ササ葺き
集落景観の変遷と
その継承に関する研究
―京都府宮津市上世屋地区を事例と
し
てー
小川菜穂子
キーワード：ササ葺き民家，集落景観，継承
１．研究の背景と目的
里山の保全を考える上では，そこにすむ人々の暮らし のサイクルの中で景観が維持されてきた仕組みや，その 背景を具体的に明らかにするアプローチが重要である。 特にここ数年は，社会・文化的な観点から，里山の集落 景観の形成過程や，土地利用形態など，人と里山のかか わりの変化に注目した研究がなされ始めている。中でも， かやぶき集落のような伝統的建築様式の景観は，地域の 歴史・伝統・文化を体現しており，地域資源と人間とのか かわりを考える上で重要である。本研究では，ササ葺き 民家が残る農村集落を対象として，①人間生活の変化と 共に，ササ葺き集落の景観がどのように変遷してきたか を定量的，定性的に把握し，②ササ葺き集落景観を継承 していく上での問題点を整理し，今後の維持・管理の方 法を模索することを目的とした。
２．調査対象地と研究方法
調査地は，京都府宮津市上世屋地区である。上世屋 地区には，現在では希少なものとなりつつあるササ葺き 民家（チマキザサを用いる）が，表面にトタンを被せては いるものの，全戸数の 60％という非常に高い割合で現存 する。上世屋における集落景観の変遷を把握し，ササ葺 き民家の減少過程とその要因を抽出するために，写真， 地図の判読や文献調査，および上世屋住民に対する聞 き取りをおこなった。質問項目は，集落内でのササ葺き 屋根の維持・管理方法から，ササ葺き屋根をやめた理由， ササ葺きに対する思い等についてである。さらに，かや ぶき屋根が維持されてきた事例を，民家単位（上世屋近 郊のササ葺き民家 5 軒），集落単位（京都府北桑田郡美 山町北地区）でとりあげ，現地調査・聞き取りおよび文献 調査により，屋根の維持を可能にした要因，維持・管理の 現状と問題点について分析した。また，上世屋およびそ の近郊の 3 地点でカヤ刈り試験を行い，かやぶき屋根を 維持する上で必要となるカヤ場面積や労力等について 試算した。
３．結果と考察
上世屋では，集落内での相互扶助（手間貸し）に よ
りササ葺 き民 家の維持・管 理が行われていた。集 落景
観の変遷は，ササ葺き民家の動態やそれを取り巻 く地
域社会の変化に応じて，サ サ葺き民 家が比較的安定し
て存在しえた 戦後∼1960年（1期），ササ葺きが激 減 した 1960∼1970年（2期），リゾート開 発が進みササ 葺きの 実習棟が復元された 1970∼1980年（3期），里 山保全が重要視され 始める1990∼現在（4期）の4つ
に分けられた 。第2期のササ葺き民家の減少要因（図
1）としては ，①農林業 の不振や豪雪により過疎化 ・
高齢化が急激に進行し，手 間貸しが 成立しなくな った
こと，② 薪炭材利用の減少や拡大造林により伐採 跡地
などササ の生育適地が減少し，ササ の質・量とも に低
減したこ と， ③火災への不安等が挙げられる。聞 き取
りおよび カヤ 刈り試験 の結果から， 上世屋での平均的
な大きさのサ サ葺き民家1軒で，屋根の半分を葺きか
えるた めには，1000束（１束 =10kg）のカヤ（カ ヤ場 面積は 1ha前後）などが 必要であると 試算された。ま
たササ 葺き民 家5例においては，代々受け継いできた
かやぶき屋根に対する強い愛着，こだわり，屋根葺き 職
人・カヤ の刈り手の存 在等が屋根の継続を可能に して
いた。ま た美山町では，地 域住民による かやぶき集落
の積極的な保全活動と行政の支援策がうまく結び つき，
集落景観の継承が地域活性化につながっていた。 上世
屋のササ葺き集落景観を継 承してい くた めには， こう
した事例 に学び，住民 ，行 政，地区 外住民が維持・管
理作業の役割分担を継 続的に行い，利活用してい く体
制づくりが必 要とな る。
エネルギー革命（電気・ガスの導入）
薪炭材の 利用・激減 い
ろ り の 消 失
サ サ の 一 斉 開 花
農耕地の放棄
三 八 豪 雪
ササ葺き屋根の傷みが早まる
火災への不安 都市部への人口流出
／過疎化・高齢化がすすむ
ササの量の不 足・質の低下
ササ葺き民家の減少
ササ葺き屋根の維持・管理が不可能に。
（ササ刈り・葺き替え・雪かきなど）
農業・林業の衰退
M44，S 19の大火災
減反政策
進学・就職・結婚を機に離村
輸入材の自由化
ササ生育適地 の減少 人工造林
の拡大
Study on Conservation and Succession of Village Landscape of
Sasabuki
,
A case of Kamiseya area, Miyadu City, Kyoto Prefecture
Nahoko OGAWA
Keywords ： Sasabuki houses( thatched with bamboo, Sasa tectorius) ; village landscape ; succession 1. Introduction
To preserve satoyama landscape, we should understand how the landscape has been maintained in the livelihood of
its local residents. Today, a lot of studies have been made on
the changes between the inhabitants and satoyama landscape from social or cultural perspectives. For example, there are
studies on the processes which relate to the formation of the
village landscape, and on land-use change. In particular,
traditional village landscapes such as thatched, are very important elements when considering the relationship
between people and natural resources, because it embodies
local history, tradition, and culture. The objective of this
study is to find a way in which the factors relating to the
succession of the village landscape of Sasabuki (thatched roof with bamboo, Sasa tectorius), can be determined, by understanding the processes of change occurring within its
landscape, the causes of the decreasing number of Sasabuki
houses, and the practical difficulties in maintaining them. To preserve satoyama landscape, we should understand how the landscape has been maintained in the livelihood of
