2009年は，国連女性差別撤廃条約採択30周年および同選択議定書採択10 周年にあたる。女性差別撤廃条約は正式名称を「女性に対するあらゆる形 態の差別の撤廃に関する条約」(Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women) といい，女性の権利を包括的に定めたも のである。条約の制定は，1975年の国際女性年 (International Women’s Year) に開催された国際女性年世界会議（メキシコ会議）において決議さ れ，国連経済社会理事会の機能委員会である女性の地位委員会 (Commis-sion on the Status of Women : CSW) 作業部会において条約案が討議され， 1979年12月に国連総会で条約最終案が採択された。
女性差別撤廃条約選択議定書は，本体の条約の国内実施を強化し，かつ 冷戦終結後の1990年代に勃発した民族紛争でとくに顕著になった「女性に 対する暴力」(Violence against Women) に対応するために制定された。 1996年から開始された CSW 作業部会で４年越しの討議をした結果，個人 通報制度 (communication procedure) と委員会による調査制度 (inquiry procedure) を兼ね備えた選択議定書が1999年10月に国連総会で採択され た。2000年12月，選択議定書は効力発生し，2008年12月時点で10件の個人 通報およびメキシコに関する１件の調査をまとめた委員会の決定 (deci-sions) がホームページで公開されている (http://www.un.org/womenwatch/ daw/cedaw/protocol/dec-views.htm)。通報の対象となった10カ国の内訳は，
軽
部
恵
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国連女性差別撤廃条約および
同選択議定書に関する英文参考文献
（付・女性学およびジェンダー学に関するサイト集） 書 誌国連文書の掲載順にドイツ，ハンガリー，オランダ，ハンガリー，オース トリア，オーストリア，スペイン，トルコ，イギリス，イギリスであった。 長年，女性の人権に関する記述は国際人権の教科書の中でごく一部とい う扱いが少なくなかったが，近年は研究論文および著作が急速に増えてい る。これは，1993年６月にウィーンで開催された世界人権会議と1995年９ 月に北京で開催された第４回世界女性会議の貢献が大きいといえるだろう。 前者の成果文書の１つであるウィーン宣言は,「女性と女子児童の人権は， 普遍的人権の不可譲，不可欠，かつ不可分な一部である」(第18パラグラ フ）と唱えた。第４回世界女性会議で採択された北京宣言は,「あらゆる 人権および基本的自由の不可譲，不可欠，かつ不可分な一部として，女性 および女子児童の人権の完全な実施を確保すること」(第９パラグラフ)， 「女性の権利は人権であること」(第14パラグラフ)，そして「女性および 女子児童に対するあらゆる形態の差別を撤廃するために必要なあらゆる措 置をとり，男女平等および女性の地位と力の向上に対するあらゆる障害を 撤廃すること。男性に対して，平等に向けたあらゆる行動に完全に参加す るよう奨励すること」(第2425パラグラフ）と謳った。２つの国際会議を 経て確立された「ジェンダーの主流化」(mainstreaming gender) によって， 女性の人権は人権の周縁から中心の１つと定義づけられた。そして，選択 議定書に基づいた通報が女性差別撤廃委員会へ送付され，委員会が通報の 受理・不受理を含めて検討内容を公表し，事例が蓄積し始めた。 他方，女性学またはジェンダー学を研究対象とする男性研究者の数は， 女性研究者のそれと比して依然少ない。しかし，男女の協力なくしてジェ ンダーをめぐる問題は解決しないことは明らかである。たとえば，日本に おける「ワーク・ライフ・バランス」と過労死・過労自殺の問題は密接に 連関しており，男女双方の労働条件を同時に改善しなければ，最近女性労 働者にも増加してきた過労死・過労自殺を防止することはできない。そし て，家庭を持つ男女労働者が仕事とプライベートの双方を充実させ，安心 して子を生み育て，少子化に歯止めをかけるということは不可能である。 本書誌では，女性差別撤廃条約および選択議定書に関する参考文献を紹 ’09)
介するのみならず，人権の歴史，人権の概念，人権条約の実効性を研究し た研究書と学術論文も掲載した。その理由は，人権の適用は国の歴史，宗 教，文化，慣習，経済の発展度によって理解が異なることが多く，人権の 普遍性に関する議論は依然継続しているからである。また，ある締約国政 府の方針が必ずしも国民全体のコンセンサスを得ているわけではない。と くに女性の人権およびジェンダーの平等に関する議論はこの傾向が顕著で ある。 文献引用の方式は，原則としてジョゼフ・ジバルディ著，原田敬一監修， 樋口昌幸訳編『MLA 英文論文の手引き』(第６版，北星堂書店，2007年） にしたがったが，以下の３点は例外を設けた。第１に，MLA では学術雑 誌の巻号ではなく発行年月を記載するが，データベースによっては学術雑 誌の巻数と発行年のみを記載しているため，本書誌では巻数・号数・発行 年・発行月と，できるかぎりすべての情報を記載した。