Development of AR System Using Hand Gesture

* Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara (ex-affiliation: Department of Information Systems Design, Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha University), E-mail : taiji-t@is.naist.jp

** Department of Information Systems Design, Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyoto Telephone/Fax : +81-774-65-6434, E-mail : katakaha@mail.doshisha.ac.jp

Development of AR System Using Hand Gesture

Taiji TSUCHIYA*, Kazuhiko TAKAHASHI**

(Received May, 22, 2009)

To achieve a wearable computing system without taking input devices, such as mouse and keyboard, this paper presents an augmented reality (AR) system utilizing hand gestures to control system and investigates its characteristics. The AR environment is composed by the simple technique that synthesizes a virtual object with the input image captured from a small CCD camera on the image plane. A gyro sensor mounted on HMD measures a user’s head movement information, and the processing method that controls the virtual object to make the same behavior of the real world scenery by using the head movement information is proposed. The control method of manipulating virtual objects by hand gestures is proposed and the experimental results of hand gesture recognition confirm feasibility and usefulness of the proposed method. Assuming a task of WEB browsing, human subjects evaluate the proposed AR system. Experimental results indicate that the proposed system is not required to carry any input device and the interface is hard to use but has entertainment characteristics.

: augmented reality, mixed reality, human interface, wearable computing.

.ƂŢǢŊŸʖȭĝǢŊŸʖ­½É·ÇÇ °ÉœʖŽ‹Á±Ã–ǯ½É£ŒÇ”

ªÇ¦›œ¡¼t‚…ƂŢǢŊŸšœ£¹vǀȆ

,

*)# &

ɗŜʖƏřʀȾvļdžȘČÈʏŴȘȁ©É¥ij

¬ÉŸ§Ã–ǯ½É ʔÞÍʖPCʕvŏijČÈ ɒɬČ[ɞƒ†ʖžɒtƃlɡz`qvp\…– ǯ½É vʁȯ[ʏ}mo\oV… ʗhv‚W sÑʖŽ‹Á±Ã–ǯ½É vdzǽ[Ǔǯ‰

ɼoV…[ʖŽ‹Á±Ã–ǯ½É vŊǧČ tY^…ɃʊvÊnqcoʖŵĵvöþĈƚǒqh vȪȓʖēlʖÇ °ÉœvĦʊ[U…ʗǢį vŽ‹Á±Ã–ǯ½É vdzǽpwʖšœ£¹

‰Ƒæe…öĈȪȓqco·Žœ’ɵɦ[

Ąǧb†oV…Ķĝ[ļVʗ`†ƒv¤«œ‰ö ĈȪȓqcoǧV…šœ£¹pwʖ¾É™[Ǻċôʖ U…VwǺċÑpvĄǧ‰ŶʼncjĶĝʖŚth†

ƒvöĈȪȓ‰Əře…Ůȯ[U…ʗhvjʖ¾ ətǁQsȪȓvȪDZqƏř‰ţV…‚WsŤ vŽ‹Á±Ã–ǯ½É šœ£¹pwʖŊǧŴ [Óc]ʖÊȝtƢĕbg…`qwīɿpU…ʗÊ ƚʖ¾É™°ÄǦÂÉs­½É·ÇÇ °É

œvdzǽ€ǮŠtȦˆ†oY„ʖhvÊèpU…  Ǜ±ÃÇ °Éœ ŊÐǬƄĠÇ °

ÉœvdzǽżƳvÑtwʖŊǧČ[Ʃŧb†…

‚ W s Ƙ ƙ s ‹  ¤ Œ ‹ [ ƌ ƹ b † o \ o V …

ʗcZcs[ƒʖƫkÊȝtŝ]Ƣĕe…‚W sǏǧǭs€vtwsmoVsVv[ŊǟpU…ʗ

`†ƒvǙtɯ~ʖƬdzǽpwʖŽ‹Á±Ã–

Ç ¯ ½ É   v Ý Ȩ ǭ s ſ ȧ p U … ʖ Ƃ Ţ Ǣ Ŋ Ÿ ʔA391:@10$1-85@E$ʕU…VwȭĝǢŊŸ ʔ 5D10$1-85@E $ʕqģx†…ſȧ‰ė„Ì_ʖ

