situation. difFICult to obtain to. select. Commission. information. and. of local-international. in China.. for further. companies. and the Economic empirical linkages. judgments with. The. Government inteⅣiew,. Research on. foreign. many. invested. Center aspects. flrmS. I of of in.

(6) (606). 154. 横浜国際社会科学研究. Table. Source:. China. China.. Based. Firsdy,. they. have. largestfirms. appliance,. power. ¶1irdly, and. are. station. of the equipment,. HP. a. long. growth. chemicals. aIld invest. they. reflect the wide. Automobile. lndustⅣ. companies. selected for in-depth. were. period. and. are. case. have. steel) which ,. in China range. 4.. Industrial. automobile. industⅣ. with. opposite. Case. and. the. of the industry.. telecommunications,. electric. investment. in China.. have. different market. multinational. flrmS in China.. motivations. of Japanese. reasons.. among. and. those. Japanese. most. attracted. of experience. leaders,. paralleled. (automobile, electronics. for several. studies. acknowledged. diversification. and. inainindustries. because they. of relevant. relatively. Their. Chinese. and. Studies. Totota 2003,. and. 2010,. six. of the. companies. for. industries.. importantly,. most. Tianjin ln 2002. 5 million. in two. Output. Yearbook,. two. in China. operated. I felt that together. orientation.. 2). In. Industry. in the relevant they. Annua1. information,. the. on. secondly,. 4.1.. Automotive. 2. 第10巻第5号(2006年1月). the Chinese. it is estimated cars. passenger. Consequently,. that Chinese. the. Volkswagen. NW). Following. the rapid. operations. in China. annually,. world's and. Nissan. emergence one. the Chinese. automobile are. -. industry. automobile. and. typical. manufactures to. market,. 3.25 and. aggressively. Japanese. than. will be. market. --. 4.44 millions. more. will produce. automobile. all expected. of the Chinese. produced. including compete. automobile. 10 million. GM,. Ford,. for market manufactures. including. vehicles. of the largest. one. (See Table. automobiles. in the world9).. Chrysler, share are. Toyota,. (See Table. now. 3).. establishing. after another.. Profile Toyota's building. involvement. its base. in China.. with Today,. China. began. Toyota. in 1964. g･roup. and. with. export. its. Japanese. of血e Crown supplier. sedan.. companies. Since. then, Toyota. have. 63. joint or. has. been. cooperative.

(7) Does. Table Chinese. China. Automobile. East Automobile. Dong. Feng. Motor. Beijing Auto. China. and. Group. and Toyota.. was. the. line as也e. Ⅵos. will be. become. and. 50,000. ProcuremeIlt. to invest. planned. by. requirement. engines,. of companies. 104. by Toyota the. uses. domestic. parts. O apan). O apan). (Germany). (USA). Ford. ,. Toyota's丘rst. represents. 50 per. three Toyota. Crown･. and. Corolla. was. built at the. TTMC. new. in the Chinese. struggle. FebruaⅣ. 2004. in 2004. The. for the passenger. automakers. Vios. producing. in 2005･. plant. (a Corolla-. Vios. models. on. released. at 30,000pa. to commence. Tianjin Automobile. began. TrMC. project in. car. passenger between. jointventure. cent. is manufacturing. produced.. also. as. early. of amount ′mey. locally owned. companies. in China. With. cart. on. on血e. initial rate. for. Toyota. has. TTMC. the. joining of. bistoⅣ･. automobile. components. TrMC. also. with has. provided. engines, engine-used castings joints血･omTianjinFenglin Auto forging. materials. from. auto. and. parts. other. Parts. tries to build in China,. about. 300. Tianjin Toyota. Forging. The. number. in 6311)･. partyquality, TrMC another. is. there. base･. foreign. are. at the. beginning. big. gap its. encourages. production. cent. a. especially. to the and. About. in. person. screened. 104. account. manufacturing. of the total procurement. for 80 per. cent. know-how. to. and. usually. of the total TMC･. The. sell easy-to-. casting･. manufacturing. Co., Ltd, steering,. in China･. Group,. 75 per. Toyota. Moreover,. companies･. companies. special. cent. single press,. parts. for manufacturing. According. subsidiaries. require. for 20 per. relevant. of which. local. mandatory. of delivery.. speed. which. to 2003. Automobile. Tianjian as. locally owned. are. cent. base,foreign-affiliated. responsible. 