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(1)Note. t. 」 −、. Libera1・Un derstanding」Shortco頭ng，・and ・Controversy．aproP Q s Group Rights： J．：，. Do．Wie Need i a D．ifferent，para磁gmP ．. MQhamm．ad Shaha・buddin・＊. 1，Pr61・騨e・． r ・ L ’ ・. Libetali attitude：tOWard＄．group・rights−is a dt出iqus one．・’Fof q面te． a Ion亘t加e，・. liberals，’conSidered any idea．−bf groU恒dei蹴y・athr白at to−ihdividualiSm；i．’henee；主here wasI n的ustH］￠a§on fbr’devolving any hghtto｛9touPs，l History of m…蹴n葺， I. is麺艇輔．也・錘？id・rt・’・f』幽・gぬ・t輌du司S…sp・・iallyw⇒i典・. n・rf・e玉ig』岬tgr・・．°nr≒ユiberali5ml・・me with’蹄i・M…age・i ema蛭ipa口on fbr individuals；’there was’no， re且s磁・・tO Ie旨e葺麟ous‘鵠誌cul桓蕊・ do≦抵as rule．Over・freedom’賠i血、．Hist。rieally、 on the凸ther・liandl・various’tnin“．蹄 grqups｝Iadl・1｝eeri・vio目ms．of’itiajQtity七〇ppre蕊三〇n・t難1ef壱fo王e， it’w乳s・罐8己’食托註ec石ssa浮r tq prOteot：1these tn−indfity’．groUp9−fOt’th．e・sake・ot hu蹴豊量雛二pr・．童｝r−. i斑e口詔tional二磁亘註ion吾1否ta揃lily・1！he．P｛ea｛：e’O董AUgΩ亘耀軽ξi8i藝，典登．妻記‡趨E. Wars’ﾖ’f1573），磁d癒己Edi磯of Hロn艶s（−1＄98＞註語’呂在涯虎廿f丑i書・｛譲葺i区・撫亘ξh日轟三8E嬉. ．劔一榔登磁嬉・・晦i・u緬蹴繭癒w聾亘醐顯斑毒・頴繊繍奪誠：捲嶽・一．巽8.

(2) 老肋〔i兵距‖1据経済怯学第16巻第1号（20074三9月）ロ. ideo］ogy as a dominant philosophy in the international p1皿e， the．idea， qf minority. r三ghts started to be considered redundant． Instead， it ’was believed that．．liberal−. individualism could effectively guarantee necessary protections fgr various L. mino亘ty groups be it religious， linguistic， cUltural or」 etihpic． Since then， a sharp Iine。f di、ti’。，蹴h、、．b，e拍：。i，i蹴，e’bihg．ii6erais’！［（：d；δとates、。i’ liridi。iduaI. rights）an d cd㎜u1亘tadanS’Φfobo血entS． Of’gr亭up，亡ight§｝’i血t栖泊．Sides of the Hn巳 F・・lib・・a1・’ C ihdiVidual’｛・’i・加諭血POI由疏a・1’C頭』i旬’・輌・m・nunity i・. important only as long as it Contributes to individual well・being． For communitarians， on lthe other ha皿d， com皿unity comes］丘rst as indiVidual well−. being輌utonomy is deeply rooted in co㎜皿i騨e．‘：［㍉：・1，ンl」．．・・‘．，i・：II 1・iy・・l l l・・’．1、1’ヒ・，”．・. The Collapse of Berlin Wall was considered a lalldslide victqry of liberal ideology． Hope was so high・that Fukuyam．a even called． it the‘end，of history’．as. he saw the progression of human history as a gtrUggle be’tween ideol．ogies coming to an end With the・world settling on ・liberal de二nocra6y after宙e end of’the. Cold War．：1）B嘩this hope・was、sho曲ved‘E竜niC．cleansing．inlfo鯨er・YUgOslaVia and RWanda興t a big ques目on m訂k to．that hope；Even， in：Western・demQcracieSl 韮ke．Ca皿ada， Belgiijmniandf’＄pain，．gr．6Up re§eritMent，is．甘ery．muChlprevalent Even’・. after，．alMost one・decade ofsig血g the・・Belfast．PeaceAgreement， t ethniC tensionsi. in・Northe印壮dand’some廿mes take、’spaCe血1 the pageS of newspap￠rs．’Besides，：、. VariOitS diasporas，．瀬th桓1・We Stem demOCraCieS Iare l nOW lnOfe、Orga磁ed、than・， E . bef｛｝re Ias a result qf・ince，＄sanゼ．teehnOlogicZi［iiriveittiO， ns・．that・helped・in Teviv茸1g・. 蜘cide蜘by・pro舳g唖．cheaper・卿，of co㎜血ieations．’趾・・．the・ same 目meゴ：market ecbhomy」las・brQughl・home軍hllictele碗siOn・ch田nels二〇rceven：・賦畑・d・・．9・li・h・pe・血・t垣’・面・・in・・ea・ingly‘gl・b曲・ed・wO輌諭u・℃伽eS・蝉gon†erge・，i血tαone．cUltUre・has been reduced to abstu dityi，Perhaps」ia皿’ltheS芭 teal・・．Tli fe’ i experience s・prevOked，1三berals ito・、rev三slt＾the・whoIe・ide訂ofIlibera1−. ：156 ’.

