˸Ͳ̾˻ाະɴȲȿʳͦ˻Цɹᅊ෯ᦶ
ࣩǵೣǵᮂǵ*
The Subsistence System in Lozi Society on the Zambezi River Floodplain
OK AMOTO Masahiro*
In the central south Africa, several floodplains have played important roles in the formation of centralized societies in the past. The Zambezi river floodplain in western Zambia has been inhabited by the Lozi for about 300 years. On the floodplain, the Lozi people practice agriculture, cattle-raising, fishery, gathering, hunting and so forth. They have maintained a strong kingship system involving many ethnic groups.
The purpose of this paper is to examine and analyze the subsistence system on the floodplain. After describing the various activities in detail, the paper focuses on the following noticeable features. First, subsistence activities are adopted harmoniously to the ecology of the floodplain, which is composed of micro landform and annual floods. Second, the people have developed complex techniques that combine different subsistence activities. Third, while the kingdom organized engineering projects, such as constructing large-scale drainage cannals in the 19th century, the water management methods at the village level remained relatively small-scale techniques. At the same time, a symbiotic relationship has been formed between the populations inhabiting the floodplain and the surrounding woodlands. This study is also an attempt to elucidate the factors behind the formation of the Lozi kingdom.
͉ȁ̲ȁ͛ȁͅ
