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(1)A. Synthetic. Study. of the Ass∝iation Vbiceless. a. with. Kunitoshi. 1.. Tone. a. of. Vowel. TAKAHASHI. lntroduction王. The. high. such. processes. High. Vowel. Deletion,. possibility. In. Tone. The. we. be. associated. been. a. High. as. with. concerned. are. apt. Vowel. both. accent. pattern,. undergo or. descriptively. and. investigating. /i/. vowel,. to. Devoicing. experimentally. voiceless. in the. to. attention. they. interesting. are. with. much. since. known. usually. are. paid. (1976)). which. paper,. to. in the. (also. pattern. etc,). the. word. a. of. consisting. an. in particular,. in. words. manifest. Table. 1. five. Tone. Tone. Dialect. accent,. tone. dialect. can. is determined. if it does,. and. exhibit as. patterns. Patterns. type,. accent. called. morae. n. of. Tokyo. in the Tokyo. word. carries. words. tone. n+1. of Four-Mora. Words. the For. patterns.. in Table. shown. tone. in the. Tokyo. LHLL. /irogami/. "color. 3. LHHL. /kagaribi/. "bonfire". 4. LHHH. /otooto/. "younger. /sanpatu/. ``haircut. J. LHHH→. the. put. at. the. word,. boldfaced have. not. end.. Tone. downward. arrow. 0, the initial. mora. tones. H(igh) an. patterp the. making. Thus,. four-mora. Exmaples. 2. 0 does. falls.. Dialect. ". pattern. or. 1.. /siitake/. 1,. pitch. whether. example,. HLLL. Table. to. accent. 1. In. melody,. according. mora. which. on. Patterns. 0. and. this. Patterns. tone. contour,. a. deletion,. or. long. Lovins. and. ,. respectively,. tone. a. of. have. Japanese. Japanese.. 1.1.. 4,. devoicing. as. theoretically.2. not. in. (e.g. McCawley(1968). literature. Tokyo. /i, u/. vowels. accent, n. (n. the. end. to. second. with. that. means. following. at the. is L and. 〉 0). to. meant. is shown. which. immediately is put. are. mora. suggest mora. ". mushroom. an. be a. paper". brotber'' ". accented.. A. horizontal. rightward. accent. L(ow) this effect. 班 in pitch,. falls. on. in pitch.. For. In tone due. to. the. word. nth tone. patterns a. constraint. of tone arrow mora. of. pattern 2, 3, 4, in the.

(2) 50 Kunitoshi. Tokyo. dialect,. sometimes. be L in pitch. must. For. descriptions,. sophisticated. more. initial. the. mora. see. e.g･. Problems. Lovins(1976,118) Japanese,. fundamental. devoiced or. vowel. is not. a. because. when. hand,. other. that. and. vocal. this. cord. in. statement Fo. vibration,. However,. she. also. H. the phonologically. ,. tone. 3. in his. claims. element(p.36) it thus. no. by. caused. morae.. surrounding. Truely,. is absent.. pitch,. influence. phonetic. is. is devoiced. vowel. 冗 pitch. there. the. "tone-bearing". a. nasal,. syllabic. no. the. on. indicating. determines. the. on. vowel. vowel. is. H-toned. phonologically. evidence. which. ,. a. of devoicing. there. Haraguchi(1977). if. phonetic. span. this that. devoiced. of the. no. frequency,. by. means. that. claims. is. there. for the time. holds. cannot. autosegmental. The. tone(p.8).. a. carry. to. is restricted. which. ,. that. analysis a. a. voiced is true. same. (1991).. Haraguchi. of. is H.. second. that. says. which. (1991).. Haraguchi. I.2.. Lowering,. lnitial. called. if the. Takahashi. Lovins'and. Haraguchi's. native. speakers. prove. that. however,. claims,. Tokyo of the. dialect. The. intuition. this native. both. are. investigation. present. is correct.. Cf.. to. counterintuitive. Fujisaki. al.. ears. of. to experimentally. was. et. the. (1974); Fujisaki. aⅢd. Sugito (1976). As. byproduct,. a. categorically. 2.. by. a. gram. Figure 2. the. word. ``The. spite. the of. significant to. the. same. the. Moreover,. extent. in the Tokyo. they. so. are. Dead. dialect. are. perceived.. Sea,. of. an. that. a. these. and. identical the. steep. comparing. with. Figure. pitch. 1 is similar. vowel to. drop. in pitch.. Figures. 5 and. occurs. is voiceless Figure. sLkai. expressed. contour. 3. ,. 4. Figure. LHLword. and. with. in the in Figure. drop. follows the. "dentist,". 3. 2 to Figure. the HLL. withthe ∫.. figures. in. What. is. 4.. and. is. letter. capital. corresponding. Figures. and. ,. pattern. 3 shows. the. sona-. in pitch. immediately. that. 3 and. is of tone. steep. a. 1 is the. (thus HLL). which. is that. mora. Figures. words. 1. pattern. struggle,. L-toned. 4, the. Figure. ". figures. in these. in both. initial. "to. (obtained. spectrograms. Inc.).. is of tone. mogaku. of the. ▼I. first vowel. or. fact. word. some. Identification,. which. be noticed. campare. is that Figure. location. patterns. tone. not. first examine. us. Voice. the beginning. at. of the. voicelessness Clearly. should. Now. mora.4. let. of the. What. starting. sLkai. what. "science,". kLqaku. word. (thus LHL).. H-toned. to. so,. Spectrograph,. 2 is the sonagram. observed. or. investigation,. Sound. 700. of. if. and,. whether. Observations. preliminary. Series. examined. perceived,. Sonagraphic. As. we. 4, with. respect. Cf. Sugito(1969); Hattori(1975). 6, the two. possible. tone. patterns. of yasasZkatta.