24 in 1995. to enhance. cent. late 1990s･. their subsidiaries. Tianjin. of. 40 per. joint ventures. in the. materials. Therefore,. investigated. design,e.g.. 4 in-house. base. the. achieve. establish. increased血･om. and. 15 per. other. to. to. in establishing. for mC. components,. only. resin. demands.. and components. TrMC. are. and. substractor. to invest. sellfunctional. began. procurement. of procurement. procurement.. Toyota. actively. in relation to their quality, reliability and. In terms. In order. components. group. The. in 1994･. government,. existing. maker parts. provide. as. and Toyota's. affiliatedcompanies.. companies. and. Ⅲonda. is expected. also participating. of local procurement,. charge. O apan). be the biggest. may. press. are. established. suppliers. Japanese. make. Chinese. the qualityof its parts. Japanese. were. will be. in China. the. suppliers. AlthoughTrMC between. Suzuki. (Germany). Benz. ,. Oapan). Corolla. markets), cars. for what. components,. underbody. Japanese. related. (USA). (USA). Nissan. ,. Companies. System. Toyota content. ,. Chrysler. and. pro丘tabletypical Japanese. is raised. (Germany). BMW. (France). cent1. employees. Vios. these. pa and and. the curtain. now. 1050. of the Corolla. output. GM. Citroen. (TMC). 50 per. a. forAsian. 50,000. about. the fast-growing. Toyota,. it has. Co., Ltd. It is. 2000.. specifically. In 2003,. 2002.. Motor. in June. In July 2004,. Foreign. (Germany),. Toyota. 155. Yearbook. Tianjin Toyota. designed. Crown. Industry. established. typevehicle. Co.. Group. Automotive. china. same. & Exp,. Imp. in ChinalO).. october. VW. Group. Automobile. ventures. VW. (607). in China. AfBliated. Group. Guangzbou. Manufacture. Manufacture. Corporation. Automobile. Source:. ford Automobile. Group. TianjianAutomobile Changan. Base. Main. Industry Corporation. Automotive. Shanghai. 3. (JianWang). the Japanese Mul血ationals?. Bene丘t丘･om. the Local Chinese Economy. plants from. Tianjin. TTMC. Tianjin Toyota. propeller. Co.,. in. Ltd.. shafts from. Furthermore,. Motor. purchases. Engine. TianjinJinfeng Auto Toyota. related. 8A-FE. model. Col, Ltd, isochroous Parts Co･, Ltd,. Japanese-affiliated.

(8) (608). 156. 横浜国際社会科学研究. Table. 4. Types. Region. of Components. 第10巻第5号(2006年1月). Parts. and. Supp一ied. Province. by the. Main. Source. Regions,. MainⅠtems. TTMC NumberofCo.. ¶anjinArea. Tianjin. Allotherpartsandcomponentsexceptthefollowing. 35. North-Eastern. JinlinLiangnin. Petrolpumps,damper,paint,wheelballbearings,. 9. China. ･sealer. NortbCbina. BeijingHebei. Carai｢conditioners,manualtransmissions,. Shangdong. directionalgears,. 8. paint,cable,carpolish East■China. Shanghai. I.amps,safetybelts,castings,ejector-typepumps,. Jiangsu. oilpumps,pistonrings,damper,tires,plasticparts; brakes,oilseals. Zbejiang. 34. Anhui SouthChina. Fujian. Mufners,fueltanks,batteries,paintswitches,lamps,. Guangdong. beateXchangers,山rbosuperchargers. ll. Human South｣Western. Chongqing. China. Sichuan. Paint,doorlocks,generators,startingmotors. 7. ActiVatedcarbon. 1. GuangX1 North-Westem. NingXla. China Source:. Author's. also invest. companies. Denso,. Tianjin. interviews. interior. related Japanese. Seiki.. suppliers,. delivery,. e･g･,. petrol. Japan･ Only. from Change. Koito. car. from. products is another. area. Shanghai. is the most. is imported. from. air conditioners, electric components Tian. Toyo. Kousei,. base. production successful. Furthermore,. its. under. and. of TAG.. control. Chinese. therefore. established. Swedish-affiliated. After. and. Atuoliv,. every. linkages. and. clutch. many. with. auto-parts. maker. and. of Toyota. entries and. brake. provides. various. which. had. TMC. was. potential. panels.. component. and a. and. safety. the. Japan. there. belts, and. Most are. of也em a. few. raw. were. Chinese. were. nation-. suppliers. scale, its. level. It is recorded. jointventures. European-affiliated. British-affiliated GKM,. then. jointventure's. local. of its production. are. materials. selected. for their. of. material,. and Taiwan.. Its suppliers. the rise of its localization. in 2003.. Also,. from. suppliers. quali丘ed. to. syntheticrubber. to search. enterprise better. In regard. capacity.. result of the increase. and. for ′ITMC flrmS.. production. established, supply. as. produces. body. steel sheets. limited. a. to expand. components. of quality, reliabilityand speed. locally, the rest is imported. more. local Chinese. standards AT,. countries,. with. for each. procurement. Japanese-afrlliated parts makers. Group. continued. supplied parts and. like ABS. is purchased. sides visited. supplier's networks. utilization of multi-sources 104 companies. mold. higher. require. Asian. other. flrm,TianjinAutomobile. local. Japanese TTMC. suppliers･. as. from. linkages. factories. which. highqualityparts. ejectingequipment,. of metallic. Both. those. are. in local-international. those. mainly. overseas. 20 per cent. ¶1e previous. such. rubber. Shanghai. of which. from. high-class polypropylene. that. resin,. The. also buys. for mC. Parts purchased. wide･. TrMC. Tianjin area.. decor-used. Aishin. components血.om. lamps. actively in the. which. between enterprises produces.

