氏 名
学 位 の 種 類
学 位 記 番 号
学位授与年月日
学位授与の要件
学位論文題 目
もはめど たうふいくる いすらむ
Md.TaufiqulIslam
博士(農学)
甲第366号
平成17年 3月15日
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Poverty,EducationandRuralDevelopmentinBangladesh -AStudyofPovertyDimensionandtheRoleof Government-(バングラデシュにおける貧困・教育・農村開発
一貧困の様相と政府の役割に関する研究-)
学位論文審査委員 (主査) 内田和義
(副査) 大森賢一 伊東正一 古塚秀夫
石田 章
学位論文 の 内 容 の 要 旨
The majority ofpeoplein Bangladeshlivein ruralareas,Where problems ofpoverty, inequalityandilliteracyareverycommon.Mostruralpeopledependonagriculturefortheir livelihood.However;the agricultural sectoris beset with multifarious problems such as PreValenceofsmalllandholdings,marglnalfarmingunitesorlandlessfarmers,inequalityin landholdingdistributionandincome,unemPloymentandlackofeducation.Humanresource development carries a special slgnificancein the rural development sector because Bangladeshispredominantlyruralandabout70%oftheruralpopulationisilliterate.In addition,POOrfarmersinruralBangladesh,includingwomeninpoorhouseholds,Su飴rfrom limitedincome.They can neither get suffientincomefrom agrlCultural work norfind SeCOndaryemploymentopportunities.Nearly50percentofthe ruralpeopleinBangladesh livebelowthepovertyline,andabout80percentarelandlessormarglnal払rmers. Growing attention has been paidin Bangladesh to poverty reduction and rural development programs over the past two and halfdecades.However,Within the existing framework,rural development policies and current administration patterns have been unabletoslgni丘cantlybenefitthetargetpopulation.Theproblemswiththesocio,eCOnOmic milieu have prompted policy makers to take up specific ruraldevelopment programs to110
improvethequalityoflifeofthevastmajorityofruralpoorwhohavenotbene丘tedfromthe generaldevelopmentprograms. Inlightofthe above,thisstudyemphasizespovertyalleviationandeducation.These are the key factorsfor rural developmentin Bangladesh.Moreover,it seems usefu1to examine the dimension ofruralpoverty,and the role ofgovernmentin Bangladesh.The PreSentStudyisdividedintofivechapters: Chapterlcoverstheslg・nificanceandobjectivesofthisstudy. Chapter2examinesthepovertyratesandconditionsinruralBangladesh・Itisimportanttoaddress COnditionsleadingtopovertyinruralareas,tOincreasetheattentionpaidtothepoorindevelopmentpolicy and action.Over80percent ofBangladesh’s populationlivesinruralareas,WherepovertylS a Very COmmOn.ThestudyexaminesthepovertyconditionsinruralBangladesh丘om1974to1999・Itshows thattheincidenceofpovertyisclearlyhigherinruralareasthaninurbanareas,andalsothatpovertylines VaryfromreglOntOreglOn.This studyalsoaddressesthevarious de丘mitions andmeasures ofpoverty・ WithoutanapproprlatemeaSure,ltis difBcultto determinetheintensltyOfeffbrts neededto alleviate POVerty・ Chapter3describesastudyundertakeninanagriculturalvi11ageinBangladesh・Itwasundertakenin MohammadpurVillagewithintheSadarIhana(Sub・district)oftheBrahmanbariaDistrict,andevaluates theimpactsoflandownership,incomeandeducationintheagriculturalsectorofBangladesh・Analysisof datacollectedathouseholdlevelinMohammadpurvillageidenti丘esthatinequalityandi11iteracyconstrain agriculturaldevelopment・Tb measure co叩arativeinequality,the Lorenz curve and Gimicoefncient methodsareused.RegressionanalysisteststhetrueSlgn通canceofthestatisticalresults・Theincidenceof POVertyiscloselyassociatedwithilliteracyandinequality・Therefore,tOreduceinequalityandilliteracy,the POSitionofpoorfarmersmustbestrengthenedthroughlandreforms,1iteracyprograms,agriculturalsupport SerVices,andincomegeneratlngPrOgramS.Landreformisthe血stconditionfbragriculturaldevelopment inBangladesh,andeducationisthekeytoensurlngSOCialandeconomicprogress・Moreover,educationis essentialfbracqulrlngknowledge,Skill,andhumancapitalandforralSlngthelevelofawareneSSOfthe massesabouttheirenvironment. Chapter4addressestheimpactofeducationandgenderdimensioninruralBangladesh・Educationis animportantfactorinenablingindividualstoaccesseconomicresourcesfordevelopment・Withthehelpof education,bothformal and non-血rmal,peOPle can be empowered to become active partnersin development・Coversely,genderisthetermusedtodescribethesocialdi鮎rentiation・Beingamaleora ftmalemeansfacingdi飴rentandwellJe負nedsocialexpectationsaboutappearance,PerSOnalqualities, behaviorandwork.Thegoalofruraldevelopmentistoincreasethewell心eingandopportumitiesforthe POPulationinruralareas・This mustincludewomenas wellas men・Itis axiomatic that sustainable economicgrowthanddevelopmentcanonlybeachievedthroughequalparticipationadvancementofboth WOmenandmen. 111
Chapter5describesobservationalresearchundertakentodemonstratetheevolutionof POVerty reduction and ruraldevelopment policyin Bangladesh.Government agenciesin BangladeshsuchasBARD,BRDBandGrammenBankhavecarriedoutsuccessfu1extension activitiesoveraperiodoftimewithwell・designeddevelopmentmodelsandhigherpotential forbetterdeliveryofservices.Althoughgovernmentandgovernmentagenciesareplayingan importantcomplementaryroleinthepovertyreductionandruraldevelopmentsector,their COntributions are not totally positive.Therefore,tOimprove the e飴ctiveness of rural developmentandpovertyreductionstrategies,Observationalresearchstudywasconducted. Moreover,the studyexaminedthe administrativepatternandrole ofgovernmentthrough comparisons with the role of NGOs.This study alsoidenti丘es some weaknesses of government and suggests potential areas forimproving delivery of e鮎ctive rural developmentinBangladesh.