第２に，学部学生 や NGO など一般の利用者も参照しやすいよう，MLA で使用する “UP” (University Press.「大学出版会」の意）などの略称は極力避けた。第３に， 書籍の出版地が複数ある場合，MLA では最初に記載された地名のみを記 すが，インターネットを通じた書籍購入の可能性を考慮し，原則としてす べての出版地名を記した。ちなみに，大英図書館のオンラインカタログは 書籍に記載されたすべての出版地名をカタログ情報として掲載している。 インターネットの普及は，女性の人権およびジェンダーに関する国際法 の研究に大いに貢献している。この書誌の末尾にも各種団体が運営するサ イトと学術雑誌論文の検索サイトを添付した。 国連事務局が運営する女性とジェンダー問題のサイト「ウィメンワッチ (Womenwatch)」(www.un.org/womenwatch) には，国際会議の関連文書 （議案，事務総長報告，成果文書など)，条約・決議，および各種イベン トの情報が多数掲載されている。以前，日本で国連に関する研究を行う者 は，東京や京都など限られた場所にしかない国連広報センターや国連寄託 図書館へ足繁く通い，文書発行の日付から数ヶ月あるいはそれ以上の日数 を経て送られてくる文書を地道に収集しなければならなかった。しかも，
すべての国連文書がセンターや図書館へ発送されるとは限らなかった。現 在は国連のほかに，大学図書館，研究所，NGO などが参考文献や資料を インターネット上に公開している。おかげで，コンピューターにアクセス のある者なら世界のどこにいても，世界の最新情報の多くをほぼリアルタ イムで，容易にかつ安価に入手できるようになった。 一部の学術雑誌論文は，インターネット上で全文または要約が公開され ている。論文名，著者名，キーワードを Google などのサーチエンジンで 検索すると，論文の PDF 版，HTML 版，または要約がヒットすることが 多い。全文公開では，学術論文の発行元がバックナンバーを無料で一般に 公開している場合と，著者が個人ホームページ等で公開した場合の双方が ある。大英図書館ホームページ (http://www.bl.uk/) では，学術雑誌論文・ 書籍・関連サイトの３つを同時に検索できるほか，検索結果にあらわれた 学術論文をその場で購入することもできる。この他，学術雑誌論文の全文 または要約を掲載する研究者用サイト（有料，会員制が多い）も複数運営 されている。大学の図書館にアクセスできる人は，当該図書館でどのよう なデータベースを有するか確認してほしい。 本書誌では，雑誌論文の掲載された URL をできるかぎり付記した。有 料または会員制の URL も含まれ，必ずしも全文を読めるわけではないが， 要旨は無料で閲覧できる。また，本書誌に含まなかったが，学術雑誌の URL ではバックナンバーの目次を閲覧できることが多い。本書誌に掲載 された以外の論文で，読者の興味・関心に合致するものが見つかるかもし れない。 それから，著者が雑誌論文を後に書籍として出版した場合，雑誌論文の 情報は掲載しなかった。書籍の購入は慎重に決めたい人は，同じタイトル で雑誌論文が出版されていないか，出版社のサイトや書評の有無を確認す るとよいだろう。 ところで，キーワード検索でリストアップされてされる URL の中にコ ンピューター・ウィルスの感染源が含まれることが増えてきた。そのよう な URL に接続すると，コンピューター・ウィルス感染を知らせる警告メ ’09)
ッセージが現れ，ウィルス除去プログラムの実行を推奨する。だが，その 「除去プログラム」がウィルスなのである。警告メッセージは正規のウィ ルス対策ソフトウェアのそれに酷似しているため，容易に区別できないが， 除去プログラムはたいてい「出所不明」と表示される。万が一ウィルス警 告メッセージが出現したら，コンピューターとインターネットとの接続を 直ちに打ち切り，いったん電源を落として，コンピューターを再起動する 際に正規のウィルス対策ソフトウェアを実行すればよい。 最後に，インターネットによる資料検索には常に細心の注意が求められ る。コンピューター・ウィルスの感染防止のほかに，サイトの内容と掲載 された情報の信憑性を確認しなければならない。実績の不確かな団体や個 人が掲載した資料等を引用することは一般的に勧められない。やむを得ず 参照する場合はあくまでも参考程度にとどめ，他の信頼できるサイトで再 確認すべきである。情報がインターネットに溢れているからこそ，信頼の できるサイトそして資料を見分ける目が求められる。それには，多数の研 究者が引用している参考文献の末尾に記載された「参考文献一覧」を一読 し，評価の確立している著者名や出版社名をもとに新たな検索を開始する ことが最も確実である。良書を使いこなし，さらに自分で多数の文献を検 索していくと，検索を効率的に行い，さらに資料の価値を短時間で見分け られるようになるだろう。 Ⅱ 参考文献（2008年12月１日現在） １．人権の概念，国家と人権条約の遵守
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-0027(199802)42％3A1％3C3％3AWSATFI％3E2.0.CO％3B2-B Alston, Philip. “Conjuring up New Human Rights : A Proposal for Quality