(9) Does. transmission. is employed. suppliers. Quite obliviously,. suppliers.. suppliers. which. important. source. has. in the rate and. local government Actually. set. Since. Localization. Technical. ′ITCC) in. thereby. and. to. help. workers. Furthermore,. well. These 丘rst model higher. than. Vios. a. encouraged. increase. foreign. introduced Honda. into也e. Chinese. cent. GM. retired in them. This. as. of its. of production. market.. Shanghai. and. to invest. companies 60 per. had. school. introduced. company. of local content.. for skilled. center the. in. at China.. through. head. of. Moreover,. 2000,. oりune. into practice. related. in the rate. was丘rst. As. the Japan. joint venture,. of that of Guangzhou. cent. training. increasing. group. Company related. encouraged. build. planning. to. customer. management. pa. Vios. were. own. introduced sales. agent. its distributing These sold and. dealing. were. wide. cars. with. range. in. to. them. 50. Actually. as. of popularityfrom. with. rate is much. respectively. candidates. when也ey. experts. work. rapid. in sales, increase. up. Chinese. strict Toyota corporate. of Vios. expansion. export. Corolla Toyota. potential. sales. In. in China. market, agent. TTMC. after service By. and sales. philosophy.. of production, supply,. to. criteria. mC. in the Chinese. in the sales of Vios. customers.. no. the sales networks. in the. components. is. of its Vios,. Toyota. for setting. there. of au也orized. to. according. to. and. sales. before the release. well. With. impressive. market. understand血e. 4 billion yen. multifunction an. as. nominated. Japanese. sale Toyota. network. a. in 2002. 30 before 2007.. efforts resulted won. company. invested. experienced to. Chinese. to help. sales team Tsusyo. to. agents. is for the. distributors. of au也orized. Toyo. company. sales. TrMC. distributors. 400. for the entire. the company. Japan. its. number. course. by. manufactured. the beginning,. At. Toyota. addition,. 49,457. their knowledge. and. ⅥSO. industry.. auto. local conditions. on. training. a. (TPS),. productivity. manufacturing.. Co., Ltd. opened. known. ,. System. qualityand. research. Motor. (China). Production. product. working. the Toyota. Center. and. of mC.. has been. established. for the vehicle. support. and. the. Toyota. localization. Technical. including. Manufacturing. putting. plants. having. consulting,. of Cbina's. of the. when. established. screened也e. provided. Toyota. Crownmodel. TMC. model12). mC. agent.. vehicles,. Vehicle. impressive. 40 per. and. technical. Toyota. for. market. Both. Toyota. in the Toyota. companies suppliers. of the Chinese. local partner.. market,. Motor. realized that the. Structure. and. countries.. Crown. to. In 1995. to TMC's. linkages. production. the Chinese. Toyota. renamed. component. today. supplier. localized. was. cent. Service. The. and. 50 per. auto. are. an. of. the most. released.. and. other. VISO,. car,. were丘rst Sales. in. efforts resulted. become. sides. share. for the. co-coordinating. engines.. is to train Chinese. establishment. in the potential. to work. experts. now. competitiveness. who. the. with. is. (which. parts and. the. 1,600 graduates. over. produced. Center. as. large. a. of. industry. to enter. both. joint venture,. their goal. and. such. Jinbei Passenger. strengthen. to reach. its intention. activities extend. Shenyang. have. areas. of 43. cent. large number. a. attracts. of. (Table 4).. 41per. with. 157. number. TrMC. with. of local-international. of the. onset. automobile. components. in developing. assistance. 1990, Toyota. area. Tianjin and Shanghai. expansion. for suppolling. announced. of potential. TTCC. The. by. The. come. networks,. Shanghai. the. to. linkages. supplying. especially. the. competitive. mission. base. Toyota.. use,. vehicle. help them. major. Assistant. a. preparing. required. of. TianJ'in. TMC's. by. could. Toyota. local production. to advance. From. their task forces. up. China. linkages.. internationally. 1994, when. ofTTMC's. to TrMC's. signiflCantly. of local content an. hard. are. enterprises. (609). of TrMC.. components. and. East. part. of 34 suppliers.. cent. contributed. building. the densest. Tianjin area,. the. for 33 per. of parts. local Chinese. per cent. constitutes. of local-international. expansion increase Toyota. area. Outside. account. Localization. 100. local-international the regional distribution of the. to show. Tianjin. domestic. as. Unfortunately,. gears.. Beneflt血･om the Japanese Multinationals? (JianWang). the Local Chinese Economy. the end. and is and. of 2003,.