(3) へ 1」beral U，ndetstandihg，iShoncomitig and！ Contieversy apropOs GrouplRights：Do We］qeed’註D臨ent Para苗gl祀. individUaliSm． aiid ce血e．up’v酋th．． an’accoi血nodat三ve…libera1．丘amework t6 address the、i＄sues．of groUp，rights、 Consequent］y， Ithe， SharP‘・五fle・ofdisti血ctio皿betweenI. commnnitarians・and llibe血rians started get血g blurred晒th竃也e．emerg印ce’of an. accommodative conceptiOn・．that individual righ‡s、and grotlp r三ghts are’not . −mutually exclusive・an目it is possible to acco血modate g元Oup rights wifhin libera1 』．丘amewotk・．The．proponents；of・瓢s’argume鴫、・『Yael・Ta血血r，1・Jbseph・Raz， and Wi皿. K如・k…蜘・wl・dg・・血・t坦ρ・e．are，c・mp・恥9輌・・tS’f・1・t・d tq・UltU・醐d ide／ritity’which are血Hy colsistent：with五bera1． pr毎ciples・ofI丘eedom and equanty， and which．・j u s’tify− ；grailting special．rights， to…minOrities．：Ky㎡licka ca皿s，．面s the ‘liberal cultur証lise po＄itionL．．・・．’， ∫，．：、・・．：、・了「一㌦』：’ ”. 七・1’＼’．1，” い！ 1’，：’ ．・，，．． ”・，㍉・．‘．1 ㌔’ . Inl：the fり110wing’ゴsec亘ons，：I Will・． e’titicallY’． e文amine this．一「丘ber記．．cUltura五sで. 加sition・of W皿．・K麺Ucka．洞th・a・Viewl tQ demOnstrating that． even｛血is l moderate． POsi廿0且iS・，i血col血pa目ble，・at least、theoretica皿y，晒th．the・idea・of．grg血p tights． One. ’01〕頑bus．implicatioll of this asse面on．・iS that’we need ’a different・paradigm、to. add・e・r血i・姻Sh・宜・・寒9亜・’sc・P・・f輌aperi・・価t・d t・血・a・pect o血1y；and no det垣1ed，discUssiOn on an靱1tema丘寸e．‘paradigtn’isimadei：herel：：”．・’. ．・．三一’、1・一．．．・．』1・ r．．’．三・二・一．・ ‘”ピL−1・”一，．… Il’. ‘、・. I迦嘩竺ヰ虫．戸血卿÷ぷP．亘i亘ht・？，≒「A w瓢興岬胆，C典興丁政y滅咋’．．，＿．．．．．・．．・−. Vemon融． Dyke／z｝，ave舳・c6㎜画㎞紐畑swers臨qu緬n．血nega血e・I He．pre§ents・a historica1：・acc⑤直nt， of’how・Hbera1・politiC誕・，theo亘StSl 1康e HObbes，、. ILOcke，． land Rousseau、eli血垣ated． anY politicaL↑identltyl bet褒eξ｝n・Stat色．互盲a iidiyi dital§t H e．finds the saniel．．phendmenoi・in．・the work・，…of：、Ra碗ls’who・測t．. 血di溺Uals in．the FoHginallposi60ns，． His critiCiSmgbes：tO．Mm餌dB証ker aS Wdll t. fOr．theit／．1indiyidualistici， approach．．5｝． U． nlikeL，也em，i Vah D．ytk色． finds．，：histdriq. ・㎡ 157，ト.

(4) オ1旨ij毛回1祭ホ韮諺〒法学第16巻第’ユ・弓弓”（2007ゴ1三9月）．．・， … ．”」．．・，．” . ．．・、，’．，・・：. P・eced・・t・・eXi・t and’・6nt・mp・塒P・acticesl．訂6允11・w・繊tg。・・g司hStHbe・滅 individualistic加sitiOn；the．establishment of・the State itself is one sllch gτeat hi，t。rie・p・已ce日ence．・1曲i・lw・・dSl．・．．．一．・二・・．・．．．・・“．・・t−・・．．・一．・・，、・・ 1 ．，. ．一 ’．バ．’ …．1”1’・： ∴に；… に．・、：1．”・｝・，’．．パー ’ ノ . ・｝’ITIhe n。ti・。、that．、・all・i。di。id。a1， s。m，h。w。。n⊇。1也。・jUri，醐。；。品e−．・，・、・、. ” 一・・state is． iiLn・obvioUs fic目on． IA’tn． ore・tenable positiori．（ご．．）二is・that lluma∬n已eds・二．’ L 、ト. ’：． @exist atΨariOuS」evel［s…C．．）ゴand！廿iatithe eXistence・of nneeds’hl皿pHes a right．tぴ’・’：T，. 1：．meet廿肥MLT・、・：Thi忌principle justi丘es’ihdividlia1’rights；・’and it司Sσjust誼es’th己’：二・．・・. ，’：・rightgvof．communiHes， incltiding、theI coniMuriitieS（or’． the comnittnitieS’of」㍉’、，． ” 1 ニた。ommun’ities） 1．that constitute ：states． At no工evel…口由e rights absolute・Aゼ．）tt l’1’ ‘. each Ievel and between levels，．1rights and their eXercise are 1血nited by o廿1er ’. f’i‘Irightsl’Within lilhits’reaChedl a仕er．．coriSidering’the、releヤant rights，lthe’ mee廿ng’・舳・．n・・d・。f・’1・輌uniけ・一…the’P・。mbti・n∫・f・ithel．g・δd。紬e’Ml＋・・…. ‘・・綱・晦一」・・tifiti…eShi・tie…δ輌b・h逗・i・u・1・t・individu’・IS・．wh酋1・’．’『・・−1. ’血・y℃・n・e・t・品．…・・い…．∵・∴1−∵．．、…・∴r、1．ゴSEc，…■ ・、一∴．［・’・．・・’．．・一’・ピ… ．−1’∴一．’：．”・，・二. His．argUment in f的ourρf I愈oup HghtS has its−base’on伽b・Vassuinpti叩s：． e t ，. 五・st，也e c・mm・・i廿・・h・v・禽ht…ssep・・at・unit・and、i皿…me ca・es血・・e. 垣ghr叫redゆlr一興；：卿sぱ’垣興亘！璽噌rl・剛輌d・血・・e口ght・『・enect m・r凪弊：興C噸熱r・血1！〔・興匝g喫血 the Bri廿sh pradice in血any of her colonies軸ere Bdtish cOnferred．1egal rightli to亡o皿muriitieSl BritiSh practice fbr colollies・・is−eVident．i皿．．many independenf countdes．， Ih’Belgium’；dght白have b民n deVb lve’di tO丑【1餌甜βcbmt血血nities．伍 Fiji，． special・land right is guaranteed for．the・Eijian．’ii’the conきtitution二’He ノ ’. cO㎞ents on・臨．㎜皿gbment也at it is“。b甫輌co㎜嶋輌g I輌ghts’ to’ 狽??fcomm輌as SuCh’on a collec且ve，．cbr輌e basisl’Tσseek tb・fedUce. 也eSe cσ㎜㎞曲齢to”indiVidUal軸ts is to『軸・to pfese！lve’・a．棚dig血血at ．158 − 、.