(3) 51 A. Synthetic. ". ``gentle+PAST,. generations). to. respect. with the. i.e.. in both. ,. it. LHLLLL. the position. a. h｡wever. in. result the. with. third as. perceived. 〔-. deletion. partial. some. tone. pitchless,. 118). be. drop. steep. on. This. latter･. that:. like. might. /LHHL/,. ‥.. if this. the. on. contour. pitch. unclear, fell. really. accent. younger. difference. clear. in the. context. a. by. any. one. of the. in. it would. the. whether. is. a. see. claim. 冗.T.〕. Then. find. not. there. if it occurred. voiceless.. do. Vowel. preferred. we. we. pattern,. nonexistence:. confusion. mora. Although. Lovins'(1976,. refutes. being. is voiceless,. drop･. steep. Voiceless. a. with. (the latter. mora. in the former. convincingly. such. a. of. mora. seems,. third. the. Tone. a. of. LHHLLL. and. of which. antepenultimate. fact,. of the Association. Study. mora. the. or. second. were. third. mOra.. these. Given. to. is plausible ated. with. tone. of. a. to. mora. to. in. answer. that. following. the. that. of. a. or. basis. the. on. sections. of the. next. of. the. it. in pitch, be. can. associ H. phonologically. In. fact,. the. acoustic. is whether. question. this is the. and. not,. mora. mora.. The. mora･. drop. steep. voiceless. following. voiced. significant. a. influence. enoughacoustic. immediately. the. is auditorily. evidence. is. there. of the. the position. concerning. first approximation. on. is comparabel. acoustic. a. that. and. voiceless. influence. as. conclude. tone,. a. facts. sonagrapbic. that. question our. resu晦of. this try. we. perceptual. experiments.. 3.. ExperimentI. It has such. been. as. of. differentiate. tone. contain 3.I. 3.1.1.. for. average. 3.1.2.. age. naive. Apparatus. OVE. voicing). first experiment. The ,. AN. to. was. if stimuli. to. cue. Fo. is. nonsense. a. there). cited. do. which. ,. ･. to. cue. sufficient. words. tone. the. of. references. that. confirm. factors,. Other. perception. the. and. four-mora. are. among. not. Expe｢imentI for Expe｢imentI. (6. males. native for. and. 25･4. was. 2. years. speakers. females). served. old,. varylng. of the. Tokyo. as. the. form. subjects. dialect. 30･. to. 21. for Experiment All. of. them. I. ･. were. ･. ExperimentI. IIId speech. experiment.. is sufficient. Sugito(1976). and. even. the F8 COutOur,. vowels.. volunteers. linguistically. i.e･. contour. intensity,. and. patterns. Subjects. Eight. An. the. voiceless Method. the pitch. Morikawa. (cf. Fujisaki, purpose. Their. that duration. segment. pattern. The. known. relevant. was. synthesizer. to. ,. F｡,. Fl,. F2,. the. generate. inter. variables,. controllable. (AmplitudeofNasals). used. F3,. alia, Nl. were. test. for. stimuli. AV. (NasalFormant. this. (Amplitude 1. ) andBl. of.

(4) 52 Kullitosbi. (Bandwidtb 3.I.3.. for. synthesized. pitch. contours,. were. superposed. hand,. a. to. Sugito. 850 both. on. then. to sound. sounds Figure. 7 shows that. contours. time. Fujisaki. et al.. which. The. between. adjacent. of all the. 2. DST. between. eight DST. a. steep. of. each. stimuli. of Each. of. from so. similar. drop. the. in pitch. stimulus fixed. 1 and mamamama. Stimulus. those. of. the. by. means. were. at. 25. ten. msec. were. in E:xperimentI. 260 Hz,. -Ca.. a. with by. obtained. Fujisaki,. considering. of the. native stimuli.. We. synthesized. speakers. considered. can. be. The. that seen. approximately,. pitch. and. the Drop-Starting. 2.. except. The. our. 7.. called. Table. and. measurements.. Tokyo. Fl. 30-msec. Morikawa. ofanalysis-by-synthesis. in. 2. As. stimulus. LHHL,. ontbeother. spectrograms by. will be. is shown. Nl. Hz,. 2900. in Figure. starts. 3 i.e.. pattern. supplementary. to. contours. different. Forthevowelpart,. for the. as. contours. to get. our. the. which. part,. F3-Ca.. for vowels. (1976) obtained. was. stimulus. segments. least F｡. exploration at. data error. tone. Takahashi(1983);. and. the. at. rough. (DST).. difference. Kohno. to. the nasal. and. frequencies. trial and or. Hz,. 1250. and. the. preexperimental. TabJe. (e.g.. LHLL. For. on. ,. 2800Hz.. andF3-Ca.. Formant. natural. 2 i.e.. pattern. F2-Ca.. by. mamamama. word. different stimuli.. 1100Hz, Hz,. ends.. decided. tone. ten. yield. available. were. nonsense. from. (1976) ; Ham(1962) ). details. The. four-mora. F2-Ca.. Fl-Ca.. transition. ExperimentI. varying. 260Hz,. -ca.. data. Fl).. of. Stimu一i. We. Takabashi. difference. there. in Figure from. was. 7 the. in DST a. ,. Time. 20-msec. the durations. first, 55,. 120,.

(5) 53 A. 85,. 85,. 20,. 3.1.4.. tone. stimuli. 3. but not. for. There. was. the. The. pair. stimulus This. five or. order. Call. stimuli. same. headphones,. between. interval. The. 3.8. ca.. two. 3.2.. tasks. Results. 3.2.1. The. %. data for VOT. and ,. the two. stimuli a. (6,3). followed. which. by. a. of the. part. is to each. to. pair. followed. by. thirty. the stimulus. scale.. This. (3,6). series. effects. consisted. times,. which. beep. after. discrimination. including. 2-minute. a. gave. us. The. that. between. five. trials.. and. every. the. forty.. and. sec. of. through. order. hundred. ,. of different. in random. one. us. gave. ordere.g.. that. 0.8. the. minutes. each. one. at ca. a. between. consisted. seven. being. before. presented. in. pairs. subjects. set. of. pretest.. of which ten. the. was. our. a. members. counterbalance. appeared. subject. a. to. were. pairs. the. on. different. or. were. other. in. adopted,. same. whether. five times. which. ,. the. either. each. times,. was. method. measured. from. prepared. pause. about. being. indicate. trials,. within. was. subject. ten. for each. longer. task. finish. of the. task. for. break. between. each. both.. Task. of ExperimentI. identification. identification. mean. is DST. percentage. pattern hundred.. one. of ExperimentI. results. abscissa. These. of trials. X. according. presented. number. Identification. the. which. tone. or. pause on. instruct-. and. just. thus. know. AX). to. away. These. were. pairs. with. steps. Also. SAMEs.. these. each to. 2. longer. to. subjects. Discrimination. seventy. DIFFs,. pairs. sec,. It took. msec.. randomized. ,. pattern. a. with. the. with. were. subject. and. required. e.g.. then. were. indentification. subject. the. the. the. A. appeared. order. There. All. trials.. seventy. tone. either. per. determined. was. pair. Call these. stimuli.. pairs,. obtained. those. were. three. were. distance. effects.. as. enabled. different.. or. in the permuted. times. 810. was. headphones. through. ,. stimuli,. pairwise,. subject. which. Each. pairs.. between. presented. SAME-DIFERENT(or. arranged. discrimination. seven. Vowel. length. stimulus. were. times. judgments. which. ,. the. same. those. and. ten. stimulus. of. interval. The. the. sounded. entire. Voiceless. a. working.. are. (cf.Wood(1975)).. the. subjects. appeared. number. stimuli. were. stimuli. the. of each. discriminability,. test. which. pattern. five. they. experiment. stimulus. 3,5-sec. every. after. To. tone. ca.. Thus,. msec.. identification,. others. a. in. Tonewith. a. of. ExperimentI. each. the. as. 135. and. pattern. judge. beep. 90. in which. ,. to. ,. 120,. of the Association. Study. Procedure. For. ed. Synthetic. of the. identification similar by. identification. Wood toward. to those. stimuli. except ends. the. they. show. abscissa,. are. pattern. near. and. the. and. number,. by. consonants. 2. or. Figure. they. rather show. 8,. is the. ordinate tone. pattern. a. near. less. 3.. (1957). et al.. than. in. The. presented.. Liberman. 90%, that. in. shown. are. patterns. tone. either. for stop. l. tone. stimulus. as. that. of the. Experiment. for. of the. obtained. (1975) the. of. functions. in terms. expressed. are. task. 100. abrupt.

