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Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University

༤㻌 ኈ㻌 ㄽ㻌 ᩥ㻌 ᴫ㻌 せ

Doctor Thesis Synopsis

婾 ġ 㔯 ġ 柴 ġ 䚖

Thesis Theme

Fabrication and Interfacial Property Analysis of Electroless-Deposited Nanostructures for

Imprinting Mold

䓛ġ ġ 婳ġ ġ 侭 (Applicant Name)

Cheng Ping LIN 㜿 㓧⸛

Major in Applied Chemistry, Research on Interfacial Electrochemistry

May, 2013

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No.1

N a n o i m p r i n t l i t h o g r a p h y ( N I L ) i s a n e f f e c t i v e p r o c e s s f o r 3 D n a n o s t r u c t u r e d f a b r i c a t i o n , b e c a u s e o f i t s n u m b e r s o f a d v a n t a g e s , s u c h a s h i g h t h r o u g h p u t , h i g h r e s o l u t i o n , l o w c o s t , a n d s o o n . A s a r e s u l t , N I L i s e x p e c t e d t o b e t h e n e x t - g e n e r a t i o n f a b r i c a t i o n p r o c e s s o f o p t i c a l e l e m e n t s , b i o s e n s o r s , a n d m a g n e t i c s t o r a g e d e v i c e s , w h i c h r e q u i r e 3 D n a n o s t r u c t u r e d s u r f a c e s . I n t h e g e n e r a l N I L p r o c e s s , t h e n a n o p a t t e r n e d m o l d i s p h y s i c a l l y p r e s s e d o n t h e r e s i s t - c o a t e d s u b s t r a t e f or n a n o p a t t e r n t r a n s f e r. T h e r e f o r e , t h e m o l d i s r e q u i r e d t o p o s s e s s : ( 1 ) a p r e c i s e l y d e s i g n e d 3 D n a n o s t r u c t u r e d s u r f a c e , a n d ( 2 ) s u ff i c i e n t m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t y, s u c h a s h a r d n e s s d u r i n g t h e i m p r i n t p r o c e s s e s . I n t h e v i e w o f r e q u i r e m e n t s o f N I L p r o c e s s , ( 1 ) t h e e f f i c i e n t f a b r i c a t i o n p r o c e s s e s o f a n i m p r i n t i n g m o l d w i t h n a n o m e t e r a c c u r a c y a n d ( 2 ) t h e a c c u r a t e m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t y a n a l y s i s f o r a n i m p r i n t i n g m o l d ( e s p e c i a l l y a s i n g u l a r n a n o p a t t e r n o f a m o l d ) a r e k e y i s s u e s i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f N I L p r o c e s s .

N o w a d a y s , t h e m o l d s m a d e o f s i l i c o n d i o x i d e ( S i O2) a r e w i d e l y a p p l i e d i n N I L p r o c e s s . T h e S i O2 m o l d , h o w e v e r, i s f r a g i l e a n d t h e d a m a g e t o n a n o p a t t e r n s o f m o l d f r e q u e n t l y o c c u r s d u r i n g t h e i m p r i n t p r o c e s s . T h e i s s u e o f f r a g i l e m o l d c a u s e s t h e l o s s t o c o s t a n d l i m i t s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f N I L . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t o e m p l o y t h e S i O2 m o l d a s a “ m a s t e r m o l d ” l e t t h e m e t a l l i c m a t e r i a l ( e . g . , N i c k e l a l l o y ) d e p o s i t o n i t s s u r f a c e , a n d t h e n d e t a c h e d f r o m t h e m a s t e r m o l d a s a “ r e p l i c a t e m o l d ” i s a p o t e n t i a l p r o c e s s . B e c a u s e o f t h e m e t a l l i c m o l d c a n b e e a s i l y m a s s - p r o d u c e d b y r e u s i n g t h e S i O2 m a s t e r m o l d t o d e c r e a s e t h e c o s t o f m o l d f a b r i c a t i o n , a n d m a k e t h e m e t a l l i c m o l d t e n d t o d i s p o s a b l e i n t h e c a s e o f d a m a g e g e n e r a t i o n .