$ ſȧt‚moƌǵb†jßŶǝ剰ÂɪÇ

¦›œ¡¼p¾É™[ȚǩtƑæp\…šœ£

¹‰ǀȆe…`qpʖŽ‹Á±Ã–ǯ½É š

œ£¹tY^…öĈvĦʊ‰ȶǐcW…¾É™°

ÄǦÂÉZnŊǧŴvʏVšœ£¹‰ƌƹe…ʗ ƬdzǽpwʖŒĻp€Ąǧe…`qvp\…ŊǧŴ vʏVŽ‹Á±Ãšœ£¹vǀȆ‰ùåǭsǯ ǂqcoV…[ʖ$ Ǿɱ‰ǀȆe…Ìpʖȶǐc s^†xsƒsVĦʊqcoʖâȓĝˆgĦʊʔRË LJóǾɱÌvrvâȓtrv‚Wsñ\pßŶǝ

å‰ɨȓe…ZSqVWĦʊʕ[U…ʗũưvdzǽ

pwʖ›¼ÅžÇ˜¥Á¢’Ç”‘ɦsr

‰ǧVo¾É™qßŶǝåqvâȓɲ뉞ǚ

ǔe…`qp`vĦʊ‰ȶǐcoV…ʗcZcʖ

`†ƒvƚǒ‰šœ£¹tǧV…qʖĆȗpU†x

žÇ˜‰ǥĸtȻȓʖ}jw¾É™tȪDZgb…` q‰ȯcʖ}jŨȗvƚǒpU†xʖ¥Á¢’Ç”

‘ɦ‰Śt‘ºÁvȱǬútƆƒXoY]`q [ĆƌƯàqs…jʖVf†€šœ£¹vĄǧǥ ĸ‰ɴʼnbg…€vqsmoV…ʗh`pʖƬdzǽ pǀȆe…šœ£¹pwʖǫòśʄÌtYVo‘º ÁZƒvöĈǫòq×LJóśʄvßŶǝåqvâ ȓĝˆg‰ȦW`qt‚„âȓĝˆgĦʊ‰ȇĐ Če…`qp`vĦʊ‰ȶǐcʖŏij ‘ºÁq

³¢¦·ŽÇ¥¤Œœ²ÄʔÞÍʖ ʕvȪDZ v~p $ ǾɱvǀȆ‰ŊǢe…ʗ}jʖ$ Ǿɱp v‹²Â•Éš¿ÇtwʖǁQs€v[ȖXƒ†…

[ʖŵĵǥĸĄǧv‹²Â•Éš¿Çqco ) ± ÁŽ›Ç”‰ùåǭsōɉqe…ʗÞ̂„ʖǁQ sǥĸpĄǧęȘsŊǧŴvʏVŽ‹Á±Ã–

ǯ½É šœ£¹vǀȆ‰ƼȺe…ʗ

+)

%

Ƭdzǽpwʖ$ Ǿɱp ) ±ÁŽ›Ç”‰Ȧs Wjv‹²Â•Éš¿Çšœ£¹‰ǀȆe…ʗù åǭtwʖ¾É™w # qŏij‘ºÁ ‰Ǝɔcj

žÇ˜Ü ‰ɐåtȪDZcʖ# vœ“ÂÉÇt ȰǿojßŶǝå‰ tȨǵb†… $ ǾɱÌt ƌǵbgʖh†‰ªÇ¦›œ¡¼t‚mo¾É™

[ųVɛ„tƑæe…`q[p\…qVWšœ£

¹pU…ʗšœ£¹vƿŲĭ‰ĭ tǵeʗ

šœ£¹wĽ\]ʖöĈȉÈþĈȉÈɛìȉÈą ūȉvʛnv±Å¢“tÿZ†oV…ʗöĈȉpwʖ ŏij‘ºÁt‚„¾É™vȱǬvŵĵq tú Ȥb†j›¼ÅžÇ˜t‚„¾É™vʉvȵŞ ŵĵ‰ėŪe…ʗbƒtʖėŪcjȱȲŵĵZƒʖ

šœ£¹‰Ƒæe…jvªÇ¦›œ¡¼vƼ þ€ĞơtȦWʗþĈȉpwʖ$ Ǿɱ‰ǀȆco

¾É™{vƌǵ‰ȦWʗbƒtžÇ˜–·Ç¦t

53 %E?@19/;:253A>-@5;:59-31

‚…öĈ[UmjĶĝwʖƼþÈɀɇb†jƑæú ŋ‰šœ£¹vąū{ĖƠbg…ýǣ‰ȦWʗɛì ȉpwʖ˜É« # tYVo ) ±ÁŽ™vǫʄŵ ĵvėŪ‰ȦVʖhv¤É ‰˜É«È“Á‹Ç

¥ # ɱpɚĘì‰ȦWʗąūȉpwʖɛìǟŹv ąū‰ȦWʗ

ŐʖƬĵġpwʖ¾É™Ç °ÉœɧÿtǓ ǯcoʖöĈȉqþĈȉtY^…ƚšvƼȺqŊȪ

‰ȦWʗhvjʖ) ±ÁŽ›Ç”tYVoçǧ b†…¤É wʖÖĆt ) ´É›‰Ŷʼncjǫò

‰ƕǼʋėŪcoY]`qpōŰe…€vqcʖŠɑÃǥĸpċæe…šœ£¹‰ǀȆe…ʗ

!

‘ºÁZƒvöĈǫòtʖ) ´É›‰Ŷʼncj ǫò‰ɂ~ɖ~ʖßŶǝåqcoɪuĝˆg…ýǣ

‰ȦWʗ²Å”Á¹Ìpvýǣpwʖ‘ºÁǫòt ɲŭʈĴ‰ƄʼncʖhvʈĴúvǫòŵĵ‰ƀþc oßŶǝåqȓ\ƍX…ʗhvŨtʖɲŭʈĴvâ ȓtȓ\ƍXjǫò‰ótŽe`qpʖĭ v‚W tĝżcj‚Wsǫò[ňże…ʗ`výǣ‰ǚɴ Ãɲt‚moȒ„ɘcȎ^…`qpʖ‹à

¹pv $ Ǿɱ‰ȨǢe…ʗƥtʖ`vɲŭʈĴv âȓ‰ʖ¾É™vʉvȵŞvĺȁ›œ¡¼Ƒæ t‚moǺċbgoV]`qpʖßŶǝå‰Ǻċb g…`q[ęȘts…ʗžÇ˜úȤ ZƒėŪc j¾É™vʉvȵŞʔÅÉÃȯ¢¡ÈÀÉȵʕv ĺČŵĵtŰdoʖĭ v‚WtßŶǝåvȨǵâ ȓvĺȉȦsWʗ¾É™vʉɧ[¯¢¡ȵĕyÀ ÉȵtɲcoĽ\]ǺċcjĶĝʖh†}p v ǫʄtȨǵb†oVjßŶǝåw $ ǾɱÌvU…

53 ;9<;?5@1<>;/1??5:3;2B5>@A-8;.61/@

5:@;/-91>-59-31

-#5@/4-:381B->5-@5;:

.*-C-:381B->5-@5;:

/$;88-:381B->5-@5;:

53;:@>;8;2B5>@A-8;.61/@C5@4>1?<1/@

@;A?1>L?41-09;B191:@

ÊʼnvâȓtĮʼnb†oV…vp¾É™vȱɫĻ qs„ʖǫʄȨǵb†s]s…ʗcZcʖüy¾É

™vʉɧ[óvâȓɗïtŽmo]…qʖßŶǝå [ȱɫtȨǵb†…ʗÅÉÃȵtɲcovĺČtō cowʖ‹°ŒÇĺƍt‚„ßŶǝå‰ĩɑbgo V…ʗ`v‚Wtʖ$ Ǿɱp¾É™vȱǙvĺČ tōŰbgoßŶǝåvȰXƚ€ĺČbg…`q pʖßŶǝåvŅįŸ‰¾É™tÏX…`q[ęȘ ts„ʖƂޤœ“¥¢² qcodžȘe…ʗŐʖ ǫòýǣvŊȪtw "<1:( ‰ǧVoV…ʗ

!

