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(1)C ontinuity or Early. Meiji Education. in its Policy. Edo. -. Early. and. in its Practice. and. Meiji. ⅠⅤ. Education,. -. 1991. SHIGA. Kazukiyo. Early. Meiji. are:. periods. we. governmental between. the. especially find. This. views. and. must. be. takes. Rei. on. a. the. the. was. Ky6iku. and. Kaisei. Rei.. the level of. the view. polnt. Of educational The. period.. Of. practice was. continuity. higher. These. policy.. It is to this third. from. mainly. continulty. Rei. thoughat. of education. Ky石iku. argued. that there. basic education,. hand,. central. is best regarded as. the period. use. and. Passin's. of 'Conservative. view. to. that there. his was. teaching. clear. we. education. would. Language. education. Passim. period. or the word. hasalready and. the later period However, that. strong have. we. This. they. as. problem. being. materials. which. mainly. concluded, Ky6iku. in. appeared. their contents. teaching. (the Gakusei. Dominance';and. reasons. views. of Gakusei. periods. the other.. subjects and. Herbert. Counterattack'.1). serious. educational. basic. the former. dominance'(for use. of. on. period. of National. periods,. of `Liberal. 'liberal. of actual. years. of these two. Rei. basic. of. between. of continuity. Ky-oiku. the contents. of politics, that. of the words consequently. the angle. in the early. the period. as. theangle. especially. position. of view. Kaisei. and. from. only. periods,. of the degree. problem. one. for the comparison. the point. study). up. not. in those. occupied. Passin's. Gakusei. and. it was. study,. in terms. periods. Rei;. education. the. and. policies, but also from. educational. period). on. policies. level of fbrmal. examined. practised. Ky6iku. and. In the previous. pre-Gakusei. study. Ky6iku. from. come.. into three. discontinuities.. maJOr. As. now. atthe. and. Gakusd. pre-Gakusei;. that. period. be divided. can. education. Rei. period). (Kaisei Ky6iku exception. seenalreadyinthe. Rei. is taken. previous. `counterattack'.. discontinuity. allowlng. a. 'counterattack'after. to. 1880 must.

(2) 10. Kazukiyo. be. glVen. It will be. Critical examination･ times. earlier As. was. be. to. also. for the materials. Languageinstruction,. here,. used. made. Kaisei. Kyo-iku. were. lacking. from. were. all oⅢ丘nancial. in the Kaisei. Ky6iku. more. than. not. in the. (the. first three-year. Ky6jku. Rei. to. be not to. were. make. serious. accidents. after finishing the duty. the first. outside. by. given. 9); any children. primary. the nature by. controlled hadalso. The. Mombu. matters. public. a. in the to. them. be made. the governor. to. by. of Education. who of the. at some. primary. unable. had. when to. establishing. to. was. that already. not. a. establish. newly. to. to. submit. a. an. primary. school. educated. follow. to. (Item. to. offer. the governor. primary of. were. examination. was. from. to. was. schools. schooland. private. year. rule for. and. district had. ask for permission. establish. every. in charge,. teacher. for. except. schoolchildren. public. were. of schoolchildren. of the prefecture. primary. had. hours. the school. (Item 17);each. school. teachers. local community need. a. item. see. 15); the detailed. (Item. year. education. course,. year. attend. a. weeks. years,. guardians. despatcbed. localwardand. three years. teaching. and. (Item 15); the by. taught. were. year. first three. make. appeared. compulsory. educationinfour. (item 16);the. 16 weeks. sixteen. of minimum. 32 weeks. 6 hours. changes. schools. the governor. taken of the. (Item 9).. of. the changes. the authority. Kyb-. prlVate,. mainly. of Education･. (Head. in the whole or. weeks. less than. not. situations. or. school,. the Ministry. emphasized. 48. requested. by despatched a. to. by. supported. less than. not. 36. in the draft-bill. seen. These. was. item. and. previously. be. to. for unavoidable. financially. was. be. were. than. of the prefecture. prlmary it. were. was. the head. (Item 18);. approved. Thus･. also. schools. from. education. for the public. prefecture. less than. 32 inclusive. six items. was. of 50 items. consisted. 28 to. deleted. compulsory. than. of the Ministry. which. ordinary. of the prefecture over. not. which. items. schooling. schools.. POLICY. (Education Ordinances).. more. more. prlmary. fわr local education,2). days. be. The. from. for National. textbooks of. Ordinances). minimum. except. or the governor. local ward. Rei. not. of the local ward. by the head. EDUCATION. making. to. at school. for permission. the guidance. course. the Head. of the丘Ⅹed. ask. and. illness, and. or. MEIJI. the 50 items,. schooling. were. attend. of attendance. be approved. to. days. children. curriculums. 1870s. Seeninthe. 1880s.. early. and. of primary. weeks. the continulty. governmentalregulations,. subject. of Ky6iku. 69. 3 hours. are. earlier draft.. an. of. years;. suggested. less than. and. Education. minimumcourse,. 15･); normalschooling. 1870s. Among. Rei: the period eight. the. of the government. support. in the period. the government. and. 1880.. the articles. that. EARIJY. (Revised. 28 December. on. public. this. IN. Rei. here. they. on. petitions. 1. CONTINUITY The. argued. between. seen. Shiga. of the. are. tO. However,. be. we. Ministry. of the Ministry. country･. Therefore submitted. the. emphasized. of. oT. should. Education). the. prefectural. remember. Education. all schools, to. role of. the Ky6iku. in its first item. has. over. authority. kindergardens,. authority. that. government,. of the. which. said:. educational. libraries and Mombu. Rei. Ky6.3). so. on,.

(3) Continuity. This. first item. self-government The Rei. rational. be understood. to. Ky6iku. Rei. be. was. need. to. a. Ky6. before. pragmatic. primary. so. and. are. us. the rudiments. Local. fbr female. the. are. are. to. to. be. added.. Children. the rud血ents. or. in the. ordinary. an. Rei･. The. from. and. singlng,. Kyoiku. physical. on. so. Rei. are. says:. of ordinary. history, exercises. histoⅣ. orlike. so. and. education･6). subjects. natural. dressmaking. history. to be provided･. geography,. mathemadcs,. of ordinary. exercises. ordinary. teaching. physiology,. students,. physical. 3 of the. Item. remarkable. geography,. subjectsare. orlike. drawing,. of physics,. female. for. writing,. perm辻ting,. outline. Specially. Ky6iku. the Mombu. subjects. naturalhistory. be deleted. can. education･. of reading,. circumstances. be added;. on. item. similar. glVe. Local. on.. history. geography皿d. a. says:. Slnglng,. dressmaking. students,. is. there. a. shows. teaching. physiology,. of physics,. are. curriculums. from. writing, mathematics,. drawlng,. permlttlng,. oranoutline. Specially. schools. education so. circumstances. Rei. The. education･. the governor. prefecture)and. 3, which. Ky6iku. reading,. of morals,. Local. has to ask for permission. Kaisei. ordinary. Children. if necessary,. primary. and. glVe. The. by. are. which. Ky6･4). the. Rei is seeninitem. Kyo-iku Rei･. by. (provided. of the prefecture. the Ky6iku. 3 of. Mombu. prlnCiples. fo皿ed. consideration･. of the. approval. to be. are. and. into. curriculums. Kaisei. this with. copare. the. attitudeinthe. be added.. However,. Let. follow. be added;. to. says:. is made･5). are on.. which. the governor. schools. education. getting. the change. item. to. resemblance. to. KyoLiku. 23 of the Kaisei. Item. Rei･. the educational. on. of Education. after. note. to. change,. be based. the local circumstances. practice. added. to. are. schools. the Ministry. taking. If it is difficult. on. Kaisei. seeninthe. of the spirit of the Ky6iku. inheritence. an. from. into. put. this item. Another. it recognized. though. even. nature. authoritarian. simultaneously. of primary. of prefecture. To. and. as. be distributed. to. ideas,. authoritarian. says:. curriculums to. ll. Education. local prefectures･. of. pragmatic,. was. Meiji. Rei also kept. that the Ky6iku. shows. Early. of. and. subjects. morals so. and. so are. on. are. to. be. provided.7) two. comparing. these. The. of morals. subject. the Kaisei did not andthen. was. Rei･ But,. Ky6iku. provide. items,. moral. the Ky6iku. one. which. firstinthe. placed we. have. education･ Rei inherited. be as畠essed. should. to. list of teaching. remember. In fact, moral it･ It. was. as'more. not. subjects of. this change education newly. pragmatic. was. provided. does. not. or. ordinary mean. introducedinthe by the Kaisei. ACOnSerVative? in education. that Ky6iku Gakusei Ky6iku. Rei･. Rei first The.