ǵμᨆˏ̶͠ˡˁ༑ʶʳ˸Ͳ̾˻ाɹΫ༑ݖɴ০ଁɇʶɛ̫ͦ̓˙ະˁμਕɭɐʳܩ ݖɻ⏋ͦ˻ (Lozi) ɭ٧ɽʶʳɹȲʢɲ࣎зݖɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏃ܒ 1⏆⏏͇ͻ̝̒˪ɴʭʶɽ⏋ ͦ˻ɻμ߈˸Ͳ̾˻̫Ͳ̜˕Ꮩ (Middle Zambezi Bantu) ɴՕᰖɇʶɩȲʱ⏋ɄɹᏙᐏɴࣚɐ ʳᮃɹ߂ȷɲ႕ਐɭɌɩ⏋ᦅɭɭʢɴႌᰲɴਃϟɐʳဣȵȡɁʰʶɩȦʳMurdock 1959⏏ࡸ᭬ɴͦ˻ɻ⏋ᦅɭȡʼɓɩ߂ៀฐɲႌ႑ᅨʦྫௗɲɰ⏋ភధɹᅊˁۊʞϺǾɫ ȡʳ⏏ʚɛȴɦɩͦ˻ɻ⏋̫ͦ̓˙ະˁμਕɴ߂ɲტܕˁ০ଁɌ⏋ɗɹ᯿ݖԒɴɻధ ɹᮃȵࡔܧɌɛɄɭȵሾʰʶɩȦʳ⏏
* ϴᨊ߂߂ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖድድዀ⏋Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University
ǵ̫ͦ̓˙ະɻ⏋࡚፲ᇕɴᣱɄʳ༇ອɹɛʠɴຘॷధˡᬚɻਖɑԢອɌ⏋ɗɌɩధॷ ɴ 1 ɻ߂༇ອɴឿᖏʼʶʳɭȦȩᅊᇕ႕ਸˁɌɩȦʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛᄩޅάɫۊʚʶʳͦ˻ ɹᅊɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ᅊᓔɹ̜̺̦̒͞͡⏋ЦϺᰖᓔɹ˫̒͞˪͇Ͳ⏋ᦅకࡲɫ ȡɤɛ̴ͻ̊ͻ̀ɲɰɴʭɤɩ⏋ȦಁೝȴʰɐȽʶɛድȵᙢዩɇʶɩȷɛTrapnell and Clothier 1937; Gluckman 1941; Peters 1960⏏ͦ˻ЦɴȲȿʳᅊɹࢅˁେɇȭʳɭȦȩဣ ɴȲȦɩ⏋Ʉʶʰɹድȵʢɦѝғɻȷʼʠɩ߂ȷȦ⏏ ǵɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋Ȧɑʶɹድʢភధɹᠭീܩɫʰʶɛᣂషˁ׃ୠᇕɴᠶɍʳˁɭɤɩ Ȧʳɛʠ⏋҅Ǿɹᅊ༎֪ȵȦȴɲʳЇᏼʛɹʢɭɴ⏋ɰɹʭȩɲลᔨᦹᬠˁʢɤɩۊʚʶɩ ȦʳɹȴɭȦȩჿៗȵɴȼȦʢɹɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ɗʶʰɹ៨ᦚɻɭȼɴᦅɴҥᩂɌ ɩȲʱ⏋႑ᅨˁɻɍʠɭɐʳЈɹᅊɴɦȦɩɻמՕɴ៘ʶʰʶɩȦɲȦ⏏ ǵɄʶʰɹӴድˁᤑʚȭɦɦ⏋ೣዣɫɻჼܧɹͦ˻ɹɲᅊ༎֪ˁᘺͤʹ˙͡ɫ !1ȁΨυΜͿใ၈ࡔ͈պ౾
Ᏻɴ៨ᦚɌ⏋ᅊ෯ᦶˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳɄɭˁᇿᇕɭɐʳ⏏ɭȼɴ⏋ɄɹܩݖȵະɭȦȩ႕ ᅵɲᅊᄩޅɫȡʳɄɭɴᇿɌ⏋⏃1⏆ࡴೝᇕɴᣱɄʳ༇ອʦܩ০෯ଁɲɰɹᅊᄩޅɭᅊ ɹᬠʼʱ⏋⏃2⏆ᡉᅊᬚɴȲȿʳሂϣᦹᬠɹᡉሂ⏋⏃3⏆ͦ˻ɹອգᅎଯɹ႕ᣒ⏋⏃4⏆ະ ɹᅊɭະɹᨆɴঃȵʳ˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ɭɹᬠѥ⏋ɲɰɹᡉဣɴᅥઝɌɲȵʰ⏋ະɴ Ȳȿʳᅊɹ႕ਸˁ෯ᦶᇕɴ౩ʰȴɴɌɛȦ⏏Ʉʶɻͦ˻ტܕȵࣙᬖɌɛᅊᇕݜᇻˁៗ౩ɐ ʳ᠅ʛɫʢȡʳ⏏ ǵೣድɻ⏋1999 ॷ 2 ȴʰؾॷ 12 ʚɫɭ 2000 ॷ 12 ȴʰ 2001 ॷ 5 ʚɫɹ 2 ܌⏋য ʏ 15 ˡᬚɴʼɛʱ⏋˸Ͳ̲ˏԊٮܕីᨆि͐Ͳ˫ላ⏋̫ͦ̓˙ະɹμ߈ݖɴеᒞɐʳ ˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ (Simundwe) ɭɗɹՕɴྡྷܧɌɩࡸేɌɛჼܩᠭീˁݜኄɭɌɩȦʳ⏃ܒ 2⏆⏏ !2ȁऔ౷̷̤͍͈͢ਔ༏౷֖͈ߊ
