第一修正における「言論の自由」の目的と範囲について (マング・マング・ルウィン教授 退職記念号)

第一修正における「言論の自由」の目的と範囲につ

いて (マング・マング・ルウィン教授 退職記念号)

著者

金原 宏明

雑誌名

熊本学園大学経済論集

巻

25

号

1-4

ページ

251-274

発行年

2019-03-31

URL

http://id.nii.ac.jp/1113/00003340/

1

➨୍ಟṇ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࠖࡢ┠ⓗ࡜⠊ᅖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚

㔠 ཎ ᏹ ᫂ 

要 旨

࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡢᬑཬ࠾ࡼࡧࡑࢀ࡟క࠺᪂ࡓ࡞⾲⌧ᙧែࡢฟ⌧࡟ࡼࡾࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝᠇ ἲᏛㄝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ/ࠕಖㆤࠖ༊ศㄽࡀ㔜せ࡞᳨ウㄢ㢟࡜࡞ࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ ࣜ࣋ࣥࢪ࣏ࣝࣀࡣࡑࡶࡑࡶࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࠖࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿࡢ࠿࡜ ࠸࠺ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪂ࡓ࡞⾲⌧ᙧែ࡟ࡶ➨୍ಟṇࢆ㐺⏝ࡍ࡭ࡁ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡢゎ Ỵࡢ๓ᥦసᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࠖࡀఱࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘࡁ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋ ᚑ᮶ࠊ⾲⌧ࡢ⮬⏤ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞౯್ࡢಖㆤࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘࡁࠊ⮬ᕫ⤫἞ࡢ ⌮ㄽࠊẸ୺ⓗウ㆟ࡢ⌮ㄽࠊ⮬ᕫ⾲⌧ࡢ⌮ㄽࠊಶேࡢ⮬ᚊࠊ┿ᐇⓎぢࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᛮ᝿ࡢ ⮬⏤ᕷሙㄽࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࠕゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࠖࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࢆ⏬ ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⮬ᕫ⤫἞ࡢ⌮ㄽࡢᑕ⛬⠊ᅖࢆ ぢ┤ࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࢆ⏬ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣྍ⬟࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ 㸯ࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ/ࠕಖㆤࠖ༊ศㄽ࡜㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢ 㸦㸯㸧ࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ/ࠕಖㆤࠖ༊ศㄽ 㸦㸰㸧ุ౛࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ/ࠕಖㆤࠖ༊ศㄽ 㸦㸱㸧Stevens-EMA-Alvarez஦௳ุỴࡢព࿡࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ 㸦㸲㸧ᑠᣓ 㸰 ࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࡢ⏬ᐃ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ 㸦㸯㸧➨୍ಟṇࡢ┠ⓗ࡟ࡼࡿぢゎ-ࢩࣕ࢘࢔࣮ࡢぢゎ- 㸦㸰㸧つ⠊࡟ࡼࡿぢゎ-ࢩࣗࣀ࢔࣮ࡢぢゎ- 㸦㸱㸧ࠕᕷẸࠖࡢᶒ฼-ࣂࢢ࣡ࢵࢺࡢぢゎ- 㸦㸲㸧ᑠᣓ ࠾ࢃࡾ࡟ 䠉㻌㻌㻞㻡㻝㻌䠉

2 はじめに ࠕ⿢ุᡤࡣࠊ❧ἲᗓࡢไᐃࡋࡓࣜ࣋ࣥࢪ࣏ࣝࣀつไἲࢆ㐪᠇࡜ࡍ࡭ࡁ࠿㸽ࠖ࡜ၥࢃࢀࡓሙྜࠊ ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢ⪅ࡀࠕNoࠖ࡜⟅࠼ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢၥ࠸ࢆࠊࠕ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢ࡣࠊ࣭࣭࣭ 㐪᠇࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺࠿㸽ࠖ࡜ኚ᭦ࡋࡓሙྜࠊࠕYesࠖ࡜࠸࠺㏉⟅ࡀቑຍࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ௨ୗ ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᣦ᦬ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ1_{ࠋࣜ࣋ࣥࢪ࣏ࣝࣀつไἲࡣࠊࠕࡑࡢே≀ࡣ࣓࢝ࣛࡢ๓࡟〄ࢆ᫹} ࡍࡼ࠺࡞ே≀࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊရᛶࢆḞࡁࠊ᜝ࡎ࡭ࡁ⪅ࡔࠖ࡜࠸࠺࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪࡢఏ㐩࡟ࡼࡿᐖᝏࡢ㜵 Ṇࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋࡓࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿෆᐜつไ㸦ࡉࡽ࡟ࡣぢゎつไ㸧࡟࠶ࡓࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࣜ࣋ࣥࢪ࣏ ࣝࣀつไἲ࡟ࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡢᇶ‽ࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡿࡀࠊࣜ࣋ࣥࢪ࣏ࣝࣀつไἲ ࡣࠊࡇࡢᇶ‽ࢆࣃࢫ࡛ࡁࡑ࠺࡟࡞࠸ࠋ ཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡢᇶ‽ࡀ㐣ᗘ࡟ཝ᱁࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞཯┤ឤⓗ⤖ㄽ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᚑ ᮶ࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ゝㄽࠖࡢἲ⌮ࡀࠕᏳ඲ᘚ2_{ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋChaplinsky v.}

New Hampshire஦௳ุỴ3_{ࡀᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࠊࡅࢇ࠿ゝⴥ㸦fighting words㸧➼ࡢ⾲⌧⠊␪ࢆ➨୍ಟṇ}

ࡢ⠊ᅖእ࡟⨨ࡃἲ⌮࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࠕಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ゝㄽࠖࡢἲ⌮ࡶࠊ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣࡶࡣࡸᏳ඲ᘚࡢ ᶵ⬟ࢆᯝࡓࡋᚓ࡞࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊ㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢ࡣࠊUnited States v. Stevens஦௳ุ Ỵ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࠶ࡿゝㄽࢆ᪂ࡓ࡟ࠕಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ゝㄽࠖࡢࣜࢫࢺ࡟ຍ࠼ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊࠕఏ⤫ࠖ࠶ࡿ ࠸ࡣࠕṔྐࠖࡢཧ↷ࡀせồࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ4ࠋࡇࢀࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿ࡞ ࡽࡤࠊࣜ࣋ࣥࢪ࣏ࣝࣀつไ࡟ࡣᙜ↛࡞ࡀࡽఏ⤫ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࠕಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ゝㄽࠖࡢἲ⌮࡟ࡼࡿṇᙜ ໬ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ ⩻ࡗ࡚⪃࠼࡚ࡳࢀࡤࠊࡑࡶࡑࡶࠊࣜ࣋ࣥࢪ࣏ࣝࣀࡣࠕゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࠖࡢ⾜౑࡜࠸࠼ࡿ࠿ࠋ౛࠼ ࡤࠊ཯ࢺࣛࢫࢺἲࡶࠊ౯᱁༠ᐃ࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㏻ᖖࡢព࿡࡛ࡢゝㄽ࡟ࡼࡿ᝟ሗఏ㐩ࢆࡑࡢ ෆᐜࢆ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚つไࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ཯ࢺࣛࢫࢺἲࡣࠊ୍⯡࡟ࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤つไ❧ἲ࡟ᑐ ࡋ࡚㏻ᖖ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ཝ᱁࡞ᇶ‽ࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡣ⌮ゎࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸5_{ࠋᚩර࣮࢝ࢻࡢ↝༷} ⚗Ṇࡸᅜ᪝↝༷ࡢ⚗Ṇ➼ࡢ⾜Ⅽつไ࡟ࡣࠊཝ᱁ᗘࡢ㧗ࡵࡽࢀࡓᇶ‽ࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡓ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽ ࡎ6_ࠋ ୖグࡢ౛ࡣࠊᚩර࣮࢝ࢻࡢ↝༷ࡸᅜ᪝↝༷࡜࠸࠺⾜Ⅽࡣࠕゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࠖ࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿࡀࠊ཯ࢺ

1 _{See Andrew Koppelman, Revenge Pornography and First Amendment Exceptions, 65 EMORY L.J. 661,} 662 (2016).

2 _{Ashutosh Bhagwat, When Speech is not “Speech”, 78 OHIO ST.L.J. 839, 846 (2017).} 3 _{315 U.S. 568 (1942).}

4 _{559 U.S. 460 (2010).} 5 _{See Frederick}

Schauer,The Boundaries of the First Amendment: A Preliminary Exploration of Constitutional Salienc e, 117 HARV.L.REV. 1765, 1770-71, 81 (2004).

6 _{See United States v. O’Brien, 391 U.S. 367 (1968); Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989).}

3 ࣛࢫࢺἲ࡟ࡼࡾつไࡉࢀࡿ᝟ሗࡢఏ㐩ࡣࠕゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࠖ࡟ྵࡲࢀ࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ྲྀࡾᢅ࠸ࡢᕪ␗ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ṇᙜ໬ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࠋ ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡢᬑཬ࡟క࠸ࠊඛ࡟ᣲࡆࡓࣜ࣋ࣥࢪ࣏ࣝࣀࡸࠊ௚࡟ࡶࠊ࢜ࣥࣛ࢖࣭ࣥࢧ࣮ࣅ ࢫࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡓಶேࢹ࣮ࢱ㸦᳨⣴⤖ᯝ࣭㉎ධᒚṔ࣭ࢯ࣮ࢩࣕࣝࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢ஺཭㛵ಀ➼㸧 ࡢ཰㞟࣭㛤♧࣭㈍኎ࡀၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡀᗈ࠸ព࿡࡛ࡢ᝟ሗࡢఏ㐩࡟࠶ࡓࡿࡇ࡜࡟␲ ࠸ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡞ࡢ࠿ࠋࡑࡢゎỴࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ๓ᥦస ᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢ࠸࠺ࠕゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࠖࡀఱࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࠊࡑࡢព࿡ࢆ⏬ᐃࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿ7_ࠋ

１「範囲」/「保護」区分論と連邦最高裁

（１）「範囲」/「保護」区分論  㸺➨୍ಟṇࡢ࠸࠺ࠕゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࠖࡀఱࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡢ࠿㸼ࠋࡇࡢၥ࠸࡟ࡘࡁࠊࢩࣕ࢘࢔࣮ࡣࠊ ࠕ➨୍ಟṇࡢ⠊ᅖࡢၥ㢟ࠖ࡜ࡋ᳨࡚ウࢆຍ࠼࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢぢゎࡀ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝᠇ἲᏛ࡟࠾ࡅࡿゝ ㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢศᯒ࡟࠾࠸࡚㔜せ࡞ᆅ఩ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ8_ࠋ  ࠕேࡢ㌟యࡀ㙚ࡢ୰࡟࠶ࡿሙྜࠊࡑࡢே㛫ࡣࠊ㙚ࡢ⠊ᅖ࡟࠶ࡿ㸦covered㸧࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ ࡋࠊࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡑࡢே㛫ࡀᖖ࡟Ᏺࡽࢀࡿ㸦protected㸧ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ㙚ࡣࠊᢞ▼࠿ࡽ ࡣேࡢ㌟యࢆಖㆤࡍࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ⅖࠿ࡽࡣಖㆤࡋ࡞࠸ࠖࠋࢩࣕ࢘࢔࣮ࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ẚ䬇 ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊᶒ฼ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖ(cover)ࠖ࡜ࠕಖㆤ㸦protection㸧ࠖࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᙉ࠸ṇᙜ ໬⌮⏤ࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ⾜Ⅽࡢつไࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺㛵ಀࡀᡂ❧ࡍࡿሙྜࠊᙜヱ⾜Ⅽࡣࠊᶒ฼ ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠸࠺ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ࠶ࡿᶒ฼ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࡀ≉ᐃࡢ⾜Ⅽ࡟ཬࡪሙྜࠊ ᙜヱ⾜Ⅽࡢไ㝈࡟ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀᶒ฼ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖෆ࡟࡞࠸ሙྜ࡟ẚ࡭࡚ࠊᙉ࠸ṇᙜ໬ࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ ࡿࠋࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊࡑࡢṇᙜ໬⌮⏤ࡀ༑ศ࡟ᙉᗘ࡞ሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊᶒ฼ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖෆ࡟࠶ࡿᙜヱ⾜Ⅽ ࡶࠕಖㆤࠖࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᙼࡢぢゎ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࠶ࡿ⾜Ⅽࡀᶒ฼ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ ࡜ࡣࠊࡑࡢ⾜Ⅽࡢಖ㞀ࡢ⛬ᗘࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊᙜヱ⾜Ⅽࡢ㸦⤯ ᑐⓗ࡞㸧ࠕಖㆤࠖࢆព࿡ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋᶒ฼ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ࡜ࠕಖㆤࠖ࡜ࡣ༊ูࡉࢀࡿ9_{ࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊゝ} ㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢᴫᛕỴᐃ࡟ࡶᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿࠋࠕ[ゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸸ᘬ⏝⪅]࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⾜Ⅽࡀࠗ⠊ 7 _{➨୍ಟṇ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࠖࡢព࿡ࡢ⏬ᐃ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㑥ㄒࡢඛ⾜ᴗ⦼࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊዉ㡲♸἞ࠕ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ྜ⾗ᅜ} ᠇ἲಟṇ➨ 1 ᮲ࡢᑕ⛬-ゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ἲ⌮ࡢᵓ㐀࡟㛵ࡍࡿẚ㍑ἲⓗ⪃ᐹ-ࠖబ㈡኱Ꮫ⤒῭ㄽ㞟 41 ᕳ 3 ྕ 75 㡫௨ ୗ(2008)ࠋ 8 _{ࢩࣕ࢘࢔࣮ࡢ㆟ㄽࢆヲ⣽࡟᳨ウࡍࡿ㑥ㄒᩥ⊩࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊዉ㡲♸἞ࠕࣇࣞࢹࣜࢵࢡ࣭ࢩࣕ࢘࢔࣮-ྜ⾗ᅜ᠇ἲゎ㔘} ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣮ࣝࣝࡢព⩏-ࠖ㥖ᮧ࡯࠿⦅ࠗ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝᠇ἲࡢ⩌ീ ⌮ㄽᐙ⦅࠘99 㡫௨ୗ㸦ᑦᏛ♫࣭2010㸧ࠋ 9 _{FREDERICK SCHAUER,FREE SPEECH:PHILOSOPHICAL ENQUIRY 89-90 (1982).}