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/journals/human_rights_quarterly/v027/27.3alston.html
Alston, Philip, ed. Non-State Actors and Human Rights. Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2005.
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Alston, Philip, and Euan MacDonald, eds. Human Rights, Intervention, and the Use of Force. Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2008.
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Cassel, Douglas. “Does International Human Rights Law Make a Difference?” Chicago Journal of International Law vol. 2 no. 1 (Spring 2001) pp. 121136.
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Donnelly, Jack. “Human Rights, Democracy, and Development.” Human Rights Quarterly vol. 21, no. 3 (August 1999) pp. 608632.
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. International Human Rights. 3rd ed. Boulder, CO ; Oxford : West-view, 2007.
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Henkin, Louis, ed. Foreign Affairs and the United States Constitution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
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２．国連と人権，人権条約の監視機関
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Flood, James Patrick. The Effectiveness of UN Human Rights Institutions. Westport, CT ; London : Praeger, 1998.
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３．女性の人権，ジェンダー，女性差別撤廃条約
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Byrnes, Andrew, and Jane Connors. “Enforcing the Human Rights of Women: A Complaints Procedures for the Women’s Convention?” Brooklyn Journal of International Law vol. 21, no. 3 (1996) pp. 679797.
. The International Bill of Rights for Women : The Impact of the CEDAW Convention. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2009.
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McColgan, Aileen. Women under the Law : The False Promise of Human Rights. Harlow : Longman, 2000.
McPhedran, Marilou, et al. The First CEDAW Impact Study : Final Report. Rleased during the CEDAW Committee, 23rd session, New York, June 2000. Toronto : The Centre for Feminist Research, York University, and the International Women’s Rights Project, 2000.