(6) 54 Kunitoshi. These. boundary.. differences,. two. functions.. individual. That. toward. boundary. different DST.. be. that. said Tbe. in. our. functions. appearing. in the. arrow. upward Tbe. data. same. McNicol. yield Figure. 9,inwhich. the chance. above. 3.2.2.. of the. 10. third. in. each. pair. o/.or. Task. for. first two. Figure. as. ll shows ≧away. (1,4). and. (2,5). Tbe. toward. SAME. around. ,. ,. 20%. categorical. it can. the naked. based. eye. 488. (or ca.. scale. 5. mode.. msec. It is shown. stimuli.. by. an. detection. signal. i.e.. parameter. index. d'to. Between. the. the sensitivity is plotted.6. stimuli. adjacent. in. described. theory. (9,10), d'maybeconsideredalittle. and. the. stimuli(5,6). (6,7) and(7,8). ,. it. ,. the. as. up. the. DST. an. each The. circles. shown. ,. lines.. dotted. with. 90. near. shows tone. within. circles. patterns.. boundary.. While. the pairs. around. the boundary. in which. the. top. the. closed. and. rejections"). DIFFs. and. with. boundary. "hits"). 6 for. for SAMEs. connected. pattern. with. value. after. pair. the. at. the. toward. DST. is later. is away. from. which. a. bias. tone. ,. at the tone. boundary･. boundary,. pattern. DIFFERENT. are. is comparable. which. the value. stimuli. value. of the. by the positive. i.e.. toward. that 12,. the. is shown. the boundary, of. the highest. than. Figure. two. level for the pairs. the chance. near. until it reaches. is in. is observed,. pair,. of d'is. pair. stimulus. indication. stimulus. increases. down. stimulus. responses. is. open. being. "correct. 6 for. (see note. other.. goes. log1.P decreases it, which. with. upward. d'for. mean. each. goes. the former. ,. the tone. around. hits. functions. hits.. 90%. and. When. I. the latter. and. logl｡β for each. mean. ll.7. However,. ca.. from. boundary,. Figure. of the. discrimination. mean. is protruding. ca.. steps. the. rejections (see note. give. three. pattern. mora. pattern. of ExperimentI. is dented. DIFFs. pairs high. as. lines. solid. correct. curve. the stimulus. tone. a. Therefore,. with. on. between. of Experiment. distance. for SAMEs. more. of the. detected. was. the. of. whereas. displayed. are. with. curve. 3. 6.5. as. steep. lOO%. high.. three-step. connected. 4.. 2 and 8. a. boundary.. of. near. showed. subject had. each. typical. discriminability. d'for. Discrimination. In Figure. give. functions. analyzed. performance,. is comparatively. The. a. bad. casese. averaging. figures.. also of. Also,. of eight. patterns. middle. individul. the. to. attributable. eight. (1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5), (8,9),. stimuli. The. out. in Figure. were. of. are. abscissa.. exhibit. relevant. in terms. (1972). Six. tone. is in the. which. ,. out. of the. here. results between. DST). with. the ends. boundary. the. on. a. at. however,. is, six. identification. Takahashi. of. value. log10P. to a. of. bias. loglOβ.. is negative. responses.. ExperimentII. Tbe. purpose. of the second. experiment. was. to. investigate. if Fo is. or. is not. a. sufficient.

(7) 55 A. in. cue. Synthetic. cases. Study. a. where. of theAssociation. voiceless. Tonewith. a. of. is involved,. vowel. if. and. Vowel. Voiceless. a. to. so,. it is. extent. what. sufficient. 4.I.. The. The. AN,. F｡,. Frication). 4.1.3.. for. four-mora. from. tone. we. Hz.. 3200. difference I.. the purpose. of. would. be easy. shown. in Table. consonant dotted. Aspiration). of. Formant. were. controlled. (Amplitude. AC. ,. 2). AK. and. The. of. (Fricative. to. 3, the ten. durations. 150,. /i/ and of the. /k/.. /a/. -. ca.. F.. third. lines in Figure. was. -. ca.. 90,. is absent mora. 13.. /k/. the. same. l with. in ExperimentII. 120,. and/2/ during because. to. corresponds in. /s/-ca. -. the. were,. msec. was. I. ,. from. in. msec. for it. that. so. As. ･. 2 to. ll･. 13, from. in Figure. ca.. 145,. witbsilenceofca･. time. span. of the second. 55,. ca･. a. 3 in ExperimentII. shown. voiceless,. The. of ExperimentII. /i/. are. 2300. ignored. thus. and. 110,. they. 810. and. stimulus. -. Kl. There. ･8. numbered. as. For/s/,. ･. I. those. were. set. AK-31,. in Experiment. as. were. F2-Ca･. and I. unnoticeable. of Experiment. used. Hz. ExperimentII. in. ･. 250Hz,. in Experiment. was. set. I. pitch. contours. of variables. in Experiment as. msec. for instance,. ,. 4800. msec. of all the segments. 55,. /m/. 10. DST. stimuli I. K2-Ca. contours. 820. of only. the results. compare. /m/-ca.. Fo. same. experiments･. our. Fl-Ca.. as. pitch. in Experiment. For/i/,. just. error. as. diffrerent. whose. ,. the values. set. Hz,. 1600. duration:. difference. also. were. Ten. stimuli. /m/,. 3. For. andAK-0.. trial and the. different. ten. pattern. Kl-Ca,. in stimulus. The. between. variables. first synthesized.. was. the values. /k/, by. in DST.. ca.. /a/,. For. 3 in Experiment. -. The. ･. (Fricative. K2. ,. obtain. 5400Hz,. stimulus. tbefirst,. tone. approximately. Experiment. /a/. i). it to. 2 to. determined. were. used. minor. I. (Amplitude. AH. masLkama. on. For. K2-Ca.. Hz,. and. word. pattern. 4300. details. Bl,. Formant. superposed. I.. Hz,. dialect･. E:xperimentII. in Experiment. -ca.. Nl,. nonsense. were. vary. F｡,. in Experiment. as. used. (Fricative. Stimuli. contours. 2. and. in Experiment. as. Tokyo. of the. speakers. males. Expe｢imentII. was. F2,. native. naive. 22 to 30･ Again,. from. varying. (6. volunteers. Ratio).. Pole/Zero. as. for. Fl,. Kl. ,. 25.5,. age. eight. were. experiment. linguistically. were. equipment. same. AV,. second. average. Apparatus. 4.1.2.. ExperimentII. the. their. with. all of them. A. for. for. subjects. females) ,. ExperimentII. Subjects. 4.1.1.. I. for. Method. which. /k/. ca･. -. 70 mora. 25,. inmsec. /si/ and is indicated. the by.