(5) lib・ral U・d・r・tanding・・Sh・rt・・血9朗d C・・廿・ve・・y・pmP。・G・6・貢・Nkhts・D・’W・，Ne，・d・D撫・tPamdign？. does・not fitl掴LThe．same analbgy’app五es；to oth er ico’un’ tties’Wheere．theエe’is・a・. practice of．g已nting grouplrights．．’Eveh・inth’e．US；；community right iS，：， ac㎞bvdedged』fc）r．lhdiahsノ「1已垣扇a1］on・conce血皿9・the Indians fefletits dififerent and・cbn廿adictory’pr三nCi餌es；but sofhe・of it：asSumさs thatφ’the tribes：are like ’sovereig虹1幽teslin・being hTed皿cib亙e・hghtand−du嬢beadng uni偽1”・s ）：’We c｛血・add；. manダmore td悟m Dyke’s examples． Malaysia”・hasi bbee皿一s直cceSsfully pur討uing this・PQIidye’fbr’many years tg・keep lla国ony釦10亘9．e仕皿ic Midays，、 Chiimes’e，・andi Indi認：col㎜Unities」・L｛…baロon∫is・anothef， examt）le．：、・ … 二vl’．．・，・．｛・ 1’li ご・・、・．’…．・二．’・．・・’・．一”．1：・・ ”『、．・1…．・・1’1．．i・・∵’・．一ご・・．、・・’1−・1．∴・．∵’二. ∵””Defending！his secondl’aSsumptiori・that rights・that sho血d be、・accorded to・. 剛pS’・hO嘩凪・・be血・卿t・fas・e且eCtin9・im・・田・・laim…迦D夕kelque・ti・撫：1 ‘恥y：sho血ld the泊ossibiUty・be ru led out that． thel・aUthori旬of・lthellstate・shoUld’：1）ei. limitedsnot．only by the moral rightSl of：ihdi碗dUals・でiinalienable”．of・．hunian／：禽hts）， but also． by・the．mora1・rights of，groupsP’9）He as8erts that the grant of ・’ 堰E9al．・tat・s鋤d面賠・t・・9・・叩・・in・m・ny．￠Quntries， m・y・w・U b・・血lresp。nSもt。 a. m・・凪d迦・Si㎡醐・血顛部tt・・elf・d・t・輌a亘・n「・・a．・m・・司軸飼・・9iven t・’ 』groupsi…and’most・諏portantly ・this．，giTO叩dght iS・not coi伍C血g．輔th’：，individuaI rightS． Tb quOte・’him：‘『rhere is n∈…ver a thought．that when．aT−peOplel・e琴ercise its ．. right to．Sehf．determination， the gutcome加ght violate．ian’individual’right No . violation Qccurs even in止e Case．of．thosc…：who・oPPose・the’otttcO㎡be．，They・三retain the・right to Ileave the．group， but they have皿o right of protection against・the・， gir，oul＞ls’：decision， ahd∵no right 6f redfess… lh’e f（）regding．sUgge就’that並’is the. corpo士ate u垣t’that e功oys the right；the：most・that a皿individual’℃an・daim・is’．a dght to‘particip，atC・in theヒorpgrate’choiceご加〕・・丘i・a・dj描erent wo王k興’・， he criticiseS；、. 恥eraLattitud6’七〇wi孜ds the lightltoゴe聾dete㎞natidn byもa輌g．that Hberals諒hol cl amPiQn廿Us・right五）ゴ血ations br・peoples了‡4…hd to廿1血k・・ofa nati6n drづeople：皿ot’ as・：a CoUective・enti雄・but’．a§．，ah aggregatiσnli’of’：．iindiVidualS：・He dis叩an血es’・this 輻・．159.

(6) 横浜1到際経済法学i第16…巻幼11，号（2007年9月），’．．．’．．．．’・．・・1：・『・． ’・ T. ．con￠eption and assetts．that・重血ough individuals・haΨe hユterest in being、9τouped；・ that dOes not necessarily．皿iean・that the re工ated：”right．／goeS‡o Lindividuals：・．・・．・. ．Van DykC’s・．criticiきm．已雄ended to pluralist’s as．weU．且ke菖ome nberalists卜. he・argues，・Most of thをplura王ists］consider variousli血tetttSt・groups・’between；り：. individUal召血d statesi But・・etihriic．col血muni算￠S f副〔三d tO、at吐a仁t the麺a廿en廿gh． The・. probleM’．wi，th・iIlterest grqup in，sUch a Positionl is that they pUrsue；i皿V餌Dykeis・ te！TM，二‘individualistic・’valuesl． Given也is1・backgrouid；二his as＄ertipo1 is加stified：・. ・Th・liberal・・ncepti・n−・n・indi・idu・li・口・nceptiq…t：・i・u輌ly limit・d’…・. Conside面g the．heterog￠nei取df manldnd and of廿1e popda60n of virtuaUy every、，xiSti。9．、t。t・，lit i・a1・・皿ece・S・ry・t・輪k・・f・thniC，c・㎡麺ni目・⊇d．C”・rt・in. other垣nds of lgroups，、and to ihclロdel’them．among lthe㎞d葺．・gf，茸即じ紐d−（lutyt．. beafing・㎜its whoSe垣t芭i士ela60nship are、to be eXPIOredll跡一His− an’dthef．a蹴k’ on・liberal〒in．di両duaUsmlcomes・血the fOIlow血g．．Way：．，・／・・．．一・．一ヨ∵’・. @，… 、∴；∴”．・．”’」．・”．・tl 1’”・㌍’‥’’”．・’・，．．三．’‘∴. ，．、：・．. i’lt is unjUSt ・td acceptlorassumel stahls，andT三ghts 、for・state§， natio皿s，’and：一≡． ‘beoPlβs｝”・but to i・rejeCt・theM for．ethniC／lcommnunities・tha亡are‘also hiS’terically” “「・；−1 ．；．‘』conStihited． And it is，even unju8tltO ildiVid叫als tO田y that thoge三wh亘belqng ：・’… L . ピ. ，・lt6・d・m三±ant．gr。ups，can enj。ylthe・雄en蜘t． ad迦tages’and菖a廿s鱒・nt7，・．∵ ’．’’”. vherea5’tho5e Who．belong’to、nOndon血1尋nt and miロori惇groUps mu註either・ ’「−1. ・1；・・1・abaridon・their・cUlture・racc，ept・＄ecO皿d、dass status．”13）ゴ・、、・・’一一∴，．．1：t’ Dt. C・一・・ @’・， ”．・”一 ’1・’・．．’・1・∴・・F｛1．・『ll. ・Van．P廊e po血ays inherent drawbackS伽Ube興sm・wi也the case of五he品ト. responsetαin酬ous・Co㎜画廿es．・Ubera1き蜘owledge宜ghts鱒ersons． b・1。嬉i・g．血dig・n・u・・c。皿nu繭・…杣・・血・・h孤d・’hi・tory・how・臓．1由・・. ㎞digen・…ar・…a印1・． n・t…帥le：・￡uph・ldi亘g Ci岨th・i・rightS°・’紬 inte記Sts in．丘ee alld open． indiVidU／alistiC：■ompetition w証h their「n｝ore・ad題nced・．COUnterpartS． HiS． L・eO正nfne血t On，血i睾coi｛エast is．、a・vi｛垣respOnsC tg、thβq口eS｛iqn・・1・ツロ. 160．．、・ ’.