ßŶǝå‰Ƒæe…jv–·Ç¦‰ʖßŶǝå

‰Ɍċbg…RÉ²Ç–·Ç¦SʖßŶǝå‰Ǻ ċbg…R¹É±–·Ç¦SʖßŶǝåv˜v ƂĽȑŏ‰ȦWR˜–·Ç¦SʖßŶǝå v¶Ç£ŒÇ”Ƒæ‰ȦWR¶Ç¥–·Ç¦S v ǼʋqcoʖȨ v‚WsªÇ¦›œ¡¼t ōŰbgoŊȪ‰ȦWʗ

Ȩ v›œ¡¼‰–·Ç¦qcoɀɇe…j

twʖ¾É™vƄ‰h†i†čăcoɀɇe…` q[Ůȯts…ʗ``pwʖ›œ¡¼ɀɇvȇĐ ČvjʖƄôtȪDZęȘsȟ·É‘‰ǧVo›

œ¡¼vɀɇýǣ‰ȦsWʗÕðŊʎtYVoʖ Ǽʋvȋƭʔ®¨ÉãɲʖȠǕcœ²ÄÉDZȟ

’¼¢²ʖʏɕŞ ʖŘİʕt‚…·É‘tnV oʖ$ Ȩȟȉq %( Ȩȟȉ‰ǧVjȟƀþvŊʎ

‰ȦmjȍƳʖ%( Ȩȟȉt‚…Řİ·É‘[Ʀ€

Ňʼncoƀþp\…`q[Ǵɀb†jʗh`pʖƬ

šœ£¹pwʖŘİȬȟ·É‘‰%( Ȩȟȉpý ǣe…ȟƼþýǣ‰ƈǧe…ʗȨ pǵcj Ǽʋ v›œ¡¼‰Ƽþe…jtʖĭ v‚WtɋÈ ȏÈʂÈʒv ȟv·É‘‰ʖěžȳƄÈěžÚŗ cƄÈěžÑƄÈŖžÚŗcƄth†i†ȪDZcʖ

·É‘rWcvɎɾɲët‚mo›œ¡¼vĂ ʼn‰Ȧmo–·Ç¦‰ɀɇe…ʗ

ǫòÑv·É‘ʔ ʕ vɪŭşǂ‰ +,^&qcʖ·É‘ ʖ ɱvɎɾ‰

GG

&-.81 $18-@5;:?45<.1@C11:31?@A>1? -:0 /;:@>;8/;99-:0?

;99-:0 1?@A>1

"<1:

;B1

$1?5F1

#;5:@

53;8;A>9-71>?;:25:31>@5<?

t‚„ʼnȔe…ʗ

É²Ç–·Ç¦wʖȏqʒ·É‘[ƉȷcjĶ ĝtɀɇb†ʖhvĂʼn‹Ã—¹wʖ

if G_red P 0 and G_green P 0 and G_yellow P 0 then if d(green, yellow) < Dt then

“Open”

endif endif

pU„ʖ``pʖP wʖ·É‘vɪŭ[ǫ ʄútŅįcoV…`q‰ǵeʗwɳîpU…ʗ ¹É±–·Ç¦wʖɋqȏ·É‘[ƉȷcjĶĝ

tɀɇb†ʖhvĂʼn‹Ã—¹wʖ if Gred P 0 and Ggreen P 0 and Gyellow 0 then

if d(red, green) < D_t then

“Move”

endif endif pU…ʗ

˜–·Ç¦wʖɋqȏ·É‘[Ɖȷcʖȏ qʒ·É‘[ƉȷcoVsVĶĝtɀɇb†ʖhv Ăʼn‹Ã—¹wʖ

if G_red P 0 and G_green P 0 and G_yellow P 0 then if d(red, green) < D_t and d(green, yellow) > D_t then

“Resize”

endif endif pU…ʗ

¶Ç¥–·Ç¦wʖɋqʂ·É‘[Ɖȷcʖɋ qȏ·É‘[ƉȷcoVsVĶĝtɀɇb†ʖhv Ăʼn‹Ã—¹wʖ

if Gred P 0 and Ggreen P 0 and Gblue P 0 and G_yellow 0 then

if d(red, green) < Dt and d(green, blue) > Dt then

“Point”

endif endif pU…ʗ

ÞÌvĂʼn‹Ã—¹tYVoʖɳî wʖ ȽȦɮɁǭt ¯“žÃqcjʗ

,)'