(4) 12. Kazukiyo. of listed. order. as. a. Because,. subjects, it. should. education'･. History. the Emperor's of. change. period. point,. have. Rei.. From. It. line through. Meiji. government,. they. on. government but. matters,. say,. financial. Ky6,. but. education･. That. was. and. by. final authority. ･could Kaisei Ky6iku the of. was. controlled. tell which. the. was. more. Rei made. by. for the Kaisei. responsible the Ky6iku. Meiji. government. Kaisei. and. from. cane. This. by. or view,. this. on. be. the Gakusei. as. and. Ky6iku. Rei.. Rei emphasized. the. but. But. schools. own. children.. weregiven. self-. g?vernment,. of the Kaisei. Ky-o-iku. to the Kaisei. kept. as. Ky6iku. by the Mombu for. and. local. economic. government.. of the House. Rpi, characterized. Rei,. it should. of its support. It is quite understandable. under. to. children. (Ky6iku. of the localcommunlty,. Meiji. change.. whichallowed. the Tokyo. aspect. means. the. Of the mimimum. of their. Rei, in contrast. hands. of Education. of. Ky6iku. politically,. government. the. of Representatives, Mombu. the it as. a. Ky6,. compromise. that. an. assessment. Shimada K石no between. Saburo,. Togama,. who. the Gakusei. Rei.9). 2. EDUCATION EARLY. (a) Continuity. no. for the education. Ky6iku. nominal. less than. thoughthe finalauthoritywas. from. member. Ky石iku. thatthe. politicalrights. conservative? a. this point. pay. Meiji. wereinthe. came. for the Ministry. worked. even. years.. localgovernment. to. Rei. The. politically. is to say, politicalrights. Who. once. with. three. basic nature. the localcommunity.. Ky6iku. local self-government finance. the. In short,. matters･. the Gakuseiand. had. by. controlled. responsibilityrested. responsibilityand. who. were. economic. Rei overlapswith Rei, gave. the. the local community. a. years,. the. stated. Therefore,. guardians. three. and. Of. the authoritarianside,. to. the Gakusei. the politicalviewpoint,. the meanlng. the shortenlng. same. ordinary. Of the Restoration. as. years). From. absolutely. `conservative'than. more. be roughly. connecting. is to. no. Rei had. it can. for financial That. was. within. Ky6iku. and. (Ky6iku Rei) within. from. children. were:. side emphasizing. fわur. deleted. be understood. group).. of the teaching. patriotism.8). Rei, which. 96 weeks. to. ad exercise. the meanlng. of the prefecture. fouryears. compulsory. that the Kaisei. understood. Ky6iku. the pragmatic. (compulsory). weeks. 69 weeks. teach. spirit弧d. subjects should. of the local government. from. to. aims. be. It should. necesslty.. group. can. of old sagesand. sides of the Kaisei. two. education 48. provided. list of. science. history. and. Imperial. the. cultiⅦte. at schools;and. from. morals. as. or. traditionalmoralvalues. on. emphasis. of Japanwhich. the splrltand to. subjects (such. geography. is the history. and. seen. the duty. span. Ky6iku. 'if necessary,. of importance. asanorder. of. strong. of 'morals'inthe. of compulsory. time. the. here. attendance. promote. Rei gave. say. Regime,. we. emphasizing. a. not. of position Thus. Kyolku. government,. lmperial. the. by the nature. grouping. if the Kaisei. be understod. not. subjectsshould. be understood. Shiga. MEIJI. IN PUBI.IC. PRACTICE. IN. INSTrrUTIONS. in language. lt is possible. to. argue. that Jap弧eSe. language. teaching. occupied. the central position. in basic.

(5) Continuity. throughout. education they. as. School. National. be. to. curriculums Eight. recommended from. period have. we. in the early. and. Confucianism. formed. glVeS the style been. a. a. overhwelmlng in written. place ease. and. simplicity･. early stage Bungo. into. Was 1879?. supreme･. state.. the. Thus, K6go. of education. was. Meiji. expression･. The. new. preamble),. attached. teaching. Seven. in Nihon. reproduced. judging. language. days,. these. in. we. the. ideas. based. on. historic. solemnity. and. In contrast. to the nature. Bungo. although. of Bungo. new. K6go. of written. written. language. brought. with. it au. is based. which. nature. Bungo. of. has. legal documents, adopted. important. and. but a. gives. feeling. showed. dominant. not. of lightness,. formalistic. world,. In the early. Meiji period,. expression. fわr the. Buddhism,. style of expression. was. in the moral,. mode. The. formaland. of Bungo,. practice material.. in. studies. notices,. an. 1884,. to. of expression:. Japan,. authority･. Bungo. for the. approved. of. are. nominated. 1880. differe血modes. it occupies. exists today. is the normal no. today. even. were. time. educational. This. functionsinsociety,. that. at. the. School.. Taikei.13). rhythm･. governmentalregulationsand. and. Normal. from. Kyo-kasho. by Japanese. carried. followed. recommended. period,. culture. supported which. schools. the Gakusei. wished. usedinofficially two. textbooks. private. used. were. new. of. and. in practice. the continuityof. face. means. Nomal. of these eight textbooks. Rei. for. in public. popularly. Ky6iku. classical1iterature. was. whole. Japanese. young. the associations. in the. in the. of traditional. new. culture. period.. there. The. There. glVen. the. These. to the Tokyo. Kaisei. rooted. until 1945,. usage. was. the Tokyo. and. schools. books. forces･ In all these formal. military. Lower. year. of. by. out. strongly. These. criterion. of dignity. same. the operation. centll). education.. use. the Gakusei.. of traditional. world. feeling. in essays, criticism,. used. andinthe an. the Japanese. and. Shint6,. on. for. school. succeeding. deeply. hank-o. or. many. Language. to. language. Bungo,. per. carried. the government. Japan,. Taikei･. was. (textbooks) is the style of expression. Japanese. Ko-go･. already･. As. textbooks. important. Meiji period consider. we. Bungo. the. most. nominated. elementary. 1879･. approved. 75. gave. Rei. the. hours. during. course. of Education. Gakusei. Kyo-kasho. For. Ministry. in terakoya. used. districts of. attached. to. first and. The. book-list. six omcially. The. When. 1872. the. learnlng. in the four teaching. three year Primary. of 1872-1884. for National. in full in the Nihon. so. Ministry - the. usedinthe. textbooks12). language. that, for example,. Ky6iku. teaching･. were. the. Kaisei. ordinancesand. 60 per centlO) of the whole. (1880-4). published. inall. textbooks. and. reproduced inthe. were. 13. Japanese. gave. agaln,inthe. which. publishers･. Education. Gakusei. period,. the government. practice. the 204. of. by. which. into. put. Both. education. period,. language. to those. by private. 0r. Meiji. educationintheperiod. either. textbooks. many. of. Ordinance. Language. published. I. years. in the Edo. and,. Japanese. to. in contrast. textbooks. School. period.. the Gakuset. Education. hours. teaching. were. during. Revised. the. earliest. that it had. Meiji. languageinstruction,. Japanese. of. the. position. Primary to. to. applied. important. the early. Early. of. any. Gakusei was. chance approach. promotion. atal1 to. for. K6go. education. of learning. its appearance. to. make. as. expressed. for all people. in the. giving. 6se. emphasis. in the years idasare to. sho. personal. from. 1872. to. (proclamatory benefit.. If the.

(6) Kazukiyo. 14. Gakusei. and. Ky-oiku. it would. be expected. Rei period to. pay. In fact,. to. proposals. the. at one. Udaijin. lwakura. the. on. separately. to. construction. should. Hisoka,. Maejima. 興国文廃漢字の議 the. why. He. Western. Japan,. the. evils. them. he. the convenience. to. taking. urge. is to. up an. study. Maejima's directly. Maejima's. they. them. or. his book. Moji. Oshie. no. rote,.16) He Then. in. 1874,. letters, Japanese. entitled. style with by. all by. along. these. (1828-1902). nature. (1834-1901). Chinese. a. Gi'. no. system. phonetic. that that. in the world･. was. In order characters･. people. confused,. tired,. mass. system. phonetic and the. led him. which. in life. learning. useful. government else exert. and Then. communication･. did anyone. nor. up. by Chinese. However,. weak,. Kanji. he thought. practical. and. would. Hashigo. rejected. such. pressure. a. studies･. editing. Tokyo. The. Gakushikai. if people. of Japanese･ was. In. can on. spoken. texts. in daily in Roman 17). expressions;. his chemistry. These. dominated. in it there. dq)artment･ answer. children. Chinese. Japanese. leads to styles of expression. characters. which. and. force. for convenience wrote. in. and. textbook. Chemistry).. Did. 9 September. a. 1888･. ever. speech. closer to spoken. to. identify. characters, was. departments. such. the Ministry. be found. Education. of. were. in. efforts. by Chinese. staff of the Ministry. The. with. to. example, teaching. learn. to. them. hiraganainwriting. only. nature. Bungo. studies,. lines in the 1870s? at. of Chinese. of. that,. For. language. necessary. characters. be identified. automatically. the grammatical. textbook. of Chinese said. force. to. use. language･. use. language･. spoken. Japanese. on. the. without. writtenand. that. recognized. languages. it he says, 'It is not no. periods. written. his ideas. it is of use. (Steps. between. Japanese. expressed. used. restoration. in European. gap. the. of. Letters).In. (1829-1910). Western. no. (1826-1894). style, neglectlng. of. w.as. characters.. Amane. with. of Western. of. and. thought. au. reducationinthe. reduction. accord. scholars. department,. the. (Teaching. no. or. spoken. scholars. improve. expressions. abolition. styles which. there. Nishi. wari. express. that. Usaburo-. Mono. The. not. in the late Edo. believed. advocated. shimizu. could. Yukichi. difficult. memorize. again. to. tried. Fukuzawa. use.. was. studies. letters of the alphabet. in 1873,. by. promote. language,･15). national argument. of Western. scholars. of characters,and. to. said, 'To. in. taken. affected. field of. language. the Japanese He. not. made. in the. Hai. of the Western and. be. to. was. sentence. the government.. on. some. Which. life, especially. It. prosperous. expressions. learnlng. character. and. the government. of Japanese. `K百Kokubun. anything,. in 1873. presented to. refoⅢn. efficiency. developed. Japanese. up. service,. expressions･14). spoken. its appearance･. make. Takat石and. the. on. describe. to. become. had. useful. 0ki. In the proposalentitled. Japanese･. and. proposals.. other. just 26. easy. and. to. of the postal. and. characters. be used. of. for K6go. chance. he emphasizedthe. in their daily. spoken. good. ideas,. the field of education･. throughout. the Mombuky6. of written. taking. of. vital factor. a. individualistic. truly pragmaticand. upon. in Charge. Minister. Tomomi,. countries. inconvenienced emphasized. a. could. he suggested. mentioned. glVen. writtenin1873,. of 26 letters which. to develop. have. education.. consisting reason. as. time. unification. field of the Gakusei. inthe. K･6go. of Chinese. abolition. enable. to. attention. is to say, the Gakusei. That. based. was. policy. Shiga. made as. a. officially support made. were. made. up. almost. translation something. by Nisbimura. In this speech,. wdtten. he referred. Sbigeki to. this.