(7) lib・r・1り・d・・st輌g， Sh・「t・・mi・脚d輌・versy・p・。PO・G迦p田9h垣・D・W・．N・・d・Dbler・nt・Patadigin？，. ・頗・d輌・’can・liberali・m acc・㎜・d・t頭・u頗幽・・西qUOt・1迦・’・・．一. ・’ 、∴・’．・・’・… ’、．・，・”1 ・・一・▽ ’ 1−1人一… オ. 、・〉”・“［Tエh・1ib・・al・．m・ve“y．h・醐’・…e・皿ゴ， lh・・．辛fav・ur・・m・・垣・d・f al・・1. ”s⊇1・’P「°te・tiVeT・rgini・矧i・dig・・…p・qPI・］1：一醐玲・’申bHξhi・9’ ‘・’．・ ’・telTitoria1・reserves丘6血whiCh others are’excluded．・But．this．・is：con仕ary Ito．’ ・、. ・’デ・∴’liber…11・dOct茸neトwhich iS・at least integrationist if not as；i叩ilatiqnist；．・．・. ；」P輌nent’・蜘u画・垣s一㎜accep嚇・血d軸・1ib・・司」・・蜘・．Wh紬・・．・’・・i ．1モsu早11yages is fol s江yl匝a蝕he・special．：皿easures二fgr’・the indigehous aτe・∴：・’・. 1廿血・i呼P・ndipg devel6pm・・醐・t p・画t’桓t・輌・n・Bgt・ifindep・亘dence；い is impractical， penmanent．co耳田皿n…血sm’ロlay．賄…exactly：wh吾t・the面digenous・’・♂’”. i want．．．． L ・、、，．，一 1 ♪ 1’ 、. ‘・謔P∵・・，、．・∴、・．．．，．．㌦1．．1・一．』∵1’．1、一・ ∴〆．．□∴，・㌍．、．∴・．、’．、1∴．・’、、1：．・・．，. The troubk…is that t工1e libeia 11工弓s皿o place in his・theory㊤r PeoPles a§distinct s. 、，・PP醐輌綱es白t・・indiVi輌一i過輌h一論く’”・㍉i’”・⊇醐U蜘・gbve㎜en皿p峻eS， it muSt七e．o血・ate㎡t噛baSiS．and、’∵ ・’f’．三：nOt’。・証basi・Of：e血「i・雌er疏es∴・Th已・e二seems・・t。・be・直・’place・血・the．’”・1）．・・：”. ’：’一・：liberal’s’i’thotight’fbr the：po＄Sib皿ty that lan． in’digendus・加P直lationl㎡ghf waht・’・. ，已t°P三C・e順醐・血Cti・・ide蜘’indρ輌1芋’”t’ i・：≡．・11・’”t‘・’I I．・1・…、・』1・−1・一一・、．’・㍉・・’tt：一・．・・”・…．’・1・，・・．・s．・・1 ；・1，．ざ．・、“：. 1・い蹄・i・h・蝉胆「Dyke・qxplain・・五b・ral’・h・輌迦・9・’血1．d・・血卵血・9・qupI 亘ght日・It is：110t thatlUbe斑s三do・not care’：ab out ／grtupS；lbUt・th巳prob］em is theway 廿1Py・te早d’td’□espbnd：lto〆・grqup needS・i宇・、 th｛三’individuψstic ai∼pfoach；＾iS・very・. gfteni・｛手igproved二戸y・praCticξ≒・’This’gap betW een，・th（∋ory and praCtice；riin’ dρmr耳unitar三艇．tinndett，Sta皿d． ’i／ng二marks・．the i坤e‘rentバlackingL−”ih・libヒra1≒. 血di曲血・iP・．興出isl1Sl認a碑酋e℃bmmu・i甑甜s蜘・’…sg其d・・蜘d．城 asse坤191力at i血，di琶dUa五s1皿∫垣one』’C”an口oむbe a proP皇r：reSPonSe ltO：9roup・廿ghts；∫. hence廊。b伽s蜘clusi。n’as・dra晒ゆy箒…血・Dyk，・e・・iis・燥細e蹄mぬeeds 161.