ƬdzǽpǀȆcjšœ£¹tnVoʖŴȘȼê‰

ȦWjvȼêŊʎ‰ȦWʗŊʎ pwʖ­½É·

ǍǠ°ÉœqcoɪȯsȯȋpU…–·Ç

¦vɀɇǡ‰ȹǖcʖŊʎ pwʖƌƹcjÇ 

°ÉœqƛŅvöĈȪȓq‰ǍɓcjĶĝtǢ

†…ǞŬtnVoȼêe…ʗ

(

Ƭšœ£¹pƈǧcj›œ¡¼–·Ç¦pv ɀɇȈŞvȹǖ‰ȦWʗȩʎȗ ÚʔǪŴ ğŁ

Ŵ ğʕtōcoʖƌƹe… Ǽʋv›œ¡¼‰ʖ Ênv–·Ç¦Uj„h†i† ĩfnŊȦco

€ƒWʗ›œ¡¼[ȹǖɰŃ ǹÞút–·Ç¦

qcoɀɇb††xżĉq~scʖżĉĩƕvǴǡ

‰ɀɇǡqcoȄþe…ʗȨ tʖȹǖcjȩʎȗ

÷ĥZƒȄþcjśIJɀɇǡ‰ǵeʗ``pʖ›

œ¡¼ɀɇvĿƓwʖ÷o·É‘vÎɀɇt‚…€ vpU„ʖ›œ¡¼vɁɀɇt‚…ɀɇĿƓpw ǚZmjʗȍƳZƒȖŌe…qʖƦ€ɀɇǡvãZ mj¹É±–·Ç¦p€ɀɇǡ ʓqʖ÷åǭt ʃŚtʏVɀɇȈމǵcoY„ʖ­½É·ÇÇ  °ÉœqcoĎÿĄǧęȘsȅĬpU…qȸ X…ʗ

&-.81$1/;3:5@5;:>-@1?;24-:031?@A >1?

(

Ƭšœ£¹pƌƹcjªÇ¦›œ¡¼t‚…

Ƒæƚǒ[ʖƛŅvŽ‹Á±Ã–ǯ½É vdz ǽpǧVƒ†…öĈȪȓqǍɓcoʖrv‚WsǞ Ŭ‰ƧcoV…Z‰ȼêe…jvŊʎ‰ȦWʗ`

`pʖƛŅvöĈȪȓqcoʖǾɱ·Žœ qvǍ ɓ‰ȦWʗƬŊʎpwʖŊɺvšœ£¹Ąǧ‰Ŷʼn cjÞÍv TtǵeÊɝvƑæ

ßŶŽŒÇ¦ŽvɌċ

ßŶŽŒÇ¦Ž‰û‰ʘĢƋ]‚WtǺċ ßŶŽŒÇ¦ŽvƂĽʔāƩȻʼnZƒ T íʕ ßŶŽŒÇ¦ŽvȑŏʔZƒ íǻŞʕ ßŶŽŒÇ¦ŽvÂǓâȓ‰ ĩ¶Ç¥

‰ÊĩvȽȦ œ“qcoȩʎȗtŊȦco€ƒ

Vʖ œ“ɢżơɱ‰ȹǖcʖbƒtȩʎȗ[rv

‚WsĒɉ‰ƃmjZʖh†i†vȽȦŨtRçV

ebSqRƾcbStɲe…‹Ç•É¥‰ȦWʗ

‹Ç•É¥wʖ ʇǯʔRçVeVOçVt]VSʖ RȇĐsOɿcVSʖRˆZ„eVOˆZ„t]VSʖ RĐȊsOȭɽsSʖRƾcVOƾc]sVSʖRűɥs OÎűsSʖRY€c‡VOn}ƒsVSʖRňǤsOƫ