(7) Continulty. matter,. he. that when. saying. editing)in. 1873,. styles, and. he. was. a. includedina. group. examination,. but. the Ministry. decided. the Ministry. (which. be. in the parts. even. Content. (b). by. Meiji. textbooks. not. translated. 1. Sh6gaku. Tokuhon,. were. the Ministry. American. short. and. 瓜生. It. first published. T-osaku,. was. translatd. (i). in. scholar. the. followlng. Descriptions into. about. Japanese. in the history. (ii). Descriptions the. (iii)The. editor name. Kong. of Western 1872,. of Keim6. Gods,. Prayer. chie Changes. were. the. the. introducing. When. is. there. a. poem. 14 in the First Reader in. of the poem, but. from. In spite or that. exotic.. Kami....'(Gods end. published. translated. in Lession. God. heaven). which. the editor. Japanese､. a. gave. Gods:. kami,. no. minakanusbi. Legge,. 1857.. which. Takamusubi. out. in the original. the Anglo-Chinese was. edition. fTor the Ministry. that. when. Japanese. by. Uriu. of Education,. 1875･ Furuta. and. this prlmary. and. textbook. school. edition:. textbook. withanadditionalcomment. edited. 1874. republishedin1873,. in the. called Chikan. orlglnally. was. prlnCipalof. Japanese. worked. pointed. was. who. The. and. appeared. sometimes. examples.. School,. of Christianlty. textbook,. subsequently. Christianity. as. were. Amaterasu石mikami.20). James. wa. the. Ameno. means. studies. no. directly. be found. at. Language,. I of the {lrSt edition,. the western. ln. and. in part. 'Amatsu. word. inanother by. of expression. be taken. should. illustrations. tO. kamiand. in 1856. Hong. in October. in his study. here,. edited. mode. National. Normal. was. volume. "..'and. is written. be observed. Can. 1874. V,. a. with God, not. no. the. of Tokyo. the mention. avoid. `God'is. that. published a. 'O. within. matters.. sensitive. style and. to. begins. after their. memorial. Maejima's proposals). on. was. in the. abroad. Yoshikado. in chapter. musubi. point. was. who. The. used. on. also. child's mornlng. which. Kami. Keimo-inChinese.. Reader'.. the English. kami,. same. and. poem. books. Tanaka. tendency. a. saylng. Two. 1873. example,. This. 2. The. was. For. from. kami,. in. strong. Willson.. Amatsu. was. a. explanation,. college,. edited. Bungo. for instruction. modi丘cation by. a. written. NationalLanguage even. abroad.. without. translated. no. fTor the. used. from. translated. was. had. civilization.. ofMarcius. materials. `Willson. textbook,. was. which. conversation.19). of Education. the first edition western. recorded. of spokenand. effect or the decision. failure to act. of the period.. of the textbook. section. proposed. group. fわllow the plan.18) The. to. a皿textbooks,. (chiefof. for theunification. it. The. examine. not. Kach6. Ministry. listed textbooks. almost. from. translated They. teaching. of. ln early. which. Hensho. by the 'government's. reinforced. in the officially. seen. to. 15. Education. Meiji. a. planinthe. was. can. as. appointed. there wasalready. was. Early. Of. all deleted. were or. advice. to. or. changed. study. them. or Japan. about. in order. Japan, to. of 'Japan'was. which. teach. love. deleted. were. not. described. for country from. and. the original. in the original, its political. were. inserted. by. did. not. system.. article, because. the editor.

(8) 16. Kazukiyo. the original. agree withit, the followlng. cases. to. take. we. see. be. may. side of the Ministry's. one. show. the contents a. or the Westem. naturalrelationship `Wakon. called. dominant. National. in the. Ky6iku. For. Rei. ideas. 'Wakon',and. has. to. come. Japan,. India,. countries,. Western. knowledge.. Japanese. textbooks.. Gokaj6. been. also. observed. important. more. On. Persia. Leavlng. this point attitude the. considered. aside consideration the degree. concernlng fわr reading. materials. refused. This. we. when. points. or teaching. They. Goseimon.. no. in Bungo.. wdtten. in tbe00ntent. this. were. Taikei.. attitudes. as. and. which. Furukawa. Masao.. I have. of. wntlng. are. to. related. end. of. Tokiomi contrasting the word. used. knowledge,. Gakusei. the. two. I have. Western. on. (the. by Kaigo. used. nature,. nationalistic based. 1884. collection. follows,. that. attitudes. Textbooks. 1870and. representative. traditionaland. rationalideasand. section.. a. In theanalysis. a. of. between. published. period) and republished. Kyo-kasho and. here. treated. for pragmatic,. `Y6sai'in. used. into. straight. were. which. we. towards. attitude. attitude. practice. whichare. series Nt'hon. words.. originaltextbook nominated. language.. textbooks. the Kaisei. This. translation,. traditional. and. The. African. final article of the. the. with. Y6sai'.. of the issue of direct. in the. the. example,. nations:. textbooks. style of textbooks. sentence. innovation. half-civilized. as. countries. For. oplnlOn.. Turkey･21). and These. author's. Shiga. I have. Kyo-iku. and. Rei. (187211879): 1.. Eiri. Chie. This. bookaimed. parts. I and. planting. and. language. 3.. harvest.. `Y6sai'in. for Kana hen. Tango A. textbook. as. `Y6sai'.. time,. season,. of words. but the method. I consisted. Chinese. monthsand. characters, of rice. procedure. fu皿illustrations.. with. We丘nd. Western. of editing resembles. of. primary. effect. of the. Edo. (1873), of. Sho-gaku. textbook textbooks. on. is found.. education. Education.. of. No. use.. was. material. presented be. cannot. which. detected,. but. be. could. described. traditional. skills and. prevail.. to. seems. sentences. sho. Y百sai. special. Zuiken.. editing. Tsuzunji a. period. events. No. of Westerntextbooks. Ota. Short. However,. Shunin.. fbr daily. The. method. Western. nature,. illustrations,. with. classi丘cations. the contents,. life. Volume. usedindaily. combined. (Japanesealphabet).. of words. hen. is. II taught. (1872), Ministry. conversation.. This. 48 kana,. Yanagawa. Textbook. book･. Part. words. directions,. of parents,. (1870?),. The. 5･. I presented. Ut'manabi. Kaiwa. charactersand. textbooks.. materials 4.. teach. II. Part. injluence of. no. (1870), to. names. numbers,. 2.. Wa. no. (1874), to. fわr spelling.. by. affected. usedinthe. described. `how. be. in the Ministry. spell'. The Materials. book. Western. textbook. are. of Education, method are. taken. textbook. all directly. are. Sakakibara. from. may. Japanese. or. from. translated. taken丘･om. of editing. styles. Japanese. presentlng a. daily. Western life.. H6ya. have daily. been. suggested. by. life. It is difficult.

(9) Continuity. to. 6.. detect. 7.. Nyu-mon. is. Education. Meiji. 17. `Y6sai'education.. Sho-gaku there. Early. of. no. Shodgaku. (1875), Ministry. special. on. emphasis. 'Wakon'or. either. (1873, 74),. Tokuhon. Education.. of. Tanaka. 'Yo-sai'.. Yoshikado,. Tokyo. NormalSchool,. Ministry. of. Education.. (Refer 8.. to. Sho-gaku This. 15. page. for the editor's. Tokuhon. textbook. Japanese. The. fわllowing. textbooks. 1.. Sho-gaku. Tokuhon. For. of the example:. are. (1883),. 20,. Dogs. guard. Cocks. mle. For. articles example:. Lesson. paper. our. would. Of. are. who. be. inferior. to. animals.22). is made. ragged. from. bark. clothes.. or. straw.. 4.. is located by. study. into. the. blessed. sea. borninthis. in the east with must. country. of Asia,. and. has eighty. marine. and. farm. study. first about. forelgn. countries. articles. forinstructive. teachings.. (-. there. fわur. products. our. country. widely.24). them:. 26, vol.. country. their babies.. called. Austaraliya. mice.. have. long. powerfully. with. When. meet. they. 4. love. mice. pouched. is made丘.om. surrounded. taken. were. Poucbed. they. nothing,. country,. after that. and. a. he. sentences.. admonishing. country.. our. People. In. short. is weak.. 9, vol.. Japan,. Lesson. of. is strong･23). paper. Lesson. One. consist. paper.. paper. districts. lS. do. Japan,. Know. fbllowlng. (1880-1885):. the night.. in Europe. our. The. Rei. 12, γol. 2.. Their. things. Kyo-iku. stories.. dawn.. Japanese. Western. Westerninstructive. some. were. Wakon.. Paper. Few. and. would. Europe,. (ii). include. Kaisei. in the book. the illustrations. and. Ry-osaku.. during. us. at. emphasize. (i). the. H6ya.. γol. 1.. If mankind Some. method. to. related. Hara. are血structive. Lesson. Sakakibara. but the materials. way,. which. articles. of Education,. by the traditional. edited. was. all illustratedinthe. Most. attitude).. (1874), Ministry. In size they hind. legs･ Their. the hind Man. are. and. as. large tails. legs･ Below when. Australia). they. as. are. deer. Their very. the chest escape,. long they. areanimals. forefeet tool. have. the babies. are. called short. Theyalways skin like cannotrun. and Jump. a. pouch. as. fast.