(10) (610). 158. Impact. 横浜国際社会科学研究. of Local-international. Local-international as. as. well. large. other. car. TrMC. industries. in the. and. Denso,. Aisinsekki). Nipon. denso. establishedfour. hoses,. body. started as. sealing. to invest. expected. manufacturing. up. their. between. Japan. impact. upgrading. have. pushed. kind. This. with examination. of. a. of impact. supplier's. provide. the. supplier. will start to manufacture. supplier. ordered,也e. second. first delivery. The. Kunshan. Sougyo,. capital, Rika. brake. Toyota. when 2000.. since Koito. Shanghai. advanced. etc). electric. producing. in 1988. harness. area,. Gomu. automobile-used. as. early. many. (royo. makers. Tokai. jointventures. wire. started in 1989. Company.. management. Toyota. group. The. basic. practices,. parts. to lay a solidfoundation projects. was. Fujitusten. lndustries Corporation. and Tbyota. respectively.. This, The. can. the. on. competition. products.. design. until meeting on也e. design and and. run. The. and. also set. maker. and. other. for the manufacturing. has. its suppliers;. secures. undoubtedly. puts. the. on. pressure. with. hand,. one. about. it promotes. one. tested.. those. having. to two. years.. are. being. of suppliers. for each. supplier. among. competition. in upgrading. suppliers. Only. is. ¶1e. costs.. and. than. make. the flrSt delivery. result.. more. to. is carefully. levels. managerial. other. Before. from. will the. standard, and. is required. components. takes. contracts. on也e. to. up. supplier. satisfactory. normally. to sign. policy. a. and. more. If satis丘ed, TTMC. equipme叫management. with. and. be. is. ′me procedure. selection.. standards.. of parts. technological a. the. impact. managerial. to. technology. grow血,. capability.. cases,. process,. process. and. of supplier. technical. will follow. economic. proved. some. volume). whole. the. that TTMC. in. production. smoothly. as. technical. components. TrMC's. of contracted. suppliers.. hand,. the procedures. However,. these. areas. many. the technological. from. of parts. throughwhich. one. includes. extent,. seen. standards. formal. mentioning. some. products, product. actually. one. linkages. be. can. amount. small. to be. is virtually. component.. suppliers.. a. products. It is worth. upgraded.. Tianjin as. part. Japan's Koito-Seisakusho. and. various. To. is focused. examination. considered. process. technical. in product. (usually. if the are. passed. with. modi点cations. Assessing. in two. Shanghai. Seiki, Tokai. and. forward. improvement.. management. to China.. technical. Wuxi. for the. Japanese. Aisin. local-international. through也e. and. important starts. in Taizhou,. in. instance,. in China.. cars. The. In addition,. group. motor,. produce. for manufacturing. Company. introduce. to. to. invested. jointventure. in 1995. As. audio. been. into China.. affiliated companies. ofToyota. enhanced. has. Kosei. its investment. Shanghai Headlight. joint ventures. own. who. such. partners. Tianjin.Toyo. built its. Toyota. as. industry. automobile. Tianjinareafor. the. (Fujitsuten,Yazaki. makers. Chinese. of the entire. Take. areas.. producers,. parts. in. automobile-used. techniques. production. has. part. and. 1995. Tianjin.Yazaki,. joint venture. of the. purpose. from. the development. Tianjin and Shanghai. joint ventureswith. in China,. joint venture. a. in. Development. promoted. Japanese-affiliated. and. air-conditioners. car. components,. Economic. have. component. automobile. Kosei,. Local. on. linkageswith. relevant. producers. Linkages. 第10巻第5号(2006年1月). technology. and. the raising. efficiency. Among. the suppliers. companies. and. designing. Toyota. of them. most. technology. overseas. TMC. Motor. enhanced are. two. have. established Technical. the. Toyota. Center, position. supplying. products. becoming. Althoughmost. suppliers. set up. level. overall. technology. Motor. I,ocalization. starting. joint R&D. to TTMC,. on. the. have. linkages. Introducing,. and. in China. starting. their from. next. and. assimilating. manufacturing. in 1995 design.. and. renamed has. This. and it as. catapulted. to Shanghai.. quality. supplying. Japanese. especially. absorbing. Center. production. improved. foreign. automobile. Assistant. development. Therefore,. automobile. of its local-international. automobile. suppliers. with. in passenger. Technical. technology. development. of many. equityJ'oint ventures. technologiesfrom Japan.. in automobile. their ability of production. gradually. thirds have. transferred. will raise. ¶anjito a commanding From. of TrMC,. management to. skills and. TMC,. some. of them. assemblers. are. directly. or. indirectly. with. Japanese. or. other. foreign.