ǛsSʕ‰ Njɸpȼêe…ʗ

ȽȦ œ“wʖȩʎȗnjt ĩȦWʗ ĩǯwƬ

šœ£¹vªÇ¦›œ¡¼pȦVʖ ĩǯwǾɱ

·ŽœpȦWʗ`vq\ʖ ĩǯq ĩǯ[öĈȪ ȓvɣVv~‰Ƽþe…jtŊȦɜމªÇ¦

›œ¡¼v²Å”Á¹v€vtƊXoȦW€v qe…ʔǫòȨǵv°ÄɹÄÉ¥ʜ2<?ʕʗh co ĩǯvȽȦpwʖǾɱ·ŽœpȦW²Å”Á

¹vɜމĺƥbgftŊɺvɜŞvƯàÍp 

œ“‰ȦWʔǫòȨǵv°ÄɹÄÉ¥ʜ2<?ʕʗ Ŋʎwʖȩʎȗ ğʔWlǪŴʜ ğʖŁŴ ğʕ

‰ōɉtȦVʖȩʎȗth†i†ʘÿɱvȐȕơɱ

‰ÏXjŨtȽȦ œ“‰ȦW€vqe…ʗÞÍp wʖ`vʚĩvȽȦ‰ʖh†i†R›œ¡¼öĈS RǾɱ·ŽœöĈʔãɜ»É¦ʕSRǾɱ·ŽœöĈ ʔɛŚ»É¦ʕSqģzʗ

Ȩ tʖh†i†vȽȦ œ“ɢż}ptZZm jơɱ‰śIJcj€v‰ǵeʗ›œ¡¼öĈqǾ ɱ·ŽœöĈʔãɜ»É¦ʕtǓǯe…qʖňÔơ ɱ‰ĐȊtǍɓcjĶĝʖ ǹɗ]vŗ[þoV …ʗ`†wʖŊʎÑvȩʎȗvċæÿƲvȍƳʖš

œ£¹vċæɜŞvɠbtɌĪe…Ƒ渜vŦ ʆ[Ľ\V`qtéŅcoV…`q[ƞƒZqs mjʗǞtʖ˜–·Ç¦¶Ç¥–·Ç¦

v‚WtʖžvLjǴsâȓɲë[ƑætĽ\]Ŧʆ e…‚Ws–·Ç¦tYVoʖ¾É™tƠcþb†

…ċǫò[–·ɠ†e…jžvâȓɄƖtžɱ ė…•Éœ[ļ]ȴŌÈĵġb†jʗ

&-.81B1>-310@591;2/;9<81@5:3@-?7

ĭ wʖ‹Ç•É¥t‚…ĒɉȼêtnVoʖRƾ cbSqRçVebSvȍƳ‰ǵcj€vpU…ʗ ĜʇǯtnVoʖº¤Œ‹ÇƼʼn‰ȦmjȍƳʖRç VebSqRƾcbStɲcowR›œ¡¼ö ĈSʖRǾɱ·ŽœöĈʔãɜ»É¦ʕSʖRǾɱ·Ž

;99-:0 "<1: ;B1 $1?5F1 #;5:@

$-@1

:@1>2-/1 -:0 31?@A>1

5>9;A?1 8;C

5>9;A?1 :;>9-8

&591?1/

œöĈʔɛŚ»É¦ʕSɱtƧŷǎǘ pƧŷsŗ [ŅįcoV…`q[Ǵɀb†j[ʖh†ÞĻvʇ ǯpwǴɀb†sZmjʗ‹Ç•É¥ȍƳt‚„ʖ

›œ¡¼öĈqǾɱ·ŽœöĈʔãɜ»É¦ʕv ʙǙ‰Ǎɓcjq\ʖƬdzǽpƌƹe…›œ¡¼ t‚…ƑæƚǒwRƾc]wU…[ʖçVɿVÇ  °ÉœpU…SqVW`q[ȸX…ʗ`vRç VɿbStYVowʖĆəvšœ£¹vŊȦɜŞv ɠbtɌĪcoV…qȖXƒ†…ʗjkcʖǾɱ·

ŽœöĈʔãɜ»É¦ʕqǾɱ·ŽœöĈʔɛŚ»