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ȅυȁΐȁͅȁ̾ȁ̞ȁ̀
1.1ȁυΐ͈Ⴄঃ ǵ300 ॷГΫɴʼɛʱͦ˻ɻ⏋̫ͦ̓˙ະˁςɛʳ࣎зݖɭɌɩȷɛɭࡴɇʶɩȦʳ Mainga 1973: 214⏏ͦ˻ɹᣱ྇ɴᬠɌɩɻᡉᠦȵȡʳȵ⏋ჼܧɹ˱Ͳ˳ςԊٮܕ⏃ౙ˸˓ͻ ͡⏆ɹܩɴȴɦɩെȭɛ̫͡ტܕʦ͡Ͳ̋ტܕɲɰȴʰάɌ⏋̫ͦ̓˙ະɴࡴመɌɛ ϺǾȵ⏋ჼܧɹͦ˻ɹࠃኘɫȡʳɭɐʳᠦȵɫȡʳ⏏ɄʶʰɹϺǾɻະˁμਕɴტܕ ᏼᑩˁ፷ȷȡɁ⏋ᦏ᭰ɹᡉᮃˁఌᨗάɴʠɩȦɤɛ⏏ʚɛᮃɹՕʦЈܩݖȴʰɹ ᮃɹውзɲɰɴʭʱ⏋ȴɦɩɹტܕ᯿Ԓɴɻధȼɹᮃȵͦ˻ɹ˵̸˫͡ͻ̺ɭɌ ɩࡔܧɐʳ⏏1) ǵ̫͡ტܕʦ͡Ͳ̋ტܕɲɰȴʰው֪Ɍɩȷɛয়ಁ⏋৳ʰɻͦ˻ɫɻɲȼ͓̠͡ (Luyana)⏋ ȡʳȦɻ͡˓ (Lui, Luyi) ɭ٧ɽʶɩȦɛ⏏ჼܧ⏋ᕶʰˁ͓̠͡ʚɛɻ͡˓ɭؿώʳϺǾɻȦɲ Ȧȵ⏋ͦ˻ɹϺǾɻɄȩɌɛؿዌʦرᇕᐁᑅˁঃȼ᠗ᡫɌɩȲʱ⏋͓̠͡⏃͡˓⏆ɭɻȋະ ʦाɲɰˁ࣎зݖɭɐʳϺǾɫȡʳȍɭʳ⏏ ǵ1830 ॷБɴɻ⏋̜̅Ꮩɹ˱ͦͦ (Kololo) ȵѢᅭɌɩȷɛ⏏˱ͦͦɻ⏋ᨆˏ̶͠ˡɫ ɲ᥅ϟˁ᠔ɤɛ̀ͻ͡ͻტܕȴʰᦣʶɩȷɛϺǾˁ୭ɐᐵዌɫȡʳ⏏͓̠͡⏃͡˓⏆ɹტ ณɻ⏋Υಁᇕɴ˱ͦͦɴʭɤɩߥʼʶɛȵ⏋̫ͦ̓˙ະɹីݖ⏃ჼܧɹˡ̓͞ላ⏆ɴ ᦡɌɩȦɛ͓̠͡ȵ 1864 ॷɴტณˁߥ܌Ɍɛ⏏ɌȴɌ˱ͦͦɹѢԂɴʭʳ৯ᯱɻ߂ȷȼ⏋য় ಁɹ͓̠͡ȵ˱ͦͦɭᜨغɌɩჼܧɹͦ˻ɭɲɤɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ͦ˻ɭȦȩؿዌȵᅎȦʰ ʶࠃʠɛɹʢɄɹɫȡʱ⏋ఌᨗᓔɹ˱ͦͦɛɠȵȋ͡˓ȍˁ៩ɤɩȋͦ˻ȍɭ٧ʉʭȩɴ ɲɤɛɭʛʰʶɩȦʳTurner 1952: 9⏏ͦ˻ტܕɹ᯿ݖɻ⏋̫ͦ̓˙ະˁμਕɭɌɦ ɦ⏋ɗɹᨆɴঃȵʳ˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ˁيʞ፴ܑˁˡ̫ͻɌɩȲʱ⏋ჼܧɹ˸Ͳ̲ˏܕɹីᨆि ɴʓʖሂয়ɐʳ⏏1990 ॷɴȲȿʳͦ˻ɹϺؤɻȲʭɗ 33 ΨϺɫȡʳCentral Statistical Office 1994⏏2) 1.2ȁυΐ࣭ؐ ǵჼܧɹ˸Ͳ̲ˏܕɴሂয়ɐʳܩݖɻ⏋19 γᏛೢɴᗔܕ᯿ͦͻ̚˹ˏɭɌɩඨܩɇʶ ɛȵ⏋ɗɹ᯿Ԓɫͦ˻ტܕɞȿɻ⏋ᗔܕѳᡸ᯿ɭɌɩᕶณȵ᠗ʠʰʶტܕըȵࡔᐚɌɛ⏏ ɭɄʸȵ 1964 ॷɴ˸Ͳ̲ˏܕȵႶጓɌɛɭȷɴɻ⏋ͦ˻ტܕɻីᨆि (Western Province) ɭ Ɍɩ˸Ͳ̲ˏˁ෯ଁɐʳ 1 ɦɹिɴᏼʛᦉʚʶ⏋ტըɻɗɹԇᇕˁ߉ɤɛ⏏ȴɦɩɻঃ፴ ɴʼʶɩȦɛტʍɹᅊᅋ႒ɹᢨᏢ⏃̸̤⏋nubu3)⏆ɻ⏋ჼܧɫɻɅȼΥᨆɹˁ᭑Ȧɩɻʛ 1) ˫̒͞˪͇Ͳɻ⏋ͦ˻ტܕˁ෯ଁɐʳ 25 ʢɹؿˁ៨ᥔɌɩȦʳGluckman 1941⏏ 