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Merry, Sally Engle. Human Rights and Gender Violence : Translating Interna-tional Law into Local Justice. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2006. O’Toole, Laura, et al. eds. Gender Violence : Interdisciplinary Perspectives. New
York ; London : New York University Press, 2007.
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Rivers, Julian. “Law, Religion and Gender Equality.” Ecclesiastical Law Jour-nal vol. 9, no. 1 (2007) pp. 2452.
Ross, Susan Deller. Women’s Human Rights : The International and Compara-tive Law Casebook. Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.
Rudolf, Beate, and Andrea Eriksson. “Women’s Rights under International Human Rights Treaties : Issues of Rape, Domestic Slavery, Abortion, and Domestic Violence.” International Journal of Constitutional Law vol. 5, no. 3 (2007) pp. 507525.
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-Schilling, Hanna Beate, editor. Cees Flinterman, associate editor. The Circle of Empowerment : Twenty-Five Years of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. New York : Feminist Press, 2007.
Walter, Lynn, ed. Women’s Rights : A Global View. Westport, CT : Greenwood Press, 2001.
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,Aloisia. “The Draft Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discriminatioin against Women.” Austrian Re-view of International and European Law vol. 2, (1997) pp. 261265.
４．人権条約の留保，女性差別撤廃条約の留保
Amnesty International. “Reservations to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women : Weakening the Protection of Women from Violence in the Middle East and North Africa Region.” IOR 51/099/2004 (3 November 2004).
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Brandt, Michele, and Jeffrey A. Kaplan. “The Tension between Women’s Rights and Religious Rights : Reservations to CEDAW by Egypt, Bangla-desh, and Tunisia.” Journal of Law and Religion vol. 12, no. 1 (1995-1996) pp. 105142.
http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici＝0748-0814(1995％2F1996) 12％3A1％3C105％3ATTBWRA％3E2.0.CO％3B2-L
Clerk, Belinda. “The Vienna Convention Reservations Regime and the Con-vention on Discrimination against Women.” American Journal of Interna-tional Law vol. 85, no. 2 (April 1991) pp. 281321.
Cook, Rebecca J. “Reservations to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.” Virginia Journal of International Law vol. 30, no. 3 (Spring 1990) pp. 643716.
Goodman, Ryan. “Human Rights Treaties, Invalid Reservations, and State Consent.” American Journal of International Law vol. 96, no. 3 ( July 2002) pp. 531560.
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Jenefsky, Anna. “Permissibility of Egypt’s Reservations to the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women.” Maryland Journal of International Law and Trade vol. 15, no. 2 (Fall 1991) pp. 199 233.
Korkelia, Konstantin. “New Challenges to the Regime of Reservations under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.” European Journal of International Law vol. 13, no. 2 (2002) pp. 437477.
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Lijnzaad, Liesbeth. Reservations to UN-Human Rights Treaties : Ratify or Ruin? Dordrecht ; Boston : Martinus Nijhoff, 1995.
Mayer, Anne. “Reflections on the Proposed United States Reservations to CEDAW : Should Constitution Be an Obstacle to Human Rights?” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly vol. 23, no. 3 (Spring 1996) pp. 727824.
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Mayer, Anne. “Religious Reservations to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women : What Do They Really Mean?” Religious Fundamentalism and the Human Rights of Women. Ed. Courtney W. Howland. New York : Palgrave, 2001.
Moloney, Roslyn. “Incompatible Reservations to Human Rights Treaties : Severability and the Problem of State Consent.” Melbourne Journal of Inter-national Law vol. 5, no. 1 (May 2004) pp. 155168
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http://mjil.law.unimelb.edu.au/issues/archive/2004(1)/06Moloney.pdf Neumayer, Eric. “Qualified Ratification : Explaining Reservations to
Interna-tional Human Rights Treaties.” LSE Research Online. The Journal of Legal Studies vol. 36, no. 2 ( July 2007) pp. 397430.