(8) 横浜1到1祭経済法学第i16i巻第1号（2007年9’月）．：，一． ’一・ 1．・『「、・I I 、．・. stipplemen｛］ng”；田． The proposed suppleTrient ［is to．：recognize・Ithe：eXiStence of groups as．well・ as −rigllts for those ・group＄． We．suppose， bアsupplemen廿ng he did り. 。。t mean a’d融・t．・eadi・g・f libera・血・ugh屯R・th・・；give杣…th…e廿cal limitations of 1五k｝eral二桓di画duaUsm；he trged fbr a disljnct l et．of prinCiples that. 」’. recogniZes groUPIexist’ence and’group rtghts．．Here．we find．a， definlte ：・・卿nita・i・n an・we・t・㍉・面u・・ti。n晦liberali・m cann・t・in the？η・ accommodate group、亘ghts；and pragmatiとpractices． of grnup．di血erentiateq．rights by liberals strike−at the very root・of their theory・The fbUowing’sec廿ons w皿trace. how Kymlicka reSpOndS”to・this challe’nge’put forward iby賦o㎜uni輌s’and what are the； shOrtcomings’Of・Such responSe．ヒ @ ・ ’・ロー：. 3品era1 C叫t興rヰ・．顛1三su蹴煕・Rr卿Se t・ C°m興輌唖輌冊e．．口■．，∴、．。1．．、 Liberal poli廿cal philosopher Will Kymlicka．put・lbrward、hiS鼻moUs ltheory of ・libera1・eultUralisin・・i曲is．’semina1． work Mer臨ultuMl・． Citizenshが｝・which has. been critiCized by， both the liberal and coiηmunitarian sd1σols．・HiS argument じ. starts with・the assertion that ii VirtUa皿Pt aU・Hberai demoCracieS， a／dis血ction is. drawn between immigrants．and na廿onaLminori廿es、’In Westem demoCracies， immigrants−are expected・to integrate into th壱’：tnainstreaM soCiety，’lafid thiミ靱e醜・且i・・back・d’u卵血・th…forc翻f・1・w・；and’［p．ubli・pdli・ie・・gnLth…晦・． ha血d， nationa1．・垣norities aオe．燗ewedmla d遼e王e叫t Way〔Un田ζe．thβ． eighteenモh． a皿d ，血eteenth century practiヒes，．．over−．乞he Icourse．’6f．this cent田y・a・new attitUde．has：. developedwhiCh・allowed s’tates、，to aCcord．natibnal・Miitorities・［variOtiSヒSe1亡・・gρVernmehtl powers∴ln other words，．Kymli￠ka・pbints’th’at・WeStei ’ dettiociradies：. have．along．staidi㎞9’ 垂窒≠ルuce‘・of gran」ting・differentiated’treatme耳t l fOr．泊ational’ ㎜・riti・・．r輪諏・，・血・・m・丘va目Dh拓・his b・・k was．｛・・ee∼・砲e出er h・e・uldL 162.

(9) libera1’ tnderstanding， Shortcoming田1d C田troversy apropoS GrOup r ightS：DoWe Need a Di丘］etentParadig前？. ？ r“ ＋. close the宮ap・b已twden Pradice・andオheory．−to I see・if he cpuld fhld a皿I adeqqate. juStifiCation Within liberai，theory． fbr面s di鍾eren6a1廿eat血entn）Now rec…趣ig V注nDyke！s． c亘tiCism．of Hber吐hldividu菰sm， we see． that面ミ・is exac目y what he． Wa且ted the Hberals to e和lain． KYi皿五cka pidked：the right’cha皿enge，：ildeed．・. ，．1. D、・. ?@；ヘト、．’1；：．’．・㌦‘・”1・・、…’，・．・．11．・’・‥㌧、1．’・・7. ，、．．・1．In．hiS ventUre ot cloSing the gap bet研reen・1i互era1’theory．a血d’praC廿ce｛［1. Kytiilicka，s’Uberal jus丘五Ca置onl，fof． d澁…re血琶毎ted’treatment f（〕r：n包tibnal［血inority. groups goes・．this lway49〕：’modemミtates， invariablY’de†elop〒and「’cohsoUdate a ‘societal， culture’瑚whic11・requires・廿le StandardizatioII and di血sioh of a．，commort. language， and the：creatioh・and diffUSion．of．co血血bn educationa1，，politicaL：a皿d leg釦1’T．t血stitutiohs」Indeed∫the．state i日’thei leading forCe b ehind・these l e拍コ就s．. TheSe societal cnlttres are’pro㊤undb㎞portant tσHberalis皿as liberal valties・of モ 1 へ. ．fヒeedom and equa五尊lhust be defined． and ／understood in relation・to’such societa1 り．. bultlfres． LiberaUsln rests・・on，廿ie value・of individual．1・atttanomY bUt袖at lenables・. 廿1is・sortlOf・autOnblpy・i§，the fadt that our societal−cUh血re・1n血eS寸adous・optioTls available to、ユ1s．’FreedOm’iS・・the ab伍章王o・eXPI町e a皿d revise，the・ways of．1迂e which 血！e身工pade，avI適lable by our．．societal・cUltUre：・S圃arly， eqU91ity．of bpPortu血ityi iS ’. anOthe，・・P田・r・fUb・・ak・帥Ut．wh・t趣・・面sle巾姐勒・SSibl・i識・．｛蹴・i・n・. 。f、 a cbmmon．1⑳age’and・血s賦on．ithroughOut：socie醇』q幽’is迦出e量st instance， a matter of equal・opportunity・to’participate in．these・cdm皿曲 institUtions． Therefore， to ensure丘eedom、包nd：bquali雄．fot・a皿CitiZen． s・・ i皿volVes；. 融θγα」緬，ensuring that they have equal． memb号rship in， and access to， the opportunities made available lby’．thピsocieta1．’c旦lt血」e二Hen壱e，．member畢11ip ih a ，。ci，面。ul血，e i、 nece、’、崎f。r・lib。，al・freed・m皿d・q・ality、圃・c・皿ec直。n，. freedom．alld l明uality・・fO主immigrants requires・・加edom、、靱d元eqtlali惇・輔thin m誼nstream inStituti6ns：1〕y．promotihg llinguistiC a草a．mstitutiona1・垣tegration， OI1. 血e．On輌d，、・孤d． de缶1鞭g恥Se’Cq㎜On m蜘tiOnS，10蜘紬e「， S6伽t 、 ’・ 163.