(10) 18. Kazukiyo. their mother,. as. into. inrerior 2.. Yomt'kata This. is. NyWmon. a. be. can. This. textbook. and. it contained. of these. are. Y. l. C. T. C. 4. M. T. 5. M. T C. T T. 7. M. C. 8. MT. C to. According. book.. Japanese. It rather. in the arrangement Wakon. on. emphasis. theory but. way,. to put. seems. (1884), Hirai. Y6sai. or. on no. introduction. special. the Japanese. on. weight. of spirit.. Yoshitada.. 6, whi血is. the last,. are. in classical Chinese. written. stories. Therefore,. moral. development. mental. of the contents. the nature. `Wakon'education. be summarized. may C. means. M. content, to. referred. as. fわllows. The. means. or. materials. in the above. number toplCS W. comments.. the textbook. shows used. in the textbook. Wakon,. means. N. N. means. Y. 1 C. 4. the Japanese. technicalpoints. of educational. of. of Western The. middle. have. to. chose also. or. way note. American. between that. though. there. were. and and a. that. materials. not. affected. methods. used.. Kaisei. and. of these. Wakon. 'Gakusei. Rei. were. the contents. were. in the contents. neutralityshown a. Nor. aruged. western. Ky6iku. Gakusei,. origin･. be. the contents. side and. presentatioh were. in the. materials. overwhelmlngly. it may. this summarization,. from. mainly. proIEuropean. particular. found. 2. c. we. is not. つJ. つJ. willingly. of their babies. Y石sai.. means. つ▲. in the. historicaland. of editing. Y. pragmatic.. be. can. Pestalozzi's. with. 4 to volume. textbooks. N. on. their love. its babies. takes. mouse. Torasabur6･. drawn. Tokuhon. mainly as. technique. means. W. only. Shinsen. in this section,. used. neutralnature,. taken. No. in accordance. illustrations. recognized. nature. T. that. developments. New. reading.. edited. Topics. be. number and. was. Chdt6. sentences.. The. pouched. of Education.. (1884), Wakabayashi. the articles in volume. can. Ministry. civilizations is foundinthe. Sh6gaku An. the. or bumans.25). that. teach. It is said. escapes.. of the Japanesealphabet･. use. Tokuhon. westem 4.. to. of that. found.. Sh∂gaku. 3.. and. (1884),. textbook. of materialand. to. because. and. its pouch. Shiga. in the textbooks by Western. In other words,. Ky5iku. of education textbooks. Rei. shows. knowledge･ the content were. periods. remarkably that. were. not or. rational. Meiji. educators. Y百sai･. Kyo-iku few books. Rei'educationalmaterials which. werealmost. were. not. direct translations.

(11) Continulty. from. AmericaJl. and. materials. The. reason. even. more,. did. be. must. To. this analysis and. means. used. of tradition. should. be inferred丘･om institutions. have. majority. that public. preferred. terakoyaand. came. from. terakoya,. methods children. with. terakoya. fわundation. (c) Character. of teaching. by. student's. subjects,namely All. teaching. taking. subjects. and. subjects are:. Type. I. reading,. writing,. Type. II. drawlng,. music. TypeIII. TypeIV. accept. been. judgement. This. out. terakoya. at the. people. and. educational out. using. and. others a. have They. thought. great classic. because. methods. must. any. must. Japanese. and. education. time. weight. at least and. They. skills of Westem. new. the. Hattatsushi. textbooks. shijuku.. by. carried. ChirleSe. used. not. education. prlVate. was. in the 1870s. which. of teaching. were. Meiji by. Teaching. popular. use. Some. at. aS. a. subjects. public. the. used. educated. that this made. were. taught. so. on. textbooks.. We. at. public. four. with. types. whichaims. to. to. on. up. more. big. two. their aims. to. I dealt. isalso. new. of education.. the sentimentsand. done. of teaching. groups. cultivate. with general. (private schools Thisanalysis. whichaims. develop. education a. past educationalpracticeand. according. so. take. schools. between. Meiji. early now. language.. in the balance. historyand. morals,. linking. including. closelylinked into. institutions. theme. major. in general,. the change. and. moral. subjects. Those. talent.. emotionaltalent. the students.. naturalsciences and. has. education,. of early. iko- Kyo-iklLgeido. hank6and. in general. of. divided. types. of. not. to. g6gaku,. subjects. which are. Burmei. Gakusei. books. Meiji. Stillcarried. Melji. were. had. they. continulty. It will show those. character. country･26). The. contents.. educationalcontent. age.. the authority. considerations. These. used.. was. of the NationalLanguage. 2). and,. education.28). seen. throughanalysis to. moral mass. the. over. could. subjects. have. we. in Appendix. with. teachers. Meiji. to. political angle.. the early. privateinstitutions. methodsand. for. ln this study. approach. other schools. of the past. Few. for the. SChools. pnmary. mainly. the past. prlmary. were. considering The. on,all. in public. teachers. solid. When. textbooks.27). out. Even. texts.. so. curriculumsand. pointed. a. be added. must. books. these. education. terakoya,and. -. Goseimon. no. after the. period. it from. textbooks. be underestimated.. the fact that. traditionalEdo. Gokaj6. be by-passed.. not. should. words. well be said that the so-called. The. seeing. changed. the obedience. emphasized. education. by. in which. the country.. not. the spirit of the. as. In short, it may. language. situations. throughout. of the translators. which. level of. Translators. educationalviewpoint.. of national. school. education. pro-American,. an. far. 19. translations,. exact. attitude. as. political force.. or. from. This. Education. Meiji. not. traced. this basic. pro-European. re-assessed. methods. to. as. well. transform. not. as. assessed. be. may. the spirit of the Edo as. were. conditions.. for this attitude to. these. even. suit Japanese. to. of classic values Kaika. but. texts,. Early. Of. so. on. mathematics.. such. which This. aims. as. geography,. geometry,. chemistry,. develop. pragmatic. and. to. subject. is treatedindependently. physiology,. rationaltalent according. to. naturalhistory of. the students.. the traditionaldivision..

(12) 20. Kazukiyo. This. win. give. Ⅲathematics Type. V. review. Withinthis us. w血te11 used. and. This. we. classification,. the balance. between were. of Curriculums. the Kaisei. Ky6iku. was. not. need. to. from. taken. were. see. Table were. recorded. between. Type. aspects. Rei.. I and. attached. Melji. Ill plusIV,. of education.. tothe. The. for Primary. of Curriculums. Teaching in the. Kyloiku. between. pragmatic. Gaihy百)which School. Kaisei. the. the balance. `General. of balance. change. studies.. into. taken. the. independent. an. aspectsand. for Primary. Rei, which. s∝. Western. pragmatic. moralistic. Rules'(shLogaku Ky6soku. Principles. to. opportunity. other. exercises.. in this section. Teaching. the. us. Shiga. Gakusei,and. which materials School. the `General. Rules'(Sh6gaku. Ky6soku. iko- Kyo-ikuseido. Hattatsushi,. K百ry6) of volume. landII. 1.. Ratio. of. type. each. Ky百soku. Gaihy百'of. against the. 30 teaching. whole Gakusei,. notified. hours 10. on. a. week,. November. according 1872.. TYPE. s. er血仙. P. 5. 紬 %. 0 O7o. 0 q7o. 80. 0. 0. 0. 0. O. 20. 53. 0. 27. 47. 0. 33. 47. 0. 33. 叫. 0. 31. 叫. 0. 37. 0040. 0. 紬釦. L ow. III. y 5. 5. ユ0 ー0 5. 33. 濫仙. 7. 卿3. ーー. Ⅳ20202020202020ー9. Ag66.77.8臥99. 5. II. Ⅰ. e. 20 20 20. 00. 7. -2. 33. 7. 40. 20. 12 5. 27. 7. 46. 20. ーつJ. 23ー5. ー0. 47. 20. 4. 55. 22. 20. y. -3. Average I 61q7o. or. 33q7o. Lower. Primary. II. III. IV. Oq7o. 18(‰. 20%. Average I. .5. of Upper. Primary. II. III. IV. 5q7o. 419. 20%. School. School. %. %. ′b. ーー 5. 3. Ⅴ. to. the. `Sh石gaku.