(11) Table. 5. Types. of Components. Parts. and. the Japanese Multinationals? (JianWang). Benefltfrom. the Local Chinese Economy. Does. Supplied. by the. Source. Main. Renesas. 159. Suzhou. ⅠndirectProductionMaterials. DirectProductionMaterials IJOCallyowned. Regions,. (611). N/G. Simplecastings,fllters,packingmaterials, officesupplies. Japanese-affiliated. Goldwire. holders. Japan. Siliconwafer,1eadframeresin. N/G. chemicals Author's. Source:. inteⅣiew. TrMC. afr11iated丘rms,. effort to stimulate. an. makes. reliability of locally produced. quality and. of local procurement. especially. the TrMC. them,. outweigh. parts,. locally-owned. support. and. items,. made-to-order to increase. plans. firms. are. On. the whole. the cost. problematic, by. local purchases. 20. savings. in the. cent. per. the. while. near. future.. Renesas. 4.2.. SemicondllCtOr. Profile. +. This EDBI its ud. (with 18.4per. name. was. a. Resesas. became. has. one. Development. parent. and. materials. packaging Ⅰ皿pOrtS. Of materials. of inputs. production. of. However,. of them the. considerable The. 25 per. about. Moreover,. locally. has. items. other. Japan. to也e. to which locally.. were. simply. has. region. Most. RF. and. US. in output.. For. seven. 900. achieved. shares). (Suzbou) Renesas. and. and. lst April 2003, Co･,. Suzbou developed. o也er. Since. modules.. the late 1990s,. billion yen. its. years. consecutive. increased. and. JMNs. Domestic than well. made. in China,. the. sold. Only. were. direct. in sales. and. through. buying. Materials inputs. value-added. are. purchased. undergo. is也us. trading. embodied. for production.. Japanese. inputs. total value. the. for production･ in China. subsidiaries are. The. transferring. all indirect. of local processing,. of也e. agents. chips,. locally and. local flrmS. pure. degree. only a血･action. including. local manufacturers.. some. from. inputs. of indirect from. themselves. like holders. 5).. inputs. more. of is material. indirect materials. of direct. in term. is to. suppliers. most. like component. materials,. cent. domestic. imported. company. is about 25 per cent in tens. now. 50 local suppliers as. to develop. available locally (See Table. not. for 85 per. account. local Chinese丘rms.. as. Japan,也e. the company. all outputs. direct inputs locally purchased. more. Corporation14).. employees. objectiveof. of its operation. purchased. purchased. companies,. manufacturers. in China.. beginning. from. content.. cent. of 671. sister companies,. cent. from. are. import. company. manufacturing. inputs. 25per. this company. the principal. reasons,. locally purchased. more. Electric to. microcomputer. over. of. Semiconductor. is exported. of. Suppliers. were. and. proportion. none. In 2003,. Mitsubishi. and. are. increase. semiconductor. and. proprietaIYknowledge,. Suzhou. (Suzhou). cent. Co., Ltd. On. Renesas. to. Co., ud. (Suzhou) ud. (wi也71･6per. ud. Semiconductor. of its product. cent. annual. At the. inputs血･om也e. and. an. many. costs.. production. 80 per. Hitachi. groups,. Hitachi. as. Hitacbi,. of Renesas. of the Company's are. strong. Semiconductor. and. expanded.. Althoughthere reduce. base. of the largest. two. alliance between. achieved. has. scale. by. shares)13)and named. major products. Suzbou. production. in 1996. Hitachi. production. The. countries.. of. of the strategic. as. up. cent. changed血･om. because. is set. invested. was. company. but. inputs. embody. of local purchases.. and subsidiaries offoreign-owned. Of its top 10 suppliers. by value. of purchases,. none. of.