(10) ｝黄テ兵1到陪…経｝fi怯学第・16巻第・’1」冒・・（2007ゴF：9月）・∵・，．一．・．，．．一・．・、 ’．・・ ”・. lin官uistic an｛世inStitutiohal integrationldoes−．nOt require deniai of their r ・ethnoclllt町a｝iden｛i廿es． iBut in． thecase of na廿〔｝n記n㎡nofities20）i．j the Case’is、qu三te ．. di匝…rent． These．groUps a］keady possessed a‘societa1：culttlre a皿d they have’fOught ，to’. 高≠奄獅?≠奄窒堰C these I ins岱tuti6ns． Their｛demands・for specia1’language・ rights and. regiδnal autonomy have increasingly been』accepted by liberal democracies． Group・d協eren目ated、甘eat血ent・of．this sort、is．not aivioladon of liberal prmciDles，. fOr to．expect・the，memberslof na丘onall minOri6es・to hit轍ate intol th6桓stitutio抵. ・f舳d・mm・nt’・・1瞬i・・n・ithe・’・e・e・li・ty，・n・・輪Fre諭m玩．血・皿inv・1・eS 血・・ab晦t。1ive紐翻・Tk・・i・蹄b㎜・S・ci・制・’・Ult・・el’・li・・h。鵡血e・㎞’・fsa lib，，al th，。ry、。f mi。。，i願ght包i註。 d，五nef。i，・teゴ§．。伽t・g・ati。n、．f・t. ㎞㎡9・ant…at・d・t柾e鴫e・n・廿・nal・rninbriti…t・唖㎞・血・mselvesa・・di・血・t．、・・ci・魎．”・・1，］．．・’∵』一．・已「い’・・1・…1. D・パ’. 撃戟E．’：・．．．’．’I I・・1・・．’・・七．・：・llコ＝t．・∴’：‘. ㍉’・∵1’・・1・．…1…．・ば・‥…，・・…・’1∴・‥・．・’1’∵㌧…㌦・…一一 ‘．Kymlicka・S・血eo理．is，s塘n迦t釦醜e蹴toイacco㎜odate grOup， rightS． Withi臼liberal丘aineworkこ，Most・・i血pOiltantlyi like’comm顛i磁a血s，・K脚1ick証 ’rec・gnfzed’ ・ th・9・pb・㌦e・n ’th・晦・t d・P・亘C丘ce ap・OP・s．9…p・軸醐繊・al SOc’i’eties， afld lurged for’i草斑印6ratillgcgroup加ights within、tfle．・：theore’tical、. frameW6rk：H6wever輌， Kyt皿1ickaPs五beral cult血r面st⑳sition．’il加t，s唖ciehts ’m：｛tse1［IWe iden蹄．at・least・．／three‘inherent sho血om桓gs；・in hiS・theo斑．出at ・iaむnot. ㎡low it． to be a su伍cient reSpo直se’to、．commUrd撤an℃haienge：The．sUbsequent ’seCtionS touch．1ipoi壮1e8e Sho辻co1血mgs．．．、．・・．∴ ・’・．｛一’… ” ．∵・1‘i．1・…三∫□ ，1 l . ．．，．. A、’・一・・ D’. P・. C．’. E，・. @ ・… 1．、，…．，’一，・、：］・、．・．・『’二．・．・，，．−. 3．1．卵励σ肋包．卿伽ガα1！．ResPons松面顕訪醐耳3働ψ8□…∴：・・冷・・モ◎ ノ ?黶w ・・．〆日±．・．，，・、，…．・，☆・・．1∵』，11・r∴’．・．1．’．．．・．・・∵ll・・∴・・・・，，．・．・・1・. What、i§K蜘Uck’s respdnse to岨d grDups、that・arb・‘illibera1，1？・1血；otherfwotdsi／．td what’ektent iKy血1icka is・ready・to、 compro面se・basic睡b er訓， rightS．、．of i並dividu証. metr bers・of・agrbup to acco㎡odate right・1もf：：廿1at・grouP？Hi旦fesl）onsetσモhiS・is 164 ・』」、.

(11) ’、. libe’al U”derstandi・9，5h。nC。Ming and C・・加・邸p・・PO・Gξ・叩NghtS・D・W・闇・Di」fe・e・tPぬdi蜘？. quite a straightfdrward．、ohe：‘Minority rights． are 60nsistent with‘liberal cultura五s血． if（aンtheyiproteCt the’fヒeヒdOm”of・i皿di甫du訓S’樋廿im竜h壱’group；・and，（b＞. they’pro畑ote fela廿01s of equI沮ty（nondo㎡hance）’・．betWeen」grbups．ir’q：｝tln．other words；accordingl to．this theory， r㎡皿o雌y I groups Can』assert．righti．aS againSt・．the. ．state or other groups， b亘t w呈血in the group individdal rights w皿l pre寸ail over group rights． This arrangemeptヒis．quite obvibus as．．．IOng as．籔m五cka cails it a 1 b . ’lliberal．theory’llHowe寸ef；Kymlicka’s idea df sUbjectin書・’gfoup−rights to the. ’enjbyment．ofHb eral rights・by the individu訓：me血bers，’can：be C亘tiCiz6d from communitari釦【i peどspec琶㌣e as・‘‘it is「a皿：ltd o・easy to Ijudge socie6e忌by I S琵血d印rdS．. theダdo、not、recOgnize’！．22㌧．The precOnditidn・that’Ky血licka seち：」n faCt， Undef士r直Iies，血斑y fbrms ofCulturalI；comエht血ity，”especia皿重’those’tthat’fail i皿thet ptactices to・conf（）］自［n to liber認1｝inciples． This is not a：u皿ifo畑・Uberal Posidon．. Another acclai血ed”1iberaLScholar．Chand士ari・Kukath’a sas｝q倉ts：for a．d田erent ・・pPr・ach． U血1ik・・晦mli・k・；’Kuk・th・Si・d・e・．n6t・・とt・叩y p・e剛i甑・．面品已し L. e皿jo諏m’ enit．of’gro立P’］dghtS． ActUa1【y， there is、no groul＞醐f’in‘his’廿1色sis．・Hi菖. theoty．i’］solely dep色nds on！individ画1・chOlce！．・As long aS4皿dtvidu副s：ch｛∫ose Ito reMai血with a grbUp；，liberalt −Or i皿iberal， outside二society． is：not e頭口edrtb intefV｛ヨne ．in ’，the internal affairs’．i of that group≒．￥et；：With’：口Usli丑diVidualis血’i he・1）eUeves；. ．￠。mmuni廿e緬e・』−aconsiderab』。凹卿。wer・o草er．血頭d緬u司s， if membership・to、 a’cUltuf滅comlロunity iis． voluntary， a．皿d’，if正he．”outside society．haS n・’. jght t・’ 奄獅狽??磨En・in the1桓tem由誼趾…f・瓢t白1㎜画旬， it允血qW・・］i・t−t。. r翻n．as a・Membe’r iof， that・／commrk㎡輌翻d嘘must s廿ck to血e畑es 1典at 加血nuhity． Thetefore； ’he・ekemb］雌es， as a ci富zenl・of a五bera1・． societyl I alMus1加. has：a卿tdf丘・e・pee￠h；・bu嘩a MU融・’h・Wev・f・ih・h・・’・頑ghttb」誠・・g・ 1・1・m’・鋼・men回t斑・仁：Kuk・th・S。b・li・・e…也at・錘…出・’Wtiy・・me・P酷蜘n・i・‘. g』tb cul加前I cq㎜uni6esご舳oUt de⊇g・丘om baSic・Ube輌r垣ciplesi ‘f【T］h（…primaty“of丘reed6m ofゴssociation：is・’a皿・㎞port且n弩・’itl h且s・to t涼e p亘6亘t夕 165 ・.