2) ˸Ͳ̲ˏɫɻᮃɅɭɹϺؤᐏɻʼʶɩȦɲȦ⏏ɄɄɫȡɁɛధғɻ⏋ីᨆिɴ࣎зɌͦ˻ˁፀΥ ៜɭɌɩ᠌ɐᓔɹధɫȡʳ⏏ʰʶɲȼɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ ǵɌȴɌ⏋ͦ˻ტܕɹࡔጓɹݜᇻɻ⏋ჼܧʢ০ˁȭɩ୫ᐚɌɩȦʳɭȦȭʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋ტ ⏃̮͇͞˗Ͳ̜̍ͻ̶⏆ˁ᯳ဣɭɌɛ̴̝͊̒݀͞ɹᐏล෯ɻ⏋ܕɹకลᬠɭιጓɌɩ ࡔᐚɌɩȦʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋̜͠˕Ͳˤ (litunga) ɭ٧ɽʶʳტɹάɴɻ⏋˹ͦ͞ (silalo)4) ɭȦ ȩͦ˻Ⴖ႕ɹకеȵࡴɇʶɩȲʱ⏋˹ͦ͞˓Ͳ̝˕̠ (silalo induna) ɭ٧ɽʶʳͦͻ ˡ̍͡ͻ̶ȵК٨ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗɌɩɄɹе᭥ዊইɹೢጩᨆˁఌȭʳǾɴɻ⏋ᬏ⏃͌ ˤ͌Ͳ̀ˑ⏋mu¯na munzi⏆ȵᨗᒞɇʶɩȦʳ⏏᯿Ԓɹɐʏɩɹܤܩɻტɴଘࣚɐʳɭᓒȭʰ ʶɩȲʱ⏋ტɻɅɭɴܤܩˁՕήɌ⏋ɇʰɴᬏȵςឹɲᓚܩˁع҅ϺɴᨗՕɐʳ⏏հᇕ ɴᓚܩɻ⏋ɴ࣎зɐʳзɹʛɴьᅎณȵ᠗ʠʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ьᅎᓔȵϭɌɛʱˁᮐʶɛ ʱɌɛݭغɴɻ⏋ఒʠɩᬏȵЈɹ࣎зᓔɴᨗՕɐʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴਃഀȴʰɹܤܩըȵѳ୫ ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ ǵჼܧɫ 22 Б5) ˁధȭʳͦ˻ɹტɻ⏋ᕸᲞኜ̢͑Ͳ̾ (Nyambe) ɹࡎɫȡʳɭШȭʰʶɩ Ȧʳ⏏ӯഀ⏋ͦ˻ɹტɻ⏋߂ܩ (the earth)⏋ܤܩ (the land)⏋ܕܤ (the country) ɗɹʢɹɭʛ ɲɇʶ⏋ܤܩɹᔋ໋ʦܕܤɹᢌ᱑ɇ⏋ȡʳȦɻϺǾɹክգɲɰˁصʳࡔܧɫȡʱ⏋ȋኜɲʳ ტȍ(divine king) ɭɌɩɹਸൔˁʢɠȡʼɓɩȦɛBrown 1998: 16⏏ະɹعଘɴɻБǾ ɹტɹއܩ⏃˽ˑ̘ˑ̨⏋sitino⏆ȵȿʰʶɛǾȵဣܧɌ⏋ჼܧɫʢϺǾɹѵЖɹဣɭ ɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ ǵʚɛຘॷ⏋ტࡻˁμਕɭɌɩ༎ˁय़ʃɛኢәȵᑵʱঃɁʰʶʳ⏏̫ͦ̓˙ະɹԒᨆ ɴȡʳტᨊɹ͠ˏ͡˓ (Lealui)⏃ܒ 2⏆ɹܑٞɻ⏋3 ɴ༡ອɌࠃʠʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠ༇ອеȵΫ ɐʳɭ⏋ტɻ 100 ؿʓɰɹᅖਸȵླȹଝ⏃̶̯͌͡⏋mufuluhi⏆6) ɭɲʳ߂݀ɹೠᦶᖛɴώ ʱᦉ˃ɫ⏋ະɹᨆɴȿʰʶɛʢȩ 1 ɦɹტࡾɫȡʳ͌͠͡Ͳˤ (Limulunga) ɴው֪ɐ ʳ⏏Ʉɹೠᦶᖛɴʭʳტɹው֪ɻ˪˝Ͳ̓ˡ (kuomboka)⏋ȡʳȦɻ˪˝Ͳ̓ˡ̢́ͤ͐ͻ (kuomboka ceremony) ɭ٧ɽʶ⏋ԒȴʰɹధΨϺɹ៎ᝓɫᣇʼȩ⏏ɗʶɻɄɹܩɴȲȿʳ ʢɤɭʢᇵ߂ɲኢәɭȦɤɩʭȦ⏏༇ອеȵάȵʳɭტɻະɴȡʳტᨊɹ͠ˏ͡˓ɴଖ ʱ⏋Ʉʶɻ˪̶̼͡͞ (kufuluhela) ɭ٧ɽʶɩȦʳ⏏7) 3) ೣዣɴȲȦɩ⏋՟Տɹჼܩɻ˓̊̒͠˪ɹͦͻ͇ࡓɫኍɐɄɭɭɐʳ⏏̫Ͳ̜˕Ꮩɴࣚɐʳͦ˻ɫɻ⏋ Ȧȼɦȴɹ˪͞˽ɴՕȴʶɩȦʳؿ᠁ɻధ⏋ភధɫஞᰄˁᅵɴɐʳȵ⏋հɭɌɩధ০ˁ៨ᥔɐʳ⏏ʚ ɛͦ˻ɹࡓɫɻ⏋ᶧᯭˁɭʢɲȩ ‘ng' ɭȦȩᇍᯭˁ ‘¯n', ‘ch' ɭȦȩᇍᯭˁ ‘c' ɭᝠ៨ɐʳȵ⏋ೣዣɫʢɄɹ ᝠ៨ˁᅎɐʳ⏏ 4) ͐Ͳ˫ላɻ 21 ɹ˹ͦ͞ɴՕւɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ع˹ͦ͞ɻؿዌˁʢɠ⏋˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɻ˹̜ͦ͞˕Ͳ˧ (silalo Tungi) ɴࣚɐʳ⏏ 5) ͦ ˻ ɴ Ȳ ȿ ʳ ტ ɹ Ꮩ ᡮ ɴ ɦ Ȧ ɩ ɻ ᡉ ᠦ ȵ ȡ ʱ Υ ᕹ ˁ ʛ ɩ Ȧ ɲ Ȧ ȵMainga 1973: 215⏋ Ʉ Ʉ ɫ ɻ Kuomboka-Kufuluhela Committee 1993ɴʭɤɛ⏏ 6) ტɹᖛɹླȹଝɭɲʳɴɻ⏋ᯌɲкɭၓᑇɌɛเȷɹଯȵິʠʰʶ⏋ͦ˻ɹᅖɴɭʱ߂ɹؿ᠕ɭᓒ ȭʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ 7) 1999 ॷɴȲȿʳ˪˝Ͳ̓ˡɻ 3 27 ⏋˪̶̼͡͞ɻ 5 27 ɴࡸేɇʶɛ⏏
2
ȅΨυΜͿใ၈ࡔ͈ٽޙ
2.1ȁΨυΜͿใ၈ࡔ͈պ౾͂ࢻକ ǵ̫ͦ̓˙ະɻ⏋༠ାᏝ 1,000 ͍ͻ̜͡ɹ˸Ͳ̾˻ाΫ༑ݖɴ০ଁɇʶɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹະ ɻᏝ 8,000 ॶ˥͍ͦͻ̜͡⏃ 160 ˥͍ͦͻ̜͡⏋ആីɹ߂३ 48 ˥͍ͦͻ̜͡⏆ɹ ঃȵʱˁʢɠ⏋ٞᦇɹدܩᨆʭʱʢధמ͍ͻ̜͡ዐᘺɠᦉ˃ɞжॶɲܩ০ˁɲɌɩȦʳ⏃Ԡ ሎ 1⏆⏏ɗɹΥय़ɻ⏋͇͍ዀʦ˓̦ዀˁɻɍʠɭɐʳዛɹᗳೣᰖȵঃȼᑢᗛɐʳ˫͞˽͞Ͳ ̝ɫȡʱ⏋ปೠɹأᅊɻࢹɲȦ⏏ͦ˻ɹኜ᠌ɫɻ⏋˸Ͳ̾˻ाʦະɹᨆɴঃȵʳ˗̝̒ ͞Ͳ̝ɭɭʢɴ⏋ᕸᲞኜ̢͑Ͳ̾ȵɄɹະˁօᦶɌɛɭɇʶɩȦʳJalla 1996⏏ ǵɄɹະɻܩܒΫɫɻ⏋˸Ͳ̾˻ະ (Zambezi Floodplain)⏋˸Ͳ̾˻ाະ (Zambezi River Floodplain), ̫ͦ̓˙ॶ (Barotse Plain)⏋ȡʳȦɻ̫ͦ̓˙ະ (Barotse Floodplain) ɲɰɭ៨ᥔɇʶɩȦʳݭغȵȦȵ⏋ჼܩɫɻ⏋Ͳ˫͡ (Ngulu)⏋͚͠Ͳ̝ (Liyondo)⏋̸ͦ ˻ (Bulozi) ɲɰɭ٧ɽʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋̫͠͞ (libala) ɭȦȩៜᘽȵᅎȦʰʶʳɄɭʢȡʳȵ⏋ Ʉʶɻܔؿɫɻɲȼ⏋ະˁيʠɛΥࡴɹঃȵʱˁʢɦॶܹɲܩ০ˁᐵዌɐʳؿዌɫȡ ʳ⏏Ͳ˫͡Ȳʭʃ͚͠Ͳ̝ɻ͓̠͡ᣱ྇ɹៜᘽɫȡʱ⏋ჼܧɫɻᓡɴɐʳɄɭɻࢹɲȦȵ⏋ ̸ͦ˻ɭȦȩؿዌɻ।