4 ᅖ࠘࡟⨨࠿ࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࡀࡲࡎ➨୍࡟Ỵᐃࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࡤ࡞ࡽࡎࠊࡑࡢᚋ࡟ࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ⾜Ⅽࡀࠊ࡝ࡢ ࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘ࡟࠾࠸࡚ಖㆤࡉࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࡀỴᐃࡉࢀࡿ10ࠖࠋ ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊᙼ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ཯ࢺࣛࢫࢺἲࡢつไࡀ➨୍ಟṇࡢၥ㢟ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍ࡜ࡣ⌮ゎࡉࢀ ࡚ࡇ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㏻ᖖࡢࠊࠊࠊព࿡࡛ࡢࠊࠊࠊࠊゝㄽࠊࠊ㸦ࠕゝㄒ࣭⤮࣭ఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ⱁ⾡ⓗᡭἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊᛮ᝿࣭ ᝟ሗ࣭ⱁ⾡ⓗឤ᝟ࢆఏ㐩ࡍࡿࡇ࡜11_{ࠖ㸧ࡍ࡭࡚ࡀࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤}ࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊ_{࡜ࡋ࡚ಖ㞀ࡉࢀࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ} ࡲࡓࠊᚩර࣮࢝ࢻࡢ↝༷⚗Ṇࡀ➨୍ಟṇࡢၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ྲྀࡾᢅࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㏻ᖖࡢࠊࠊࠊព࿡ࠊࠊ ࡛ࡢゝㄽ࡟ᙜࡓࡽ࡞࠸ࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࡶࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡀゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ಖ㞀ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࢃࡅ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋ  ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃࡵࡽࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࠋࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊᙜ↛࡞ࡀࡽࠊ ➨୍ಟṇࡢゎ㔘࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢᩥゝ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᐃࡵࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡿࡀࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡀつᐃࡍࡿ ࡢࡣ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࠊࠕゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࠖࡢಖ㞀࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࠕゝㄽࠖ༢యࡢಖ㞀࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡇ࠿ࡽࠊࢩ ࣕ࢘࢔࣮ࡣࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢ⠊ᅖࡣࠊࠕゝㄽࠖࡢ㏻ᖖࡢព࿡࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࠕゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࠖ ࡜࠸࠺ᩥゝࡢព࿡࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᐃࡲࡿࡇ࡜12_{ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢቃ⏺ࢆࠊ㸦ᚋ࡟ヲࡋࡃ᳨ウࡍࡿࡼ} ࠺࡟ࠊ㸧➨୍ಟṇࡢ౯್࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᐃࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿ13_ࠋ  （２）判例における「範囲」/「保護」区分論  ࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ/ࠕಖㆤࠖࡢ༊ศࡢၥ㢟࡟ࡘࡁࠊ㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢ࡶ඲ࡃ↓⮬ぬ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡇࡢၥ㢟࡜㛵ಀࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊSpence v. Washington஦௳ุỴ14_{ࡢࢫ࣌ࣥࢫࢸࢫࢺ࡜ࠊ๓} ㏙ࡢࠕಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ゝㄽࠖࡢἲ⌮ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ア スペンステストについて  Spence஦௳ุỴ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᅜ᪝࡟ᖹ࿴グྕࡢᙧ࡟ࢸ࣮ࣉࢆ㈞ࡾ௜ࡅࠊࡇࢀࢆ❆࠿ࡽྞࡿ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ⿕࿌ேࡣࠊ㇟ᚩ➼ࢆ㈞ࡾ௜ࡅࡓᅜ᪝ࢆᥖࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿᕞἲ࡟㐪཯ࡍࡿ࡜ࡋ ࡚᭷⨥࡜ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊྑ⿕࿌ேࡢ⾜Ⅽ࡟➨୍ಟṇࡢಖㆤࡀཬࡪ࠿ࡀதࢃࢀࡓࡀࠊ㐃 㑥᭱㧗⿢ࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢᇶ‽㸦ࢫ࣌ࣥࢫࢸࢫࢺ㸧ࢆ㐺⏝ࡋࠊ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⿕࿌ேࡢ⾜Ⅽ࡟➨୍ 10 _{Id. at 91. ࢩࣕ࢘࢔࣮ࡢぢゎ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢಖㆤࡀཬࡪ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟㸦ࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࡢၥ㢟㸧࡜ࠊ➨୍ಟṇ} ࡀཬࢇࡔሙྜ࡟࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘࡢᙉᗘࡢಖㆤࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟㸦ࠕಖㆤࠖࡢၥ㢟㸧࡜ࡣࠊ᫂☜࡟༊ูࡉࢀ ࡿࠋSee Schauer, supra note 5, at1771㸦ࠕ➨୍ಟṇࡢቃ⏺㸦boundaries㸧ࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊࡑࡢᙉᗘ㸦strength㸧 ࡢၥ㢟ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡀ୚࠼ࡿಖㆤࡢ⛬ᗘࡢၥ㢟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁࠊࡑࡢᗈࡉ㸦scope㸧ࡢၥ㢟ࠊࡍ࡞ ࢃࡕࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࠿࡝࠺࠿⮬యࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠖ㸧.

11 _{SCHAUER, supra note 9, at 91.} 12 _{Schauer, supra note 5, at 1773.}

13 _{SCHAUER, supra note 9, at 91; Frederick Schauer, Speech and “Speech”- Obscenity and “Obscenity”: An} Exercise in the Interpretation of Constitutional Language, 67GEO.L.J. 899, 909 (1979); Schauer, supra note 5, at 1784; Frederick Schauer, Categories and the First Amendment: A Play in Three Acts, 34 VAND. L. REV. 265, 268 (1981)(hereinafter Schauer 1981); Frederick Schauer, The Second-Best First

Amendment, 31 WM.&MARY L.REV. 1,12 (1989)(hereinafter Schauer 1989).

14 _{418 U.S. 405 (1974).}

5 ಟṇࡢಖㆤࢆཬࡰࡋࡓࠋࠕ≉ᐃ໬ࡉࢀࡓ࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪࢆఏ㐩ࡍࡿពᅗࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ࠿ࡘࠊࡑࡢ≧ἣ ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᙜヱ࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪࡀࡑࢀࢆぢࡓࡶࡢ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⌮ゎࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠿ࡗࡓࠖ࡜࠸ ࠼ࡿሙྜࠊᙜヱ⾜Ⅽࡣࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢせ⣲ࢆ༑ศ࡟᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡓࡵࠊ➨୍ಟṇ ࡢಖㆤࡀཬࡪ࡜࠸࠺ᇶ‽࡛࠶ࡿ15_ࠋ ࡇࡢᇶ‽⮬యࡣࠊࡑࡢᚋࡶࠊJohnson஦௳ุỴ࡞࡝ࠊ≉ᐃࡢ⾜Ⅽ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚➨୍ಟṇࡢಖ ㆤࡀཬࡪࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ᩥ⬦࡟࠾࠸࡚౑⏝ࡉࢀࡓ16_{ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡇࡢᇶ‽࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊወጁ࡞⤖ㄽ} ࡀᑟ࠿ࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ࣏ࢫࢺࡢᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊබࡢᘓ≀࡟ࢫࣉ࣮ࣞ⨁࡛ᨻ ⟇ᢈุࢆⴠ᭩ࡁࡋࡓሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊࢫ࣌ࣥࢫࢸࢫࢺࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡿࡀࠊ⿢ุᡤࡶࠊࡇࡢࡼ ࠺࡞⾲⌧࡟ࡲ࡛➨୍ಟṇࢆཬࡰࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺17_{ࠋྠᵝ࡟ࠊᨻ἞ⓗぢゎ࡟ືᶵ௜ࡅ} ࡽࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡞≢⨥⾜Ⅽ㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊ9/11ࢸࣟ㸧18ࡸࠊ㢮ᆺⓗ࡟ࡣᨻ἞ⓗぢゎ࡟ືᶵ௜ ࡅࡽࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛ࡣ࡞࠸≢⨥⾜Ⅽ࡟࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪࡀῧ࠼ࡽࢀࡓሙྜ㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊࠕ㏿ᗘไ 㝈࡟཯ᑐࡍࡿࠖ࡜ࡢ࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪࢆῧ࠼ࡓ㏿ᗘไ㝈㐪཯㸧19_{࡟ࡶࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡀཬࡪࡇ࡜࡟࡞} ࡾ࠿ࡡ࡞࠸ࠋ㏫࡟ࠊ≉ᐃࡢ࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪࡢఏ㐩ࢆពᅗࡋ࡞࠸ⱁ⾡సရ࡟ࡣࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡣཬࡤ ࡞࠸20_{ࠋࡑࡢព࿡࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊዉ㡲ᩍᤵࡢࠊࠕࢫ࣌ࣥࢫ࣭ࢸࢫࢺ⮬యࡣࠊ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࢩࣕ࢘࢔࣮} ➼ࡢ࠸࠺ಟṇ➨1᮲ࡢ⠊ᅖࢆ⏬ᐃࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ࣭࣭࣭ࢫ࣌ࣥࢫ࣭ࢸࢫࢺࡣ࠶ ࡿ⾜Ⅽ࡟࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢆุᐃࡍࡿᇶ‽࡟ࡍࡂࡎࠊࡑࢀ⮬యࡣ౯್୰❧ⓗ࡞ ࡶࡢ21_{ࠖ࡜ࡢᣦ᦬ࡣṇᙜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ} ࡉࡽ࡟ࡣࠊࣂࢢ࣡ࢵࢺࡢᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ࡟࠶ࡿ࠿ࡀதࢃࢀࡓุỴ ࡣSpenceุỴࡢ๓ᚋࢆၥࢃࡎࡍ࡭࡚ࠊࠕ⾲⌧ⓗ࡞⾜Ⅽ㸦conduct㸧ࠖࡀၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛ ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ὀពࢆせࡍࡿ22_{ࠋࠕ㏫࡟ゝ࠼ࡤࠊཱྀ㢌࡟ࡼࡿሙྜ࡛࠶ࢀ➹グ࡟ࡼࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࠊ࡞} ࢇࡽ࠿ࡢゝㄒ㸦language㸧ࡀ౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣᚲ↛ⓗ࡟➨୍ಟṇࡢ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿ͆ゝ ㄽ͇࡟࠶ࡓࡿ࡜᝿ᐃࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࠿ࡘࠊ㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢ุỴࡣࠊ୍ᗘࡓࡾ࡜ࡶࠊࡇࡢ࿨ 㢟ࢆ␲ၥどࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡶࠊᑂᰝࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࡞࠸23ࠖࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࠕ㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢ࡀ⌧ᅾ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ ゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢἲ⌮ࡢᇶ♏࡟ࡣࠊ㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢ࡀࡣࡗࡁࡾ࡜㏙࡭ࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊ㸺඲࡚ 15 _{Id. at 409-11.}

16 _{See, eg., Johnson, 491 U.S. at 404; Clark v. Cmty. for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288, 305} (1984)(Marshall, J., dissenting).

17 _{Robert Post, Recuperating First Amendment Doctrine, 47 STAN.L.REV. 1249, 52 (1995).} 18 _{Amanda Shanor, First Amendment Coverage, 93 N.Y.U.L.REV. 318, 341 (2018).} 19 _{Jed Rubenfeld, The First Amendment’s Purpose, 53 STAN.L.REV. 767, 770-78 (2001).} 20 _{Shanor, supra note 18, at 341.}

21 _{ዉ㡲࣭๓ᥖὀ㸦7㸧87 㡫ࠋ}

22 _{See, eg., Tinker v. Des Moines Indep. Sch. Dist., 393 U.S. 503 (1969); Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397} (1989); Spence v. Washington, 418 U.S. 405 (1974).

23 _{Bhagwat, supra note 2, at 851.}

6 ࡢゝㄒࡣゝㄽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸼࡜࠸࠺᝿ᐃࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿ24_ࠖࠋ イ 「保護されない言論」の法理について  ࣂࢢ࣡ࢵࢺࡢᣦ᦬ࡀṇࡋ࠸࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊゝㄒࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿゝㄽࡣࠊࠕಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ゝㄽࠖ࡟ᙜ ࡓࡽ࡞࠸㝈ࡾࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿࠋ （ア）従来の「保護されない言論」法理について ᮏ✏ࡢෑ㢌࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㏙࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࠕಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ゝㄽࠖࡢἲ⌮ࡣࠊChaplinsky஦ ௳ุỴ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ௳࡛ࡣࠊ࢚࣍ࣂࡢドேࡢಙ⪅࡛࠶ࡿ⿕࿌ேࡣࠊ බ㐨࡛ࠊ㆙ᐹᐁ࡟ࠕ࠾๓ࡣブḭᖌࡢ␆⏕ࡔࠖ➼ࡢ⨬ヒ㞧ゝࢆᾎࡧࡏࡓࡓࡵ࡟᭷⨥࡜ࡉࢀ ࡓࠋ  ⿕࿌ேࡀゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࢆ୺ᙇࡋࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ࣐࣮ࣇ࢕࣮⿢ุᐁᇳ➹ࡢἲᘐពぢࡣࠊࠕࡑࡢ ጉᐖ࠾ࡼࡧฎ⨩ࡀఱࡽࡢ᠇ἲୖࡢၥ㢟ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍ࡜ࡣ୍ษ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡇ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠊ༑ ศ࡟ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ⊃ࡃ㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡓゝㄽࡢ✀㢮ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣࠊࡳࡔࡽ࡛⊢〮࡞ ࡶࡢࠊෑᾨⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࠊྡ㄃ẋᦆⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ౲㎯ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ͆ࡅࢇ࠿ゝ ⴥ͆ࢆྵࡴࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣࠊࡓࡔⓎࡏࡽࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡑࢀ⮬య࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ௚ேࢆ౵ᐖࡋࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ ࡣࠊ༶ᗙ࡟බඹࡢᖹ✜ࢆ஘ࡍഴྥࢆᣢࡘࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ゝⴥࢆⓎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᛮ᝿ࡢ⾲᫂ ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢᐇ㉁ⓗ࡞せ⣲ࢆ඲ࡃᣢࡓࡎࠊࡲࡓࠊ┿ᐇ࡬ࡢ฿㐩࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢ♫఍ⓗ౯್ࢆࢃ ࡎ࠿࡟ࡋ࠿᭷ࡉ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ࡟ࡑࢀࡽ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿ฼┈ࡀࠊ⛛ᗎཬࡧ㐨ᚨ࡜࠸࠺♫఍ⓗ౯್ ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ୖᅇࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜୍⯡ⓗ࡟ㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࠖ࡜㏙࡭ࠊ㏻ᖖࡢព࿡࡛ࡢ ゝㄽࡢ୰࡟ࡶࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢಖㆤࡀཬࡤ࡞࠸ゝㄽ⠊␪ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵࡓ25_ࠋ  ࡇࡢุỴ࡛ࡣࠊࡅࢇ࠿ゝⴥ㸦ࠕᖹᆒⓗ࡞⪅ࢆሗ᚟࡟ᥙࡁ❧࡚ࡑ࠺࡞ࠊࡢࡢࡋࡾゝⴥ26_ࠖ㸧 ࡀࠕಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ゝㄽࠖ࡟ヱᙜࡍࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢᚋࠊ᭱㧗⿢ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢࣜࢫࢺࡢ ࠺ࡕࠊ⊢〮⾲⌧27ࠊྡ㄃ẋᦆⓗ⾲⌧28࡟ࡘࡁࠊࠕಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ゝㄽࠖ࡟ᙜࡓࡿ࡜ࡋࡓࠋ  ྡ㄃ẋᦆⓗ⾲⌧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡲࡎࠊBeauharnais v. Illinois஦௳ุỴࡀࠊࠕྡ㄃ẋᦆⓗ Ⓨゝࡣࠊ᠇ἲࡢಖㆤࡍࡿゝㄽࡢ⠊ᅖ࡟ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᕞ⿢ุᡤࡣࠊᙜヱၥ 㢟ࢆ͂᫂ⓑ࠿ࡘ⌧ᅾࡢ༴㝤̓࡜࠸࠺ࣇ࣮ࣞࢬࡢୗ࡛⪃៖ࡍࡿᚲせࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜㏙࡭ࠊྡ㄃