(12) ‡此f∫毛匝1階｝経i肖i法学第ユ6巻第1号：（2007ゴF9’月）・ 1 ・・．・．・ 1 」一．．．…. 0Ψe軍oth6r liberUes，−i・such・as those Of． speech or worshipl−whichI． lies iat廿1e．cote−of ｛ユ1e．1iberal tradition；T｛z：） 1［1iiS ・． argtt’血eitk）y KKi」kathas iS．not beyond．d（…bate，：but the. point to 1）e made here is that KymUcka！s respdnse to I‘illibera1’groups，Violates．the libLera1『prindiple by・giVing pTeference”，to．且ber査且sm｝Liber曲5丘1 i§・stUppOsed．to be ・colOU］巨blhld．：・、・・ 1｝・1’、㌧・・、1・L・’．．’．・㎡’・一・バ』・、・，．：、・’… ，’．七. ‘L−’i、．‘．・”・’1，、．□1．、．；i［・1 ・．．、・、。・’□’．’，・・’；’・一．．1’「：l. l、‘、・Weakness of Kynilicka！s‘libeilal’．re日pbnse・．fO畑bera1！1g蜘ps becom酷 mO虻e ViSible．if，We jUXtapOSe it I With・almOre・’COnSerVatiVe．prφpOSitiOn・bY anQtller ．e血血lent’Uberal theOri st Briab：Barry、es）iLike Kdkathas，・Bariry also beHeves l that it. i，．1、b part。f lib。f。lis血t・l in，ist・that every・9剛pmuSt．‘』f・・rp lt・Llibe・al ．pririCiples in its inteMai｛strttcture・iin．his．血nderstandij g；the： fUndamental・libera1・．. ．position oh gr6UP’rightSf is that indi†idUalsfShoUld bel丘ee to assdciate together‘in． any・way Ithey like lpro頑de〔i that thelr、takihg、p4rt in th『actiyities of the gr皿p．. ・hb・lq…m鋤・ut・・＄a・re・UltP抽・剛un鯨de・i・i6迦d・th碗hO司d−b・・free J. to cease to take憤art噺h￠never they want ltor剛1． What．makes B軍Ty distinct：麺mI ヒ. Kukatha＄is IBafがs’deep」unde斡talld三ng bf．the term！volun鞍rineSs！．’WheII I a. member、 of乱貫dup quits brTema血S・wi叫軍he∫9主oUp’ヤol血醐ゾ， variOils垣ctors actually’Wotk beliind． that’appa民ntIy‘vOI．uptary，”decision．．・・Let．．Us」COn富ider ta. ：hypo蹴al：Case’ here：a・馳er， belon蜘g・to l la 1．血nor輌㎜輌㎡酔t， not find、it：cbs七ef品cdve fof hiS sgn tO．le｛畑’ethniC la皿guage． He might wa耳t．his．son to l. leam冠on血｛血t langロageland get assimilatedl to・．m汕nStream culture as sO6血as. possibletb sec皿re．abetter lfuture．−ilf・白皿， the．fathersi‘start、fhilidhg並n廿1is．waMj．廿1at minOrity，l CUlture Will CeaSe tq・￡垣St．Very SOOn：’ ．： C’al］、 it be Called la・．．V：b1UIltaryI. decision？、：cVol血tariness’． ce n．be．，’exami血ed．丘om、the oppositel aspect as weU． Herd ohe iidividual．remainS ・・as［［．a・血ietuber：6t・ a皿・illibetal’”group．．・‘†01ultarily∵Butj−iri. reality・， thisi三ndiVi dual：．is，血ot willing to shOulaer the・・cOsts・that Will fbllow his． deciSion tO，：leave that l group．：βei血g Ia Ubefa工，’no・doUbちIBarry’i§・interested血n t［hiS“. 1硫，. ■.