its local residents. Today, a lot of studies have been made on
the changes between the inhabitants and satoyama landscape from social or cultural perspectives. For example, there are
studies on the processes which relate to the formation of the
village landscape, and on land-use change. In particular,
traditional village landscapes such as thatched, are very important elements when considering the relationship
between people and natural resources, because it embodies
local history, tradition, and culture. The objective of this
study is to find a way in which the factors relating to the
succession of the village landscape of Sasabuki (thatched roof with bamboo, Sasa tectorius), can be determined, by understanding the processes of change occurring within its
landscape, the causes of the decreasing number of Sasabuki
houses, and the practical difficulties in maintaining them.
2. Research site and Method 2. Research site and Method
As a research site, I selected Kamiseya, Miyadu City, Kyoto
Prefecture, Japan. Sasabuki village landscapes, which are difficult to find in Japan, can be seen in Kamiseya. Almost
60% of the houses in Kamiseya are tin-roofed over bamboo. The lasting rate of these houses is quite high. First, in order
to understand the processes of change of the village
landscape and the causes of the decreasing number of
Sasabuki houses, I analyzed documents, literature, pictures, and topographic troops concerning Kamiseya and I
interviewed local residents, asking them how they
maintained and managed Sasabuki roofs, and the reasons why they gave up Sasabuki, and their feelings for such roofs. Then, I selected 5 other cases of thatched houses (Sasabuki
houses near Kamiseya) and a thatched village (Kita area,
Miyama Town, Kyoto Prefecture). Thatched roofs still
remain in these areas. I analyzed the reasons for retaining
thatched houses and the problems associated with maintaining them by studying documents and interviewing
local residents. Additionally, I took the bamboo-cutting
samples in order to estimate the density of bamboo and the
labor necessary for the cutting and collecting the materials. As a research site, I selected Kamiseya, Miyadu City, Kyoto
Prefecture, Japan. Sasabuki village landscapes, which are difficult to find in Japan, can be seen in Kamiseya. Almost
60% of the houses in Kamiseya are tin-roofed over bamboo. The lasting rate of these houses is quite high. First, in order
to understand the processes of change of the village
landscape and the causes of the decreasing number of
Sasabuki houses, I analyzed documents, literature, pictures, and topographic troops concerning Kamiseya and I
interviewed local residents, asking them how they
maintained and managed Sasabuki roofs, and the reasons why they gave up Sasabuki, and their feelings for such roofs. Then, I selected 5 other cases of thatched houses (Sasabuki
houses near Kamiseya) and a thatched village (Kita area,
Miyama Town, Kyoto Prefecture). Thatched roofs still
remain in these areas. I analyzed the reasons for retaining
thatched houses and the problems associated with maintaining them by studying documents and interviewing
local residents. Additionally, I took the bamboo-cutting
samples in order to estimate the density of bamboo and the
labor necessary for the cutting and collecting the materials.