24 _{Id. See also Peter M. Shane, ”The Expanding First Amendment” in an Age of Free Speech Paradox,} 78 OHIO ST.L.J. 773 (2017); Amanda Shanor, The New Lochner, 2016 WIS.L.REV.133, 176-82 (2016). 25 _{315 U.S. at 571-72.}

26 _{Id. at 574.}

27 _{Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476 (1957); Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15 (1973).}

28 _{Beauharnais v. Illinois, 343 U.S. 250 (1952); New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964).}

7 ẋᦆⓗ⾲⌧ࢆࠕಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ゝㄽࠖ࡜ࡋࡓ29_{ࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊNew York Times Co. v. Sullivan}

஦௳ุỴ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊබ⫋ဨ㸦public office㸧࡟ᑐࡍࡿྡ㄃ẋᦆࡢᡂ❧ࢆࠊ⾲⌧⪅࡟ࠕ⌧ᐇ ࡢᝏព(actual malice)ࠖࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿሙྜࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࠕࡑࢀࡀ⹫ഇ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜▱ࡗ࡚࠿ࠊ ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ⹫ഇ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡑ࠺࡛࡞࠸ࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚↓ㅛ࡟ࡶ⪃៖ࡏࡎ࡟࡞ࡉࢀࡓࠖ࡜ド᫂ ࡉࢀࡓሙྜ࡟㝈ᐃࡋࡓ㸦࠸ࢃࡺࡿ⌧ᐇࡢᝏពࡢἲ⌮㸧30_ࠋ

 ࢃ࠸ࡏࡘ⾲⌧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊRoth v. United States஦௳ุỴ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࠕ඲࡚ࡢᛮ᝿ࡣࠊ ࢃࡎ࠿࡟࡛ࡶ♫఍ⓗ࡞㔜せᛶࢆᣢࡘࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ࣭࣭࣭᏶඲࡞ಖㆤࢆཷࡅࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ➨ ୍ಟṇ࡟㛵ࡍࡿṔྐࡣࠊ⊢〮ࡀ㝖እࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࠊࡑࢀࡀ♫఍ⓗ౯್ࢆ᏶඲࡟Ḟ࠸࡚࠸ ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࠖ࡜㏙࡭ࠊ⊢〮⾲⌧ࢆࠕಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ゝㄽࠖ࡜ࡋࡓ31_ࠋࡇ ࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡣࠊ⊢〮⾲⌧ヱᙜᛶ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᫂☜࡞ᇶ‽ࡣᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊᚋ࡟ࠊMiller v. California஦௳ุỴ32_{࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⊢〮⾲⌧ࡀࠊࠕ(a)’ᖹᆒேࡀ⌧ᅾࡢඹྠయࡢᇶ‽ࢆ㐺⏝} ࡋࡓሙྜ࡟’ࠊᙜヱసရࡀࠊࡑࢀࢆ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ぢ࡚࡜ࡁ࡟ࠊዲⰍⓗ࡞⯆࿡࡟ッ࠼࠿ࡅ࡚࠸ ࡿ࡜ࢃ࠿ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ(b)㐺⏝ྍ⬟࡞ᕞἲ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᫂☜࡟ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡓᛶⓗ⾜Ⅽࢆࠊᙜヱసရࡀࠊ ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟୙ᛌ࡞᪉ἲ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᥥ෗ࡋࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ⾲⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ(c)ᙜヱసရࡀࠊ ࡑࢀࢆ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ぢࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ࠊ┿ᦸ࡞ᩥᏛⓗࠊⱁ⾡ⓗࠊᨻ἞ⓗࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ⛉Ꮫⓗ౯್ ࢆḞ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜33ࠖࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡶࡢ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡓ(࣑࣮ࣛᇶ‽㸧ࠋ  ࡲࡓࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿၟᴗⓗゝㄽࡶࠊࠕಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ゝㄽࠖ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛ၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿࠋၟᴗⓗゝ ㄽࡣࠊ1942ᖺࡢValentine v. Chrestensen஦௳ุỴ34_{ࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡣࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ}

እ࡟⨨࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ1976ᖺࡢVirginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia

Citizens Consumer Council Inc.஦௳ุỴ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢ࡣࠊࠕᡃࠎࡣࠊᙜヱฟ∧

≀ࡣࡑࢀࡀၟᴗⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⌮⏤࡛ಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺୺ᙇࢆᣄ⤯ࡍࡿ35_{ࠖ࡜㏙࡭ࠊ}

ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊCentral Hudson Gas v. Public Service Comm’n஦௳ุỴ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊၟᴗⓗゝㄽ

࡟ࠊࠕၟᴗⓗゝㄽࡢ஦᱌࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㸲ࡘࡢࣃ࣮ࢺ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿศᯒࡀᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡲࡎ ➨୍࡟ࠊᙜヱ⾲⌧ࡀ➨୍ಟṇ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ಖㆤࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࢆุ᩿ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋၟᴗⓗ ゝㄽ࡟ࡇࡢ᮲㡯ࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡀ㐺ἲ⾜Ⅽ࡟㛵ಀࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ ࠶ࡾࠊ࠿ࡘࠊㄗゎࢆᣍࡃࡶࡢ࡛࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋḟ࡟ࠊ୺ᙇࡉࢀࡿᨻᗓ฼┈ࡀᐇ 29 _{343 U.S. at 266.} 30 _{Id. 279-80.} 31 _{354 U.S. at 483-484.} 32 _{413 U.S. 15 (1973).} 33 _{Id. at 24.} 34 _{316 U.S. 52, 54 (1942)㸦ࠕ⣧⢋࡞ၟᴗⓗゝㄽ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ᠇ἲࡀࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ไ⣙ࢆᨻᗓ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ㄢࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸} ࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠖ㸧. 35 _{425 U.S. 748, 760 (1976).} 䠉㻌㻌㻞㻡㻣㻌䠉

8 ㉁ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡀᑂᰝࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡶࡋࠊࡇࡢ஧ࡘࡢᑂᰝ࡟⫯ᐃⓗ࡞⟅࠼ࡀᚓ ࡽࢀࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࠊᙜヱつไࡀ୺ᙇࡉࢀࡿᨻᗓ฼┈ࢆ┤᥋ಁ㐍ࡍࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࠊ࠾ ࡼࡧࠊᙜヱ฼┈ࡢಁ㐍࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ᚲせ࡞ࡶࡢ௨ୖ࡟ᙜヱつไࡀཬࢇ࡛࠸࡞࠸࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢆᑂ ᰝࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸36_{ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࢭࣥࢺࣛࣝࣁࢻࢯࣥࢸࢫࢺࢆ㐺⏝ࡋࡓࠋࢩ} ࣕ࢘࢔࣮࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࠕࡇࡢᇶ‽ࡣࣈࣛࣥࢹࣥࣂ࣮ࢢุỴ࡟࠾࠸࡚᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡓᇶ‽ࡼࡾཝ ᱁ࡉ࡟ຎࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ༢࡞ࡿྜ⌮ᛶࡢᇶ‽ࡼࡾࡣཝ᱁ࡉࡢ㧗ࡵࡽࢀࡓᇶ‽ࢆせồࡋࡓ஦ ᐇࡣࠊ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣࠊၟᴗⓗゝㄽࡀ➨୍ಟṇࡢᑕ⛬࡟ධࢀࡽࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ37_ࠖࠋ

ࡉࡽ࡟New York v. Ferber஦௳ุỴࡣࠊChaplinsky஦௳ุỴࡢࣜࢫࢺ࡟↓࠸ඣ❺࣏ࣝ

ࣀ38_{࡟ࡘࡁࠊ௨ୗࡢ⌮⏤࠿ࡽࠊࠕಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ゝㄽࠖ࡜ㄆࡵࡓࠋ➨୍࡟ࠊࠕᮍᡂᖺ⪅ࡢ⫗య} ⓗ࣭⢭⚄ⓗ⚟♴ࡢಖㆤ39ࠖ࡜࠸࠺฼┈ࡢࡸࡴ࡟ࡸࡲࢀࡠ฼┈ヱᙜᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨஧࡟ࠊࠕᖺ ᑡ⪅࡟ࡼࡿᛶⓗ⾜Ⅽࢆᥥ෗ࡋࡓ෗┿ཬࡧࣇ࢕࣒ࣝࡢ㡺ᕸࡣࠊᮏ᮶ⓗ࡟Ꮚ౪ࡢᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࡟ 㛵㐃ࡍࡿࡇ࡜40_{࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ➨୕࡟ࠊࠕඣ❺࣏ࣝࣀࡢᗈ࿌ཬࡧ㈍኎ࡣࠊᅜᐙⓗ࡟㐪ἲ࡜ࡉࢀ} ࡚࠸ࡿ⾜Ⅽ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⤒῭ⓗ࡞ືᶵࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞〇ရࡢ〇㐀࡟࡜ࡗ࡚୙ ྍḞ࡞せ⣲ࢆ࡞ࡍࠋ͆ゝㄽཬࡧฟ∧࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᠇ἲୖࡢ⮬⏤ࡀࠊࡑࢀࡢ୚࠼ࡿච㝖ࢆࠊ᭷ຠ ࡞ฮ஦ἲ࡟㐪཯ࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽࡢ୙ྍḞ࡞せ⣲࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿゝㄽ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ᭩≀࡟ࡲ࡛ཬࡰ ࡍ࡜♧၀ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡞࠸͇41ࠖࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨ᅄ࡟ࠊඣ❺࣏ࣝࣀࡢ౯್ࡀࠕ࡯ ࢇࡢࢃࡎ࠿࡟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡟ࡋࢁࠊ࠿࡞ࡾ㝈ᐃⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ42_{ࠖࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨஬࡟ࠊඣ❺࣏ࣝࣀ} つไࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿෆᐜつไ࡟࠶ࡓࡿࡀࠊඛ౛ୖࡶࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢಖㆤࡢ᭷↓ࡀࠕゝㄽࡢෆ ᐜ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠖỴᐃࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࠕไ㝈ࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁᐖᝏࡀࠊၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⾲ ⌧࡟㛵ࡍࡿ฼┈ࢆࠊࡑࢀࡀ௬࡟Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ࠶ࡲࡾ࡟ᅽಽⓗ࡟ୖᅇࡿࡓࡵࠊ ఱࡽࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࣂ࢖ࢣ࣮ࢫ࡞⿢ᐃࡢ㐣⛬ࢆࡶᚲせ࡜ࡋ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ⌋ࡋࡃ࡞࠸ࡇ ࡜43_{࠿ࡽࠊඣ❺࣏ࣝࣀ࡟➨୍ಟṇࡢಖㆤࢆྰᐃࡋ࡚ࡶඛ౛࡟཯ࡋ࡞࠸}44_{࡜࠸࠺⌮⏤࠿ࡽ} ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 36 _{447 U.S. 557, 566 (1980).} 37 _{Schauer, supra note 5, at 1776-77.} 38 _{458 U.S. 747 (1982).}

39 _{Id. at 756-57.} 40 _{Id. at 759.}

41 _{Id. at 761-62 (quoting Giboney v. Empire Storage & Ice Co., 336 U.S. 490, 498 (1949)).} 42 _{Id. at 762 (quoting Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc., 427 U.S. 50, 66 (1976)).} 43 _{Id. at 763-64.}

44 _Id.

9

（イ）Stevens事件判決以後の「保護されない言論の法理」について

 Chaplinsky஦௳ุỴࡸRoth஦௳ุỴࠊFerber஦௳ุỴࡀゝㄽࡢ౯್࡟ゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ

ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡞ࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᚑ᮶ࡢࠕಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ゝㄽࠖࡢἲ⌮ࡣࠊࡑࡢゝㄽ⠊␪࡟ᒓࡍ ࡿゝㄽࡢ౯್ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆྰᐃࡋ࡚ࡣ࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ2010ᖺࡢStevens஦௳ ุỴࡣࠊゝㄽࡢ౯್ࢆ⪃៖ࢆࡋ࡚ࠕಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ゝㄽࠖヱᙜᛶࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ྰᐃⓗ ࡞❧ሙࢆ࡜ࡗࡓࠋ  ࡇࡢุỴ࡛ࡣࠊື≀⹢ᚅࡢᥥ෗ࢆၟᴗ┠ⓗ࡛〇㐀ࠊ㈍኎ࠊᡤ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㐪ἲ࡜ࡍࡿ 㐃㑥ἲࡢྜ᠇ᛶࡀதࢃࢀࡓࠋ ࡇࡢἲ௧ࡢྜ᠇ᛶࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿ࡟࠶ࡓࡾࠊᨻᗓࡣࠊFerber஦௳ุỴ࡟౫ᣐࡋࠊࠕ[ື≀⹢ ᚅࡢᥥ෗ࡢ㸸ᘬ⏝⪅]᭱ᑠ㝈ࡢ౯್ࡣ➨୍ಟṇࡢಖㆤ࡟್ࡋ࡞࠸ࠖࡇ࡜ࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࠕ୍ ᐃࡢゝㄽࡢ㡿ᇦࡀ➨୍ಟṇࡢಖㆤࢆாཷࡍࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡣࠊᙜヱゝㄽࡢ౯್࡜ࡑࡢ♫఍ⓗ ࢥࢫࢺ࡜ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦࣜ࢝ࣝ࡞⾮㔞ࠖ࡟ࡼࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓ45_ࠋ  ࠕ࢝ࢸࢦࣜ࢝ࣝ࡞฼┈⾮㔞ࠖ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕᐃ⩏௜ࡅ⾮㔞ࠖ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᨻᗓഃࡢ୺ᙇࢆࠊࣟ ࣂ࣮ࢺ㛗ᐁᇳ➹ࡢἲᘐពぢࡣࠊࠕ➨୍ಟṇࡢ⠊ᅖ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⛣ࢁ࠸ࡸࡍ࠸㸦free-floating㸧 ᇶ‽࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢពぢࡣ㦫ࡃ࡭ࡁࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ࠿ࡘࠊ༴㝤࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨୍ಟṇࡢಖㆤࡣࠊ 㛵㐃ࡍࡿ♫఍ⓗࢥࢫࢺ࡜౽┈ࡢ࢔ࢻ࣍ࢵࢡ࡞⾮㔞ࢆ஌ࡾ㉺࠼ࡓゝㄽࡢ⠊␪࡟ࡢࡳཬࡪࡶ ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸46_{ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚㏥ࡅࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᨻᗓഃ࡜ྠࡌࡃFerber஦௳ุỴ࡟౫ᣐࡋࠊࠕಖㆤ} ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ゝㄽࠖ࡜ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ฼┈⾮㔞ࡢࡳ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࠕఏ⤫ࠖ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕṔྐࠖ ࡢཧ↷ࡀせồࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿ࡔ࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊFerber஦௳ุỴࡢ᰿ᣐࡣࠊࠕඣ❺ ࣏ࣝࣀࡢᕷሙࡀࡑࡢᇶ♏࡜࡞ࡗࡓ⹢ᚅ࡜͆ᮏ᮶ⓗ࡟㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ͇ࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡺ ࠼࡟ࠊ͆ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞〇ရࡢ〇㐀࡟࡜ࡗ࡚୙ྍḞ࡞せ⣲͇ࡣࠊ͆ᅜᐙⓗ࡟㐪ἲ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ ⾜Ⅽ࡛࠶ࡿ͇47_{ࠖࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊࠕ᭷ຠ࡞ฮ஦ἲ࡟㐪཯ࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽࡢ୙ྍḞ࡞せ⣲}48_ࠖࢆ ࡞ࡍゝㄽ࡟➨୍ಟṇࡢಖㆤࡀཬࡤ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣ᪤࡟☜❧ࡋࡓṔྐⓗᐇ㊶࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ ࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࠕFerber஦௳ุỴࡣࠊࡑࡢศᯒࢆࠊࡍ࡛࡟ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ㛗ࡃ☜❧ࡋࡓࠊಖ ㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ゝㄽࡢ⠊␪࡟౫ᣐࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢᚋࡢᡃࠎࡢุ᩿ࡶࠊࡇࡢ⌮ゎࢆඹ ᭷ࡍࡿ49_{ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ}  ௨ୖ࠿ࡽࠊ᭱㧗⿢ࡣࠊࠕṔྐⓗ࡟ࡣಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸࡜ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊࡋ࠿ࡋࠊඛ౛࡟࠾࠸ 45 _{559 U.S. 460, 469-70 (2010).} 46 _{Id. at 470.}

47 _{Id. at 471 (quoting Ferber, 458 U.S. at 759, 761).}

48 _{Ferber, 458 U.S. at 761-62 (quoting Giboney, 336 U.S. at 498).} 49 _{Stevens, 559 U.S. at 471.}

10 ࡚ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡟᫂☜࡟≉ᐃࡉࢀࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊウㄽࡉࢀ࡚ࡇ࡞࠿ࡗࡓゝㄽࡢ⠊␪ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ͆ື≀⹢ᚅࡢᥥ෗͇ࡀࡑࢀࡽࡢ୰࡟࠶ࡿ ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍドᣐࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸50ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ゝㄽࠖࢆྰᐃࡋࡓࠋ

 ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞❧ሙࡣࠊᭀຊⓗࣅࢹ࢜ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢつไ࡟㛵ࡍࡿBrown v. EMA஦௳ุỴ51_ࠊ໏

❶ࢆཷࡅࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ბࢆࡘࡃࡇ࡜ࡢつไ࡟㛵ࡍࡿUnited States v. Alvarez஦௳ุ Ỵ52_{࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㋃くࡉࢀࡓࠋ≉࡟ࠊAlvarez஦௳ุỴ࡛ࡣࠊࢣࢿࢹ࢕⿢ุᐁᇳ➹ࡢἲᘐព} ぢ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࠕゝㄽ࡟ᑐࡍࡿෆᐜつไࡣࠊ୍⯡࡟ࠊἲᘐ࡟࠾࠸࡚㛗ࡃ࡞ࡌࡳࡢ࠶ࡿࠊࡈࡃ ᑡᩘࡢ[⾲⌧ࡢ]Ṕྐⓗ࣭ఏ⤫ⓗ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡟㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡢࡳチࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡢ୰࡟ࡣࠊ༶᫬ࡢ㐪ἲ⾜Ⅽࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࡇ࡜ࢆពᅗࡋࠊ࠿ࡘࠊᘬࡁ ㉳ࡇࡋࡑ࠺࡞ၐᑟࠊࢃ࠸ࡏࡘࠊ≢⨥⾜Ⅽ࡟୙ྍḞ࡞ゝㄽࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ͆ࡅࢇ࠿ゝⴥ͇ࠊඣ❺ ࣏ࣝࣀࠊブḭࠊ┿ࡢ⬣㏕ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᨻᗓ࡟㜵Ṇᶒ㝈ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࠊ࡞ࢇࡽ࠿ࡢ㔜኱࡛༶ ᫬ࡢ⬣ጾࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍゝㄽࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡇࡢ᭱ᚋࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿつไࡣ ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࡶࡗ࡜ࡶᅔ㞴࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡢࡔࡀࠋ[ᘬ⏝┬␎]53_{ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊෆᐜつไࡀチ} ࡉࢀࡿሙྜࡢࣜࢫࢺࡀ௜ࡉࢀࡓࠋ （３）Stevens-EMA-Alvarez事件判決の意味について  ࡇࢀࡽࡢุỴࡢ⤖ᯝࠊゝㄽࡢ౯್࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊࠕಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ゝㄽࠖヱᙜᛶุ᩿ࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ ᅔ㞴࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡟␲࠸ࡣ࡞࠸54_{ࠋࡋ࠿ࡶࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢᣑᙇഴྥࡶຍ࿡ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ} ࣜ࣋ࣥࢪ࣏ࣝࣀࡸ࢜ࣥࣛ࢖࣭ࣥࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆ㏻ࡌࡓಶேࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ཰㞟࣭㛤♧࣭㈍኎➼ࡶࠊࠕゝㄒࠖ ࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࢀࢆつไࡍࡿࠕṔྐࠖ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕఏ⤫ࠖࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ➨୍ಟ ṇࡢゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺⤖ㄽࢆᑟࡃྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡋࡑ࠺࡞ࢀࡤࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ⾜Ⅽ ࡣࠊಶேࡢࣉࣛࣂࢩ࣮ࢆⴭࡋࡃ౵ᐖࡍࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢᭀ㟢ࡢつไࡀᅔ㞴࡟࡞ࡾ࠿ࡡ࡞࠸ࠋ ຍ࠼࡚ࠊAlvarez஦௳ุỴࡢࢣࢿࢹ࢕ࡢἲᘐពぢ࡟ࡣࠊࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ/ࠕಖㆤࠖࡢ༊ศㄽࢆ㍍どࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࢱࢩࣗࢿࢵࢺࡢᣦ᦬ࡀ࠶ࡿ55_{ࠋࡲࡎࠊࡇࡢุỴࡢࣜࢫࢺ࡟ࡣࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊} ᅖࠖእ࡟⨨࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡋ࠿⌮ゎ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸⠊␪࡜ࠊ୍ᗘࡣࠊࡑࡢ⠊␪඲యࡀゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ ᅖࠖእ࡟⨨࠿ࢀࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊᚋ࡟ゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ࡟ᡠࡉࢀࡓ⠊␪࡜ࡀΰᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢩ 50 _{Id. at 472.} 51 _{564 U.S. 786, 791-92 (2011).} 52 _{567 U.S. 709, 721-22 (2012).} 53 _{Id. at 717-18.}

54 _{Bhagwat, supra note 2, at 847.}

55 _{Mark Tushnet, The Coverage/Protection Distinction in the Law of Freedom of Speech- An Essay on} Meta-Doctrine in Constitutional Law, 25 WM.&MARY BILL RTS. J. 1073, 1093 (2017).

11 ࣕ࢘࢔࣮ࡀᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠊࢃ࠸ࡏࡘ⾲⌧ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ࣑࣮ࣛᇶ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡍ⾲⌧ࡣࠊ ࠕ┿ᦸ࡞ᩥᏛⓗࠊⱁ⾡ⓗࠊᨻ἞ⓗࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ⛉Ꮫⓗ౯್ࢆḞ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊゝ ㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖእ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࠿⌮ゎ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊྡ㄃ẋᦆⓗ⾲⌧ࡣࠊ୍ᗘ ࡣࠊࡑࡢ⠊␪඲యࡀゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖእ࡟⨨࠿ࢀࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊᚋ࡟⌧ᐇࡢᝏពࡢἲ⌮࡟ࡼ ࡗ࡚ゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ࡟ᡠࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢᛶ㉁࠸࠿ࢇ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚␗࡞ࡿࠕಖㆤࠖࡀ୚ ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓ56_ࠋ ࡉࡽ࡟ࡣࠊChaplinsky஦௳ุỴࡢࣜࢫࢺ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋࡓሙྜࠊࡇࡢࣜࢫࢺ࡟ࡣࠊࠕᨻᗓ࡟㜵Ṇ ᶒ㝈ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࠊ࡞ࢇࡽ࠿ࡢ㔜኱࡛༶᫬ࡢ⬣ጾࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍゝㄽࠖࡀ㏣ຍࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢ⠊␪ࡢᣦࡋ♧ࡍࡶࡢࡣࠊཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡢᇶ‽ࢆ㐺⏝ࡋࡓ㝿࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿศᯒ࡟㢮ఝࡍ ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࠕࡑࡢ⬣ጾࡣ㔜኱࡛࠶ࡿࡀࡺ࠼࡟ࠊᨻᗓࡣࡑࡢ㦫␗ࡢᐇ⌧ࢆ㜼Ṇࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ ࡁࠊࡸࡴ࡟ࡸࡲࢀࡠ฼┈ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀ༶᫬ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࡺ࠼࡟ࠊᢚไࡢࡓࡵࡢࡼࡾไ 㝈ⓗ࡛࡞࠸௚ࡢ㑅ࡧ࠺ࡿᡭẁࡶᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢ✀ࡢゝㄽࡣࠊ⠊ᅖ࡟ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ 57_ࠖࠋ  （４）小括  ௨ୖ࡛ぢ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢ࡣࠊࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ/ࠕಖㆤࠖ༊ศㄽࢆ㍍どࡍࡿ࡜ྠ᫬ ࡟ࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࢆᣑᙇࡉࡏࡿഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࠋᚑ᮶࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊࠕಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ゝㄽࠖࡢ ἲ⌮ࡀゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢ୙⏝ព࡞ᣑᙇ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࠕᏳ඲ᘚࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋᚓࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊStevens ஦௳ุỴ௨㝆ࠊࠕಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ゝㄽࠖࡢἲ⌮࡟ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᶵ⬟ࢆᮇᚅࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᅔ㞴࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢᙧ࡛ゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࢆษࡾศࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࢫ࣌ࣥ ࢫࢸࢫࢺࡣࠊゝㄒࡀ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡓሙྜ࡟㐺⏝ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠊࡲࡓࠊ⾲⌧ⓗ⾜Ⅽࡀၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡗࡓ ሙྜ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࡢ⏬ᐃ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㐺ษ࡛࡞࠸ࠋ  ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢ࡢែᗘࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࠊ཯ࢺࣛࢫࢺἲࡢ౯᱁༠ᐃࡢ➨୍ ಟṇ㐺ྜᛶࡀ┿㠃┠࡟ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡽࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓሙྜࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊᮏ✏ࡀෑ㢌࡛ᣲࡆࡓࣜ࣋ࣥ ࢪ࣏ࣝࣀࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪂ࡓ࡟Ⓩሙࡋࡓ⾲⌧ࡢつไ࡟┤㠃ࡋࡓሙྜࠊ㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢ࡣࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢᇶ‽ࡢ ཝ᱁ࡉࢆᙅࡵࡿ㸦ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢ୚࠼ࡿࠕಖㆤࠖࡢ⛬ᗘࢆୗࡆࡿ㸧࡜࠸࠺ᡭẁࢆྲྀࡿ ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾ࠿ࡡ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿58_ࠋ

56 _{Schauer, supra note 5, at 1775-76.} 57 _{Tushnet, supra note 55, at 1092-94.}

58 _{Schauer 1981 at 271-72; Tushnet, supra note 55, at 1114-16; Leslie Kendrick, First Amendment} Expansionism, 56WM.&MARY L.REV. 1199, 1217 (2015).

12

２ 「範囲」の画定について

ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝᠇ἲᏛㄝࢆ⣲ᮦ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࡢ⏬ᐃᇶ‽࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍ ࡿࠋ （１）第一修正の目的による見解-シャウアーの見解- ア 第一修正の基礎理論に基づく記述的説明の困難性  ࡲࡎࠊࢩࣕ࢘࢔࣮ࡢぢゎࢆぢࡼ࠺ࠋᙼ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢ⠊ᅖࡣࠊࠕゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࠖ࡜ ࠸࠺ᩥゝࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢ౯್࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏬ᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࠕ⠊ᅖእ࡟⨨࠿ࢀࡓྂ඾ ⓗ࡞ࢣ࣮ࢫࡢ≉ᚩࡢ୍ࡘ࡟ࠊ⠊ᅖ࠿ࡽእࢀࡿ࠿ࡢỴᐃࡀࠊไ㝈ࡢṇᙜ໬ࡢྍྰࡢ᳨ウ࡞ࡋ ࡟ࠊᙜヱⓎゝࡑࢀ⮬యࡢ᭷ࡍࡿ➨୍ಟṇࡢ౯್ࡢࡳ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡗࡓⓎゝࡀ➨୍ಟṇࡢ┠ⓗ࡜඲ࡃ㛵ಀࡋ࡞࠸ሙྜࠊྜ⌮ᛶࡢᇶ‽ࡢ㐺 ⏝ࢆ㝖ࡁࠊᨻᗓࡢつไ⌮⏤ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿᚲせࡣ࡞࠸59_ࠖࠋ ࡓࡔࡋࠊᙼࡶࠊุ౛ୖࠊࠕಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ゝㄽࠖ࡜ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࡢ඲࡚ࡀゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ እ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋඛ࡟ᣲࡆࡓࢃ࠸ࡏࡘ⾲⌧㸦୍㈏ࡋ࡚ゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ ᅖࠖእ࡟࠶ࡿ㸧࡜ྡ㄃ẋᦆⓗ⾲⌧㸦ᚋ࡟ゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ࡟⨨࠿ࢀࡓ㸧࡜࡟㛵ࡍࡿᙼ ࡢ⌮ゎࢆẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࡳࢀࡤ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࢁ࠺60_{ࠋྠᵝ࡟ࠊᙼࡣၟᴗⓗゝㄽࡶࠊ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣゝㄽࡢ} ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ61_ࠋ  ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊᙼࡀゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖእ࡜ศᯒࡍࡿゝㄽ࡟ࡣࠊุ౛ࡀ᫂♧ⓗ࡟࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ ▱ࡽࡠ㛫࡟➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖእ࡟⨨࠸ࡓࡶࡢࡶྵࡲࢀࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ཯ࢺࣛࢫࢺἲࡢ౯᱁ ༠ᐃ62_࡛࠶ࡿࠋ  ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢゝㄽࢆ➨୍ಟṇࡢ⠊ᅖእ࡟⨨ࡃࡇ࡜㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࡢᚋ࡟⠊ᅖෆ࡟⨨ ࡁ࡞࠾ࡍࡇ࡜㸧ࢆࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢ┠ⓗ࠿ࡽࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢ᰿ᣐㄽ࡟䭧ࡗ࡚᰿ᣐ࡙ ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࠋ

59 _{Frederick Schauer, Codifying First Amendment: New York v. Ferber, 1982 SUP.CT.REV.285, 303 (1982).} ࡞࠾ࠊࢩࣕ࢘࢔࣮ࡣࠊChaplinsky ஦௳ุỴࡀࠕᛮ᝿ࡢ⾲᫂࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢᐇ㉁ⓗ࡞せ⣲ࢆ඲ࡃᣢࡓ㸦࡞࠸㸧ࠖࠊ ࠕ┿ᐇ࡬ࡢ฿㐩࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢ♫఍ⓗ౯್ࢆࢃࡎ࠿࡟ࡋ࠿᭷ࡉ࡞࠸ࠖ࡟ゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢࢃࡎ࠿ ࡞౯್ࡀ௚ࡢ฼┈࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠕୖᅇࡽࢀࡿࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘࡁࠊ⠊ᅖࡢၥ㢟࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦at 303 n. 99㸧ࠋࡲࡓࠊࠕ⠊ᅖࡢእ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡓఏ⤫ⓗ஦᱌ࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊ⠊ᅖࡀཬࡤ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡢุ᩿ࢆⓎゝࡑࢀ⮬య ࡢ᭷ࡍࡿ➨୍ಟṇࡢ౯್ࡢࡳ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚⾜࠺ࠖ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࠊFerber ஦௳ุỴࡢ⌮⏤࡙ࡅࡣࠊࠕゝㄽ ࡢ౯್ࡢၥ㢟ࢆᕞࡢつไ฼┈ࡢᙉࡉࡢၥ㢟࠿ࡽ༊ศࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࡢၥ㢟࡜┦㐪ࡍࡿⅬࡀ࠶ ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ㸦at 303-04㸧ࠋ 60 _{๓ᥖὀ㸦56㸧ࡢᮏᩥཧ↷ࠋ} 61 _{๓ᥖὀ㸦37㸧࡜ࡑࡢᮏᩥཧ↷ࠋ} 62 _{Schauer, supra note 5, at 1781.}

13  ゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢ᰿ᣐ࡟ࡣࠊᵝࠎ࡞᭷ຊ࡞ぢゎࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ௦⾲ⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ⮬ᕫ⤫἞ࡢ⌮ㄽ㸦self-government㸧ࠊẸ୺ⓗウ㆟ࡢ⌮ㄽ㸦democratic deliberation㸧ࠊ⮬ᕫ⾲⌧ࡢ⌮ㄽ㸦self-expression㸧ࠊಶேࡢ⮬ᚊ㸦personal autonomy㸧ࠊ┿ᐇⓎぢ㸦search for truth㸧ࠊᛮ᝿ࡢ⮬ ⏤ᕷሙㄽ㸦marketplace of ideas㸧ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ  ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᙼ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࢆ୍㈏ࡋ ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸63_ࠋ ࡲࡎࠊ⮬ᕫ⤫἞ࡢ⌮ㄽࠊẸ୺ⓗウ㆟ࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠊᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ウ㆟ࠊ⮬ᕫ⤫἞࡜㏻ᖖ 㛵ಀࡋ࡞࠸ࠊ࣏ࣝࣀࢢࣛࣇ࢕ࠊၟᴗⓗゝㄽࠊⱁ⾡ⓗ⾲⌧ࡀゝㄽࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖෆ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ ࡢㄝ᫂ࡀᅔ㞴࡜࡞ࡿࠋࠕᨻ἞ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆⷧࡵࡓព࿡࡛⏝࠸ࢀࡤࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢゝㄽ ࡟ࡲ࡛➨୍ಟṇࢆཬࡰࡏࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᙼ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀ࡛ࡣᨻ἞ⓗゝㄽࢆ㠀 ᨻ἞ⓗゝㄽ࠿ࡽ༊ศࡋ࡚๓⪅࡟ࡼࡾᙉຊ࡞ಖㆤࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠊ⮬ᕫ⤫἞ࡢ⌮ㄽࠊẸ୺ⓗウ㆟ࡢ ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡼࡿṇᙜ໬ࡢព⩏ࡀኻࢃࢀࡿ64_ࠋ ḟ࡟ࠊ┿ᐇⓎぢ࣭ᛮ᝿ࡢ⮬⏤ᕷሙㄽ࡟ࡼࡿሙྜࠊࠕ┿ᐇࠖ࡜ࡣゝ࠸㞴࠸ࠊ⮬ᕫ⾲⌧ⓗ࡞ഃ 㠃ࡢᙉ࠸ゝㄽࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊⱁ⾡ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊᩥᏛⓗ⾲⌧ࡸࠊ᫂ⓑ࡞㛫㐪࠸ࢆྵࡴゝㄽ➼ࡀ ゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖෆ࡟⨨࠿ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡢㄝ᫂ࡀᅔ㞴࡜࡞ࡿࠋ ࡲࡓࠊಶேࡢ⮬ᚊ࣭⮬ᕫ⾲⌧ࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡼࡿሙྜࠊἲே࡟ࡼࡿ㠀ၟᴗⓗ࡞ゝㄽ࡟➨୍ಟṇ ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࡀཬࡪࡇ࡜ࡀㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢゝㄽ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄡࡢಶேࡢ⮬ᚊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⮬ᕫ⾲ ⌧ࡀಁ㐍ࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊಶேࡢ⮬ᚊࡶ௚⪅ຍᐖ࡟ࡣཬࡤ࡞࠸ ࡓࡵࠊࠕ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟᭷ᐖ࡞ゝㄽࠖ65_{ࡣゝㄽࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖእ࡟⨨࠿ࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸}66_ࠋ イ 第一修正の「磁力」  ௨ୖࡼࡾࠊࢩࣕ࢘࢔࣮ࡣࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢ➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࢆ୍ࡘࡢ⌮ㄽ࠿ࡽグ㏙ⓗ࡟ㄝ᫂ࡍ ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠸ゝㄽࡶࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍ ࡿ67_{ࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡼࡿከඖⓗ࡞ㄝ᫂ࡶࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢ➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࢆグ㏙ⓗ࡟ㄝ} 63 _{Id. at 1785.} 64 _Id. 65 _{ࢩࣕ࢘࢔࣮⮬㌟ࡣࠊ2004 ᖺㄽᩥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࠕ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟᭷ᐖ࡞ゝㄽࠖࡢ୰㌟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ゝཬࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡑࡢ} ⴭ᭩࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊゝㄽࡀᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋ࠺ࡿᐖᝏ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࠕྡ㄃ࡢẋᦆࠖࠊࠕ⮬ᑛᚰࡢẋᦆࠖࠊࠕࣉࣛ࢖ࣂࢩ࣮ࡢ౵ᐖࠖࠊ ࠕ୙ᛌឤࠖࠊࠕ⢭⚄ⓗⱞ③ࠖࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦SCHAUER, supra note 9, at 10㸧ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡢࠕ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟᭷ᐖ࡞ゝㄽࠖ

ࡶࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᐖᝏࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍゝㄽࡢࡇ࡜ࢆᣦࡍ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ

66 _{ࡲࡓࠊಶேࡢ⮬ᚊ࣭⮬ᕫ⾲⌧ࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡼࡿሙྜࠊࠕ㏿ᗘไ㝈࡟཯ᑐࡍࡿࠖ࡜ࡢ࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪࢆῧ࠼ࡓ㏿ᗘไ㝈} 㐪཯࡟ࡶ➨୍ಟṇࡢಖㆤࡀཬࡪࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺ᣦ᦬ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦Joseph Blocher, Nonsense and the Freedom of Speech: What Meaning Means for the First Amendment, 63 DUKE L.J. 1423, 1475 (2014)㸧ࠋ 67 _{Schauer, supra note 5, at 1786.}

14 ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᙺ❧ࡓ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⌮ㄽࡀከᵝ࡟㐣ࡂࠊࠕࡑࢀࡽࡢ⥲య࡟ࡼࡗ࡚♧ࡉࢀࡿ⠊ ᅖ㸦their collective coverage㸧ࠖࡀ࠶ࡲࡾ࡟ᗈ኱࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ68ࠋ

᪤Ꮡࡢ➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࢆ୍ࡘࡢ⌮ㄽ࠿ࡽㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᙼ ࡣࠊ᭱㧗⿢ุ౛࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⌧ᐇࡢゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࡀ➨୍ಟṇࡢ⫼ᚋ࡟࠶ࡿᇶ♏⌮ㄽࡢ ࡳ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ➨୍ಟṇ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᨻ἞ⓗ࣭♫఍Ꮫⓗ࣭Ṕྐⓗ࣭ᚰ ⌮Ꮫⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗせᅉࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ࠿ࡘࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢᙳ㡪ຊࡀ➨୍ಟṇࡢᇶ♏⌮ㄽࡢ ᙳ㡪ຊࡼࡾࡶ኱ࡁ࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿ69_ࠋ  ࡇࢀࡽࡢㅖせᅉࢆࠊᙼࡣࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢᣢࡘࠕ☢ຊ(magnetism)70_{ࠖ࡜⾲⌧ࡍࡿࠋᙼ࡟ࡼࢀ} ࡤࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡣࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝♫఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࠕࢩࣥ࣎ࣝ71_{ࠖⓗ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ࢔} ࣓ࣜ࢝࡟࠾࠸࡚ゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡣࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤࠊ㔜せ࡞௚ࡢ฼┈࡜⾪✺ࡋࡓሙྜ࡛ࡉ࠼ࡑࢀࢆ↓ どࡋࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࢆඃඛࡉࡏࡿ࠿ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᢅࢃࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡣࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬ ⏤࣭ฟ∧ࡢ⮬⏤ࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿഃࢆඃ఩࡞ᆅ఩࡟❧ࡓࡏࠊࡲࡓࠊ࿘ᅖࡢὀពࢆᘬࡁࡘࡅࡿࠋࡇ ࡢࡼ࠺࡞➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕ☢ຊࠖ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ➨୍ಟṇ࡟౫ᣐࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࣉࣞࢫࡢὀព࡜ᨭᣢࢆ ᘬࡁࡘࡅࡿ⤯ዲࡢᡭẁ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࣉࣞࢫࡀ࠶ࡿㄽⅬࢆබඹࡢ㛵ᚰ஦㡯࡬ኚ໬࡟࠶ࡓ ࡾ㔜せ࡞ᆅ఩ࢆ༨ࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢ୺ᙇࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ฼┈㞟ᅋ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚᭷ຠ࡞స ᡓ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠊ࠿ࡘ࡚⤒῭ⓗ⮬⏤࡟ᑐࡍࡿつไ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓつไࡣࠊ ၟᴗⓗゝㄽ࡜࠸࠺ࠊゝㄽ࡟ᑐࡍࡿつไ࡜ࡋ࡚୺ᙇࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࠊ࠿ࡘ࡚ᛶⓗ⮬⏤ࡢつ ไ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࣃࢱ࣮ࢼࣜࢬ࣒࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃつไ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࢾ࣮ࢻࢲࣥࢩࣥࢢࡢつไࡣࠊゝ ㄽつไ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ  ᙼࡢ⌮ゎ࡛ࡣࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕ☢ຊࠖࡀࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࢆࠊࡑࡢᇶ♏⌮ㄽࡢタᐃ ࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿቃ⏺⥺ࡼࡾࡶࠊእഃ࡬࡜ᢲࡋᣑࡆࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛➨୍ಟṇࡢၥ㢟࡛࡞ ࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓၥ㢟ࢆゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ࡟ྵࡵࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࠕ➨୍ಟṇࡢ☢ຊࡢ ᙉࡉࡣࠊࡑ࠺࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ➨୍ಟṇࡢቃ⏺⥺ࢆ㉺࠼࡚࠸ࡓ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺୺㢟࡜୺ᙇࢆᘬࡁࡘࡅࠊ ࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊッゴࡶࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢ☢ຊࡢᙉࡉࢆࡼࡾᙉ໬ࡍࡿࠊࣉࣞࢫࠊබ⾗ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ ฼┈㞟ᅋࡢ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡢ㛵ᚰࢆᘬࡁࡘࡅࡿࠋࡇࡢࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࡣࠊ௨๓ࡣ➨୍ಟṇࡢ㡿ᇦࡢእഃ ࡟࠶ࡗࡓㄽⅬࢆࡑࡢෆഃ࡟ᘬࡁ㎸ࡴࡔࢁ࠺72_ࠖࠋ  ྠ᫬࡟ࢩࣕ࢘࢔࣮ࡣࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢ⌧ᐇࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࡀ⊃ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊ౯್ࡢㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿゝㄽࡲ

68 _{Id. See also Tabatha Abu El-Haj, “Live Free or Die”-Liberty and the First Amendment, 78 OHIO ST.L.J.} 917, 925 (2017).

69 _{Schauer, supra note 5, at 1768, 1787-1800.} 70 _{Id. at 1787.}

71 _Id.