E l e c t r o c h e m i c a l p r o c e s s e s a r e a t t r a c t i v e c a n d i d a t e s t o d e p o s i t m e t a l l i c m a t e r i a l o n a S i O2 m a s t e r m o l d f o r m o l d r e p l i c a t i o n . N e v e r t h e l e s s , n o n - u n i f o r m d e p o s i t i o n o c c a s i o n a l l y o c c u r s i n n a n o p a t t e r n s o f a m a s t e r m o l d , r e s u l t i n g i n d e f e c t f o r m a t i o n ( e . g . , v o i d s ) i n d e p o s i t e d m e t a l l i c m a t e r i a l a n d d e c r e a s i n g t h e r e p l i c a t i o n a b i l i t y t o m a s t e r m o l d . F u r t h e r m o r e , s t r o n g a d h e s i o n s t r e n g t h b e t w e e n d e p o s i t a n d m a s t e r m o l d t e n d s t o b r e a k t h e s u r f a c e n a n o p a t t e r n s o f d e t a c h e d r e p l i c a t e m o l d . I n t h e s i t u a t i o n o f w e a k a d h e s i o n s t r e n g t h , t h e n a n o p a t t e r n s o f m a s t e r m o l d c a n n o t b e f u l l y r e p l i c a t e d a n d t h e d e p o s i t t e n d s t o p e e l o ff f r o m t h e m a s t e r m o l d .

M e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t y a n a l y s i s o f n a n o p a t t e r n s o f m e t a l l i c m o l d , r e p l i c a t e d f r o m a m a s t e r m o l d , i s e s s e n t i a l l y i m p o r t a n t f o r p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f N I L p r o c e s s . O t h e r r e s e a r c h e r s e v e r i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t y o f N i m o l d . H o w e v e r, t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s c a r r i e d o u t o n t h e r e g i o n w i t h o u t n a n o p a t t e n s . I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t y o f n a n o p a t t e r n s o f N i m o l d d i d n o t b e i n v e s t i g a t e d i n d e e d .

I n t h i s t h e s i s , t h e e l e c t r o l e s s N i P d e p o s i t i o n w a s a p p l i e d ; b e c a u s e o f i t s p r o p e r t i e s h a v e b e e n w i d e l y s t u d i e d a n d i s s u i t a b l e t o b e t h e c a n d i d a t e f o r t h i s f u n d a m e n t a l r e s e a r c h . T h e i n i t i a l c a t a l y z a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s o f s e l f - a s s e m b l e d - m o n o l a y e r

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( S A M ) o n a n i n o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l a n d a n o r g a n i c p o l y m e r i c m a t e r i a l w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d f o r i m p r o v i n g t h e m o r p h o l o g y o f N i P d e p o s i t s a n d c o n t r o l l i n g t h e a d h e s i o n s t r e n g t h b e t w e e n t h e N i P d e p o s i t a n d m a s t e r m o l d t o a n a p p r o p r i a t e v a l u e . A s a r e s u l t , a N i P i m p r i n t i n g m o l d w i t h w e l l - d e f i n e d n a n o p a t t e r n s c o u l d b e f a b r i c a t e d b y r e p l i c a t i o n o f a S A M - m o d i f i e d m a s t e r. M o r e o v e r, t h e m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t y o f a s i n g u l a r n a n o p a t t e r n o f N i P i m p r i n t i n g m o l d w a s s u c c e s s f u l l y i n v e s t i g a t e d b y n a n o i n d e n t a t i o n .

T h i s t h e s i s i s c o m p o s e d o f f i v e c h a p t e r s d e s c r i b e d a s b e l o w.

C h a p t e r 1 i s t h e g e n e r a l i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h i s t h e s i s , i n c l u d i n g t h e m o t i v a t i o n , t h e b a c k g r o u n d a n d f u n d a m e n t a l p r i n c i p l e s o f N I L , t h e c u r r e n t i s s u e s i n t h e f a b r i c a t i o n p r o c e s s e s a n d m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t y a n a l y s i s o f a N I L m o l d , a n d s o o n . I n a d d i t i o n , e l e c t r o l e s s d e p o s i t i o n a n d S A M a n d t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n s a r e o v e r v i e w e d . F i n a l l y, t h e s t r a t e g y a n d a p p r o a c h e s o f t h i s t h e s i s a r e d e s c r i b e d .