3. Results and Discussion 3. Results and Discussion
In Kamiseya, management of Sasabuki houses was previously supported by Temagashi (a system of mutual assistance). The changing process of the village landscape
is divided into 4 parts, according to the increase and decrease of Sasabuki and the changes in social conditions. From 1960 to 1970, Sasabuki houses dramatically decreased. The causes were a lack of labor due to rapid
depopulation and aging, and a reduction of bamboo resources in both quantity and quality, because Kayaba
(places suitable for bamboo growth, such as after cutting
fuel wood) had narrowed and had been replaced by
artificial forests. I estimated main resources and labor
requirements in order to repair half of a Sasabuki roof common size in Kamiseya. These resources and
requirements were 1000 bundles of bamboo (about 1ha in
calculated area), 40 reapers (25 bundles per reaper). Of
those surveyed, the householder’s personal attachment to
Sasabuki as well as the existence of craftsmen and bamboo-reapers close to them have allowed for the
maintenance of Sasabuki. In the case of Miyama Town, conservation activities which were carried out by local
residents in order to preserve the thatched village were connected with support from the government, and as a
result, the succession of the village landscape has brought
local-activation. While learning from these cases, it is
significant to devise a system which manages and utilizes
Sasabuki in order to allow the succession of Sasabuki
village landscape.
In Kamiseya, management of Sasabuki houses was previously supported by Temagashi (a system of mutual assistance). The changing process of the village landscape
is divided into 4 parts, according to the increase and decrease of Sasabuki and the changes in social conditions. From 1960 to 1970, Sasabuki houses dramatically decreased. The causes were a lack of labor due to rapid
depopulation and aging, and a reduction of bamboo resources in both quantity and quality, because Kayaba
(places suitable for bamboo growth, such as after cutting
fuel wood) had narrowed and had been replaced by
artificial forests. I estimated main resources and labor
requirements in order to repair half of a Sasabuki roof common size in Kamiseya. These resources and
requirements were 1000 bundles of bamboo (about 1ha in
calculated area), 40 reapers (25 bundles per reaper). Of
those surveyed, the householder’s personal attachment to
Sasabuki as well as the existence of craftsmen and bamboo-reapers close to them have allowed for the
maintenance of Sasabuki. In the case of Miyama Town, conservation activities which were carried out by local
residents in order to preserve the thatched village were connected with support from the government, and as a
result, the succession of the village landscape has brought
local-activation. While learning from these cases, it is
significant to devise a system which manages and utilizes
Sasabuki in order to allow the succession of Sasabuki
village landscape.
Fig.1：Factors of diminution in the number of Sasabuki Fig.1：Factors of diminution in the number of Sasabuki
Energy revolution（adoption of fossil fuel）
Reduction of fuel wood Disuse of Irori
Mass flowering of
bamboo
Discard of farms
Heavy-snow in s38
Accelerate the exhaustion of Sasabuki
Fears of fire Emigration to cities
／Rapid depopulation and aging
Reduction of bamboo resources
in both quantity
and quality, Decrease of Sasabuki houses
Impossible to manage Sasabuki
Lack of labor（collect bamboo, tile a roof ,shovel out ,etc.）
Decline of agriculture and forestry
Catastrophic fires in M44，S19
Going out with the opportunity of getting employment, marriage, or advancing higher education.,etc. Liberalization of the timber
Reduction of Kayaba
Expansion of artificial forest