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the Public/Private Distinction in International Human Rights Law.” Human Rights of Women : National and International Perspectives. Ed. Rebecca Cook. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994.
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Ziemele, Ineta, ed. Reservations to Human Rights Treaties : Conflict, Harmony or Reconciliation. The Raoul Wallenberg Institute Human Rights Library vol. 17. Leiden : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2004.
５．女性差別撤廃条約選択議定書
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December 1997 (IOR 51/04/97).
Bijnsdorp, Mireille G. E. “The Strength of the Optional Protocol to the United Nations Women’s Convention.” Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights vol. 18, no. 3 (2000) pp. 329355.
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onderzoekscholen/sim/english/publications/nqhr/articles/uu/20556main.html Byners, Andrew, and Eleanor Bath. “Violence against Women, the Obligation of Due Diligence, and the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimi-nation of All Forms of DiscrimiElimi-nation against Women : Recent Develop-ment.” Human Rights Law Review vol. 8, no. 3 (2008) pp. 517533. Cartwright, Silvia. “Rights and Remedies : The Declaration of an Optional
Pro-tocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.” Otago Law Review vol. 9, no. 2 (1998) pp. 241247. Sokhi-Bulley, Bal. “The Optional Protocol to CEDAW : First Steps.” Human
Rights Law Review vol. 6 no. 1 (2006) pp. 143159. http://hrlr.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/6/1/143
Ⅱ 参考サイト
１．大学図書館，研究所，NGO等が運営する女性またはジェンダー問題 に関するサイト
ACPD (Action Canada for Population and Development) Reproductive & Sex-ual Health
http://www.acpd.ca/compilation/2006/resources/biblio.htm American University Library Office of Women Strike for Peace
http://www.library.american.edu/about/archives/finding_aids/women.html Centre for Women’s Studies and Gender Research, Monash University
http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/womens-studies/index.php
Commission on Women in the Profession, American Bar Association (ABA) http://www.abanet.org/women/home.html
Current Domestic Violence Legal Literature, Jamail Center for Legal Re-search, Tarlton Law Library, University of Texas School of Law, University of Texas at Austin
http://web.austin.utexas.edu/law_library/domestic/ Gender Studies, BUBL LINK Catalogue of Internet Resources
http://bubl.ac.uk/Link/g/genderstudies.htm
Guide to the International Women’s Human Rights Movement (19952000), Human Rights Internet (HRI), Canada
http://www.hri.ca/women/index.shtml
Information Resources for Women’s Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara
http://www.library.ucsb.edu/subjects/women/women.html Institute for Research on Women and Gender, Columbia University
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/irwag/index.html
Institute for Research on Women and Gender, University of Michigan http://www.umich.edu/~irwg/
Institute of Development Studies, Gender and Development in Brief. BRIDGE, University of Sussex, United Kingdom
http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/bri_bull.html International Center for Research on Women
http://www.icrw.org/
International Gender Studies Resources
http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/GlobalGender/ International Knowledge Network of Women in Politics
http://www.iknowpolitics.org/en/node/561
International Women’s Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Bora Laskin Law Library, Faculty of Law, University of Toronto
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International Women’s Rights Project (IWRP). “Annotated CEDAW
raphy.”
http://www.iwrp.org/pdf/biblio.pdf
Michelle E. Clayman Institute for Gender Research, Stanford University http://www.stanford.edu/group/IRWG
The National Organization for Women, U. S. A. http://www.now.org/
Office for International Women’s Issues, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, the Department of State, U. S. A.