ɦʕvǍɓ‰e…qʖ÷åǭtǾɱ·ŽœöĈʔɛ Ś»É¦ʕvœ–‹[ƕNjɸʏ]smoV…ʗ`v

`qZƒʖ÷]Ğǁvšœ£¹pUmo€ýǣɜŞ [刅k^pʖšœ£¹tōe…ÚvĒɉqVW vwĽ\]ĺČe…ȯȋ‰ƃmoV…`q[ˆZ …ʗ`v`qZƒʖĒɉȼêvȍƳ[Ǘɍs€vq wȸXsVƬšœ£¹pUmo€ʖǢįvšœ£¹ vŊȦɜމĠÌe…`q[p\†xʖȼêwʍɏ ǭtƒĨb†…ęȘŴ[U…qȖXƒ†…ʗ

-:@1>@-5:91:@

.'?-.585@E

53B-8A-@5;:>1?A8@?;2=A1?@5;::-5>1

-)" &

ƬdzǽpwʖŽ‹Á±ÃǥĸtYVo·Žœ

ÛvöĈȪȓ‰ŮȯqgftĄǧp\…šœ£¹ vǀȆ‰ǯǭqcoʖªÇ¦›œ¡¼Ƒæ‰ǧV j $ šœ£¹‰ƌƹcʖh†tōe…ȼê‰Ȧm jʗŪƒ†jȍƳ‰ÞÍtǵeʗ

žÇ˜úȤ qŏij‘ºÁv~vȪDZp $ ǥĸ‰ǀȆe…jtʖǫòśʄÌp‘ºÁZƒv öĈǫòqßŶǝåvɪuĝˆg‰ȦWȇƟsž ǒ‰ƌƹcjʗ ZƒvžÇ˜ŵĵ‰ǧVoʖ¾ əvʉvȵŞtĺČ[UmjĶĝtʖßŶǝå[

ŊÐǬvʌƣqĞǁvƅȜV‰e…‚Wsýǣž ǒ‰ƌƹcjʗ

ßŶǝåvƑæ‰ʖƄ’¼¢²ijvȟ·É‘

‰ȪDZcjªÇ¦›œ¡¼t‚moȦWąūƚ ǒ‰ƌƹcjʗƬdzǽpŊȪ‰ȦmjƑ斷Ǧ

wʖRÉ²ÇSR¹É±SR˜SR¶Ç¥S v ǼʋpU„ʖŊʎt‚„šœ£¹[Ȟłtċæ e…`q‰Ǵɀcjʗ·É‘‰ǧVj›œ¡¼–

·Ç¦vɀɇǡvȼê‰ȦVʗ÷ov–·Ç¦tn Vo ʓÞÌqŇʼncjɀɇǡ[Ūƒ†jʗ ªÇ¦›œ¡¼t‚…šœ£¹vƑæqʖ ƛŅvÇ °ÉœqcoǾɱ·Žœt‚…Ƒ ætnVoʖ) ±ÁŽ›Ç” œ“‰ßʼncjŊ ʎ‰ȦVʖšœ£¹vçVƟbtɲe…Ēɉȼê‰

ȦmjʗǾɱ·ŽœƑæt‚…ǍɓŊʎt‚„ʖƌ ƹe…›œ¡¼Ƒæwʖ¤«œ‰ƃlNJ]Ůȯ [sVqVWĄǙ[U…[ʖRƾc]wU…[ʖç Vt]VÇ °ÉœpU…SqVWȍƳ[Ūƒ

†jʗjkcʖRçVt]VSqVWȼêwʖšœ

£¹vŊȦɜŞvɠbt‚…Ŧʆ[Ľ\V€vp U…qȖXƒ†…ʗ

Ǣįvšœ£¹pwʖŽ‹Á±Ã–ǯ½É  pǧVƒ†oV…ƛŅvöĈȪȓqǍɓcoʖ°Â ɪǦpƑæp\…qVWǞŬ‰ƧcoV…[ʖ ǯǂɢżtY^…Ȉށ¾É™®Â£ŒtYVo wƛŅvöĈžNjÈȪȓtǍ|oĞǻŞvŴȘ‰ǵ e`q[p\sZmjʗjkcʖšœ£¹vŊȦɜ ŞvĦʊ‰ȶǐe…`qpʖƌƹžǒwĎÿsŴȘ