(12) (612). 160. 横浜国際社会科学研究. Table. 6. Sales. 第10巻第5号(2006年1月). Destination. by. Products Unit: per. Micom. RFModule. I.oca1. 0. Japan. 100. ROW. 0.. Autbor's. Sales. Service. and. According. 6, the entire micom. Obviously,. flrmS･. owned parts,. Japan･. Japan,. to. products. foreign. is. With. to. as. Japanese. 100 per cent. e･g･, to. forward. networks. case. linkages,. products,. to its. not. linkages血･om. are. in the local. are. outcomes. the other. interview. inputs,. virtually non-existent prevailing. clear explanation research. shows. export10riented considered. of也e. and. any. and･other. affiliated. from. product countries,. backward. 60 pre cent help. linkage. little effort to stimulate. detailed. with. speciflCations. and. Renesas. of it RF. businessmen. Renesa 80 per. and. to. start. up. of its. most. are. products. for. write-ups. export. or. locally1. support. and. technical. Suzhou. module. is, directly. to. exported. for foreign. agencies. suppliers.. large. number. them. market. Results. orientation to. that Renesas. develop. Suzhou. At the. company･. of the. of domestic. is unlikely. report. the difference. to examine. utilized. orientation･. Suzhou. its parent. and empirical. relationship. market. access. manufacturing･. inputs. survey. will be exported. cent. flrmS, but Europe. buy. to the. same. case. study. significant is heavily. that mC. show The. suppliers.. has linkage. extensive. investors. of Japanese. of local-. in the creation. is considered. local-international. import-dependent. time, locally owned. linkages imports. and. supporting. to. suppliers. and inadequate.. least likely to generate. likely to purchase. a. with. Renesas. often from. theoretical. that. are. factors, among. hand,. flrmS. for Japan. module.. be exported. Conclusion. of market. linkages. of many. region･ My. of it material. The. aspects. local-international. be the key role･ On. most. the. local. Suzhou's. It makes. ownoverseas. companies. 60 per. the other. RF. the. and. countries.. of Renesas. industries. it does. them. of two. studies. export. affiliated firms.. of its micro. e.g., by recommending. ln this paper,. developed. companies.. andwill. locally owned. not. base. Micom. for export. Japan like qualitycontrol. Moreover,. helpfrom. expert. an. most. 5.. international. European. or. products. and. no. words,. developed. other. not assist local supporting. regard. manufacturers,. and. are. market. In other. is established. Japan, US. major. is for the local market. Simens.. and. especially. no. Suzbou's. originallymanufactured. listed facts, it is clear that. It does. there. and. is. product. Suzhou. is exported. above. indirectly, with. of Renesas. in the local Chinese. like Nokia. Renesas. cellt Of its product. the. American. of Japanese,. subsidiaries. of the RF module. Customers. market. in China. From. destination. sales. 40 per cent. market･. subsidiaries Suzhou･. the. to Table. to the European. being. the o也ers. Structure. 5 shows. Table. Japanese. interview. local Chinese丘rms,. are. 60(Europe). (restof the world). ROW. Source:. 仙em. 40(MainlyNokia Simens).. 0. Note:. cent. between oriented. Manufacturing. literature market. they. the local-international. for export. are. of MNEs. orientation has. manufacturing. local-international. locally where. on. in. a. linkages.. engaged. created. and more. linkages linkages. creation. does. creation･. My. local-international dynamic. and. Japanese. multinationals. in technically. export10riented simple. activities, and. case. study. linkages. technologicallyadvanced. where. a. notgive than. industry are. they. is. most are.