(8) 56 Kunitoshi. Tab一e. 3. DST. Each. of. Stimulus. in ExperimentII. Number. Stimulus. Takahashi. DST. Segments. (msec) 375 400 410. 4. 425 435. 5. 450. 6. 475. 7. 500. 8. 525. 9. 550. 10. 575. 1ー. 585. /a/. 600. Procedure. 4.1.4.. The. for ExperimentII. procedure. 4.2.. Results. 4.2.1.. 14. the. task. I.. 2. In. with the. shows. highly The. ing msec. to. no. they. words, in. as. subjects.. the. Two and. two. It is clear,. in Experiment. ones. subjects,. other. subjects,. of the former. in this figure,. in terms. of. the. ,. and. near. than. to. an. another. the. abrupt a. subject,. had. who. subjects,. of. from. result. a. flat responses,. the functions. those. as. mode. hand,. as. stimulus. subjects had I. four. that. the. appears. the other. on. in. of the. coutinuous. three. say,. patterns. categorical. fact. this. ,. look. the. of I. tone. the. expressed. do not. more. is to. other. functions. identification. mean. That. to. boundary,. are. data. Experiment. functions.. boundary.. clear. gradual. Figure. 15. will. call. we. for those. subjects. categorical. between. boundary. the functions in. I.. identification. percentage. 3. These. for. is DST. abscissa. is the. pattern. is comparable. abrupt. the categorical are. tone. individual. which. considerably slope. in Experiment. as. functions. The. ordinate. Again,. of. boundary,. or. other. categoricalmode. averaging. identification. mean. the. and. pattern. Experiment. same. of ExperimentII. of ExperimentII.. number, tone. Task. shows. identification stimulus. the. was. of ExperimentII. 1dentification. Figure. either. for ExperimentII. DST). ,. which. tone. in Figure. patterns. 15. is located. was,. 2 and. 3 determined. approximately,. in the midst. 6.5. of the third. with on more.. the naked. the stimulus Although. eye. scale. accord-. (or 488. the functions.

(9) 57 A. in Figure The. Synthetic. by. an. Figures d'for. 17 exhibit. entire. eight. d'for. stimulus. each. (9,10) and. in. 16. are. probability. density. is considred. (or. since. (than. the. have. the. are. the. of. was. can. it is. is. for. values. large. not. the. large. be ignored likely. that. the. chance. high.. The. (8,9). perception). is not. a. normal. It appears. that. are. not. this. enough. becomes. pattern. ,. differ-. small. standard. there. where. the. pairs. a. of. of d'.. value. the. the. enough,. end. We. d'for. considerably. categorical. toward a. values. little above. a. the. for. about. trials,. respectively.. are. that. of trials. pattern). more. is. index. sub)'ects,. (6,7). pair. reason. brought. unexpected. (7,8). and. expected. number. boundary. of the sensitivity. Nevertheless,. (or percentage). to. if there. for. The. obvious.. in terms. categorical. stimuli.. value. higher. since. of deviation. trials,. is less. Namely,. distribution kind. the. i.e. 6.5. same. The. this value.. with. analyzed. four. the. adjacent. whereas,. (10,ll). surprising. ence. of. results. and. the. almost. was. Vowel. figures.. relevant. same. subjects. pair. level;. in Figure. pattern. the. in accord. was. Voiceless. a. with. determined. (2,3), (3,4), (4,5), (5,6). pairs. performance. l. in the. arrow. upward. 16 and. the. plotted. in Experiment. obtained. Tわne. a. of. the boundary. 14 is less categorical,. value. shown. of the Association. Study. more. categorical. 4.2.2.. Discrimination. In Figures. Task. 18 and. 19, the. three-step. distance. categorical. subjects. tone. pattern. the. boundary.. The. These for the. Figure. two. the. categorical. (8,ll) Tbe. they. are. manifest. stimuli. both a. toward. three. are. The. toward. DIFFRERENT. the negative is away. higher. value the. each. steps. upward for. large. the. stimulus. pair. the. the. toward. the. dented. the top. categorical to the. with. and. subjects. with. similar. around. subjects.. corresponding. of loglOβ boundary,. ,. and. a. bias. which. in Figure. Both. entire. categorical. around. Figure. other. level. entire. for the. subjects,. in. 21. is for. the. pairs. (2,5). and. boundary.. responses,. for the. chance. is found. for the. DIFFRERNT curve. tone. for the. pair each. the. near. subjects.. curve. stimulus from. away. toward. responses. from. entire. is slightly. obvious. by and. are. of d'is. value. The. concave.. bias. the. is protruding more. d'for. mean. 23 for the categorical. of logl｡β. The. values. pair. the. logl｡β for each. in Figure. subjects. for. DIFFs. and. I.. is getting. mean. are. for SAMEs. for SAMEs. curve. for DIFFs. cuve. categorical. subjects. and. ,. The. characteristics. 20 represents. which. The. functions. displayed. are. respectively.. of Experiment. curves. by. ,. discrimination. mean. ExperimentII. boundary.. curves. and. of. E:xperimentII. of. the tone toward. 22 for the entire. curves. are on. subjects, i.e.. ,. it does. subjects, pattern. SAME. is indicated. similar the. on. the. have other,. boundary responses. by. the. hand,. one. not. positive. ,. subjects,. in shape,. which where value. i.e.. does. any. not. negative. shows. a. bias. is indicated the stimulus of logl｡β.. ,.