(13) Continuity. We. have. to. only. 3 per cent. in 1875,. Thoughthis. at the. cent.. time. This. and year, cent. in studying. cent. a. or. values.. 2･. of eachtype. Gaihy6'(Revised with This to. each. attention. (i). against General. the Gakusei, was. change. notified. to. the. followlng. means. (ii) The. subject. Kokutai. the. first year. was. in Type. basic. 20 hours. Table. of Curriculums 19 May. a. in. spent. per cent fわrmal. a. Therefore. Primary. a. of no. cent. was. revival Gaku. prlmary. nature. Teaching. notified. Teaching. to. Rules,. be taught. holidays, related. to. per. be based. on. Ky6soku related. adjustments. withresulting. have. we. to draw. or. way. character. II. Japan). was. ⅠⅠI. introduced. newly. Ⅴ. er血仙. Ⅳ獅2｡2｡2｡2｡2｡2-2. O%. 80. 0. 0. 80. 0. 0. 65. 0. 15. 50. 0. 30. 45. 0. 35. 44. 0. 33. 叫. 0. 30. 10. 00. 0. 仰. 20. 10 5. 40. 0. 40. 20. 1ー. 40. ユ0. 30. 20. 1 ー5. 40. ー0. 30. 20. 12. 30. ユ0. 40. 20. 1 つi 5. 30. 5. 45. 20. 1 つJ. 25ー6. ー0. 45. 20. ー0. 5. 2 1. 5. 5 y. U. pper血仙. y. つJ. .5. the Western. teaching). of. 0恥. 1. 20. Rules). the Gakusei,. in the Japanese. either. mathematics. (Fundamental. %. 5. s. full. 1873.. Japanese. of. ー80. Ag66.77.88.99. e. 5. p. one. and. to. schools.. L ow. s. nature. than. more. T Y P E. P. 38 per. and. `Kaisei Sh-ogaku. School. School.. moralistic. continued. tothe. for Primary. school.29). moralistic. education. byalterationsinschool. Revised. of. of the students that many. 61 per. received. according. week,. IV'are. School.. means. the Lower. education. all students. be 80. whole. on. was. nearly. that. `ⅠⅠIplus. This. entered. by. Primary. thirds. 1879.. to. out. carried. l and. time. 1875. Moreover,. pOlntS.. teaching. (which. say. thantwo. more. yearand. a. School.. of the Lower. half after they. realistically can. Primary. the period. Since. necessary. made. teachiI噂Subject.In也e. Mathematics way. We. the Upper. from. student's. more. nature.. moralistic. a. of. nature.. should. pragmatic. Ratio. cent. ′21. in the secondyear. Rei'peri∝1. subjects. of pragmatic. the percentage. One. Ky百iku. and. 61 per. means. 38 per. yeaLr. to. 16 per centin1879,. up to. Or. Education. Meiji. proceeded. remained. offt'rstyear,. withinone. spent. students. during. `Gakusei. educationinthe Average. increased. end. left school. no. of students. proportion. left school students. that almost. note. Early. of. %. into.

(14) 22. Kazukiyo. Average. of Lower II. III. IV. 61%. 0%. 18q7o. 20q7o. or Upper. I 33% Type as. School. Primary. I. Average. before,. Primary. School. II. III. IV. 7q7o. 40%. 20qlo. Iand. 'III plus IV'in. 80 per. cent. and. of the actualeducation education. of. Therefore. we. a. theji7:StyearOf cent.. per. of ordinary nature. moralistic can. 20. Shiga. the Lower. These. two. Primary. percentages. say that the Gakusei,. that of pragmatic Ky6iku. was. estimate. In short,. period. based. figures. same. the nearest. Rei period.. natureinthis. Rei education. the. show be. might. Ky6iku. childreninGakusei,. against. School. was. solidly upon. ratio. about. of. 4: 1.. moralistic. ideas. 3.. Ratio. types. of. Curriculums. appearing. for Primary. in. the. School. `Sh石gakk6■. Teaching. Ky6soku. Rules) which. K-ory石' is based. (General on. the Kaisei. Principles Kyo-iku. of Rei.. TYPE Y ear. Term. Age Ⅰ. l. Lower. 2. Middle. 6. 6. 80qTo. O%. O%. 20%. 6.5. 80. 0. 0. 20. 1. 7. 80. 0. 0. 20. 2. 7.5. 80. 0. 0. 20. 8. 80. 0. 0. 20. 0. 20. 2. 8.5. 80. 0. 1. 9. 53. 6. 26. 15. 2. 9.5. 53. 6. 26. 15. 1. 10. 53. 6. 26. 15. 2. 10.5. 59. 6. 20. 15. 1. 11. 67. 9. 9. 15. ll.5. 67. 9. 9. 15. 12. 50. 7. 29. 14. 12.5. 50. 7. 29. 14. 13. 50. 4. 36. 10. 13.5. 50. 4. 36. 10. 28 December. 1880. 2 7. IV. 1. 1. 5. III. 2. 3. 4. ⅠⅠ. 1 2. Higher 8. 1 2. These each. school. Rules are:. were. notified. on. and. operated. for four. years･. Averages. of.

(15) Continulty. I. II. III. Lower. 80(恥. 0%. 0%. Middle. 59. 7. 19. 15. Higher. 50. 5. 33. 12. 63. 4. 17. 16. From. the ordinary. Early. Of. Education. Meiji. 23. IV 20甲b. subjects geography. Japanese. and. history. be deleted. to. are. local. to. according. clrCumStanCeS.. If students'actual years,. the percentage. which. means. Thus. periods. five per. a. can. now. see. Gakusei,. and. based. was. of average. only we. education. schooling. upon. type. I and. increase. evidence. of. Rei. moralistic,. the government. especially,. was. cent. Ky-oiku. put. in practice. extended. year. `ⅠⅠIplus. IV'might. in ideas. a. of. (1872-79). education.. formalistic. ideas.. on. emphasis. be. 25 per. and. Ky6iku. Education. In the. cent. cent,. character. Kaisei. the. fわur. the o組cially丘Ⅹed. as. 73 per. pragmatic. between. continuity. far. as. basic. at the. first stage. Rei. (1880-84). level in both education,. of primary. teaching.. moralistic. CONCLUSION From that,. far. so. as. bound. main. aim.. This A. effects. aims. in the Edo despite. study. idasare. Ose. periodand. the on. Ose. l have. results. period. makes. `conservative Tbe. nor. wanting. to. amount. the cultivation. sho･. concluded. those. in certain. is. periods. these. respects. a. This. positively. educational. by. Meiji. two. interpretation. the moral this. of. change. of basic in. they. was. Tomomi. foIⅧal. the. by. late. and. education 1870sand. of the aims. were. to. of. neither critical. the moral as. such. we. less powerful. early. demonstrated. standard. were. education, ideas. socially. study. critics. inclinationinthe. Iwakura. statesmen, nature. was. my. attitudes to. approach. a. the moral. but. values,. of educational. utilitarianaspect. that the moralistic. respect in which. utilitarian. study. to. society,. negative. and. provides. their ideas. These. These. than. study. of Edo. dominantineven change. politically. first. the. was. person. According. education.. representative. to. the two. Tetsutoshi's. of Edo. a5. of the moral. consider. Nakaizumi. In the previous. expressed. Passin's. we. when. less important. counterattack'against. s∝ond. ideas,. have. we. Within. that. Strongly. of conventionaleducation.. remained. tried to demonstrate H.. more. continulty. Out. aims. chosen. of 1872.. sho. idasare. education. concerned,. polnt. of. but remained. order. did not. of education. seeinthe. views. and. reading. Of the moral. displaced. not. the social. challenglng some. critical. whom. critics of education. of. of educational. descriptlOn. were. to. continuityislmportant. periods･. education. are. content. Meiji times. andinearly. together.. the viewpoint. authoritative. and. in this final part. From. different. of educationinEdo. aims. educational. are. periods. and. consideration. It remains. evident. two. detailed. a. Meiji period. reference Kido. K-oin.. in the early early. to. 1880s. the This. Meiji as. `1iberal dominance'unconvinclng. the two. main. periods. are. bound. together. can. best be understood. a.