(13) Does. to do. encouraged linkages. ′ITMC. oriented. forged. business. involved for. common. foreign. produce. 丘rms15). Given host. region. employ. only reveals. a. effects. are. industry linkages. qualitative. impact. generated same. local丘rms. a. Market. managerial.. of local, supplier. aid, managerial. flrmSI. advice,. access. Suggesting guaranteed. have. so. show. separately. large. exploration. on. details. the as. well. such. several. of qualitative as. result. more. shows. subsidiary. for it and. signi丘cant. demand. and. other of也e. linkages. of. development. of. managerial. the. study. into account. take. offirms. number. to. are. government. local market,. to. years. to draw. back. and. iⅢthe. be possible. be traced. can. fascinating. a. several a. supply. informational. oりMNs. cover. an. allow. linkages. to be. to. also include. did not. ′nlis is. presence. they. linkages.. being也e. course,. of. the. cardboard. JMNs. parts. development,. these. extend. the technical, the. supporting. as. interesting. industries.. and. local flrmS. such. local firms; This. material. indigenous. inputs,. or. afBliated. (raw. locally to manufacture. in economic. part,. that it would. will certainly. will have. bow. would. and. and. few. among. and Renesas.. subsidiary. Japan. content. of the simplest. domestic. generate own. import. developed. from. are. high. Actually,. was. of Toyota. linkag･es. to. large. embody. highly. cases. the main. It should. constraints. networks. study. up. examine. study. investment.. JMNs. set. or. not. to develop. of local-international. time. Such. are. its. is related. be observed,. fun°ing. the local-international from. To. instantaneous.. not. and. or. partial picture,. data. The. could. time. and. 161. local-international. that也e. suggests. themselves. only in the supply. then. in the. measures. companies.. linkages. both. items. themselves. of local-international. proper. detailed micro. inputs. not itself necessary inputs. signi丘cance. require. However,. does. imported. linkages. afBliated丘rms. in individual. technology. financial. assistance,. either. activities, and. required. invested. JMNs. the two. own. should. ′nlis paper. study. in the establishment. locally procured. of locally sourced. of inputs. the. often. Local-international. packaging.. its. technical. is that most. are. and. in their production. among. case. my. also informational,丘nancial. to assist. arewilling. attention. content. that local sourcing often. my. noting. import. but. technical. only. providing. affiliated flrmS. inputs).The. policies. Moreover,. (613). information.. marketing. thing. foreign. boxes. not. possibilities,. and. One. were. are. like Toyota. multinationals. entrepreneurial. other. by local government. so. Benefit from the Japanese Multinationals? (JianWang). the Local Chinese Economy. the. industries,. and. so. statistically signi丘cant kind. of detailed. levels. A. more. conclusions.. complete. line of enquiry,. that inter-. information.. local-international. would. fact that. This. picture. linkages. of. effect. difficult at the. if not. undertaken.. Reference Forward Reuber,. Linkages:. Oxford; McAleese,. D.. Blomstrom,. D.. and. Economic. and Aitken, B. and A. Harrison. Brannon,. Enterprises". (1991a), ``Host Country. M.. Venezuela". (1978), "Employment. McDonald. Manufacturing. Technology. ,. (1993). G.Gallais-Hamonno.. and. Private. ,. Foreign. Investment. in Development,. Press,. Clarendon. Domestic. Backward. M.Emerson. G.L., H.Crookell.. mimeo,. Growth,. ,. Benefits. of Foreign. Toronto. and I,ondon; Toronto. World. lnvestment". Spillovers From. ,. and也e. and Development. Oxfo71dBulletin ofEconomics. (1991) "Are There MIT. Growth. Bank,. and ,. in Foreign-Owned. and. Statistics,Vol.40, 321-339.. in D.G.. University. Foreign. of Linkage. ed., P7oreign. McFetridge,. Investment,. Press.. Direct Investment?. Evidence. from. Panel Data. for. November.. Linkages:. J.,Dilmus,. J.,&Lucker,. G.W.. (1994),"Generating. World and Local Suppliers in Northern Mexico" Relations Capannelli, G. (1997), "Buyer-supplier ,. International. Review. of. Economics. and. Business,. and. Development, and. Sustaining. Backward. Vol122･ No･12,. Technology. Transfer:. Vol.44. No.3, 6331662.. Linkages. between. Maquiladoras. 1933-1945･ Japanese. Consumer. Electronics",.