(10) 58 Kunitoshi. 5.. Takahashi. Discussion. The. results. terns the. i.e.. pitch. contours. a. boundary. existence. of. is. alone. a. nonsense. -mora. The. from. of the. besides. F｡. from. if. that. the. ,. we. F｡. case,. Thus,. tone. on. voiceless. a. effect. tone. use. we. mode. for. case. Fo. the. four. a. of. exhibits. tone. is correct,. duration, if the. patterns. it is expected. then. would. subjects. noncategorical. be that. can. intensity,. to perceive. the. characteristics. results. as. the. from. the results. ,. such. for them. the. Although. such. obtained cues,. other. cue. even. mora. a. show. a. Following a. in passing existence. temporal. region,. English.. They. a. query. pattern,. et. al.. perceptual. discoutinuity the. bias. from. one. responses Iサ. or. then. toward. SAME the. boundresponses bound-. category. "tone. substitutedby. the claim. to. seems. bias. lend. also. subjects. in response. this change. ･. another.. the phoneme. are. a. groundless. on. around. in his claim. respectively,. propose. proven. claim. as. a. bold for diagnos･. in general.. Miller a. we. that. way. perspective. 7I. Wood,. of. additional. "category. (1977) been. one. the phonologicalabsent. II for the categorical. DIFFERENT and. in. voiceless. the physically. Haragucbi's. revised. in response. I9. boundary. that. an. perceive. experimentally. Experiment. that. change. "tone. and. now. caused. are. subjects. whether by. di-. in Experiment. just as. patterns. influence. auditorily. ,. the categorical. as. of tone. Also,. at least. or. toward. one. has. l and. boundary. of. tone. claim. to. us. far. as. the acoustic. mora.. abandoned. 77. tic of existence. that. least. at. high. comparatively. is observed. in perception. enables. carry. is the systematic. boundary. that. a. subjects,. boundary. pattern. voiceless. (1975). "phoneme. categorical. effect. Experiment. to. the. and. ,. the. to be. from. patterns.. suggesting. that. straightforward.. subjects). that. reason. conclude. not. of. categories. Note. to. or. to wood's. pattern. in the. 3 than. evidence. intuition. our. pattern. If this line of reasoning. the tone. cannot. vowel. If. categorical. sufficient. for. voiceless. it needs. within. a. boundary. a. tone. Our data. ary.. is. involved. phonological. ary. The. cues,. least. around. there. are. support. of the. subjects. enough. at at. ,. Hence,. not. "noncategorical''. sounds.. it is plausible. concerned. sounds. of the tone. be. to. pat-. effect.. any. ly H. for the. is not. voiceless. scriminability I.. buttresses. tone. 2 and. patterns take. we. which. also. between. of tone. however, are. subjects. mode･. alone. provide. categorical In. results. are,. noncategorical. include. stimuli. patterns,. perception. ExperimentII. continuous. that. and. to. cue. sufficient. discriminability. contours. pitch. tone. effect.9 The. the categorical. typical. ,. typical. each. within. subjects (ultimately. entire. etc.. of the. higher. a. word.. results. results. l manifest. the midst. around. other. contour. Experiment. of. role. (1974). Kuhl. discontinuity. similar of. and. phonetic. to. the. and for. Miller. in. the. present. judgments. noise-buzz. voiced-voiceless. categorization. (1975). VOT phoneme. data in. distincion boundary. La in.

(11) 59 A. for VOT.. effect boundary netic. Study. Synthetic. That. of the Association. is,. in VOT. effect. Wood(1975). as. but. as. ". temporal. auditory feature,. effect. temporal. sensitivity.. a. it may. be. the. as. not. a. a. -. some. consequence. a. of. general a. with. phoof. suprasegmental that. claim. property. general. phoneme. property. Wood's. to. support. render. "the. specialized. more. concerned. are. Vowel. that. case. of. result. of. data they. as. arises. with. consequesnce our. Voiceless. Tone. a. of auditory. Conclusion. ln. this a. (1976) when. voiceless that. claim. tone. a. pursuing. tual. since. as. cue. phonetic. that. a. As. subjects, have. on. even. can. vowel. of the. to. of whether. the. stimuli. the. examined H. It is. tone.. Moreover,. once. ,. such. noncategorical our or. research. refute. has. phonological. Fo. an. as. of percepLovins'. and. a. subjects,. for. cue. auditory Hence,. involved･. as. a. a. that. some,. Fo by. than. identified,. the. categorical. proof. but. categorical mode. not･. for the. cue. perception. all, of the. not. (1977) a. we. would. subjects. subjects;. is cued･. and,. find. probably do. a. of. Lovins'(1976). and. 班 tone. which. for phonetic. it is possible. for the. the continuous. or. Haragucbi's. been as. than. vowel. potential for. least. at. rather. voiceless. ways. just. sum,. mode. with. have. cues. responding. series. categorical. serve. that. seen. indicator. be other. in. a. incoherent. may. shown,. involve. of only. phonetic. subjects. have. we. suficient. and. there other. a. a. to. ,. tone.. the categorical. effect. associated elements･. Haraguchi's. are. tone. counterexamples. the. vowels. H. tone-bearing. to. can. of Lovins'. be. cannot. Moreover,. named Fo. voiceless. experiments,. this in itself is unexpected. so. a. carry. we. i･e･. when. 10. contrary. subjects. spectrograms. vowel not. relation. phonologically. phonological. patterns･. revealed,. of. belong. ponologically. analysis.. class. patterns. tone. irrespective we. a. patterns. byproduct. a. for. us. a. of. voiceless. to. the. of. is reminiscent. which. analysis,. bring. would. has. a. in his. illicit tone. gives. observable. voiceless. vowels. treatment. of indication. is that. ,. are,. ,. claim,. evidence. vowel. conducted. least. of tone. perception. voiceless. such. we. at. phonetic. nevertheless. ,. experiments that. no. voiceless. his claim. claims,. a. with. his analysis. which. is. His. tone.. a. and. (1977). Haraguchi's. challenged. sound. there. associated. with. have. we. paper,. between. if. a. phonemes,. in general. boundary. 6.. than. arises. since. sensitivity･ rather. pitch,. states,. discrimination. process,. categorization. a. of. the. ･. findings. to. support. proposals.. Notes 1.. I. am. of the to. Jeff. very. grateful. to. Keiko. synthesized. sounds. Hardy. taught. who. and me. Otuka. and Yasby. encouraged plenty. me. of things. Tohsaku in many. about. who. judged. ways･. the operation. Many. the naturalness thanks. also. of the synthesizer. go A.