C h a p t e r 2 d e s c r i b e s t h e i n i t i a l c a t a l y z a t i o n a n a l y s i s a n d f a b r i c a t i o n o f e l e c t r o l e s s N i P i m p r i n t i n g m o l d r e p l i c a t e d f r o m S A M - m o d i f i e d S i O2 m a s t e r m o l d . N i P a s a r e p l i c a t e m o l d w a s e l e c t r o l e s s l y d e p o s i t e d o n a S i O2 m a s t e r m o l d , w h o s e s u r f a c e w a s m o d i f i e d w i t h 3 - [ 2 - ( 2 - a m i n o e t h y l a m i n o ) e t h y l a m i n o ] p r o p y l t r i m e t h o x y s i l a n e ( TA S ) a n d P d a c t i v a t i o n ( TA S - P d c a t a l y z a t i o n p r o c e s s ) . To c o m p a r e w i t h t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l S n - P d c a t a l y z a t i o n p r o c e s s , t h e N i P c o u l d b e u n i f o r m l y d e p o s i t e d i n n a n o p a t t e r n s o f t h e TA S - P d - m o d i f i e d m a s t e r m o l d t o i n c r e a s e t h e r e p l i c a t i o n a b i l i t y. M o r e o v e r, t h e TA S a l l o w e d t h e a d h e s i o n s t r e n g t h b e t w e e n e l e c t r o l e s s d e p o s i t e d N i P a n d m a s t e r m o l d t e n d i n g t o a l e v e l a p p r o p r i a t e f o r s m o o t h d e t a c h m e n t . T h e r e f o r e , t h e n a n o m e t e r - a c c u r a t e N i P r e p l i c a t e m o l d c o u l d b e d e t a c h e d f r o m t h e m a s t e r m o l d . I n t h i s s e c t i o n , t h e c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n S n - P d c a t a l y z a t i o n p r o c e s s a n d S A M - P d c a t a l y z a t i o n p r o c e s s ( S A M : TA S i n t h i s s e c t i o n ) w a s d o n e a n d d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e S A M w a s e f f e c t i v e i n m a s t e r m o l d r e p l i c a t i o n p r o c e s s . I n o r d e r t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e e f f e c t s o f a m i n o g r o u p n u m b e r o f S A M , t h e 3 - a m i n o p r o p y l t r i e t h o x y s i l a n e ( A P T E S ) , w h i c h p o s s e s s e s o n e a m i n o g r o u p , w a s e m p l o y e d t o c o m p a r e w i t h TA S , w h i c h p o s s e s s e s t h r e e a m i n o g r o u p s . T h e r e l a t i v e l y l o w e r a d h e s i o n s t r e n g t h o f d e p o s i t e d N i P t o A P T E S m o d i f i e d S i O2 s u r f a c e w a s d e m o n s t r a t e d , w h i c h i s p r e f e r a b l e f o r d e t a c h m e n t . T h e r e f o r e , t h e A P T E S w a s m a i n l y u s e d h e r e a f t e r i n t h i s w o r k .

C h a p t e r 3 d e s c r i b e s t h e f a b r i c a t i o n o f e l e c t r o l e s s N i P i m p r i n t i n g m o l d b y r e p l i c a t i o n o f a n u l t r a v i o l e t ( U V ) a n d S A M - m o d i f i e d c y c l o - o l e f i n p o l y m e r ( C O P ) m a s t e r m o l d . I n c h a p t e r 2 , a n e l e c t r o l e s s N i P i m p r i n t i n g m o l d w a s s u c c e s s f u l l y f a b r i c a t e d b y a r e p l i c a t i o n o f a S A M -m o d i f i e d “ i n o r g a n i c ” m a s t e r m o l d . E m p l o y i n g a n o r g a n i c p o l y m e r i c m a s t e r m o l d t o s u b s t i t u t e t h e S i O2 m a s t e r m o l d i s a n a l t e r n a t i v e c a n d i d a t e f o r f u r t h e r a p p l i c a t i o n o f m a s t e r m o l d r e p l i c a t i o n p r o c e s s d u e t o t h e o r g a n i c p o l y m e r i c r a w m a t e r i a l s w i t h r e l a t i v e l y l o w p r i c e a n d e a s e o f p r o c e s s i n g . H o w e v e r, t h e

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No.3

p r o c e s s r e g a r d i n g d e p o s i t i o n o f m e t a l l i c m a t e r i a l o n a n a n o p a t t e r n e d C O P m a s t e r m o l d f o r m o l d r e p l i c a t i o n h a s n o t b e e n s y s t e m a t i c a l l y s t u d i e d y e t . I n g e n e r a l , t h e −O H t e r m i n a t e d s u r f a c e i s n e c e s s a r y f o r s i l a n e c o u p l i n g r e a c t i o n t o f o r m t h e s i l a n e S A M.