(13) Libera］Understandingi Shortcoming and C皿troverSy aprepos GrgdipRights： DロWe・Need a D1沮erent Paradigm？ lゴ ny キ. aspecL but it ca皿ot logically．disma皿tle the other side of the就0エy．一・∴ ，｝. However，． if we．compare Ky叩licka’s respons6 to‘illiberaY groups with 廿10se Of K皿athas．an｛ユーBait r， it iS・hard to、 call itia『81iber泣， positio丑． To the・eXtent. that， KYrnlicka・・sets‘五beral’standard to， grant right to， f皿libera1， groupS， it．90es. agaiist lib宅era1・pr三nciple， for it．gives an・eqqal right・to．a despotic state tb：put illibera1．dO9皿ias at the Sal皿e poSiliOn．．一：・1、一一；．・．｝．，1 −、，：…： °3’L已. ・・13．2．1頭畑1娩α認偽愈（］omPatib． le・ with−LiberaliSm？．i．・”；・．・1∴，，、1’一．1．．−1’．・二‘ユ．．1”…．．，’”．．’．＿・．1㌧・r・・1、．v．・−rtr ．・・. The血sSion of K拍hliCkals theo尊of lib eral”cultUralism』is to・close、 the、’gap ’1〕etweeh・theo塚and’pract］ce． In， a㎞ost al1五be士al．socie目亘s、therei，．arei’igreup− difiieretitiated practices．：OI1圭he l dther hand，ili1〕eraltindiVidualiStt’ ／・as a・、theo耳y…dQeS’. not．recOgnize．gtoUp・rightsゼK廊Ucka’s tlleo理tends to二dbse廿Us・gap by， da㎞g thatユn， libleral dem￠racies whik｝・、a soOietal．．culture．泡pσnsoτedl，．by1．the．．§tate 41. promotes・the language：and・instituti ons．I of．ma垣stream cu正tUre， it，willi，beはi. 恥廿qe．t・．・・XP・己t me却・…f血・Hげゴ己1敏e、t。、spend滅。㎜，e、du，。e、．．t。・ 1. ma㎞t砲i廿1｛…k・・culture．1工n K醐d｛a，s undetsta皿ding．・it goes・agai皿st・thevery．basic，. philoSOpliy of・liberaliSm；’lience ，iMinority’；rights mu已t：be・T6Cogii舵d且nd guaranteed，wi蹴1iberaHs耳1．．． GrOups．can enjoy．．special，，．dght昌・as long l・as． these. 貢ghts do、血ot violate Ithe桓dividual、rightS of㎞embers．’Wllat makes Ky耳血cぬ dififereilt・froM ’ a・ cOmmunit…疽an js．−that：he垣ves．a．肪eral釦sti五ca宜dn fbrてgroUI｝，. dif距rentiated， prac廿cεs In二・liberal・democracies．withI．垣s， ce就ra1・arguI口ent，that EL. depri輔ng・主ninorities．of．廿leir．rights・will be・ a violatio庇of’liberal．， ptinciples・Of. ’autonomy and’・equality． No・’，doubg his theoIy tends・．tOl油ake．．a．bala血ce・betWeen. individual and group’rights． However， ot血er．lib erals think．that， this theory comprqmised：liberal． p’r五iciples：to accommodate’group righ1冶：凸ey．bri血g lback the：qld：del）atel白fI二co血Da6bility・of group’rights With libera1論日δゆ・・聡sこsePtion. I” ・ ’ ．・ 167，.

(14) 柚浜国際経清法学第16巻第↓1・号・￠007年9月）r㍉、、1 ・・’1 ．一”．．’ ” ∴．；. brie酎addresses趣s iSsue・∴．ピー．・人・．1・1・’”・…’1 …一．”・’”r：. ・…1…．ぶ∴…’・三…1’・パ』1’・・』：… ㍉‘・・ご・r’∵ ・’1，’・．｝・Here．’we・refer tp’Kitkathas’、 ohごe agaih：1且ke K測ibka，1（ukathas’is alsσ. ’very’．niuch．collcemedi about・the加norily．communi酷自r bU亡i口oes not・gi草e・him’ su苗cient reason tO abandonゴ’lmod茸y，l or reinte巾ret HberaH曲． ACcbrdirig tofhim’i・．. the v・ry・mph・・i・・f lib・・ali・m・n indi・iduallright言lmd libe坤besp曄’・n6t hos面1ity tO the interests Of commllnities but Wariness’of’tlfi’e’ ．poWer’of the・majority ・over hlinorities． ThttSi therξi，is・no need to・100k fb！㌧泣ternati卓亘s：tQ・Hbe亘誼ShゴOt：］to . th，。w、w、y也・i・di耐uali部血・t’1≧tit・h・a・1．・Tlierefote，・u血・K卿li・k・， h・. ’ tn’’. 五・d・it Unnecess時tαac・・mm・d・t・迦．id・a gf g・。晦亘9htS・t・addfe…thご. ii＄suesi，‘of血hority．’To quote him営We ieed，．rather；to・reasSert the㎞da血elltal impbrttn． ce of indi甘｛du証・li6’ eihy’ana indi垣dual］晦htき．and’qUeStion the idea． th泣. ・輌司・min・運・・』…ll日・目v醐…麺’・71・勤i輌P・・i且・血・he・Vily’d・p・・d・・n his ass血垣P目bn that．the’−basiS・bf．collec目ve・．rights i is出e・1ヨghts．of i idiVidtialsi FQt. 照ka臨・while血・垣ter・・t呂・gi・en’exp・e・si・n in哲。up・・’d・．m繊池ey’m・廿・・ − ultimately・．orily ito the exterit／that’they l a］f已ct’・actua1’iri dividuals：．Th逗efbre， groups. and、com叩dnities．have no・・special mor訓・prim庄1矛・in『杣e・δfsom椥aturi辿やrio亘ty．ご. He・critici2es Kymli’ckalぎ．Temph’aSiS・・n・the掘ue．6f． cultUrel and加lt吐al member頭ip・もy sa立㎞9’th’i’t・mimy：d通tural・grO叩§SupPress i血d樋dtla1’choice’an母. liberty垣the n’ame’「6f cμltlire、 Veryl o茸ei∫thG．inte琵sts．lof・individuals are SubOrd血ated’to廿ユe comTntinity， aridi theSe：co宜皿tl血iti色s‘dρ・not place：i血di寸id廿訓. a｛itonomy and Choice・high・in・the．hierarch宇6fI・values．・Therefqre， K蜘五c蓑a拮 arg直meht廿lat iindi寸idUal，§・・metnber｛辻hip．i血．・a cultU圃co㎜Unitび’helps・hh皿／her t6 x. develop、his〆herChoiC杜ヤrhi6h’is fhe’esSer｛ceトo￡血bera五s垣is nOt corred二・，：：i’1，’ji’： 1七＿・・．’・・∴、．：ヒ・」1、1・・”∴・・．’一・1．，1．．．．：・『．・・．1．1’，1’・・．．・・．．・：∵・…治 . ‘’、二．Similarly， IBa坤・！also vehe血ently．opposes the idea bfprd垣otingピthese. commUnal．ide醐es・by曲e S白te舳bUgh’lhe・r⊇nizes』the：role・p1蹄繊’the ’. 168 、.