(12) 60 Kunitoshi. Witbout been. Elman's. Jeff. finished,. Finally, errors. all remaining The. 2. Kyookai. Roughly,. ,. See. subjects. for cooperation.. due. to. only. Hirayama. (1960). between. voiceless. devoiced. get. for. (1969) et. Weitzman. studies;. this work. have. not. could. Of. course,. me.. Kindaichi. ,. (1958). Nihon. and. ,. in. consonants. For. Japanese.. (1984).. Sawashima. ,. assistance,. all the are. were. used. vowels. Sawashima. (1971). to thank. inadequacies. and. Haraguchi. see. and. (1966).. high. details,. comments,. I wish. dictionaries. accent. Hoosoo. advice,. Takahashi. et. a. glottographic. (1971). al.. for. (1976). al.. Sawasbima. ,. of devoiced. study. difference. the. Miyazaki(1973). and. between. Sawashima. vowels;. devoiced. for. fiberscopic. and. whispered. vowels. Lovins,. 3.. toned. not. It has. been. Sawashima. changes by 5.. we. ,. pair. case. of. whole. As. more. ,. as. d′-. in which. /D). to. we. or. ,. vice. latter. both. (1957) ). ,. on. it. that say. can. that. of speech. discriminability. in the. is. be. a. of. the. called. of isolated. case. the. across. uniform. which. vowel. In the former,. ,. dichotomy. absolute. vowels,. to. process. which as. mode,. pitch. (1970).. etal.. is considerably. show. of. perceptual. is usually. reported. regarded. to. such-and-such. a. to. certain. sounds. are. versa.. is "the. d', which. of the noise. units. al.. and. in speech.. devoiced. a. of. boundaries,. of isolated. continuous. and. et. muscle. drop. (cf.Eimas(1963) ). mode. have. Hirose. Hirose,. phonological. tone. in the perceptual. doubt. would. claim. value. distribution,. distributions. are. Gaussian. of the signal the noise. when and. have. distribution. distribution. S.D.. is. -1,". follows:. as. z(D/S). z(D/S) ,. zero. modes. (1969; 1971). McNicol(1972,56). to. two. discriminability. ,. et al.. in S.D.. Hiki(1973);. in the. mode. Then. than. and. phoneme. is, however,. Fujisaki. is equal. (i). (1962)). There. measured. calculated. al.. categorical.. According. mean. around. effect''; while,. et. categorical. mean,. enhanced. with. the phonological. (cf. Liberman. for the perceptual. continuous,. degree. and. for pitch. responsible. is correlated. the continuous. consonants. boundary. continuum.. modes.. 6. is. (cf.Fry. vowels. mode. are. muscle. exist. This. Simada,. and. ,. of the cricothyroid. relaxation. determine. there. Hirose(1971). and. activities. can. phonologicallyし. of L pitch.. Fujimura(1971).. the. Kakita. that. of stop. sounds. "phoneme. be. known. the categorical. in the. as. we. Sawashima. a. when. of indication. evidence. that. that. alongside. Simada. EMG. of. that. expect. It is widely i.e.. by. e.g.. kinds. it. Cf.. using. some. of the sternothyroid. these. say. Cf.. Fujimura (1971). and. of. is. supported.. suggested. the contraction If any. there. to be. appear. to. purports. is devoiced,. vowel. does 4.. furthermore,. and. respectively.. -z(D/D) are. z(D/D) P(D/S). ,. the. which. zISCOreS. COrreSPOnding. is called. a. ''falsealarm,". to. P(D/S) is the. ,. and. P(D. probability.

(13) 61 A. density. Synthetic. ``hit,. a. is that d'is. index. sensitivity is. ". /S) (- 1-P(D/S)) 7.. The. criterion. calculated. to. equal. to. according. at. for. level. chance. a. P. and stimulus. higher. and. Vowel. (D/D) pair. "miss,". a. The. discrimination. when. iscalled. which. ,. DIFF.. P(S. and. rejection.'' likelihood. following. the. SAME,. pair. (-i-P(D/D)). P(S/D). of the. value. stimulus. Voiceless. a. With. DIFFERENT. zero. "correct. a. Tblle. a. of. a. of responding. Similarly. accurate.. more. for. DIFFERENT. of, responding. is called. of the Association. Study. β. ratio. as. a. bias. response. is. parameter. formulas:. ( i ) logl｡β-logl｡(y｡/ys) is the. y｡. where. distribution base. 10. ally). the. So,. SAME 8.. is toward. it enables to. The. zero. logarithmic. campare. there. when. DIFFERENT. to. us. values no. exists. responses,. is the. ys. and. and. height. scale. value. with. ease. positive. negative bias. the. when. β to. of. the. (proportion-. bias,. response. SAME. the. of. when. is toward. responses.. if there. complex. and/or. they. are. are. boundary. that. irrespective. a. is much. speaker its F｡. word,. more. In. complex. be. to. tends. contour. and. illegitimate. tone. voiced. and. more. unattested.. cf.McCawley. a. voiceless. All. LLHL.. our. is evidence. tone. pattern. in Tokyo,. name. place. subjects,. Japanese,. and. in. methodology, for the. phoneme. consonants. stop. the. in which. paradigms,. detection. signal there. used,. theory,. in Tokyo. pattern. are. analytically,. to be. or. experimentally,. tatlkau)a,. predicted. forced-choice. of whether. (1977; 1991). Haraguchi's. incorrectly. in. eliminated. between. CONTRAST''. human. a. continuous.. eliminated. effect. Under. by. nonsonorants. less. biases. response. are. found. Wood(1975). wbicb. for masLkama. F. contours. general,. 10.. distribution. boundary.. pattern. because. used. DIFF. the. logl｡βis equal. Actual. 9.. of. the tone. at. was. bias. height. of. which however, it. also. "thick+. atUkuwa. is LHLL,. actually. reject that. seems. is. the latter the. as. an. is. pattern. (1977).. References Eimas, speech Fry,. P. D. and. non-speech. D.. B.,. identification. "The. (1963). A.. continua, S.. identification. ''LanguLqe. Abramson,. P.. discrimination. and. between. relation. D.. Speech. and EimasandA.. vowels,. discrimination. along. 6. 2061217. M.. ". of synthetic. and. Language. "The. (1962). Liberman. 5. @eech. and. ,. 171-. 189.. 0.. Fujimura, Gengo. Zgaku. 2:1. H.. Fujisaki, ". perception, of Engineering,. "Hatsuon. (1971). no. [The. katei. process. of. pronunciation]. ,". onset. 11121.. and Annual. T.. (1969). Kawashima. R@ort. University. of. "on. the Engineen-ng. of Tokyo.. the modes Resewch. and. mechanisms. Institute. 28.. 67173,. of speech Faculty.