72 _{Schauer, supra note 5, at 1796; Shanor, supra note 18, at 330.}

15 ࡛㏣࠸ฟࡍࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸࡜⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᭣ࡃࠊࠕࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࢀ[➨୍ಟṇ ࡢࠗ☢ຊ࠘㸸ᘬ⏝⪅]࡜ᑐᛂࡍࡿࠊ௨๓࠿ࡽෆഃ࡟࠶ࡗࡓㄽⅬࢆእഃ࡬࡜㏣࠸ࡸࡿຊࡣ࡞ࢇ ࡽᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸73ࠖ࡜ࠋ ウ 小括 ௨ୖ࠿ࡽࠊࢩࣕ࢘࢔࣮࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࡣࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢ౯್ࢆྵࡴ࠿ྰ ࠿࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽᇶᮏⓗ࡟Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊุ౛ἲ⌮࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪤Ꮡࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ࡜୍⮴ ࡍࡿᇶ♏⌮ㄽࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊᙼࡀ➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕ☢ຊࠖ࡜࿧ࡪࡶࡢ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ ⫼ᚋ࡟࠶ࡿᇶ♏⌮ㄽࡢ౯್ࡀཬࡤ࡞࠸ゝㄽࡀࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖෆ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࠶ࡾ ࠺ࡿࠋ ᙼࡢ⌮ゎࡣࠊ௚ࡢㄽ⪅ࡶᣦ᦬ࡍࡿゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢᣑᙇഴྥ74_{࡜ᩚྜⓗ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ} ࡑࢀ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᪤Ꮡࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࢆ➨୍ಟṇࡢ┠ⓗ࠿ࡽ⏬ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ ᅔ㞴ᛶࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓ75_ࠋ  （２）規範による見解-シュノアーの見解- ア 規範と言論効果について  ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࢩࣗࣀ࢔࣮ࡢぢゎࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊࠕศᯒⓗ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣဴᏛⓗཎ⌮࡟ࡼࡗ࡚➨୍ಟ ṇࡢᑕ⛬ࡢṇᙜ໬ࢆヨࡳࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡴࡋࢁࠊ♫఍Ꮫⓗ⌧㇟࡜ࡋ࡚⠊ᅖ࡟࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡍ ࡿ76_{ࠖⅬ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ}  ࡲࡎࠊᙼዪࡶࠊุ౛ἲ⌮࡟࠾ࡅࡿゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡀᅛᐃⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊၟᴗⓗゝㄽࡢࡼ ࠺࡟ࠊ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡣ➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖእ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡀࠊᚋ࡟ࠕ⠊ᅖࠖෆ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ኚ᭦ࡉࢀ ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵࡿ77_{ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࡀࠕ♫఍ⓗ⾜Ⅽ࠾} ࡼࡧࡑࢀࡽࡢព࿡࡟㛵ࡍࡿࠊඹ᭷ࡉࢀࡓᩥ໬ⓗつ⠊㸦norms㸧ࢆ཯ᫎࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࠿ ࡘࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢつ⠊࠾ࡼࡧព࿡ࡣ♫఍ⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪ຊ㸦forces㸧࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ኚ໬ࡋ࠺ࡿ78_ࠖ࡜ࡇࢁ ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊุ౛ἲ⌮࡟࠾ࡅࡿゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࢆࠊࠕゝㄽຠᯝ㸦speech effect㸧

73 _{Schauer, supra note 5, at 1796.}

74 _{๓ᥖὀ㸦24㸧࡜ࡑࡢᮏᩥཧ↷ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࢩࣕ࢘࢔࣮ࡣࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢ⠊ᅖࡢᣑᙇࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ➨୍ಟ} ṇࡢᩥゝࡢᗈ⠊ࡉࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢ┠ⓗࡢ୙☜ᐃᛶࠊ㏻ᖖࡢព࿡࡛ࡢࠕゝㄽࠖࡢ㐢ᅾ࡞࡝࠿ࡽࠊ➨୍ಟṇ࡟ᇶ࡙ ࡃ୺ᙇࢆㄝᚓⓗ࡛࡞࠸࡜ࡋ࡚⡆༢࡟㏥ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆᣲࡆࡿ㸦Schauer, supra note 5, at 1797-98㸧ࠋ 75 _{See Frederick Schauer, The Politics and Incentives of First Amendment Coverage, 56 WM.&MARY L.}

REV.1613, 1617 (2015); Schauer 1989 at13; Kendrick, supra note 58, at 1218; Blocher, supra note 66, at 1475.

76 _{Shanor, supra note 18, at 343.} 77 _{Id. at 321.}

78 _{Id. at 338.}

16 79_{ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆ⏝࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࡣࠊࠕఱࡀࠗゝㄽ࠘} ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢඹ᭷ࡉࢀࡓつ⠊ࠖ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚⏬ᐃࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࠕၥ㢟࡜࡞ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⾜Ⅽࡢ♫఍ⓗ࡞ព࿡࡜ࡋ࡚ᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࣜ࢔ࢡࢩࣙࣥ ࡜ࡋ࡚ᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ㸦ヰ⪅ࡀ⪺ࡁᡭࡲࡓࡣ⫈⾗ࡢែᗘ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟స⏝ࡍࡿ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ ࡣࠊ⪺ࡁᡭࡲࡓࡣ⫈⾗ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐖࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࢆྵࡴ㸧ࡢ⤖ྜࠖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡘࡲࡾࠊࠕ⾲⌧ ⓗ⾜Ⅽࡀࡑࡢ♫఍ⓗᩥ⬦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ㸦work㸧ࡢ࠿ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࠊ࡞ࢇࡽ࠿ ࡢຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡀ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿࡢ࠿࡟ᑐࡍࡿ♫఍ⓗุ᩿ࡢ㏻⏝ຊ㸦strength㸧ࠖ ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏬ᐃࡉࢀࡿ80_{ࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊࠕᙜヱ⾜Ⅽࡢ♫఍ⓗຠᯝ࡟ᑐࡍࡿඹ㏻ࡢつ⠊ࡀᏑᅾࡍ} ࡿሙྜࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ⿢ุᡤࡀࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞つ⠊ࡀᏑᅾࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ุ᩿ࡋࡓሙྜࠊࡑࡇ࡟ ࡣ➨୍ಟṇࡣཬࡤ࡞࠸ࠋ㏫࡟ࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ඹ㏻ࡢつ⠊ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ⿢ุᡤࡀ ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞つ⠊ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸࡜ࡍ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜ุ᩿ࡋࡓሙྜࡣࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡀཬࡪ81_ࠖࠋ イ 言論効果による区分

 ౛࠼ࡤࠊSchenck v. United States஦௳ุỴ࡛ࡣࠊᚩරไ࡟཯ᑐࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿ ࣮ࣜࣇࣞࢵࢺࢆᚩරೃ⿵⪅࡟㓄ᕸࡋࡓ⾜Ⅽ࡟ࡘࡁࠊ㜵ㅁἲࢆ㐺⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ➨୍ಟṇ࡟཯ ࡋ࡞࠸࡜ุ᩿ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢุỴࡣࠊ࣮࣒࣍ࢬ⿢ุᐁࡢࠕ᫂ⓑ࠿ࡘ⌧ᅾࡢ༴㝤ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࣇࣞ ࣮ࢬ࡛▱ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊ࣮࣒࣍ࢬࡣࠊྠ᫬࡟ࠊࠕࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࡑࡢᩥ᭩ࡣࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢຠᯝࢆᣢࡘࡇ ࡜ࢆពᅗࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ㓄ᕸࡉࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᡃࠎࡣࠊᚩරไࡢᐇ᪋ࡢጉᐖ ࢆᚩරᑐ㇟⪅࡟ಁࡍࡇ࡜௨እ࡟ࠊࡇࡢᩥ᭩࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᚩරࡢᑐ㇟⪅࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆពᅗࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࠿ࢆぢฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ࣭࣭࣭ゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࢆ᭱ࡶཝ᱁࡟ಖㆤࡋ ࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ࣭࣭࣭ຊࡢ⾜౑࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢຠᯝ㸦effect of force㸧ࡋ࠿᭷ࡉ࡞࠸ゝⴥࢆⓎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ ࡢᕪࡋṆࡵ࠿ࡽேࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸82_{ࠖ࡜㏙࡭ࡓࠋࢩࣗࣀ࢔࣮࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡢ㆟} ㄽࡣࠊゝㄽຠᯝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࠿ࡘࠊ⿢ุᡤࡣࠊ࣮ࣜࣇࣞࢵࢺࡢ㓄ᕸ࡜ࠊ ࡇࢀࢆ┠࡟ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡟ࡼࡿᚩරไࡢጉᐖ࡜ࡢ㛫ࡢᅉᯝ㛵ಀࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡟ゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࢆཬࡰࡉ ࡞࠸࡜ࡍࡿ࡟༑ศ࡞࡯࡝᫂ࡽ࠿㸦sufficiently clear㸧࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿ࡜ุ᩿ࡋࡓࡓࡵ ࡟ࠊᙜヱ࣮ࣜࣇࣞࢵࢺࡢ㓄ᕸࡣ➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖእ࡟⨨࠿ࢀࡓ83_ࠋ ྠࡌࡃࠊࢃ࠸ࡏࡘ⾲⌧࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ๓㏙ࡋࡓ࣑࣮ࣛᇶ‽ࡣࠊࠕᖹᆒேࡀ⌧ᅾࡢඹྠయࡢᇶ 79 _{Id. at 344.} 80 _{Id. at 344-45.} 81 _{Id. at 346.} 82 _{249 U.S. 47, 51 (1919).} 83 _{Shanor, supra note 18, at 347.}

17 ‽ࢆ㐺⏝ࡋࡓሙྜࠖࡢุ᩿ࢆၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࠕඹྠయࡢᇶ‽ࠖ࡟ࡘࡁࠊุỴࡣࠊ ࠕᅜᐙࡢ᠇ἲ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᕞࡢᶒ㝈࡟ᑐࡍࡿᇶᮏⓗ࡞➨୍ಟṇࡢไ㝈ࡣࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡈ࡜࡟ ኚࢃࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊఱࡀ͆ዲⰍⓗ࡞⯆࿡͇࡟ッ࠼࠿ࡅࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ ࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊఱࡀ͆᫂ࡽ࠿࡟୙ᛌ͇࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆ᫂☜࡟ࡍࡿࠊ☜❧ࡋࡓᅜᐙ࡟ඹ㏻ ࡢᇶ‽ࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊᏑᅾࡍ࡭ࡁࠊᏑᅾࡋ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜ࡲ࡛ព࿡ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ࣭࣭࣭ᡃࠎࡢᅜ ᐙࡣࠊ༢⣧࡟኱ࡁࡍࡂࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊከᵝ࡟㐣ࡂࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼࡟ࠊᚲ㡲ࡢࢥࣥࢭࣥࢧࢫࡀᏑᅾ ࡍࡿ࡜᝿ᐃࡋࡓሙྜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡍࡽࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᇶ‽ࢆࠊ୍ࡘࡢᐃᘧ໬࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ࠊ50ࡢᕞ ඲࡚࡟♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࢆ⿢ุᡤ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ྜ⌮ⓗ࡟ᮇᚅࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸84_{ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᅜᐙ඲య} ࡢᇶ‽࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡼࡾ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣝ࡞ᇶ‽ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡇ࠿ࡽࠊࢃ࠸ࡏ ࡘ࡟㛵ࡍࡿἲ⌮ࡣࠊዲⰍᛶ࣭୙ᛌឤ࡟㛵ࡍࡿつ⠊ࡀࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡈ࡜࡟␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ๓ᥦ ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡼࡾ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣝ࡞ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡢᇶ‽ࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࡶࡢࡔ࡜ࡍࡿ85_{ࠋᅜᐙⓗ࡞つ⠊ࡢ} Ꮡᅾࢆ☜ಙࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࡼࡾ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣝ࡞つ⠊࡛࠶ࢀࡤࡑࡢᏑᅾࢆ☜ಙࡍࡿ ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵࠊ⿢ุᡤࡣࠊඹ㏻ࡢつ⠊ࡀᡂ❧ࡍࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢃ࠸ࡏࡘ⾲⌧ࢆࠕ⠊ᅖࠖእ ࡟࠾࠸ࡓ࡜࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ௚࡟ࡶᙼዪࡣࠊዎ⣙࣭ඹㅛ➼ࡢ⣙᮰࡜࠸࠺♫఍ⓗ㛵ಀᛶࡶࠊつ⠊࡟↷ࡽࡋ࡚➨୍ಟṇࡢ ࠕ⠊ᅖࠖእ࡟⨨࠿ࢀࡓࡶࡢࡔ࡜ࡍࡿ86ࠋዎ⣙࣭ඹㅛ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢ♫఍㛵ಀ࡟ධࡗࡓᙜ஦ ⪅㛫࡛ࠊⓎヰ⪅ࡀఱࢆពᅗࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᐇ㝿࡟ఱࢆ࡞ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡞ࡢ࠿࡟ࡘࡁࠊゝㄽຠᯝࡢつ⠊ ࡣ༑ศᙉᅛ࡟ᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ  ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠊᨻ἞ⓗゝㄽ࡟➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࡀཬࡪࡢࡣࠊ࠶ࡿᨻ἞ⓗゝㄽ ࡀⓎࡏࡽࢀࡓሙྜࠊࡑࡢ⪺ࡁᡭࡣࠊ␗࡞ࡿつ⠊ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿᵝࠎ࡞ゎ㔘ඹྠయ࡟ᒓࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ ࡗ࡚ࠊ⪺ࡁᡭࡢ㈶ྰࡣண ࡛ࡁࡎࠊᙜヱゝㄽ࡟ᑐࡍࡿඹ㏻ࡢつ⠊ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸ ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ87_{ࠋྠᵝ࡟ࠊ࣏ࣝࣀࢢࣛࣇ࢕࡟➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࡀཬࡪࡢࡣࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡿᐖᝏ} ࡟ࡘࡁࠊඹ㏻ࡢつ⠊ࡀᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ࣏ࣝࣀࢢࣛࣇ࢕࡟ᑐࡋࠊ ࠕࡑࢀࡣᚑᒓࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ༢࡟ᛶᕪࡢ㐺ษ࡞ㄆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺㸦≉࡟⏨ᛶഃ 84 _{Miller, 413 U.S. at 30.} 85 _{Shanor, supra note 18, at 348.}

86 _{Id. at 349.ࢩࣗࣀ࢔࣮ࡣ௚࡟ࡶࠊ⿢ุᡤ࣭Ꮫᰯ࣭᐀ᩍ࣭㌷㝲࣭ฮ஦᪋タࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࠊ⫋ሙ࡞࡝ࢆࠕ⊂⮬ࡢ⛛} ᗎ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡓつ⠊ࠖࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ᣲࡆࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ୰࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㏻ᖖࡢព࿡ࡢゝㄽ࡟ࡼࡿ᝟ ሗఏ㐩ࡢつไ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚┿㠃┠࡟ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡽࢀ࡚ࡇ࡞࠿ࡗࡓゝㄽࡀᏑᅾࡋ࠺ࡿࠋ ౛࠼ࡤࠊࢭࢡࢩࣕࣝࣁࣛࢫ࣓ࣥࢺࡢつไࡣࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡽࢀ࡚ࡇ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣᙼ ዪ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ⫋ሙ࡜ࡣࠊࠕ⌧௦ࡢ⫋ሙ࡟ࡩࡉࢃࡋ࠸つ⠊࡜ᐇ㊶࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᨭ㓄ࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ✵㛫ࠖ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࠕࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞✵㛫࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊࣁࣛࢫ࣓ࣥࢺࡣ୙㐺ษࠊ࠿ࡘࠊ㸦つ⠊ࡢ㸸ᘬ⏝⪅㸧ᔂቯ࡜ᐖᝏࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࡶ ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦at 357㸧ࠋ 87 _{Id. at 351.} 䠉㻌㻌㻞㻢㻣㻌䠉