(16) 24. Kazukiyo. by referring textbooks The. to actual. provide. prominence. of. character. the. new. books. textbooks.. been. for the young. Meiji. Japanese. in the. as. materials. in private. Meiji. new. into. was. The. new. has. is best. language. was. no. lies in. concerned, familiar. morahstic of Bungoin. use. new. of Bungo. were. which. in the. seen. continuity.. overemphasized.. are. in the. schoolsand. There. judge. been. content. and. supreme.. state.. the. mainly. Continuity. schools. Bungo. period,. traditionalculture. of. before. as. in public. used. that. re-printed. fromAmerica,. discontinuity. so. far. so. curriculumsand. itself to be able to. of the 1870s,. textbooks. on. officialworks. Meiji period. the. exaggerated. books. same. In the early. associations. tO. in educationalpractice,. exactly of. from. material. has. Standard. materials.. glVen. Japanese. continuity. theuse. sufficient commonly. into. translated The. educational. Shiga. language. written. brought. it all the. with. period.. NOTES. 1). H.. Passim,. Society. followlng. On. Until. 1879,. aims. beginnlng. the Tbe. reaction. and. 1890s, the. as. Refer. 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8). MKH,. vol.. began. in which it was iko-Kyo-ikuseido. liberal. dominance,. he writes. the. to. was. in education. obviously,. The. years. could. not. clearly. dominant,. strong. 81,. p.. to. sweep. was. bigb. a. 1879-1880 remain. he. point may. writes: in the late. 1880s. be. taken. perhaps by. unaffected. Hattatsushi. (hereafter as MKH) vol. 2, pp. for their own to pay requested people Ordinances. of the Education. Gakusei. document. 161,. were. Counterattack'on. which. quite. influence. the. political. enveloped.. The. 204.. 196-7.. On. this point. education.. 20112. 162.. p.. Zbid.,. Education,. 2, p.. p.. for the. influences. and `Conservative. itself丘rst. show. the. p.. Ibid.,. to. liberal. excesses',. that. (bid.,. /bL-d., pp.. `Western. point.. Melji. 204.. As. the liberal, Western. opposition,. entitled. remember. Ibid.,. May. 9). to. 62186.. pp.. child-centered,. section. agalnSt. turnlng. to the. have. we. Ⅵ′ere. the. Of. environment. 2). in Japan,. in spite of some. then,. Educational At. Education. and 71:. p.. pp.. 25415,. 1881,. based. principles. Sabur石,. Shimada Sho-reikai,. cited. of. `Kaisei in the. school Rei.. teachingru1es. Happu',. in Ky6iku. primary Ky6iku. Kaisei. the. on. Ky6ikurei. MKH,. no. vol.. 2, pp.. 208-10.. for. 50. Especially. local. government,. notified. by edited Shimada. nenshi, in p. 209. Kokumin. 4. on. Ky6iku. says:. 学制と教育令を折申して--教育令の改正に当った｡ 10) ll) 12). MKH,. vol.. LbidリVOl. The. 1, pp.. 418-9,. 196. 2, pp.. 256-7,. textbooks. not. 13). exercises, and Nihon Ky6kasho K5dansha,. 14). In. 1866,. 'Kanji. dirficulties When. and. Japanese. learning.…. Gi'(To about who they. Lbid.,. pp.. 1651173.. written grammar, henL, Kokugo,. Gaihy-o'. K-ory-o'.. for. texts. spelling vol･. 4-8,. by. Chinese. Chinese. have. a. become. In Japan. as. Hisoka,. Tokugawa. presented. abandon. may. alphabet). Maejima 15). Ky-osoku. supporting. hadalready. Hisoka no. brought. complicated,. newly Kindai. `Sh6gaku. `SI応gakk百Ky6soku the. 8 main. Kaigo. 113. ones.. and kanji. Tokiomi. areintroductory. texts.. exercise. Naka. and. Arata. (eds･). proposal,. the. 1963-4,. Maejima Gohaishi. are. Taikei･. Tokyo,. from. reproducedare. 83. and. from. calculated calculated. texts.. keen. intellect. dull. And. characters). He. Yoshinobu for. the. a. with purpose. written of. easing. educational. says: use. it is an. Chinese obstacle. characters. which to the development. be carded out well, education､must Ko-s6 Kon, Maejima Kai, Tokyo,. by. phonetic. 1955,. p.. are. inconvenient of national symbols. 153.. and power. (Japanese.

(17) Continulty. Kei6. 16). Fukuzawa. Gijuku,. Early. Of. YukichiZenshW,. 3,. vol.. Education. Meiji `Moji. 25. Oshie. no. Hashigaki',. Iwanami,. Tokyo,. 1959,. P.555.. 17) Okubo. Toshiaki. Munetaka. 18). Yamamoto. 19). Three. Masahide,. Kyo-kasho. evidence. of Tokiomi. Furuta. T6saku. 1964,. vol.. Ibid.,. p.. 502.. 4,. JbL'd". p.. 519.. Zbid". pp,. Refer. to. NLfhi. Amane. Zensh5,. 2,. vol.. Hmsei. ShL'teki Kenkyu-,. no. to. 1880. 4, Kindaihen,. were. Iwanami,. Tokyo, The. vocabularylists. (1),have been. Kokugo. from 1.870 to 1945. of K石go Kyo-kasho TaL'kei Kindaihen,. 1965,. See. checked.. (hereafter. NKT). as. pp.. 118-20.. five reproduced. remaining. Appendix. 4,. vol.. 1 for. Kokugo. 1,. to. Keim6. Shoin,. Keim-o. Tokyo,. chic. no. pp.. 56ト2.. 1968,. KL'ndaigo. wa'in. Kenkyu-(2),. by. edited. Kindaigo. 497.. (I), p.. 522-3. 13,. p･. See. Appendix. See. Yamaji. Nihon. Ron',. no. shosuru. p. 710.. `Chikan. MusashiI10. o. 573.. down. vol･. use. (ed･) Nihon. NKT,. 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) 28) 29). Taikei,. Tokyo,. Gakkai,. for Kokugo. of. Kokugo. motte. p. Buntai. Kindai. growth. o. 1962,. books. in Nihon. K6dansha.. 21). Tokyo,. of the eight. Kaigo. 20). (ed,), `Y6ji. Shob6,. the. of. previous. (Edo. study. and. Early. Meiji. vol.. 1, pp.. 460-1.. Education,. ⅠⅠⅠ).. 2. Aizan's. speech. KindaiKy6ikushi. in MKH,. cited. (ed.), Nihon. Kanklokai. Kindai. Ky6ikushi,. K6dansha,. Tokyo,. 1973,. pp.. 56-7.. Bibliography English: Passin･. H･,. Society. in JapLm,. andEducation. Teacher)s. College,. East. Asian. Institute,. Columbia. University,. 1965. Dore･. R･P･,. Education. in Tokugawa. Japan,. Universlty. California. Of. Press,. Berkeley. Los. and. Angeles,. 1965. Sophia. University,. Monumenta. Nlbponica,. vol.. 28,. No.. 3,. 1973.,. vol.. 29,. No.. 3,. 1974,. Tokyo.. Japanese: Chibaken. Ky6iku. D6bunkan. (ed.), 0-hard (ed.), Nihon. Kai. hensh古kyoku. Ekiken. Kai. Got-o,. Sabur-o,. Horie,. (ed･), Ekiken. Hideichi. Hozumi. and. Tetsujir6. Banzan,. T百yama,. Nobushige,. Inoue,. Zensh6,. Kumazawa. and. Kanie,. Zenshu-,. Chibaken. Bunko,. Kyo1'ku. Ky石ikukai,. Kakunhen. (eds.),Jiy房minkenki. Seidoron, Yoshimaru. Y□hikaku,. (eds.),Nihon. Kenky6,. no. Tokyo, Rinri. Chibaken,. 1943,. Tokyo,. D6bunkan,. Zensh古Kank6bu, vol. 2, 3., Ekiken Nihon Ky6iku Sentetsu So-sho, vol･. Shigeki. Goningumi. Yu-gaku. Tokyo,. 1910-ll.. 6, Bunky6 vol.. 1910.. Shoin,. Tokyo,. 1942.. 1, Y訂1ikaku,. Tokyo,. 1959.. 1921. Zhen,. vol.. 5, 6, 9., Rinsen. Shoten,. Kyoto,. 1970. Ishikawa,. Ken,. Kinsei. Nihon. Ishikawa,. Ken,. Kinsei. Shakat'Kyo7kushL'no. Ishikawa,. Ken,. Ishikawa,. Ken,. Iwakura. K-o. Kaigo,. Tokiomi. Kinsei. Kaneko, Kido. Terumoto, K6in. Kindaigo Kodama, Kodama,. and. Kyo-ikushi. Kyo-ikushi,. Wagakuni. Kytiseki. K石dansha,. Shomin. Shakai. To-a. Jido-kan ni okeru Hozonkai, Zwakura K6 Naka,. Tokyo,. Arata. Kenkyu-,. Kenky6,. no. shuppansha,. Tosho,. vol.. Shinreisha, 2,. Ky6kasho. Tokyo,. Tokyo, Tokyo,. Hattatsu,. Jikki,. (eds.), Nihon. T6y6. Shokado-,. 1947. Tokyo,. 1973.. 1949.. 1903. Taikei,. vol.. 4-9.,. `Kindaihen,. Kokugo',. 1963-4.. Kazama MeLji zenki Kyo-iku gy石seishL'Kenky6, Shob百, Sho-giku Kido Ko-den, 1, 2., Meiji Shoin, vol. Hensanjo, Gakkai, Kindaigo KenkyuShoin, Tokyo, 1968. (2), Musashino K6ta Yoshikawa KoTbunkan, (ed･), ShL'ryo- ni yoru NL-hon no Ayumi, K6taand 6ishi,Shinzabur石(eds.), Nihon Rekishi no Shiten, vol. K6den. 1938.. 1934.. Tokyo, Tokyo,. Tokyo, 3, Nihon. 1967. 1927.. 1955. Shoseki,. Tokyo,.