(14) 62 Kunitoshi. H.. Fujisaki,. T.. and. speech. `À quantitative. (1971). Kawashima ". of discriminating. Takahashi. International. seventh. sounds,. for the mecbanisms. model. CongyleSS. Acoustics. On. 3. 433. -436. H‥. Fujisaki, tion. Mitsuya. of Speech. Committee H". Fujisaki, articulatory Bulletin. H.. Institute. Sugito. of Logopedics. of. Japanese. of. organization accent. word. Phonkltn'cs. and. T71anSaCtions. Japan.. of. "Temporal. (1976). in realization. dialects,. Society. andpercep･. ". 10.. ''Annual. ,. 177-190,. Univer-. of Tokyo.. sity. H.. Fujisaki,. Logopedics Han,. in the. `Àcoustic. (1976). Osaka. ''. dialect,. 10.. 157-171. and. Annual. of the. of Tokyo. Analysis. An. Based. of two-mora. analysis. perceptual. Bulletin. University. ,. S. (1962) Japanese Phonology:. Resewch. Institute. of. ,. Sect710gramS. Sound. upon. ,. Kenkyusha.. Haraguchi,S. Tonology. (1977) The. Tokyo:. ,. ''. Japanese, Cambridge,. Pattern. tonal. "Some. In M.. Aronoff. and. Mass∴. MIT. S.. S.. An. Autosegmental. Theopy. of. of. R.. Segmental. and. eds. Langu曙e. Oehrle. T.. effects. of. Sound. height. vowel St7uCture. in. 145-156,. Press, A. (1991). Theo7y. "Gengo. (1975). [Observation. of Japanese:. Kaitakusha.. (1984). Haraguchi, Hattori,. Tone. S.. Haraguchi,. Zgaku. Sugito. Phoniatrics. and. M.. Tokyo:. M.. and. types. accent. word. ear. and. and. mini. no. onsei. by. speech. Of Stress. Accent,. kansatsu. niyoru. Holland. to kikai. : Foris.. jikken. niyoru ". it by. on. experiments. Dordrecht,. machine]. onset. ,. Gengo. 16,6-15.. (1960). Hirayama,T. Tokyo:. H.. ,. Z.. Simada,. and. the. activithy. of the laryngeal. the. Resewch. Institute. Kindaichi. ,. Sanseidoo.. and K.. Takahashi. in English. Accent. Dictionary]. ,. P.. -voiceless. Liberman, discrimination. Expen.menhll. and. K.. and. Japanese,. distinction A.. D.. J.. M.,. in alveolar K.. of speech Psychology. Miller. otsuma. (1975). 54.. utterances,. the acoustic. Joshi. Datgaku. "speech. plosive H.. within. 358-368.. S. Hoffman, and. across. Bulletin. Bungakubu. andB. phoneme. of. of Tokyo.. 15.. Kl)00. by the chinchilla. science. of. Accent. of the intervocalic. properties. perception. consonants,. Annual. Jiten [Clear Japanese. Akusento. "on. study. University. 4. 9-25,. ". S. Harris, sounds. speech. Phoniatn'cs. and. (1983) ". ". during. Nihongo. electromyographic. 190.. 79-84. l･. Kuhl,. Meikai. "An. (1970). Fujimura. muscles. Tokyo:. T.. ,. 0.. of Logopedics. (1958). K.. Dictionary] Kohno. Jiten [All-Japan. Akusento. 2bnkoku. Tookyoodoo.. Hirose,. /h/. M.. and. synthesis,. Osaka. and Acoustic. S 73151,. controls. Resaerch. of the. in Tokyo. words. Morikawa. `Ànalysis,. (1974). Sugito. Resewch,. phonatory. and. M.. and. of two-mora. types. of accent the. of. Y,. voiced. 69-72.. (1957). C. Griffith boundaries,. ". ''The. Joumal. of.

(15) 63 A. Synthetic. ". Annual. ,. Bulletin. McCawley, The. of. The. Accent. and. Southern. ,. Unwin. Ltd.. Miller,. D.,. J.. R.. "Discrimination. W.. Hoosoo. Primer. Accent. photoelectric. 3.. sawashima,. preliminary 10. 113. of Japanese,. of LogoPedics. sawashima,. M.. ". M,. Sawashima,. and. Y.. in relation. T.. S.. Simada,Z.. and. H.. (1971). Bulletin. simada,. Z.. of H.. ,. of. accent. sugito, M.. M.. Hirose,. weitzman,. R.. whispered and. C. onset. "A. 14.. C. time. ". times. ,. : a. [Japanese. Jiten Kyookai.. preliminary. study. by. of LogoPedics. Institute. ,. Annual. Bulletin. University. of Tokyo.. Acoustics. On. Annual. of. laryngeal. of the extrinsic. Bulletin. University. "Devoicing. 109-112,. `Àctivity. (1973) ,. 19-25,. 3.. Resewch. the. of. (1971). 0. Fujimura. and. Research. of the. Institute. of Tokyo.. "physiological. the Resewch. Bulletin. Sawashima. and. S, M.. correlates. Japanese. of. of LogoPedics. on. in. voiceless. Phonetic. accent. Phoniatrics. and. 10.. Society. 61-79,. ". Annual. discrimination,. II. ms.. CongyleSS. of. ,. 5. ･. "An. EMG. Acoustics and. 3. ･. study 121-124. ･. dialects,". Osaka. Japan. T.. Usbijima. Bulletin. Reed. bias, Army. the. of. of Tokyo. response. Walter. On. in Tokyo. and. University. "Discriminability,. (1971). Fujimura. vowels. 班. Hirose. Japanese,. 0.. Intemational. Sawashima,. Phoniatrics. (1975). seventh. study. 249-264,. vowels. Logopedics wood,. patterns,. (1969). of Sounds. lead. Tokyo.. ". of Japanese. 7113. accent. word 7.. University. the Resewch. ". Phoniatn'cs. Annual. of. Hiki. and. patterns,. Bulletin. Cong71eSS. Hirose. (1974). Dooling. noise. Shuppan. Japanese. Usbijima,. and. Allen. of Tokyo.. of LogoPedics ". 2611302,. George. J.. Akusento. in. 5.. Japanese. to. 4.. London:. varying. Hoosoo. Nihon. Phoniatn-cs. Kakita,. with. Hatsuon. of vowels,". International. seventh. vowels,. Linguistics. in. Studies. ed･. 390.. "Devoicing. Ⅲ. Hirose,. ,. Hyman. in. syllables. Annual. University. (1971). 55.. Tokyo:. ,. "Devoiced ,. 35-41,. M.. M.. KelleyandR.. sequences. Amen'ca. Dictionary]. glottography. Phoniatn'cs. voice. Grammar. Theo7y,. J.. (1966) Nihongo. ed.. (1969). M.. W.. Wier,. C.C.. of noise-buzz. ''. and. : a. Phoniatrics. and. a. of. Racers. Detection. of Signal. Socie砂of. Kyookai. sawashima,. Study. Component. Occasional. Caltfornia. labeling. and. pronunciation. 4ト49,. Japanese. of Logopedics. Japanese,"inL.. in. Pastore,. the Acoustic. Journal of Nihon. A. (1972). D.. muscles. in. Vowel. California.. of Southern. McNicol,. Institute. Institute. Phonological. "Accent. J. D.(1977). University. and. devoicing. vowel. Voiceless. a. with. : Mouton.. McCawley,. and. the Research. (1968). D.. J.. Hague. Stress. and. Tone. a. of. of Tokyo.. University. -125,. of theAssociation. ``pitch accent. ∫. B. (1976). Lovins, study. Study. (1976). Resewch. ``Devoiced Bulletin. of. categories. in. ･. and. phoneme. lnstitute. of Resaerch..

(16) 64 Kunitoshi. Figllre. 1.. ka中止u. (Eu). Fi911re. 3_.. Spectro9raPh "science.. Spectro9raPh. J血(JILL)叶The. Dead. of. Takahashi. Figure. 2.. mogaku. (LEL). I. of Sea･". Figure s=ka1. 4･. Spectro9raph "to. of. 5tru9gle.. Sp皇CtrOgraPh. (LZIL) "dentist.. of ". ".

(17) 65 A. Figure. Figure. Synthetic. 5.. 6･. Study. Spectrograph. spectrograph. of. the. Association. of. of. yas&8rkatta. ya5aS=katt&. of. a. Tわne with. (LXL仏工･). (UHLLL). a. Voiceless. Vowel. "gentle. +. ･.gentle. +. PAST･. PAST.. ≠. ･･.