18 ࡢ㸧ࣜ࢔ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊ௚᪉ࠊࠕࡑࢀࢆぢࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡢ⏕ࡳฟࡍຠᯝࡢ୰࡛ ⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡃࠖ࡜࠸࠺㸦ዪᛶࡢ㸧ࣜ࢔ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ88ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࠕ࣏ࣝࣀࢢࣛࣇ࢕ ࡢຠᯝ࡟ᑐࡋ␗࡞ࡿホ౯ࢆୗࡋࠊࡲࡓࠊࡑࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡢᵓᡂဨࡀ␗࡞ࡗࡓ♫఍ⓗ❧ሙ ࡟࠶ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡑࢀࡀఱ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿࡟㛵ࡋ␗࡞ࡗࡓ⌮ゎࢆࡍࡿከඖⓗ࡞ゎ㔘ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡀ Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ89_{ࠖࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡾࠊ࣏ࣝࣀࢢࣛࣇ࢕ࡢゝㄽຠᯝ࡟ࡘࡁඹ㏻ࡢつ⠊ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ} ウ 小括  ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࢩࣗࣀ࢔࣮ࡢぢゎ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࡣࠊゝㄽࡢ౯್࡟ࡼ ࡗ࡚࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊඹ㏻ࡢつ⠊ࡢᏑྰ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵࡏࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࢃ࠸ࡏࡘ⾲⌧つไ࡟㛵ࡍ ࡿ࣑࣮ࣛᇶ‽࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㆟ㄽࡀ♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡑࢀࡀࠕ♫఍ⓗᩥ⬦ࠖ࡟࠾ࡅࡿඹ㏻ࡢつ⠊ ࡢᏑྰࢆၥ㢟࡜ࡍࡿࡀࡓࡵ࡟ࠊつ⠊࡜ࡣࠊᅜᐙⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿᚲせࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ࡞ࡃࠊࡼࡾ ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣝ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ㊊ࡾࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟ࢩࣗࣀ࢔࣮ࡢ㆟ㄽࡢ≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ  ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢඹ㏻ࡢつ⠊ࡢᏑྰࡀ୍యఱࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࡞࠸ࠋᙼዪ ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊSchenck஦௳ุỴࡢゝㄽࡀ➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖእ࡜ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊ࣮ࣜࣇࣞࢵࢺ ࡜ᚩරไࡢጉᐖ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟ᅉᯝ㛵ಀࡢ᫂ⓑᛶࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࢃ࠸ࡏࡘ⾲⌧ ࡀࠕ⠊ᅖࠖእ࡜ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡤ㸺ࡑࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࡟࠾ࡅࡿㄡࡶࡀぢࡓࡃ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ㸼 ࡀ☜❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞⾲⌧ࢆࠕ⠊ᅖࠖእ࡟࠾ࡅࡤࠊ㸺ぢࡓࡃ ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢ฼┈㸼ࡀ༑ศ࡟☜ಖࡉࢀࡿ㛵ಀࡀᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋዎ⣙࣭ඹㅛ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶྠᵝ࡟ࠊ ዎ⣙㐪཯࡟ࢧࣥࢡࢩࣙࣥࢆㄢࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ㈈⏘⛛ᗎࡢಖㆤ࡟┤᥋ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࠊࡲࡓࠊඹㅛࡢฎ⨩ ࡣಖㆤἲ┈ࡢ☜ಖ࡟┤᥋ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ࣏ࣝࣀࢢࣛࣇ࢕࡟➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ ࡀཬࡪࡢࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀዪᛶࡢᚑᒓࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍ࡜࠸࠺㛵ಀ࡟ࡘࡁࠊ㆟ㄽࡀṧࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࢀ࡛ࡣᙼዪࡢ࠸࠺ඹ㏻ࡢつ⠊࡜ࡣࠊᐖᝏࡢ᫂ⓑᛶࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊつไ฼┈࡜つไ ᑐ㇟ࡓࡿ⾲⌧≀࡜ࡢᅉᯝ㛵ಀࡢ᫂ⓑᛶࡢせồ90ࡢゝ࠸᥮࠼࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࠋ  （３）「市民」の権利-バグワットの見解-  ⥆࠸࡚ࠊࣂࢢ࣡ࢵࢺࡢぢゎࢆぢ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺ࠋᙼࡢぢゎࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࢆ➨୍ಟṇࡢಖ 㞀ࡍࡿ௚ࡢ⮬⏤࡜㛵㐃࡙ࡅ࡚⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆヨࡳࡿⅬ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ 88 _{Id. at 352.} 89 _Id.

90 _{Brown v. EMA, 564 U.S. 786 (2011) (ᭀຊⓗࣅࢹ࢜ࢤ࣮࣒࡜ᖺᑡ⪅࡬ࡢᐖᝏ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟ࠕᅉᯝ㛵ಀࡢドᣐࠖࢆ} せồࡋࡓ).ࡓࡔࡋࠊࢩࣗࣀ࢔࣮ࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊドᣐࡢせồ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡣゎ㔘ࡢၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢഃ㠃ࡀᙉ࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀ ࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡢⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᅉᯝ㛵ಀࡢ᫂ⓑᛶࡢせồ࡜␗࡞ࡿ⤖ㄽࡀᑟ࠿ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ

19 ア 民主主義的権利について  ➨୍ಟṇࡣࠊ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ⮬⏤ࢆᥖࡆࡿࠋゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࠊฟ∧ࡢ⮬⏤ࠊ㞟఍ࡢ⮬⏤ࠊㄳ㢪ᶒ 㸦Ẹ୺୺⩏ⓗᶒ฼㸸democratic rights㸧ࠊ᐀ᩍ᮲㡯࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙼ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࡇࢀࡽࡣࠊ㸦ไᐃ ᫬࡟≉Ṧ࡞㐣⛬ࢆ⤒࡚➨୍ಟṇ࡟ᣢࡕ㎸ࡲࢀࡓ᐀ᩍ᮲㡯ࢆ㝖ࡁ91_{ࠊ㸧┦஫࡟㛵㐃࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚} ࡁࡓ92_{ࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊẸ୺୺⩏ⓗᶒ฼ࡣࠊඹ㏻ࡢ㉳※࣭┠ⓗࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠕྠ✀ࡢ㸦cognate㸧}93_ࠖ ᶒ฼࡛࠶ࡿ94_{ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᙼࡣࠊࠕゝㄽࠖࡢᐃ⩏࡜࠸࠺సᴗࡣࠊ௚ࡢẸ୺୺⩏ⓗᶒ฼࡜ࡢ} 㛵ಀࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ㆟ㄽࡢฟⓎⅬ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ  ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᙼ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊฟ∧ࡢ⮬⏤࣭㞟఍ࡢ⮬⏤࣭ㄳ㢪ᶒࡣࠊࡑࡢ≉ᚩ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊձ」ᩘࡢ ୺య࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿඹྠࡢάື࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊղࡑࢀࡽࡢ୺య࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⾲⌧ⓗせ⣲ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ ࡜ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞≉ᚩ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊճẸ୺୺⩏࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷẸ࡜࠸࠺ᆅ఩࡟ᙉࡃ⤖ࡧࡘࡅ ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ᛶ᱁ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆඹ᭷ࡍࡿ95_{ࠋࡇࡇ࠿ࡽࠊᙼࡣࠊ➨} ୍ಟṇ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ಖㆤࡉࢀࡿゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡶࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢࠕྠ✀ࡢࠖᶒ฼࡜ྠᵝࠊࠕᨻ἞ⓗ࠶ࡿ࠸ ࡣẸ୺୺⩏ⓗ࡞ඹྠࡢάື࡟ᚑ஦ࡍࡿᶒ฼ࠖࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࠕẸ୺୺⩏࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷẸ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ ㈨᱁࡛ࠊ௚⪅࡜ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢺࡍࡿᶒ฼96_{ࠖ࡜⌮ゎࡍࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᙼࡢ⌮ゎ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ} ࠕゝㄽࡢ୰ᚰⓗᶵ⬟ࡣࠊᨻ἞ⓗᛮ᝿ࢆᗈࡵࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᨻ἞ⓗ㐠ືࢆィ⏬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ97_ࠖࠋ イ 「市民」の概念について ࡓࡔࡋࠊᙼࡢ࠸࠺ࠕᨻ἞ⓗࠖ࡜ࡣࠕ㑅ᣲ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣබඹⓗᨻ⟇ၥ㢟࡟┤᥋㛵㐃ࡍࡿゝㄽࠖ ࡢࡳࢆྵࡴࠊ⊃࠸ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᙼࡢ⌮ゎ࡟࠾ࡅࡿゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡣࠊ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࠊࠕẸ୺୺⩏࡟ ࠾ࡅࡿᕷẸ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㈨᱁ࠖ࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡃࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡶࡑࡶࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝᠇ἲࡀ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ௦ ⾲Ẹ୺ไ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕᕷẸࠖࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ஧ࡘࡢࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋࣇ࢙ࢹࣛࣜࢫࢺࣔࢹ ࣝ࡜ඹ࿴ඪࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿ98_{ࠋࡇࡢ஧ࡘࡢࣔࢹࣝࡢᑐ❧Ⅼࡣࠊᢞ⚊࡜࠸࠺༢⊂࡛ࡢ⾜ືࢆ㝖} 91 _{1791 ᖺ࡟➨୍ಟṇࢆᡂ❧ࡉࡏࡓ㉳ⲡ⪅ࡓࡕࡣࠊ➨୍ಟṇ࡟ᥖࡆࡽࢀࡿ௚ࡢ⮬⏤࡜᐀ᩍ᮲㡯࡜ࡣ඲ࡃ␗࡞ࡿ} ࡶࡢࡔ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋࠕᐇ㝿ࠊ᐀ᩍ᮲㡯ࡣࠊ1789 ᖺ 9 ᭶ 9 ᪥࡜ࠊ㉳ⲡ㐣⛬ࡢࢠࣜࢠࣜ࡟ୖ㝔ࡀㄝ᫂࡞ࡋ࡟⤖ ࡧࡘࡅࡿࡲ࡛ࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢṧࡾࡢࡶࡢ࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠖ㸦Bhagwat, supra note 2, at 872㸧ࠋࡇ ࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊẸ୺୺⩏ⓗᶒ฼ࡣ㉳ⲡ㐣⛬ࡢึᮇ࠿ࡽ㛵㐃ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋSee also Ashutosh Bhagwat, Religious Associations: Hosanna-Tabor and the Instrumental Value of Religious Group, 92 WASH.U.L.REV. 73, 92-93 (2014).

92 _{Bhagwat, supra note 2, at 872}

93 _{See Thomas v. Collins, 323 U.S. 516, 530 (1945); De Jonge v. Oregon, 299 U.S. 353, 364 (1937).} 94 _{Bhagwat, supra note 2, at 873.}

95 _{Id. at 873. ࡞࠾ࠊ㞟఍ࡢ⮬⏤ࡢᨻ἞ⓗᛶ᱁࡟ࡘࡁࠊࣂࢢ࣡ࢵࢺࡣࠊ㞟఍ࡢ⮬⏤࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࣓࢖ࢯࣥࠊ࣐ࢹ࢕} ࢯࣥࡢᥦ᱌⌮⏤࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢜ࣜࢪࢼࣝࡢᩥゝࡀࠊࠕබඹၿࢆồࡵ࡚ඹ࡟ᖹ࿴ⓗ࡟㞟఍ࡍࡿࠖᶒ฼࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

96 _{Id. at 874.} 97 _Id.

98 _{Ashutosh Bhagwat, The Democratic First Amendment, 110 NW.U.L.REV. 1097, 1121 (2016).}

20 ࡅࡤࠊ㞟ᅋ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࡳࠊࡑࡢᨻ἞ⓗ㈨᱁ࢆⓎ᥹ࡍࡿࡣࡎࡢᕷẸ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚99_{ࠊࠕᕷẸࡢ⚾ⓗ㞟}

ᅋ㸦private group of citizens㸧100ࠖࡢᏑᅾࢆほᛕ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ

ࣇ࢙ࢹࣛࣜࢫࢺࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ௦⾲Ẹ୺ไ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࠕᕷẸࡢ⚾ⓗ㞟ᅋࠖࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᕷẸࡣࡑࡢ௦⾲ࢆࠊᙼࡽ⮬㌟ࡢ⬟ຊ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㑅ฟࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ୍ ᗘ௦⾲⪅ࢆ㑅ฟࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ௦⾲⪅࡟ᑐࡍࡿᢈุࢆྵࡴࠊබඹ࡟㛵ࡍࡿウ㆟ࡣ௦⾲⪅ ࡟ጤࡡࡽࢀࠊࡓࡔࠊ௦⾲⪅ࡢࡳࡀேẸࡢࡓࡵ࡟ㄒࡾ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡿࠋ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᨻ἞ⓗ ㄽⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⤯࠼ࡎ㆟ㄽࢆ⥆ࡅࡿࠕᕷẸࡢ⚾ⓗ㞟ᅋࠖࡣṇᙜ໬ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣࠊ ➨୍ಟṇࡢᶒ฼࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿᙺ๭ࡣࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡿ101_{ࠋ௦⾲⪅࡟ᑐࡍࡿᢈุࡸ❧ἲ࡟} ᑐࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡉ࠼ࠊᕷẸ࣭ࣉࣞࢫ࡟ࡣᮇᚅࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࠕᜏᖖⓗ࡞ᕷẸ࡟ࡼࡿ⤌⧊ࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶࠊ ᨻ἞ⓗㄽⅬ࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀࡓ⤌⧊ࡣࠊேẸࡢ௦⾲࡛࠶ࡿ㑅ᣲࡉࢀࡓබ⫋⪅ࡢ⊂༨ⓗ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆ⠽ ዣࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟␲ࢃࡋ࠸ࠋࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᕷẸ࡟ᡂࡋ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡣࠊ ࡏ࠸ࡐ࠸ࠊᜏᖖⓗ࡞㞟ᅋ࣭ᵓ㐀ࢆᣢࡓࡎ࡟ࠊබඹࡢ஦᯶࡟ࡘࡁ㆟ㄽࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡑࡢ᫬ࠎ ࡟㞟ࡲࡾࠊ㔜኱࡞ᚲせᛶࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊᕷẸࡢぢゎࢆᙼࡽࡢ௦⾲⪅࡟ఏ㐩ࡍࡿࡓࡵ ࡟ㄳ㢪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡄࡽ࠸࡛࠶ࡿ102_ࠖࠋ  ࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊ⌧௦ࡢ➨୍ಟṇࡢゎ㔘࡜᫂ࡽ࠿࡟㐺ྜࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊᙼࡣࠊࣇ࢙ࢹࣛ ࣜࢫࢺࣔࢹࣝࢆ㏥ࡅࠊඹ࿴ඪࣔࢹࣝࢆ᥇⏝ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡜ࡍࡿ103ࠋࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᕷẸࡣࠊ ࠕࡼࡾ⾜ືⓗ࡛ࠊ㞟ᅋⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ௦⾲⪅ࢆᑛ㔜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡞࠸㸦disrespectful㸧ࠊ᫬࡟ࡣᡪ ືⓗ࡞104_{ࠖࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡉࢀࠊᕷẸࡣࠊࠕᕷẸࡢ⚾ⓗ㞟ᅋࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚⾜ືࡋ࠺ࡿࠋ} ウ バグワットにおける「言論」  ᙼࡢࠕᨻ἞ⓗࠖࡢព࿡࡟ᡠࢁ࠺ࠋᙼࡣࠊᕷẸ࡜ࡣࠊ༢࡟ᢞ⚊࡟ࡼࡗ࡚௦⾲⪅ࢆ㑅ฟࡍࡿ ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⤯࠼ࡎ㆟ㄽ࡟ཧຍࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࠕᕷẸࡀᨻ἞ⓗ㈨᱁࡜ ࡋ࡚⾜ືࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ᫬ࠊᙼࡽࡣ࡯ࡰᖖ࡟ࠊ㞟ᅋࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⾜ືࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ㞟ᅋ࡜ ࡣࠊᨻඪ࣭NRA࣭ࢩ࢚ࣛࢡࣛࣈࡢࡼ࠺࡞බⓗ࡞ᐇᅾ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࠊࡑࢀ࡜ࡶࠊ㸺࢛࣮࢘ࣝ⾤ࢆ ༨ᣐࡏࡼ㸦Occupy㸧㸼ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊࡼࡾ㠀බᘧ࡞㞟ྜ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࢆၥࢃ࡞࠸ࠋᙼࡽࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ ࠺࡞㞟ᅋࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊᙼࡽࡢ౯್࡜࢔࢖ࢹࣥࢸ࢕ࢸ࢕ࢆⓎぢ࣭Ⓨᒎࡉࡏࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ ࠺࡞㞟ᅋࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࡢࡳࠊಶே࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᕷẸࡣࠊ௚ࡢᕷẸ࣭බ⫋⪅ࡀ⪥ࢆഴࡅ࡚ࡃࢀࡿ࡜ᮇ 99 _{Id. at 1116.} 100 _{Id. at 1121.} 101 _{Id. at 1122} 102 _Id. 103 _{Id. at 1123.} 104 _Id. 䠉㻌㻌㻞㻣㻜㻌䠉