Ц᠌ɹɲȴɫᰈᑢɴьᅎɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ʢɭʢɭɻȋͦ˻ɹݭଘ⏋ͦ˻ ɹϺǾȵзʞݭଘȍˁઝ٢ɐʳȵ⏋ȋະɹμ߈ݖȍʦȋͦ˻ტܕɹ᯿ݖ⏃ჼܧɹីᨆि⏆ȍ ɲɰˁኍɐݭغɴʢᅎȦʰʶʳ⏏8) ǵະɹ 1 ॷᬚɻ౩ርɲ 3 ɦɹ࡚፲ɴՕȴʶʳ⏏4 μȴʰ 8 μɴȴȿɩɹԳ༳ϗ࡚ ⏃͇̩͠⏋maliha⏆⏋8 μȴʰ 10 ɴȴȿɩɹಢၖϗ࡚⏃̸͌Ͳ̲⏋mbumbi⏆⏋ɗɌɩ 11 ৢ૯!1ȁκϋΈ͈̥ͣವབ̳ͥΨυΜͿใ၈ࡔ 8) Ʉɹʭȩɴȋ̸ͦ˻ȍɭȦȩɻᅎȦʰʶʳయᔭɴʭɤɩઝ٢ȵᅵɲʳȵ⏋ೣዣɫɻະɹμ߈ݖˁኍɐɭ ȷɴɻ̸ͦ˻ˁᅎȦ⏋ະԃкˁ୭ɐݭغɴɻ̫ͦ̓˙ະ⏋ȡʳȦɻɴະɭ៨ɐɄɭɭɐʳ⏏̸ ͦ˻ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋2.3 ɫ៘ʶʳ⏏ȴʰ 4 ʚɫɹᮒ࡚⏃̸̊͠͞⏋litabula⏆ɫȡʳ⏏͐Ͳ˫ɹᅘɴȡʳຩᢒ៎ཀྵଘɫཀྵɇ ʶɛɅɭɹຩཧɭᭇອᩄˁኍɌɛɹȵܒ 3 ɫȡʳ⏏ॷᬚᭇອᩄɻ⏋800⑯1,100 ͍͊͠ͻ̜͡ ዐɫȡʳ⏏ͦ˻ɹ࡚፲Օᰖɫ႕ਐᇕɲɹɻ⏋Ʉʶʰɹ 3 ɦɹ࡚፲ɹʓȴɴ༇ອೝȵࡔܧɐʳ ⏧͐Ͳ˫ຩᢒ࣌ϟ֭ଘɹᣂషɴʭʳ⏏ !3ȁκϋΈ̤̫ͥͅ༆͈डࣞȆड೩ܨأ͂ࣛକၾ⏃1999 ॷ⏆ ⏧ອգ࣌͐Ͳ˫ϟ֭ଘɹᣂషˁʢɭɴсଁ⏏ ǵǵອе 0 ͍ͻ̜͡ɻ⏋Ʉɹ៎ཀྵܩဣɴȲȿʳݜྈဣɫȡʳ⏏ !4ȁΨυΜͿใ၈ࡔ̤̫̮͈ͥ͂ͅडࣞକպ͈་ا
Ʉɭɫȡʳ⏏ະȵԢອɐʳ 2 ȴʰ 5 ʚɫɹೝᬚȵ⏋༇ອೝ⏃͌Ͳ̋⏋munda⏆ɭ ٧ɽʶɩȦʳ⏏ ǵະɴȲȿʳ༇ອݖɹ፴ܑɭ༇ອɹອеɻ⏋˸Ͳ̾˻ाೣ༑ʦɗɹఌ༑ɹອеɭᦹ֪Ɍɩ Ȧʳ⏏ະɹμ߈ᨆˁ༑ʶʳ˸Ͳ̾˻ाɹອеȵΫɐʳɭ⏋ՎܩˁШɤɩ༇ອݖȵୟ߂ɐ ʳ⏏ܒ 4 ɻະˁ༑ʶʳ˸Ͳ̾˻ाɹΥఌ༑ɴȡʳ៎ཀྵܩဣ⏃˸Ͳ̲ˏອգ࣌⏆9) ɴȲȿʳ Ʌɭɹອеɹ֪ˁኍɌɩȲʱ⏋Პອе⏃3⑯4 ⏆ɭжອе⏃10⑯11 ⏆ɭɹेɻ⏋4 ͍ͻ̜͡ГΫȡʳ⏏ະɴȲȿʳ༇ອеɹᭇɹ̮̊ͻͲʢɄʶɭʓʖؾɫȡʳ⏏ອеȵ ᲞȦಁೝɴɻπೠᖐȵςឹɲϯᦲଝຍɭɲʱ⏋༇ອȵৄȼɭਂɫɹው֪ȵخᔨɭɲʳ⏏ ǵ៎ཀྵܩဣɴȲȿʳ 39 ॷᬚɹᲞອеɹ֪ˁኍɌɛɹȵܒ 5 ɫȡʳ⏏߂ғˁኍɌɛɹȵ 1968-69 ॷɹ 7.59 ͍ͻ̜͡ɫȡʱ⏋ࢸғɻ 1991-92 ॷɹ 5.19 ͍ͻ̜͡ɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹेɻ 2.4 ͍ͻ̜͡ʢȡʱ⏋༇ອɹៀฐɻॷɅɭɴ߂ȷȼᅵɐʳɭȦɤɩʭȦ⏏ະɹᦅᅊᅋ ɻ༇ອɴʭʳ৯ᯱˁ؝ȿʦɐȼ⏋ɭȼɴອеȵᲞȦݭغɴɻԢອɴʭɤɩᦅс႒ȵέсɭɲʳ Ʉɭȵȡʳ⏏ፆᓔȵᠭീˁࡸేɌɛ 1998-99 ॷɭ 2000-01 ॷɻ⏋Ȧɑʶʢ༇ອеɹᲞȦॷ ɫȡɤɛ⏏ 2.2ȁΨυΜͿใ၈ࡔً͈ݲ࡛͂ह ǵ1850 ॷБɴ˸Ͳ̾˻ा༑ݖˁᤑീɌɛ D͠ʹˑͲ˫˽̜Ͳɻ⏋ȴʰΫɌɩ̫ͦ̓˙ ະɴȦɛɤɩȦʳȵ⏋ɗɹಁɹᢒˁГάɹʭȩɴயԠɌɩȦʳ⏏ ⏧ອգ࣌͐Ͳ˫ϟ֭ଘɹᣂషˁʢɭɴсଁ⏏ ǵǵອе 0 ͍ͻ̜͡ɻ⏋Ʉɹ៎ཀྵܩဣɴȲȿʳݜྈဣɫȡʳ⏏ !5ȁΨυΜͿใ၈ࡔ̤̫ͥͅා̮͈͂डࣞକպ͈་ا 9) ˸Ͳ̲ˏອգ࣌ɫɻ˸Ͳ̾˻ा༑ݖɴອе៎ཀྵଘˁȿ⏋ອеɹᲞɇˁຘ 3 ܌⏋ࡴೝᇕɴཀྵɌɩȦʳ⏏ອ е៎ཀྵଘɹеᒞɴɦȦɩɻܒ 2 ˁؒ၇ɹɄɭ⏏