(18) 66 Kunitoshi. 100. o. 200. Takahashi. 400. 300. DS℡ 7･. Fi9ure. Fo. 2. 3. 700. 600. (mさeC). contours. the. 0f. in. Stimuli. E甲riJnent. =･. NOHLVUHhHLFt臼qH. Rough. 500. Lt4内U∝日d 1. 4. S. StiTttulus. Figure Each. 8･拭ean. plotted. identification value. iさba5ed. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Punらer. functions on. 80. for. DST. judg7hent畠･. in. Experiment. =･. 800.

(19) 67 A. Synthetic. of the Association. Study. of. TbⅢe. a. a. with. Ⅵ)iceless. Vowel. rd. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Stimulus. 9.月食aLn. Figtue. di5Crimiability task. identification 180. 6. 7. (d'). of. 9. 8. 10. Number. a5. a. I.. Experi,Rent. function Each. DST. of i5. value. in. based. jud9ment9･. J40HLVNHWHdUSZQ LZ4日Ut[臼d 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ◆Stimulus. ･ Figure. 10.. Mean. Exp色rinentエ･且nd. 80. dエBCrinination Each. judgTnentS. value for. DZFFs.. 6. 7. functionさfor i5. based. 8. 9. 10. Nぬr. on. SAHE8. 56. and. judgThent5. D工FFさin. for. SÅ雌8. the on.

(20) 68. 1. 2. Kullitosbi. Takahashi. 3. 5. 4. 6,. Stinulus. Figure. ll･地an. the b己5ed. 80. on. (d'). task. SJLJ4E5. and. a8. 10. 9. function. a. E*periJnent. of 112. 8. Ntmir. di8Crininability. diきCrinination. 7. I.. Each. of. DST. in. iz;. value. D=FF9.. 2Ⅰーd. ′m′. ′a′. .凪ora. (ThreeStep). n■-∩ 1. l■■■l2. 3. 4. lllll. 5. 6. Stimulus. Figure. 12･ぬ弧re叩n与e. Experimentェ･五ach. bias value. 8. 7. 9. 10. Number. (1oglO i5. based. β). a8. on. 80. a. function SAJ4E5. e[nd. of 112. DST D=FF5.. in.

(21) 69 A. Synthetic. Study. of the Association. 200. 100. O. of. 300. 13･. Fo. 3. 4. a. Voiceless. 500. Vowel. 600. 700. (nさeC). contours. 0王the. inヱxperimntエエ.. 5tizMli. J40ZLVUH&HLN臼CH. Rough. Tonewith. 400. DST. Fi9ure. a. Lt4日UtZ叫d. 2. 5. 6. Stimulus. Figure. 14.. 8ubject9. Mean. in. identification Experiment. 7. 8. DST. functionきfor ==.〉. 9. 10. 11. Number. Each. value. i5. based. the. of on. 80. entire. judg7nentS･. 800.

(22) Kunitoshi. Takahashi. J40HLYUZ&HJR3CZ 臼き的U∝3J 2. 3. 4. 6. 5 StizAulus. Fi9tlre. 15. ･. J4ean. 5ubject写in. identification. 7. 8. 9. 11. Number functionさfor. Z工･. Experiment. 10. Each. DST. iさba3ed. value. of on. the. categorical. 40. jud9ment9.. t8. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. stinulus. Fi9ure the. 16･. Z4ean. di与CriJbinability. identification. Experinentェェ･. task Each. value. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. N'tmber. (d') o王the iB. aさa. entire based. functiorl. Of. DST. 8ubjectきin on. 180. j11dgThentさ･. in.

(23) 71 A. Synthetic. Study. of the Association. 5. 4. 3. 2. of. 6. the. task. identification. ExperiJBentエ=.. Each. (d') of. v&1tle. a. 9. 8. Voiceless. Vowel. ll. 10. Ntynber. discriAinability. 17.ぬan. TbⅢe with. 7. stinulu5 Figure. a. the. i5. a5. a王unction. of. in. categorica1さubjectさI based. judg7ELentき･. 90. on. in. DST. NOHLYt4;WHYUSHq LN=Uポ凹d. Figure of. 18.月eaLn the. baさed. di9Crinination. erLtireさubjectきin 56 juagnent5 for. on. ftlnCtionさfor. SAHE9. ExperiJRentエエ･王ach SANB9. and. eO. aLnd DZFF8 value. jud9ment5王or. is DZFF5･.

(24) Kunitoshi. Takahashi. PtOH]'VZ4ZWn[USZC I,bt3Utl叫d. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Stimulu5. 19･触aLn. Figure of. the. baきed. 9. di5Crinination王unction9王or. categorical 28. on. 8. in. 8ubjectB. jud9mentS. for. 3. 5. 10. 11. Nu血ber. SA蛇9. sA出5弧d. 40. and. ==.. ExperiJtbent. Each. D=FF9. i5. value. judgTAentさfor. DェFF9.. lロ. 2. 4. 6. 7. Stimulus. 20.. Figtue the. yLeiLn. di5CriELinabili七y. dLiscriRLination. ExperiJnent. =I.. task Each. (d') of. value. 8. 9. 10. 11. Number. the. i9. a. a9. entire ba阜ed. function. subjects on. 80. SA払E5. of. DgT. in. 112. D=FF5.. in and.

(25) 73 A. Synthetic. Study. 2. of the Association. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 21.出卓an. diさCr血止nabili七y. dieICriJAination. t&さk. of. the. ExporiJtLentェZ.. Each. value. with. 8. 9. a. Voiceless. 10. 11. Vowel. N皿ber. stimulus. Fig一江e. Tone. a. of. (d') is. function. of. 8ubjectB. in. aさ&. categorical based. 40. on. SÅHEき&nd. 56. /a′. ′k′. in. DS℡. the. D=FFs･. ′m′. (でbreeStep). l●. 2. I. 3. 4. l■■■l■. l■■■■I■m. 5. 7. 6 Stimulus. 221地肌re8Pn9e. Figure. the on. bi出(1ogl｡. entireきubjectさin 80. SAHE8. and. l12. Experi.Inent D=FF9.. 8. I. 9. 10. 11. function. of. Number. β)出a =Z.. Each. value. i9. PST. b&8ed. of.

(26) 74 Kunitoshi. Takahashi. ′k′. ′.a′. /m/. (Three Sヒ○p). ■■■■t 5 6. I. ll. 2. 4. 3. the ba8ed. 23･. h弧re叩nBe. bi&S. on. 40. SAXES. and. (1ogl咋) BxperiJAent. c&te90rica1.ubjectさin 56. 8. 9. 10. 11. Number. Stinulus. Figure. ∩. 一ll●. 7. D=FFさ.. &s. &王u･)cFti｡n =エ.. Each. ｡f value. DST. iさ. o王.

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