21 ᚅ࡛ࡁࡿ105_{ࠖࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊᕷẸ࡟ࡼࡿᨻ἞ⓗ࣭ᩥ໬ⓗ౯್ࡢⓎᒎ࣭ඹ᭷ࡣࠊබⓗ࡞ウ㆟ࡢࡳ࡛} ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⚾ⓗ࡞఍ヰ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊᙼࡢࠕᨻ἞ⓗࠖ࡜ࡣࠊࠕከࡃࡢ⫈⾗࡟ ྥࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡢ͆බඹ͇ࠖᛶࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿࠊ⊃࠸ព࿡࡛ࡢࡑࢀ࡟㝈ࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࠕ⛉ Ꮫⓗ▱㆑ࠊᩥ໬ࡢඹ᭷࣭Ⓨᒎࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡼࡾᗈࡃ౯್ࡢලయ໬ࡣᕷẸ࡜኱࠸࡟㛵ಀࡍࡿࠖ ࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ஦᯶ࡶࠊࠕゝㄽࠖ࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿ106_ࠋ  ᙼࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊ㸦ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣᢅ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊ㸧ࣜ࣋ࣥࢪ࣏ࣝࣀࠊಶேࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ཰ 㞟࡜࠸ࡗࡓ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡢᬑཬ࡟క࠸Ⓩሙࡋࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞ၥ㢟࡜ࡑࢀࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍᐖᝏࡢ㜵 Ṇࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ/ࠕಖㆤࠖ༊ศㄽࢆᨵࡵ᳨࡚ウࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜ࡢၥ㢟ព㆑࡟ ᇶ࡙ࡃ107_{ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊᙼࡢᐃ⩏࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࡅࢇ࠿ゝⴥ➼ࡢChaplinskyุỴࡢࣜࢫࢺ࡟ᣲࡆ} ࡽࢀࡓゝㄽ⠊␪ࡀゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿ࠿ྰ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ┤᥋᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡣࡋ࡚ ࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡅࢇ࠿ゝⴥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㸦⊃࠸ព࿡࡛ࡢ㸧ᨻ἞࡜ࡶࠊᩥ໬࡜ࡶ㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠸ ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊࡲࡓࠊࢃ࠸ࡏࡘ⾲⌧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊ࣑࣮ࣛᇶ‽ࡀࠕ┿ᦸ࡞ᩥᏛⓗࠊⱁ⾡ⓗࠊᨻ἞ ⓗࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ⛉Ꮫⓗ౯್ࢆḞ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࠖ࡜࠸࠺せ௳ࢆㄢࡍ௨ୖࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ ᅖࠖእ࡟⨨࠿ࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ཯ᑐ࡟ࠊබ⫋⪅࡟ᑐࡍࡿྡ㄃ẋᦆ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡲࡉ࡟ࠊ බ⫋⪅ࡢ㈐௵ࢆ㏣ཬࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊẸ୺୺⩏࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷẸࡢᆅ఩࡜ᙉࡃ⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊඣ❺࣏ࣝࣀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊᨻ἞࣭ᩥ໬࡜ࡢ㛵㐃ᛶࡣ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ ᅖࠖእ࡟⨨࠿ࢀࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ （４）小括  ᙼࡢぢゎࡣࠊᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ⮬ᕫ⤫἞ࡢ⌮ㄽ࠿ࡽฟⓎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ108_{ࠋࡑࡢୖ࡛ࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝᠇ἲ} ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ௦⾲Ẹ୺ไ࡟༶ࡋࡓࠕᕷẸࠖࣔࢹࣝࡢᒎ㛤࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࠕᕷẸࠖࢆ࠸ࢃࡤ፹ ௓㡯࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࠕᨻ἞ⓗࠖࡢព࿡ࢆᣑᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⮬ᕫ⤫἞ࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊ⮬ᕫᐇ⌧ࡢ⌮ㄽ➼ ࢆຍ࿡ࡍࡿከඖⓗ࡞ㄝ᫂ࢆ࡜ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࠕゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࠖࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࡢ⏬ᐃ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ᚲࡎࡋࡶ᭷ ຠ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼࡞࠸109_{ࠋ≉࡟ࠊᛮ᝿ࡢ⮬⏤ᕷሙㄽ࣭ಶேࡢ⮬ᚊ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆᙉㄪࡋࡓሙ} ྜ࡟ࠊ࠶ࡿゝㄽࢆࠕゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࠖࡢ⠊ᅖእ࡟⨨ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀᅔ㞴࡜࡞ࡿ࡜ࡢᣦ᦬ࡀ࠶ࡿ110_ࠋࡇࢀ 105 _{Id. at 1116.}

106 _{Bhagwat, supra note 2, at 874. ేࡏ࡚ࣂࢢ࣡ࢵࢺࡣࠊᕷẸࡢ▱㆑ࠊᩥ໬ࠊ౯್࡟ᑐࡍࡿᨻᗓࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟ} ࣝࡀࠊேẸ࡟ࡼࡿ⤫἞࡜࠸࠺࢔࣓ࣜ࢝᠇ἲࡢ኱๓ᥦ࡜㐺ྜࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡶࠊࠕᨻ἞ⓗࠖࢆࡼࡾᗈࡃᤊ࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁ ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋ

107 _{Id. at 883.} 108 _{Id. at 884.}

109 _{๓ᥖὀ㸦68㸧࡜ࡑࡢᮏᩥཧ↷ࠋ}

110 _{Abu El-Haj, supra note 68, at 925. ࡞࠾ࠊᙼዪ⮬㌟ࡣࠊ㆟ㄽࡢฟⓎⅬࢆ⮬ᕫ⤫἞ࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟⨨ࡃࡀࠊࠕᨻ἞} ⓗゝㄽࠖ࡜ࠕ㠀ᨻ἞ⓗゝㄽࠖ࡜ࡢ༊ูࡣࠕ⮬ᕫ⤫἞ࡢ฼┈㸦the self-governance interest㸧ࠖࡢ၏୍ࡢㄽ⌮ⓗ

22 ࡽࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊᙼࡢぢゎࡣࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢᇶ♏⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊุ౛ἲ⌮࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪤Ꮡ ࡢゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ᪉ἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡲࡓࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ࡟ጇᙜ࡞⥺ᘬ ࡁࢆຍ࠼ࡿ⌮ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚㨩ຊⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ  ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊᙼ⮬㌟ࡶᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࠕᕷẸࠖ࡟ࡼࡿ༊ศࡶࠊุ౛ἲ⌮࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪤Ꮡࡢゝㄽ ࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖࡢㄝ᫂࡟ࡣᡂຌࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࠕၟᴗྲྀᘬ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᥦ᱌࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࠖၟᴗⓗゝ ㄽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᙼࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࠿ࡽࡣ➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖእ࡟⨨࠿ࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ111_ࠋ ⤖ᯝ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢୖ࡛ࠊ࣏ࢫࢺࡢ㆟ㄽࢆཧ↷ࡋࠊࠕ➨୍ಟṇࡢಖㆤࡣࠊẸ୺ⓗ࡞ᅜᐙࢆࡑࡢᕷẸࡢど Ⅼ࠿ࡽぢ࡚ಙ㢗ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡋ࡚㈐௵࠶ࡿࡶࡢ࡜࡛ࡁࡿࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࠾ࡼࡧ⾜Ⅽ㸦౛࠼ࡤᢞ⚊ࠊᢠ㆟ ⾜ືࠊ⤖㞟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜㸧ࡢᙧែ࡟ࡲ࡛ཬࡪࠖࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࠕ[➨୍ಟṇࡢ㸸ᘬ⏝⪅]ಖㆤࡣࠊᙜヱ⾲⌧ࡀ┤᥋࡟Ẹ ୺ⓗウㄽ࠾ࡼࡧẸ୺ⓗཧຍ࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋẸ୺୺⩏࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷẸ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ ᚲせ࡞ࠊಶேࡢ⮬ᚊ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࠊⰋᚰࡢ⮬⏤࡜ࡋ࡚୙ྍḞ࡞ࡶࡢ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࠊࡑࡢゝㄽࡢ㔜せᛶ࡟ྥࡅࡽ ࢀࡿࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࠕᕷẸࠖ࡜ࠕ⮬ᕫ⤫἞ࡢ฼┈ࠖ࡜ࢆ㔜どࡍࡿ㸦at 926-27 quoting Robert Post, The Constitutional Status of Commercial Speech, 48 UCLA L. REV. 1, 4 (2000)㸧ࠋ

111 _{Bhagwat, supra note 2, at 884.(quoting Pharmacy, at 762). ࡓࡔࡋࠊࣂࢢ࣡ࢵࢺࡣࠊ㑊ዷල࡜ᛶឤᰁ⑕࡜} ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᝟ሗᥦ౪ࢆྵࡴࣃࣥࣇࣞࢵࢺࢆၟᴗⓗゝㄽ࡜ࡋࡓ Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp., 463 U.S. 60, 64-68 (1983)ࢆᘬ⏝ࡋࡘࡘࠊࠕ㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢ࡣࠊᚋ࡟ࠊၟᴗⓗゝㄽࡢᐃ⩏ࢆࠊ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟Ẹ୺୺⩏㐣⛬࡟㛵ࢃ ࡿ୺㢟ࡢ㆟ㄽࢆྵࡴࡶࡢࡲ࡛ᣑᙇࡋࡓࠖࡓࡵࠊၟᴗⓗゝㄽ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶ ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢ␃ಖࢆࡘࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

23

おわりに

 ௨ୖࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢࠕゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࠖࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋStevens஦௳ุỴࡢⓏሙࠊ ࣜ࣋ࣥࢪ࣏ࣝࣀࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪂ࡓ࡞ၥ㢟ࡢⓏሙ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝᠇ἲᏛㄝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ/ࠕಖ ㆤࠖ༊ศㄽࡀ㔜せ࡞᳨ウㄢ㢟࡜࡞ࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࡀࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࠕ⠊ᅖࠖ࡟㛵ࡍ ࡿ᪤Ꮡࡢุ౛ἲ⌮ࢆグ㏙ⓗ࡟ㄝ᫂ྍ⬟࡞⌮ㄽࢆᥦ♧ࡋࡘࡘࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢၥ㢟࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࡸ ࡣࡾᅔ㞴࡞ㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゝࢃࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࠋ≉࡟ࠊ➨୍ಟṇࡢ┠ⓗࠊ࡞࠸ࡋࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡢ᰿ ᣐㄽ࡟䭧ࡗࡓㄝ᫂ࡣࠊ㸦୍ࡘࡢ⌮ㄽࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓሙྜࠊከඖⓗ࡞ㄝ᫂ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓሙྜࢆၥࢃࡎࠊ㸧 ᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢩࣕ࢘࢔࣮ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᇶ♏⌮ㄽࡢእ࡟࠶ࡿㅖせᅉࢆᣢࡕฟࡍࡇ ࡜ࡸࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊࢩࣗࣀ࢔࣮ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ♫఍Ꮫⓗ⌧㇟࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆヨࡳࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ☜࠿ ࡟୍ࡘࡢ᪉ྥᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ  ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊୖグࡢᅔ㞴࡞ㄢ㢟ࢆࠊ⮬ᕫ⤫἞ࡢ⌮ㄽ࠿ࡽࢫࢱ࣮ࢺࡋࠊࡇࢀ࡟ࠕᕷẸࠖ࡜࠸ ࠺፹௓㡯ࢆ௓ᅾࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚஌ࡾ㉺࠼ࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࠊࣂࢢ࣡ࢵࢺࡢぢゎࡣࠊ♧၀ⓗ࡜࠸࠼ ࡼ࠺ࠋ [௜グ] ᮏ◊✲ࡣJSPS⛉◊㈝ JP18K12639ࡢຓᡂࢆཷࡅࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ 䠉㻌㻌㻞㻣㻟㻌䠉

24

Summary

“Freedom of Speech”: Its Coverage and Purpose

Hiroaki Kanehara

Is revenge porn “speech” covered by First Amendment?

This essay will examine First Amendment’s “coverage” and theories underlying it

(for example, self-government, democratic deliberation, self-expression, personal

autonomy, search for truth, and marketplace of ideas). Theory based on (nuanced)

self-government may provide proper limits to the freedom of speech.