‰ǵe`q[p\…ęȘŴ[U…qȖXƒ†…ʗ}

jʖȼêŊʎtY^…‹Ç•É¥‰Ȧmjɺtʖ`

všœ£¹‰ǧVjŸŶtnVoȩʎȗtȚǩt ĩȃco€ƒmjʗhvȍƳpļZmjv[R [ɪ]çVt]VSʖR‘ºÁvȱɫ[Ǡ]ʖÚɱv ŸȲqĝˆsVSqVmj‚WsʖŽ‹Á±Ã

$ vƸƬǭsĦʊtōcovŷȰpUmjʗ`v jʖ²Å”Á¹ȚåvŴȘƒĨt‚…¾É™®Â

£ŒvĠÌk^pwǚ]ʖªÉ¦Ž‹ǭsʄtY Vo€¾É™tœ¥Äœ‰ÏXsV‚Wɨźe…

`q[ɪȯpU…qȖXƒ†…ʗ

Ȍˆ„tș~ʖƬdzǽvɟȦtY\}coŻĀs aƄŎaʅƐ‰Ɋ„}cjĞůǶĽņǣŕņɧ

ǣ›Ç¥ŵĵŕņǸDŽƬɻƗƔƇtĔ]Ÿ Ɇvŷ‰Ȩc}eʗ

$

ƻőÊɦMŽ‹Á±Ã–ǯ½É  Ú

‰ ţ Č e … – Ç ¯ ½ É   NŠ Ȇ Ȼ ð Ĺ

ƶŔɶľMŽ‹Á±Ã–ǯ½É [€

jƒe€vNʀńŵĵɛìņáȿ

ĊȥđÊ 5885:34A>?@#;A<E>1Bɭ Ɉì×DžħøɦMƂŢǢŊŸſȧ‰ǧV j Ç›±ÃÇ °ÉœNȡȧǸņá ɅƗȿ

ƻőÊɦMŊÐǬƄĠÇ °ÉœN

­ ½ É · Ç  Ç   °  É œ ņ á ȿ

%5-?#!-:01#%-:@;?!->-@- ;>>15M9-31 -:5<A8-@5;:@4>;A34 1?@A>1?N#>;/1105:3?;2 H :/;:@>;

#;>@A3AK?01;9<A@-J-;>I25/- ƪƮƨńƵǨĚÒʑǨćĚɩØǣǦ

ʐƴǜńǨƮǷȦM›œ¡¼Ƒæ‰ǔ ǧe…ŝȱɫʀńæƽǾɱvȻȹqŊȪ¾É

™Ç °ÉœqÇ Á“£Œ±šœ£

¹ N ŵ ĵ ý ǣ ņ á Ʌ Ɨ

ȤǨljůɩǨìȳȣœȢƞțƺLjõ ĽɷɶĚȮƮƁÊMɤɹďɄæƽvj

vŽ‹Á±ÃȠǛ±ÃÇ °ÉœN

% Ȃ ĩ ¬   É Ç ȹ ǖ ɧ á dz ǽ á

äȥƤĤǃDzǰĤM($ $ vjvǫòȹ ǖNȹǖqąū 4@@<CCC9B5?5;:/;6<

4@@<CCC0C5:/;6<

ıƸȫķƬƝťȮőȀǑɦM‹–Ç vǿåȨǵ‰ęȘte…Ž‹Á±ÃƂޤ

œ“¥¢²šœ£¹NƜƬŸ°¥Ž‹Ǹ ņáȂ ĩ²Å”Á¸Ç”Y‚yŰǧvšœ

£¹tɲe…Æɓš¿¢²ÇÁÇɅƗ ɼ

4@@<CCC0/85:2;C-?10--/6<%#

?<- <>;3>-94@98

ŀȞôȁǸņſȧĽņɵĽņ "<1:( ²Å”

Á¸Ç”±¢“ąæ¡É¹ʖ"<1:( ²Å”Á

¸Ç”±¢“ʖʔƷšáǶnjƜ–¸½¨•Éš

¿ÇʖƱÙʕ 4@@<.A22-8;6<