イスラームにおける法の概念：中東を中心に 利用統計を見る

著者

堀井 聡江

雑誌名

国際哲学研究

号

別冊2

発行年

2013-03-31

URL

http://id.nii.ac.jp/1060/00006547/

イスラームにおける法の概念

― 中東を中心に ―

堀 井 聡 江

はじめに

1. シャリーアとカーヌーン

1-1. 神の法―啓示と学説

ḥukm. aḥkām fiqh

ijtihād ʿulamāʾ. ʿālim qāḍī 1 4 2 sunna 3 ijmāʾ 4 qiyās

イスラームにおける法の概念 3 naṣṣ ʿaqlī sharʿ

1-2. 為政者の法と公の福利

4 _{“Ḳānūn” i (Y. Linant de Bellefonds), ii (Cl. Cahen), iii/1 (Halil İnalcik), Encyclopedia of Islam. New Edition,}

CD-Rom edition v. 1.0 (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1999).

al-ṣalāḥ. 6 raʿiyya 7 1299‐1922 1 1563 1 imām nāẓir 8 sulṭān istiṣlāḥ 10 9 19 10

6 _{Abū Yūsuf, Kitāb al-kharāj (Cairo: Dār al-Iṣlāḥ, 1981), 31.} 7 _{Ibid., 35.}

8

Zayn al-Dīn Ibn Nujaim, al-Ashbāh wa-al-naẓāʾir maʿ sharḥihi li- al-Ḥamawī Ghamz ʿuyūn al-baṣāʾir, 5 vols. (Karachi: Idārat al-Qurʾān wa-al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyya, 1409/1988), 369-78.

9 _{100-102. M. Khalid Masood, Islamic Legal}

Philosophy (Delhi:S. M. Shahid, 1989), 149-69

イスラームにおける法の概念 11 12

2. 「神の権利」と「人間の権利」

13 _{Robert W. Hefner, “Introduction - Law and society in the modern Muslim world,” Robert W. Hefner (ed.),}

Shariʿa Politics. Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World (Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana University

14

maẓālim

15

ẓulm.

16

ḥuqūq Allāh ḥuqūq al-ʿabd

1089-90

khums 17

ʿibadāt. ʿibāda

14 _{al-ṣaḥāba.}

Crone, Patricia and Hinds, Martin, God's Caliph, Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam (Cambridge et al.: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 48-54.

15 _58-59.

16 _{Hefner, “Introduction,” Shariʿa Politics, 16.}

イスラームにおける法の概念 jihād 18 5 5 qisās 19 1 10 2 ḥuqūq al-nāṣ 20 2 874 21 1058 22 23

18 _{Pazdawī, Fakhr al-Islām Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. Ḥusayn al-, Kanz al-wuṣūl ilā maʿrifat al-uṣūl in}

Bukhārī, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Aḥmad al-, Kashf al-asrār, 4vols. (Istanbul: al-Maktab al-Ṣanāʾiʿ, 1307-08/1890-91), 4/136.

19 _61-62.

20

Abū Yūsuf, Kharāj, 367.

21 _{Khaṣṣāf, Abū Bakr Aḥmad b. ʿAmr b. al-Muhayr al-, Kitāb adab al-qāḍī, ed. Farḥat Ziāda (Cairo: American}

University, 1978), 587.

22 _{2006 71.}

24

3. 国家の介入によるシャリーアの変容

Emile Tyan, Histoire de l’organisation judiciaire en pays

d’Islam, 2nd ed. (Leiden:E.J. Brill, 1960), 600-603.

25

Najm al-Dīn al-Ṭarsūsī, Kitāb tuḥfat al-turk (Damascus : Institut Français de Damas, 1997), 17-21.

26 _{Ibn ʿĀbidīn, Ḥāshiyat Radd al-mukhtār ʿalā al-Durr al-mukhtār: Sharḥ Tanwīr al-abṣār fī fiqh madhhab}

al-Imām Abī Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān, 8 vols. (2nd. ed., Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1412/1992), 5/420.

27

イスラームにおける法の概念 1.2. 33 15 15 28 al-Qānūnī 1520-66 1574 1 1687 29 15

Mecelle-i ahkâm-ı Adlîye. 1660

30 15 al-aḥwāl al-shakhṣiyya. statut personnel 19 31

28 _{Ibn Nujaym, Bahr al-rāʾiq: sharḥ Kanz al-daqāʾiq, 8vols. (Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1413/1993), 7/228.} 29 _{Ḥamawī, Aḥmad b. Maḥmūd al-, Ghamz ʿuyūn al-baṣāʾir in Ibn Nujaym, Ashbāh 8 , 2/337-8.} 30

Ibn ʿĀbidīn, Radd, 5/419-20; ʿAlī Ḥaydar, Durar al-ḥukkām: Sharḥ Majallat

al-aḥkām, 4 vols. (Beirut, Baghdad: Manshūrāt Maktabat al-Nahḍa, n.d.), 4/259.

2011 35-42

31 ₁₉₁₇

結論