T h e r e f o r e , t h e −O H g r o u p f r e e s u r f a c e ( C O P i n t h i s t h e s i s ) h a s t o b e p r e t r e a t e d f o r S A M f o r m a t i o n . T h e U V i r r a d i a t i o n w a s u s e d t o m o d i f y t h e n a n o p a t t e r n e d C O P m a s t e r m o l d f o r A P T E S f o r m a t i o n . B y o p t i m i z i n g t h e U V i r r a d i a t i o n p e r i o d , A P T E S c o u l d b e f o r m e d o n t h e C O P m a s t e r m o l d f o r e l e c t r o l e s s N i P d e p o s i t i o n a n d a v o i d i n g t h e n a n o p a t t e r n g e o m e t r y o f C O P m a s t e r m o l d b e i n g e t c h e d c a u s e d b y o v e r e x p o s u r e o f U V i r r a d i a t i o n . A s a r e s u l t , a n a n o m e t e r - a c c u r a t e N i P m o l d c o u l d b e s u c c e s s f u l l y f a b r i c a t e d b y r e p l i c a t i o n o f a n A P T E S - m o d i f i e d C O P m a s t e r m o l d . T h e S A M - P d c a t a l y z a t i o n p r o c e s s c o u l d b e a p p l i e d o n a m o d i f i e d o r g a n i c p o l y m e r i c m a s t e r m o l d w a s c o n f i r m e d ; m o r e o v e r, v e r i f i e d o r g a n i c p o l y m e r i c m a s t e r m o l d w a s u s a b l e i n m a s t e r m o l d r e p l i c a t i o n p r o c e s s .

C h a p t e r 4 d e s c r i b e s t h e n a n o i n d e n t a t i o n a n a l y s i s f o r m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of e l e c t r o l e s s N i P i m p r i n t i n g m o l d r e p l i c a t e d f r o m S A M - m o d i f i e d m a s t e r m o l d . I n c h a p t e r 2 a n d c h a p t e r 3 , t h e e l e c t r o l e s s N i P i m p r i n t i n g m o l d w a s f a b r i c a t e d b y a r e p l i c a t i o n o f e i t h e r a n i n o r g a n i c m a s t e r m o l d o r a n o r g a n i c p o l y m e r i c m a s t e r m o l d . F o r c o n f i r m i n g w h e t h e r t h e m a s t e r m o l d r e p l i c a t i o n p r o c e s s c a n b e a c t u a l l y u s e d f o r N I L m o l d f a b r i c a t i o n o r n o t , t h e a c c u r a t e m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t y a n a l y s i s o f n a n o p a t t e r n s o f a r e p l i c a t e m o l d i s n e c e s s a r y. M o r e o v e r, t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p a m o n g i n i t i a l d e p o s i t i o n c o n d i t i o n , s i z e o f n a n o p a t t e r n o f m a s t e r m o l d , a n d m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t y o f r e p l i c a t e m o l d n e e d t o b e c l e a r e d . T h e a m o r p h o u s ( P = 9 . 8 5 w t % ) N i P i m p r i n t i n g m o l d w a s f a b r i c a t e d b y r e p l i c a t i o n o f a S i O2 m a s t e r m o l d , w h i c h h a d b e e n f o r m e d n a n o p a t t e r n s w i t h d i a m e t e r o f 1 7 0 , 5 0 0 , o r 1 0 0 0 n m o n i t s s u r f a c e . T h e s i m i l a r g r a i n s i z e o f i n i t i a l d e p o s i t e d N i P i n a n y s i z e o f n a n o p a t t e r n o f m a s t e r m o l d w a s d e m o n s t r a t e d . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e n a n o i n d e n t a t i o n w a s s u c c e s s f u l l y e x e c u t e d o n a s i n g u l a r n a n o p a t t e r n o f N i P i m p r i n t i n g m o l d f o r h a r d n e s s i n v e s t i g a t i o n . T h e 1 7 0 , 5 0 0 , 1 0 0 0 n m N i P n a n o p a t t e r n w i t h s i m i l a r h a r d n e s s w a s d e m o n s t r a t e d . T h e s e r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d t h e i n i t i al d e p o s i t i o n a n d t h e h a r d n e s s o f N i P w a s n o t s i z e d e p e n d e n t a b o v e t h e s c a l e o f 1 7 0 n m . T h e r e f o r e , t h e r e p l i c a t e N i P m o l d w i t h s t a b l e p r o p e r t i e s c o u l d b e f a b r i c a t e d w a s d e m o n s t r a t e d , v e r i f y i n g t h e m a s t e r m o l d r e p l i c a t i o n p r o c e s s w i t h r e l i a b i l i t y f o r a p p l i c a t i o n i n N I L m o l d f a b r i c a t i o n .