(18) Kazukiyo. 26. Ky6iku. Kokuritsu. Tokyo, Kurasawa,. Kenky正jo (ed.),NE'hon. Takeshi,. Maejima,. Hisoka,. Gakusei. Hensankai. Ministry. 100. Nakaizumi,. Nihon. Shiseki. Nihon. Zuihitsu. Okubo. Taisei. Toshiaki,. 6tsuka,. Takematsu. Tokyo,. 80. Tsuchiya,. Tadao,. Tsumaki,. Ch5ta. Yamaguchi. Insatsu. KL'ndai. Bunsho,. (ed.), Nihon. DaL'gaku,. 3,. vol.. So-gensha,. (ed.),. Melji zenki (ed,),Kido. Kyo-iku. Seisakushi. Ko-in. Kai. Masahide,. Bunsho,. Tokyo,. Ratio. The. ratio of. were. edited.. Hassei. of K6go. Bungo. and. from. made. Tokyo,. Shise.ki. Shiteki. have. K6豆o. to. pay. reversed. the. 4,. It is very. tO. have. of. the ratio between. collection. based contain. Bungo. to. and from. of the. to. tothe. a. certain. Taisei. Kyすkai,. 1929.. Shigaken, Tokyo,. Kenkyul,. 1928-9. 1968･. 1931.. Iwanami,. Iwanami,. Tokyo,. Tokyo,. 1934-6･. 1965.. Language. textbooks. 1945.. recorded. in the Nihon. Kyo-kasho. a. is. end. careful. was. the. on. the first State. when be. can. observed. textbooks. compiled 1887.. after. 5:1,. average. Bungo.. with look. not. care. at the. only. volumes.. the ratio. Sudden. average and. ratio of each. textbook. increase. decrease. rapid. for child ability development. of K6go. summarized. for each. ratio recorded. in the. prospectus. amount. 1903. or. is insufficient. traditionalformalism.. the officially statedaim. on. 1945. the ratios,. calculate one. 1903. after. tells that the educational. close. differ. sometimes. (the. Important. by. one. checked. Bungo. to. also the change. In order. Zuihitsu. the followlng:. reverse. or. process. 1870. is very. Shiseki. Tosho,. Ky6kai,. of the materials. after. All textbooks丘･om. And. Nihon. Shoin,. 2, 3.,. vol.. until. to. attention. Bungo. to. However,. or. ll,. 1. thoroughstudy. a. To-ju. Bunky6. ZenshW,. 1870. 3.. of K6go. 2, vol.. 1940.. 3,. vol.. in the National. Ratio. but. 1966･. 1973･. vol. 4-8.. we. KoLgo. 19261 Tokyo,. Tokyo,. 2, Nihon. vol.. 8, Nihon. no. 2.. of. 1954.. 1928.. Kenkyi7,. no. Sholn. from. this table. 1938-9･. 1943.. Zenshu-,. vol.. (ed.), Yoshida. KindaL'Buntai. hen,. Tokyo,. K6dansha,. 7Taisei, part. APPENDIX. Kindai. Kyoku,. Kyo-ikushi,. Zuihitsu. To-J'u Sensei. was. Tokyo,. Tokyo, K6bunkan, vol. 8, Yoshikawa Shis6 Kenkyu-, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, no. Toshimichi. no. Ky6iku. table. Ryu-ginsha,. vol.ト5.,. 1955.. 0-kurash6. nenshi,. Ky-osaikai. Ken,. Yamamoto,. 1.. Shink石kai,. 1929,. Nihon. S6ritsu. T6ju Jinja. Taikei,. Kenky5. 1973.. Tomomi Kankei Bunsho, (ed.),Iwakura Miraisha, Tokyo, 1965. Yoshio, Melji Lshinshi, Kyo-ikushi, Ky6iku Kenky正kai, Shunj6, Nihon. This. 1, Ky6iku. vol.. Zensh6,. (ed.), NL'hon. Hensh正bu. Tokyo,. Okubo,. In. nenshi,. Hattatsushi,. Tokyo,. Ky6iku. Kank百kai. Kyo-kai,. Kank6kai,. Kinsei. Nihon. Ky6ikushi. Kai,. Maejima. (ed.), Gakusei Norinaga (ed.),Motoori. Tetsutoshi,. NihonKindai. K6dansha,. (ed.), Melji ik6 Kyo-ikuseido Ko-s6Kon,. Seiz-o. Takahashi,. Kenkyu-,. no. Education. of. Sakata,. KindaL'Ky∂iku. 1974.. Kyt6ikushi. Motoori,. Shiga. for the state of the lesson,. of K6go.. volume `Kokutei. compiled even. though. to. Bungo. in each. These. of the textbook. Ky6kasho. textbooks), a. Hensan since. lessonaimed. or. unit. that. lessons. was. figures. may. Shuisho. Sh正sei'. calculation. to teach. bungo. was. would.

(19) Continuity. Meiji. 27. Education. Note:. Explanatory ･. years. of. ●. When. the. wben. ●. Early. of. Surname. publication,. the. Ministry. is the. editor. Normal. is the. editor. of of. the. editor･. Education,. school,. appointed. this by. is indicated Ministry. the. as. M･E･ of Education,. M.E.,N.S.. Name. of. K6go甲o. textbooks/year/. Bungo. %. Editor. (I). Eiri. Chic. no. wa. (1870, Furukawa) (2) (3). ー. 0. 1 0000. 2. 0. 1. ー. 0. 10000. (1873. Ota). 2. 0. 1. Sh6gaku. ー. 0. 100. Otashi. Kaiwa. hen. Ny5mon. (1875. M.E.) Sh6gaku. (1873,74. T. M且,N.S.,. anaka). Sh石gaku. Tokuhon. (1874. M.EリSakakibara). End. (6). of. Gakusei/Ky6iku. Sh石gaku. Rei. Sh6gaku. Cb石応Tokuhon. Ch-ut6ka. (1885, Uchida). (8). Sho-gaku. Tokuhon. (1884. Hara). o. 1. 0. 1. 3. 0. 1. 4. 0. 1. ー. 0. 1. 2. 0. 1. つJ. 0. 1. 4. 0. 1. 5. 0. 1. textbooks.. (1882. Kizawa). (7). 1 2. 0000000000. (5). Tokuhon. 00000000. (4). Tokuhon. ー. o. ユ oo. 2. o. ーo o. 3. o. ユo o. ー. o. ーo o. 2. o. -o o. つJ. o. -o o. 4. o. -o o. 5. o. -oo. 6. o. -00. 0. 0. -00. ー. 0. -00. 2. 0. -00. つJ. 0. ー0 0. 4. 0. ユ 00. 5. 0. ー 00. 6. 0. ー 00. this. is indicated. as.

(20) 28. Kazukiyo. Volumes, parts,. (9). Yomikata. Shiga. %. K6go. Bungo. (‰. etc.. Nyu-mon. 100. (1884. M.E.). End. Tokuhon. Sh石gaku. Chiit6. ー. 0. 1. 2. 0. 1. つJ. 0. 1. 4. 0. 1. 5. 0. 1. Shinsen. ー. 0. 1. Tokuhon. 2. 0. 1. (1884. Hirai). つJ. 0. 1. 4. 0. 1. 5. 0. 1. 6. 0. 1. l. 0. - 00. of. Kaisei. 000000000000. (ll). Sh6gaku. 0000000000. (10). Rei. Ky6iku. textbooks.. (12). Yomikaki. Ny正mon. (1886. M.E.). K6to-. Sh6gaku. Tokuhon. (1888. M.E.). Nihon. Tokuhon. (1887. Shinbo). Shobo. Qノ4. 2. ー3. つJ. 3. 4. つJ. 5. 0. ー. ′b. 0. ー 1. ー. 0. 2. 0. ー. つJ. 0. ー. 4. 0. ー. ー. 50. 5. 2. 70. 03. (15). ー. 00000000. (14). Tokuhon. 68 797970000. (13) Jinjo-Sh6gaku (1887. M.E.).

(21) Continulty. Of. Tokuhon. Teikoku. Tokuhon. Bungo. 帆. -. oo7. shishin. 7. 393000000 ー1ー. sha). 88. (Jinroka y6) (1893. Gakkai. 000022ー77000. (17). q7o. K6go. 29. 000000000000 ------. (1887. Shinbo). Education. Meiji. oooooo. m-123456123456. Nihon. {];. i;.;i.. (16). Early. 8 Teikoku. Tokuhon. 2. Shishin) Dokusho. K yo-hon. 1. 8. 2 Imaizumi,. unaga). 3. 680000. (1894.. 6933. (19) Jinjo-Sh6gaku. S. 3 4. slla). 00000000ー47649200000000 1ーーユ. (K6t6ka yo1 (1893. Gakkai. 1. 0000. (18). 4. ーーユー. 5 6 7 8. 一■l tl. 4 5. 7 8. 89910. ′0. 8粥ー7440. 3. 00223660. 一つム. 00009. Tokuhon (20) Jinjo-Kokugo 900. (1 Kink6do1.

(22) Kazukiyo. 30. %. 帆. Bungo. '爪. (21). K6go. 1,J. m-1234. ∵ K6t百Kokugo. Shiga. Tokuhon. (1900. Kink6d6). 4. 96. 4. 96 96. 4. 100. (22). Kokugo. Tokuhon. (Jinj6 Shlogakk-o y6) (1900. Tsubouchi). Kokugo. 100. 2. 96. 4. 3. 84. 16. 4. 32. 68. 5. 20. 80. 6. 16. 84. 7. 16. 84. 8. 0. 100 91. 1. Tokuhon sho-gakk6. (K6toy6) (1990. Tsubouchi). 9ー890. (23). 0. 1. 2 つJ. ompilation). -. l. 0. 0000000000686. c. Tokuhon. 2. 1. 0. つJ. 1. 0. 4. 1. 0. 5. 1. 0 つJ2. 7. つJ7. 343. 6. 8. 3. 05 05. Tokuhon (26) Jinj6 Sh6gaku (1910. M.E.) (Second compilation). 5. 1 2. 05. Tokuhon (25) K6t石Sh石gaku (1903. M.E･) (same as above). 91 100. 4. (24) Jinj-oSh石gaku (1903. M.E.) (First state. 82. 4. 0. 57 5o 5o 5o 50. 1. 1 0000. 0. 2. 1. 0. 3. 100. 0. 4. 100. 0. 5. 100. O. 6. 66. 4.