http://www.state.gov/g/wi/index.htm
Office on Violence against Women, the Department of Justice, the United States
http://www.ovw.usdoj.gov/
PeaceWomen Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom http://www.peacewomen.org/un/sc/1325.html
Recommended reading, Women in International Law : Research Resources, University of Chicago
http://www2.lib.uchicago.edu/~llou/women.html
Signs : Journal of Women in Culture and Society, University of Chicago http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/signs/current
Web Sites for Women’s Health, University of Maryland Baltimore County http://userpages.umbc.edu/~korenman/wmst/links_hlth.html
Women and Gender Issues, The UN System at Work, United Nations http://www.un.org/issues/m-women.html
Women and Human Rights, University of Minnesota Human Rights Page http://www.umn.edu/humanrts/links/women.html
Women and the Law, contributed by University of Sydney
http://www.weblaw.edu.au/display_page.phtml?WebLaw_Page＝ Women＋and＋the＋Law
http://womenincongress.house.gov/
Women’s and Gender Studies Subject Guide, University of Louisiana, Baton Rouge
http://www.lib.lsu.edu/soc/women/ Women’s Bar Organizations on the WWW
http://www.wisbar.org/bars/awl/www.html
Women’s Campaign School at Yale University, Yale University http://www.wcsyale.org/
Women’s Caucus for Gender Justice http://www.iccwomen.org/
Women’s Human Rights Resources Programme, Bora Laskin Law Library, University of Toronto
http://www.law-lib.utoronto.ca/diana/
Women’s Interest Network, WIN, a Forum of the Section of International Law and Practice, American Bar Association (ABA)
http://www.abanet.org/intlaw/divisions/general/win.html Women’s Issues Links, University of Wisconsin-Stout
http://www.deca.uwstout.edu/affirm/women/links.htm
Women’s Studies Librarian’s Office, University of Wisconsin-Madison Librar-ies
http://womenst.library.wisc.edu/resources/research/international/human-rights.html
Women’s Studies Section, Association of College and Research Libraries/-American Libraries Association
http://www.libr.org/wss/wsslinks/politics.html
Women’s Studies Online Resources, University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC)
http://userpages.umbc.edu/~korenman/wmst/
Women’s Studies/Women’s Issues Resource Sites, University of Maryland
Baltimore County (UMBC)
http://userpages.umbc.edu/~korenman/wmst/links.html
２．国連（専門機関を含む）の女性またはジェンダー問題に関するサイト Commission on the Status of Women (CSW)
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/csw/index.html
Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/CEDAW/
Division of the Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW), Department of Economic and Social Affairs
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Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) : Gender and Food Security http://www.fao.org/gender/
Inter-Agency Network on Women and Gender Equality (IANWGE) http://www.un.org/womenwatch/directory/ianwge_10496.htm
International Labour Organization (ILO) : Bureau for Gender Equality http://www.ilo.org/gender/
ILO 駐日事務所
http://www.ilo.org/public/japanese/region/asro/tokyo/index.htm
Office of the Special Advisor on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women (OSAGI)
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights http://www2.ohchr.org/english
Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees http://www.unhchr.org/
United Nations Development Programme : Women’s Empowerment http://www2.undp.org/women/
United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) http://www.unifem.org/
United Nations Womenwatch http://www.un.org/womenwatch/
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organiztaion (UNESCO) : Gender Equality
http://www.unesco.org/women/
World Bank : Gender Equality as Smart Economics http://www.worldbank.org/gender/
World Health Organization (WHO) : Gender, Women and Health (GWH) http://www.who.int/gender/
The UN System at Work : Women and Gender Issues http://www.un.org/issues/m-women.html ３．学術雑誌論文の検索サイト（登録制・会員制を含む） All Academic http://www.allacademic.com/ All Business http://www.allbusiness.com/
Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) http://www.doaj.org/
Goliath Business Knowledge On Demand http://goliath.ecnext.com/
High Beam Research
http://www.highbeam.com Law Journal Library HeinOnline
http://heinonline.org Project Muse
http://muse.jhu.edu/
Sage Journals Online
http://online.sagepub.com/ SpringerLink
http://www.springerlink.com/ Social Science Research Network
http://papers.ssrn.com/
Trusted Archives for Scholarship (The International and Comparative Law Quarterly)
