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(1)

励起状態

(2)

1s1/2 1p3/2 1p1/2 1d5/2 2s1/2 1d3/2

基底状態

原子核の励起状態

(3)

1s1/2 1p3/2 1p1/2 1d5/2 2s1/2 1d3/2

基底状態

原子核の励起状態

励起

(4)

1s1/2 1p3/2 1p1/2 1d5/2 2s1/2 1d3/2

1s1/2 1p3/2 1p1/2 1d5/2 2s1/2 1d3/2

基底状態

原子核の励起状態

1s1/2 1p3/2 1p1/2 1d5/2 2s1/2 1d3/2

とか とか。

(5)

原子核では

MeV) R ~ 1.2 A1/3 (fm) A = 16 だと 16.27 MeV cf. 実際に、16O16.2 MeV

1- 状態

...でも実際にはこのようには理解できない励起状態

も多数存在する(集団励起)

(6)

Giant Dipole Resonance (GDR) 巨大双極子共鳴

cf. 41 x 197-1/3 = 7.05 MeV

(7)

Collective Vibrations

How does a nucleus respond to an external perturbation?

i) Photo absorption cross section

nucleus photon

beam

transmitted photons

The state is strongly excited when

(8)

Giant Dipole Resonance (GDR) 巨大双極子共鳴

cf. 41 x 197-1/3 = 7.05 MeV

(9)

Remarks

i) Photon interaction dipole excitation

(dipole approximation)

ii) Isospin

Isovector type

proton neutron

(note)

Isoscalar dipole motion

c.m. motion (to the first order) iii) Collective motion

Motion of the whole nucleus rather than a single-particle motion = 10 MeV, R = 5 fm だと kR ~ 0.25

(10)

Giant Dipole Resonance (GDR) 巨大双極子共鳴

(11)

M.N. Harakeh and A. van der Woude,

“Giant Resonances”

Bohr-Mottelson

“Nuclear Structure vol. II”

cf. MeV

65Cu

120Sn

208Pb

MeV

(12)

16O

cf. 41 x 16-1/3 = 16.27 MeV

N. Lyutorovich et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 (2012) 092502 実験データ:茶色

(13)

1s1/2 1p3/2 1p1/2 1d5/2 2s1/2 1d3/2

1s1/2 1p3/2 1p1/2 1d5/2 2s1/2 1d3/2

+

何故励起エネルギーが大きくなるのか?

1s1/2 1p3/2 1p1/2 1d5/2 2s1/2 1d3/2

+ +…

様々な励起状態がコヒーレントに重ね合わさることにより

「集団的」になる。 (次回もう少し詳しく)

残留相互作用が大きな役割

(14)

Bohr-Mottelson

“Nuclear Structure vol. II”

Isovector type

proton neutron

3つのモード

z x

y

(15)

proton neutron

deformed nucleus

?

(16)

proton neutron

deformed nucleus spherical nucleus

E x,y,z

E z x,y

z (prolate deformation)

(17)

deformed nucleus

E z x,y

z (prolate deformation)

M.N. Harakeh and A. van der Woude,

“Giant Resonances”

(18)

Deformation effect

(19)

Giant Dipole Resonances

Goldhaber-Teller type

proton neutron

Inconsistent with expt.

(except for light nuclei)

(20)

Giant Dipole Resonances

Goldhaber-Teller type

proton neutron

Steinwedel-Jensen type

z

x=2.08

(21)

J.D. Myers et al., PRC15(’77)2032

(MeV)

(22)

ii) Inelastic scattering

(e,e’), (p,p’), (α,α’), Heavy-ion Higher multipolarities

(note) Giant Resonance (GQR)

Low-lying state

IVGDR

(23)

ii) Inelastic scattering

(e,e’), (p,p’), (α,α’), Heavy-ion Higher multipolarities

movies: H.-J. Wollersheim,

https://web-docs.gsi.de/~wolle/TELEKOLLEG/KERN/index-s.html IVGDR

(24)

ii) Inelastic scattering

(e,e’), (p,p’), (α,α’), Heavy-ion Higher multipolarities

movies: H.-J. Wollersheim,

https://web-docs.gsi.de/~wolle/TELEKOLLEG/KERN/index-s.html

(25)

ii) Inelastic scattering

(e,e’), (p,p’), (α,α’), Heavy-ion Higher multipolarities

movies: H.-J. Wollersheim,

https://web-docs.gsi.de/~wolle/TELEKOLLEG/KERN/index-s.html IVGDR

(26)

Discovery of Giant Quadrupole Resonance (GQR)

今の電子光理学研究センター (ELPH)

(27)

EOS of infinite nuclear matter

slide: Carlos Bertulani cf. 中性子星の大きさ

(28)

Isoscalar giant monopole resonances (breathing mode)

J.P. Blaizot,

Phys. Rep. 64 (‘80) 171

K ~ 231 +/- 5 MeV

D.H. Youngblood, H.L. Clark, and Y.-W. Lui, PRL82 (‘99) 691

(29)

Sum Rule

F (external field)

+

+

E +…..

E1 E2 E3 E4

確率

(30)

Sum Rule

Strength function:

F (external field)

+

+

E +…..

E1 E2 E3 E4

(31)

Sum Rule

Strength function:

non-energy weighted sum rule

energy weighted sum rule

(32)

non-energy weighted sum rule

cf. geometry of Borromean nuclei

n n

(11Li)

(6He) K.H. and H. Sagawa, PRC76(’07)047302

(33)

energy weighted sum rule

(34)

Energy weighted sum rule:

For (local operator)

(35)

For F=z

[TRK (Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn) Sum Rule]

Model independent For

(36)

Photo absorption cross section:

(37)

Giant Dipole Resonance (GDR)

cf. 41 x 197-1/3 = 7.05 MeV

(38)
(39)

和則の利点

和則:

励起状態の(ある種の)情報が基底状態の 性質のみによって表わされる

(励起状態の情報を知っている必要がない)。

実験で強度分布が測られた時、測られた範囲外にも強度があるか どうか (missing strength) 判断できる。

強度分布を測ることによって原子核の半径などの情報を得られる。

実験データや数値計算のチェックになる。

(和則の値よりとても大きくなると何かがおかしい)。

(40)

Ikeda sum rule

(N,Z)

0+

1+ 1+ 1+

(N-1,Z+1) 1+

1+ 1+

(N+1,Z-1)

(p,n) reaction (n,p)

reaction

charge exchange reactions: Gamow-Teller transitions

Ikeda sum rule

(41)

the situation before 1997

the “quenching problem”

of GT strength

quark (∆ resonance)?

C. Gaarde, Nucl. Phys. A396(‘83)127c

(42)

T. Wakasa et al., PRC55 (‘97) 2909

S- - S+ = 27.0 +/- 1.6 = (90 +/-5)% of Ikeda sum rule

90Zr (p,n) 90Nb

→ quark contribution: small

(43)

(proof of Ikeda sum rule)

参照

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