(23) Continuity. 5. Bungo. q7o. ー. 28. ー. 3818. ー. 7. 1. ーー. 00000028293. ー. 0000000000007t;16. (1918-1923. M.E.) (Third compilation). 帆. e-c. 07. Kokugo. K6go. 31. 425. Sh6gaku. Tokuhon. es. Education. Meiji. 027ー9ー8ー3. (27) Jinj6. Early. 85. cont.. 仙抑789｡ー2ー23〝56789｡.21234567890.21234. (26). of. ーー. ー Sh6gaku. Kokugo. -. Tokuhon. (1933-1938. M.E.) (Fourth compilation). oooo. 000000000000008一朗63686. (28). 6. 73 5叫. 55. -. 23. 8636. 1. ー. ーー. oo. ーー. oー93. ー. 63. ー. 7323. ーーーー. 7. 0000. Yomikata. (1941. M.E.) (Fifth compilation). 00000000. (29). 3. ーー. Shot6ka. Kokugo. -. ー. 2. ー. つJ. ー. ′D. 8. 0292. 7. 03. 5. 77070717. 4. 000ー33. (194ト1943. M.E,) (same as above). 0000008. (30).

(24) 32. Kazukiyo. Shiga. V. 日EqE5匡. 毒害書芸著書き害毒毒害書著書票. ￡%.≡. 著書著書著書暮書S;宍忘等㌫e胃. 2. -∼. l'-. ●. -. -. I. ■一. -. '一. I-. -. 一一. 一･一. 一一. M. ,-. -. ,-. 寸. cO. 巾. --. N. ∼.O. 1-. ＼{〉. 00. 寸. ∼. -. 卜. cb. ⊂)寸. N. 寸. '3.= I.n. 弓. ∼. -. rLJ. 寸. L(. rl. ､8. ､C. -. 1ハ､￠. -. ､8. 寸. N. ､8. GO. 寸. ⊂々. 00. 寸. N.t‥T. 石器. 毒喜亭. Ot. N. CC. 主ち-f;. T. T. :れ. Lt. p喜 :y. I(0!)r!U!]qnd. ≡P. IPP1. ＼. ヽ､. ＼. o空○葛. ㍗ F!f=S3芸認諾冨芸濃妄語S;. ≡N=Sミミ喜r=cc=重要≡雪空ぎ雪. NL. i和. Sれ. ニ冗. 91. 0E. 0. ]OOt. ＼. [寸叫. p■■■■■. 9t. ▼■■■■■■■. ＼ o. [L8. o. ▼■■■■. ＼ o. [Mg. o. -. ＼. ]0れ. o. ＼ o. ＼巾9. ■■■. ＼. MT. IIP1. ＼寸8. ■-. ＼. b31. ＼ o. ＼れ寸. o. -. ＼ o. E)E!. o. ▼■■■■一. [8N. ､＼. ]tE. ＼. 0[oft[1. メOOq]X･･1ト. O!7T?t( Jr!リ^. 69. 毒書芸書専. ■■■■■■■. ＼ o. トt,]¶れ. 一■■l■. OOL[0. at]]u(ohr]f著書著書著書著書著書. OOT]0. ＼oS_OJIJO. 卜M. l‥卜.￠. T. T‥6'寸. :. t. t‥ト.I. T. t'T. O〓t2∝ )O. l′l. I-. t‥(.帆. :. q. 【‥t. NE:. ■･･-. 9.N‥(. 寸. (.Z:. oSuno. oS_ o止JO. r■1. 蓋宗宗宗害毒著書岩Sヨ望宍T7T=. 空空室至言三悪烹rli?百雷￡吾吉富ヽ-■′. ヽ-･■′. ヽ-. ヽ-■′. ヽ■′′. ヽ-′. ヽ-. ヽ■′. ー. ､ヽ_′. ヽ_■′. ､_′ ヽ_′. ヽ一/. ヽ-.

(25) Continuity. Early. of. APPENDIX Continulty Character. In support. from. year. between. Ishikawa. list I have. to. studies),Chirigaku The Ⅰ.. terakoya. resulting. in. and. have a. Rika. institutions. from. a. list based. the original皿aterial. 138-58,. g6gaku. 223-7,. subjectsamongall. subjects.. rapidincrease. of. new. (naturalscience), H6gaku. (law). and. From. If there. were. Y6gaku so. the. any those. education,. as. subjectssuch. it. taken. after the first. established. in the field of primary. produced. have. p. 434.. opposite. were. which. onanofficial. but. (Western. on.. fわllows:. as. Hank6. Number. established. Number. of. Chinese. studies. subjects in. all the hank6. Japanese,. 10. subjects. atics. 20. If mathematics. exercises. 25. the. studies. athem. Writing G eograpby Compared. of three. han. -. 47.. subjects,. Chinese. ratio. and. agalnStall. is. Edo,. figure. the. gives. uS. this interesting Edo. wntlng. subjects I. 73%. is included,. -. 89%.. result: Period. Period. Meiji. subjects. (Chinese, Four. Japanese,. Writing). 72 (‰. 73%. 87.2(‰. 89唄). subjects. (above can. of the. 3. with. Tbree. abolition. 121.. -. 21. studies. before. and. Ratio. Western M. After the Meiji Restoration. 42. Japanese. We. Private. at. evidence. seen. pp.. teaching. could. (geography),. is. result. Kyo1-kushi,. government. changed,. in general. not. Education:. Meiji. present. I have. the ratio of main. new. have. ratios should. and. all the hank6,. show. Early. subjects. 1889.. 33. 2. and. (see p. 19) I. KinseL'Shomin. out. picked. that the. changes. 1883. Ken,. Meiji. of. of Teaching. of this statement. taken. survey. in Edo. Education. Meiji. Mathematics). plus. see. almost. no. change.. ⅠⅠ. Terakoya. Number 1883-89. of terakoya. 1. established. after the. Meiji Restoration. but before. the survey. taken. was. 6906.. These. terakoya. were. Type. 1 taught. reading. Type. 2 taught. reading,. Type. 3 taught. manners,. etiquette,. Type. 4 taught. advanced. subjects. divided and. by Ishikawa. Ken. into five types. according. to teaching. subjects.. wrltlng.. writingand. mathematics. in addition or Type. 2.. to. subjects. taught. in Type. 1 and. 2..

(26) 34. Kazukiyo. Typ占5. Buddhism,. taught. Shiga. studies, kimono. medical. making,. combined. same. withthe. subjects. asType2. The. reading. and. from. All. Japanese. these. were. Number. of. books. such. 4573. Ratio. Type2. 2035. As. 64. Type. 4. 145. Type. 5. 89. Jitsugoky-o,. Shisho,. as. such. Teikin. Goky-oand. Orai. so. and. so. on,. on.. period.. type:. each. Type1. 3. classical Chinese. D6jiky6,. as. in the Edo. used. Type. from. taken. were. materials. Type. of. 4 is to. type. of. others. 98%.. -. be. Type. the ratio. Type. 1 against. 3 and5. all others. 66%.. -. included. in Type. 2,. 1, 2 and. 4 against. -2%.. Comparison:. Group. A. (Type. 1, 2 and. Group. B. (Type. 3 and. According period.. to. But. 4). 5). this result, practical it is only. as. 2q7o,. we. have. level had. at the terakoya. science to. say. that. again. we. can. decreased see. no. from. great. the Edo. change.. ⅠⅠⅠ.G6gaku. Number 1877. of. 6. Total. Numbers. that. Number. -6l･. list)-. Go-gaku. teaching. studies. 3. Readings 4. Writing. and. exercises. 23 9. 154. 15% 6%. 56. Noindication. of. physical. Ratio. and. martial. 1868. of. the. 30 (‰. Ratio. whole of. the. consisting. of. 36. 23 q7o. 3,4,5and6is 96.7q7o.. 1.5唄). 1. 0.7(‰. 9. English. 1. 0.7%. 1. 0.7 q7o. of. group 1, 2,. Comparison:. Six. subjects. 75 9. =: ‥elJ. 呪.. 2.. subjects. Ed｡mm. 1. Five. M. about. training).. is 73%.. 3%. 2. group. to. subjects (inthe. 1,2,3,4and5to. 46. 8. History. studies. from. ratio:. the. 6. Mathematics. 10. Western. (excluding. 20qTo. 4. etiquette. subjects -. 31. 5. Composition. 7. Manners,. period. Meiji. establishedinthe. teaching. subjects -. subjects. studies. 2. Japanese. newly. that indicates. of each. 1. Chinese. were. Ej.

(27) Continulty. we. can. see. ratio is still the can丘nd. 10q7o increase. about. Although. same,. in mathematics are. not. able. compared to. 35. Education. Meiji. Early. see. any. to. major. the Edo change. period･. But. the total. in the total ratio･. we. in details.. changes. minor. we. Of. H ank石. (Edo). (Meiji). Chinese. 37q7o. 35 qTo. 卜2q(o). I20;:o. 17甲o. (+ 5q7o). 23 07o. 21 qTo. (-2q7o). 17%. (+4%). studies. Japanese. studies. Writing Mathem. exercise. I3. atics. 0;/'o. 4%. Y6gaku. llqTo. (others). 8q7o. (+4%). 2%. (-9q7o). G-ogaku. Japanese. studies 2. studies. Mathem. atics. teaching. (+4(‰). っJ. (±OqTo). 23 %. (+ 13(‰). 10 9. increased have. 20 呪. つJ. 0. (others). to note. bothinhank6. subjects. the large numbers. subjects. as. we. have. noted. and. g6gaku. are. Japanese. of terakoya. that existed. i皿the. period･. Edo. (+4%). l ′0. 0%. 3･gA.. exercise. we. u. ;･;. Writing. (118%). ′0%. ;I;. Reading. The. ー5 %. つJつJ. t=_-. Chinese. ′b%. studiesand in early. (-3%). mathematics･. Meiji which. taught. However, the. same.

(28)