ǵɗɹȡɛʱʍȼʳɭ⏋ᲞȦೠɹᗛɤɛθɹໜࣳȵໜˁᮐʶ⏋๖ፀɴആɭីɴ᧙ ɹȦɩ⏋Პɇ 8, 90 ͍ͻ̜͡ʢȡʳɹᔘɭɲʱ⏋ɴɹᔘɻȲϣȦ 50 ˥ͦɹ᧙ȼɴᮐ ʶɩȦɛ⏏ɗɹሎμȡɛʱˁ˸Ͳ̾˻ाȵȩɷȩɷɭʪʳʦȴɴ༑ʶ⏋ᬏɇᏝ 160 ˥ͦʢȡ ʳ⏋Ϡɦɹɹᔘɹᬚɹܤܩȵ⏋̫ͦ̓˙ະɲɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵͦ˻ɹǾɻࢸɹΫɴȡɤɩ⏋ໜອȵະɌɩᢆԃкȵ߂ȷɲྲྀɹʭȩɴɲʳɭ⏋ɗʶ ʰɹǾɻອɴܑʚʶɩ⏋ࢸɇɲऄɹʭȩɴɲʳ⏏ܤܩɻᔋ໋ɫॷϠ܌ዤ႒ˁؚዲɐʳɄɭ ȵɫȷʳ⏏ͦ˻ɻɄɹܤܩˁᯃ।ɴડɌɩȦʳ⏏˸Ͳ̾˻ाɻȋᅊ٨ɭᅊຩȍˁɻɄ˃ɫ⏋ ɄɹܤܩɹΫɴʁʸɁɩȼʶʳɹɫȡʳ⏏৳ʰɻȋɄɄɫɻʁʢɍȦᇿɴȡȩϺɻΥϺʢȦ ɲȦɹɫɐȍɭȦȩ͠ʹˑͲ˫˽̜Ͳ 1977: 140⏏10) ǵ150 ॷմɴ៨᪼ɇʶɛ̫ͦ̓˙ະɹᰟಕɻ⏋ჼܧɫʢɗʶʓɰ߂ȷȼʼɤɩȦɲȦ⏏ ອеȵΫɐʶɽ˸Ͳ̾˻ाɻະɌ⏋ɗɹ̴ͻ˪ಁɴɻະԃкȵȡɛȴʢྲྀɹʭȩɴɲ ʳɹɻჼܧɫʢʚɤɛȼؾɍɫȡʳ⏏༇ອಁɴɻ⏋ອɴ༡ȴɤɛඨ႒ȵᰄˁՏɌɩȦʳʓȴ⏋ ᮃᘺʦᓚܩɲɰȵȡʳΥᨆɹᲞʚɤɛݭଘɞȿȵ⏋ȴʸȩɍɩອᯆάɴໍʞɄɭɲȼ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴ ऄɹʭȩɴဣܧɐʳ⏏ ǵჼܧɫɻ⏋ະɹɲȴˁᦢᮚᐻȵᣬʱ⏋ອΫϯᦲˁࢅ౫ɴɐʳɛʠɹໜȵȦȼɦȴʰ ʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗɌɩਃഀȴʰɹπೠᖐɞȿɫɻɲȼ⏋˛Ͳ˻ͲЊȷɹ̓ͻ̜ʢɌɩȦʳ⏏ೡ ᖋខɫɻȡʳȵ͐Ͳ˫ɭˡ̓͞ɹȡȦɞˁᐄʉᕶ֪᧑ᤉȵᬖᦲɌ⏋ɗɹμɹ˸Ͳ̾˻ा ೣ༑ɴɻᥖʦᦲϺˁʉɛʠɹॶঈ̓ͻ̜ȵᨗᒞɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ඨܩకঌɴʭɤɩ 1900 ॷБ՟ᰄɴօɇʶɛ͐Ͳ˫ɹᅘɴɻ⏋عዛɹ৲ଘɹʓȴ⏋॑ݭʦڧঊ⏋᪃⏋߂݀ᆖ ⏋Პፈോɲɰȵȡʱ⏋ីᨆिɹिᨊɭɌɩ⏋Ʉɹ 100 ॷɹȡȦɞɴᇿៅʚɌȦˁᧅɁ ɛ⏏ ǵ˸Ͳ̾˻ाɹμ༑ݖɫɻ⏋1950 ॷБГᭇɴˡ̫͠ʦˡ̫́̒͞˵ɲɰɹॅ߂̋͌ȵলɇ ʶɛɛʠɴٞᦇɹᅊᏙȵ߂ȷȼɌ⏋ధΨϺеɹзȵըው֪ˁоәɲȼɇʶ⏋ϺǾ ɹᅊ༎ɻɌɛColson 1971; ̴ˏ˽ 1995⏏μ༑ݖɹɄɹʭȩɲᢟɭປʏʶɽ⏋Ϋ༑ݖɹ ̫ͦ̓˙ະɗɹʢɹɹᅊᄩޅɻ߂ȷȼɻɌɩȦɲȦɄɭˁᠭɌɩȲȷɛȦ⏏ɗɌ ɩ͠ʹˑͲ˫˽̜Ͳȵ៨᪼Ɍɛʭȩɲ⏋1 ॷɴ 2 ɹؚዲȵخᔨɫȡʳະɫɹᦅɻ⏋ჼ ܧɫʢᩂឹɲᅊɭɌɩࡔᐚɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵະɹᕶးɻϺɴပˁʢɛʰɌʢɐʳ⏏˸Ͳ̾˻ाɴɻჼܧɫʢ̢ͩʦˡ̫ȵᅊਖ਼Ɍɩ Ȧʳ⏏ࡸ᭬ɴፆᓔɹྡྷܧೝᬚɴ⏋ᠭീܩɹᦏȼɫჼܩɹᅖਸȵ̢ͩɴ឴ʼʶɩϭɌɩȦʳ⏏ πೠᖐȵ᥊ុɌɛʱ⏋ະɹ༓ဈˁȦɩȦɛϺȵཉʛɴˁʰʶɩྔɐʳɭȦɤɛອ 10) ȋͤͻˏͲ̸˛ໜȍˁ˸Ͳ̾˻ाɴ⏋ȋ̫ͦ̓˙ᢆȍˁ̫ͦ̓˙ະɴ⏋ȋ̫ͦ̓˙Ϻȍˁͦ˻ɭȭɩৄᅎɌ ɛ⏏