C h a p t e r 5 i s t h e c o n c l u s i o n s o f t h i s t h e s i s w h i c h s u m m a r i z e s t h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s t h e s i s a s w e l l a s s o m e h y p o t h e s e s t o t h e r e s u l t s . M o r e o v e r, t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f t h i s t h e s i s t o t h e d e v o l v e m e n t o f N I L p r o c e s s a r e d e s c r i b e d .

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No.1

㖑 㖑䧚䓘⣏⬎ġ ⌂⢓炷ⶍ⬎炸ġ ⬎ỵ䓛婳ġ 䞼䨞㤕䷦㚠

(List of research achievements for application of doctorate (Dr. of Engineering), Waseda University) 㮷 ⎵ġ ChengġPing LINġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ⌘(seal or signature )

炷As of July, 2013炸 䧖 栆 ⇍

(By Type)

ġ ġ 柴⎵ˣġ ġ 䘢堐ί䘢埴㍚庱娴⎵ˣġ ġ 䘢堐ί䘢埴⸜㚰ˣġ ġ 忋⎵侭炷䓛婳侭⏓́炸 (theme, journal name, date & year of publication, name of authors inc. yourself)

ۑOriginal Article

ۑOriginal Article

International Conference

International Conference

International Conference

Domestic Conference

Domestic Conference

Domestic Conference

Domestic Conference

Initial catalyzation analysis of electroless NiP nanoimprinting mold replicated from self-assembled monolayer modified nanopatterns, Electrochimica Acta, in press, CP. Lin, M.

Saito, T. Homma.

Fabrication of electroless NiP nanoimprinting mold by replication of ultraviolet and self-assembled-monolayer-modified cyclo-olefin polymer nanopatterns, Electrochemistry, CP.

Lin, M. Saito, T. Homma. (accepted)

Fabrication and initial deposition analysis of electroless Ni alloy nanoimprinting mold replicated from SAM modified nanopatterns, 62nd Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry, Niitaga, September 2011, CP. Lin, M. Saito, T. Homma.

Mechanical properties and initial deposition analysis of electroless Ni alloy nanoimprinting mold replicated from SAM modified nanopatterns, Joint Conference of The Fifth International Conference on the Science and Technology for Advanced Ceramics and The 2nd International Conference on Advanced Materials Development and Integration of Novel Structured Metallic and Inorganic Materials, Yokohama, June 2011, CP. Lin, M. Saito, T. Homma.

Electroless-deposited NiP nanoarrays for nanoimprint replicated from a SiO2 mold, The 7th Asian Conference on Electrochemistry, Kumamoto, May 2010, CP. Lin, M. Saito, J. B.

Ratchford, T. Homma.

Nanoindentation analysis for mechanical properties of electroless NiP imprinting mold replicated from self-assembled monolayer modified patterns, 2013 80th Spring Meeting of the Electrochemistry society of Japan, Sendai, Much 2013, CP. Lin, M. Saito, T. Homma.

Fabrication of 80 nm-scale imprinting mold by detaching electroless-deposited NiP from SAM modified SiO2 master mold, 1st CSJChemistryFesta, Tokyo, November 2011, CP. Lin, M. Saito, T. Homma.

Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Nanoimprint Mold Prepared by Electroless NiP with SAM, 2010 77th Spring Meeting of the Electrochemistry society of Japan, Toyama, Much 2010, CP. Lin, M. Saito, F. Kitaoka, T. Homma.

Microstructural and mechanical properties of electroless NiP deposited at nano-patterned area, 120th Annual Meeting of the Surface Finishing Society of Japan, Chiba, September 2009, CP.

Lin, M. Saito, T. Homma.

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