(14) (614). 162. P.. Dicken,. 横浜国際社会科学研究. 第10巻第5号(2006年1月) Activity, 2nd Ed, Guilford Press, New. (1992) Global Shia: the Internationalization of Economic ,. Hiramoto,. (1992), "Subcontracing. A.. Electronics. Internationalization Y.. Kinoshita,. In. Industry".. and Changing. York. Production. Spillovers. H.Demes. &. (eds.), New. Strategies. Munchen:. thy10ugh Fweign. Direct. Impacts. Investment.. Department. Study. of the. Industrial. Relations:. Japan Studien,. 2251245.. on. Institutfur. Deutsches. York,. Asia- A Case. and. New. Economics,. of. York. (Mimeograph).. I.all,S. (1980) "Vertical Inter-firm Linkages. in LDCs:AnEmpirical. ,. August,. Altmann,. in Europe. Companies. oりapanese. N,. S.Tokunaga,. (1996). Technology. University, New. strategies. Study". Oxford Bulletin of Economics. ,. and Statistics,. 203-226.. hll, S. (1995) "Industrial Strategy. and Policies. ,. Foreign. on. Direct. Investment. in EastAsia". 7Transnational. ,. CorpoTlations,. Vol.4.1-26. Lim,. and E.F.. L.Y.C.. Nadvi, K. (1999) "clustering. H., &. and. ,. Enterprises. Multinational. in Developing. Countries",. World. Vol. 10, No.7, 5851595.. Development, Schmitz,. (1982) "vertical Linkages. Pang. and Industrialization: Introduction". ,. World. ,. Development,. Vol.27. No.9,. 15031. 1514.. (1993), "Inward. I.. Turok,. Investment. How. and I.ocal Linkages:. Deeply. is 'silicon Glenn",. Embedded. Regional. Studies,. Vol,27, 40ト417. S.. Watanabe,. (1983 a),"TechnicalCo-operation. S, Watanabe, New. ed., Technology. I.arge. between. Marketing. and Small Firms. Industrialization:. and. in the Filipino Automobile between. Linkages. Small. and. Industry",. Large. in. EnterprlSeS,. Delhi: Macmillan. S, (1983 a),"Technological Linkages ′mroughSubcontracting Marketing Linkages between and Industrialization:. Watanabe,. Technology. in Mexican. Industries",. Small. Large. and. in S, Watanabe,. EnterprlSeS,. New. ed., Delhi:. Macmillan.. Investment I,owe,. and Linkage. motivation. N.,. and. Consumer. Kenney,. Effects. (1999), "Foreign. M.. Electronics. Industry. Failed". Investment ,. and the Global. Development,. World. Geography. of Production:Why. the Mexican. Vol.27, 142711443.. to Promoting S., and Foley, F. (1999), "Impediments I･anka" Wわrld Development, Vol･271 No･8, 1445-1460･. Backward. Kelegama,. Linkages. from. the Garment. Industry. in Sri. ,. Porter. Model. Porter, Michael.. JMNs. (1990) The ,. Competitive. Advantage. of. Nations.. New. York: The. Free Press. in China R,. Belderbos. M,. Carre. heterogeneity,. 2002,. The. location. of. Japanese of the. Journal. Investments. Japanese. in China:. and International. effects,. agglomeration. Economies,. γol.16,. 2. no.. dun.),. Keiretsu. firm. and. pp. 194-211. Notes. 1) For the multiplier effect ofJMNs M., 1989. Foreign 2) Blomstrom,. in China, refer to Wane lnvestment. (2004).. Spillovers: A Study. and. of Technology. Transfer. to. Mexico.. Routledge,. IJOndon.. 3) Lim, L.Y.C. and E.F. Pang, Development,. 4) For example, 5) The minimum 6) Even也ougb informal. Vol. 10, No.7, I,owe. (1982),"vertical Linkages. local purchase. pressure. 1999,. in Developing. Countries",. World. and Foley, 1999.. Kelegama. ratio is 70 per cent have. government on. Enterprises. p.585.. and Kenney,. Chinese. and Multinational. Japanese. investors. made. and should. be increased. preferential investment. to buy. more. from. to 80 per. status. cent. within 3 years.. conditional. local. Oapanese. on. local content Center. Machinery. have. put. for the Trade. &. ,. or. Investmellt,. 1997). (1996). 7) Kokko 8) However,. the existence. of linkages. does not prove. that there. are. spillovers, but the two. are. probably. closely. related..

(15) Does. Even. if the MNE. the I,ocalChinese Economy. for. affiliatecharges. it provides. the support. 9) China Association. 10) http://www.toyota.co jp/en/special/toyota_in_china/, September ll). ｢ToyokeizaiJ Mar. 12) Asahi Shinbun, 13). Development. Pte Ltd. is. (EDBI) It was. of Singapore.. to accelerate. targeted. always. 27, 2002.. 25, 2002.. August. Board. distributors, it is not. and. 23, 2002.. Investments. EDB. 163. h也p://www.caam.org,cn/hytj/zsfK/24.htm.. Manufactures,. of Automobile. to their local suppliers. (615). increases.. the fullvalue of the resulting productivity. able to extract. Japanese Multinationals? (JianWang). Benefltfromthe. a. wholly-owned. set up in 1991. the growthof. enterprlSeS. jointlyfounded. by Hitachi. subsidiary. and. and. is responsible. and industry. the. investment. arm. for equity investments･. clusters and promote. emerging. Economic of the investments. Such. industry. and. are. innovative. tecbnology.. 14) Renesas together. is. group. the. experience. and. Mitsubishi. and. of two. resources. companies. Electric in lst April, 2003 we111reSPeCted. for the purpose. for their. of. accomplishments. bringing in the. semiconductor点eld.. 15). Even. requlre. TrMC. Simpler. has created. extensive. inputs and technologies. linkage and. [ワン. networks. are. more. ジェン. Locally. owned. easily produced. flrmS involved. only produce. products. which. locally.. 横浜国立大学大学院国際社会科学研究科博士課程後期].

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