ᮑϟఖʢɌɽɌɽᣱȷɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛྂܩᇕɲᄩޅɻ⏋͇͞͠ˏˁࠬЂɐʳ̩͇̋͞ᛞɹཧআɫ ȡʳɄɭʢϟࡸɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩ༇ອಁɴɻ⏋ϺǾɹз࣎ʚɫȵ༡ອɌɩɌʚȩɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɗʶɫʢͦ˻ɹϺǾɹȼɻ⏋ɗɄɫɹᅊ༎ˁȭ⏋ɗɹᢌȴɇɴɦȦɩʳ⏏̫ͦ̓˙ະ ɴࢪɐʳડመਕɻ⏋͓̠͡ɴʭɤɩШȭʰʶɩȦʳ؞ϟ᠆⏃ͦ͠˱⏋liloko⏆ɴʢᝠʶɩ Ȧʳ⏏
Liyondo lya I¯nwa ⏃Ʉɹະɻ˓Ͳ˫ͩ11) ɹʢɹ⏆
I¯nwa mina Liyondo ⏃Ʉʶɻ˓Ͳ˫ͩɹະ⏆
Lya isililagweka ⏃ɄɄɫɻȷުɻᓬɄȭɲȦ⏆
Lya meibei ⏃ອɻᦏȼɴȡʱ⏆
Lya mulilokule ⏃တɻ᧙ȼɹ৳ɴȡʳ⏆
Liyondo nokondo mana ⏃ະɹӃహɻʪʳʦȴɫ⏆
Sicimba mugonde ⏃ɄɄɴɻॶٮȵȡʳ⏆ ǵະɹᢌȴɇɻ⏋ࡴೝᇕɲ༇ອɴʭɤɩᔋ໋ɴɲʳܤޚʦ⏋ঃ߂ɲ႑ᗳܩ⏋༇ອȵʢɛʰ ɐዛɹ⏋ȡʳȦɻᢌɲອɗɹʢɹˁઝ٢ɌɩʢȦʭȩ⏏ະɭȦȩᅊᄩޅɻ⏋ɗɄ ɫᅊࡔɐʳɛʠɹሾᡫʦଯˁʢɦᓔɴɭɤɩɻ⏋ȷʼʠɩਜ਼ʛཉȦᢌȴɲܤܩɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ ʭȩɲᄩޅˁςɛʳ࣎зݖɭɌ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜ɹɲȴɫʢధɹ߂ɲტܕˁ፷Ȧɛɹȵ⏋ͦ ˻ɭ٧ɽʶʳϺǾɫȡʳ⏏ 2.3ȁใ၈ࡔͬಎ̱̹͂౷֖ߊ ǵ̫ͦ̓˙ະɹԒᨆɻ⏋߂ȷȼ๖ɹʭȩɴՕᰖɇʶɩȦʳ⏃ܒ 2⏆⏏ʚɑμ߈ݖɹ˸Ͳ̾ ˻ाˁʱॎȼܩय़ɻ̸ͦ˻ (bulozi) ɭ٧ɽʶɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹ̸ͦ˻ɹᑉᨆɴɻ˵̠ (sana) ɭ ٧ɽʶʳܩय़ȵঃȵʱ⏋ɗɌɩ˵̠ɹүɻະᨆɹدܩȴʰɹܩάອȵയʛՏʳ͇̫̊ (mataba) ɭ٧ɽʶʳय़Ⴅɹܩय़ɭɲʳ⏏12) ǵ̸ͦ˻ɻ˸Ͳ̾˻ाɹ᛭ݖɫȡʱ⏋༑ᤉɹው֪ɴɭʢɲɤɩ০ଁɇʶɛɭʛʰʶʳᣱУɹ Პжȵᇿጓɦ⏏Ȧɤʗȩ˵̠ɴɻ༑ᤉȵࡔܧɌɛ০ᤄɻʛʰʶɑ⏋ɗɹᣱУɻΥᖔɴɲɞʰȴ ɫȡʳ⏏˵̠ɴʢɻՕ॒ɐʳȵ⏋ᦚɐʳ͌˪ͦܩय़ɴзʞϺǾȵςɭɌɩఔ႑ܩʦᓚсܩ ɭɌɩգᅎɌɩȦʳ⏏͇̫̊ɫɻ⏋ཻȷອɴʭʱᩄɹອՕˁي˃ɞܤޚˁգᅎɌɩ⏋˹˹͑ Ͳ˻͚ (shishanjo) ɭ٧ɽʶʳᓚܩȵᦶଁɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ȴɦɩ⏋ɄɄɫɻБɹტɹ˓̢˹ˏ 11) ˓Ͳ˫ͩɭɻ⏋̫͡ტܕȡʳȦɻ͡Ͳ̋ტܕȴʰάɌɩ̫ͦ̓˙ະɴࡴመɌɛϺǾɹឃɫȡʱ⏋Ʉɹ ܤܩɫ՟ʠɩᅊʚʶɛᅖਸɹؿɫȡʳɭШȭʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ 12) ᠭീܩȵȡʳ͐Ͳ˫ላɫɻ⏋˵̠ɭ͇̫̊ɻະɹആүɹʛɴՕ॒Ɍ⏋ីүɴɻʛʰʶɲȦ⏏ɗɹჿᅓɭɌ ɩ⏋Ʉɹܩݖɫɻ˸Ͳ̾˻ाೣ༑ȵីࢊʱɹеᒞˁ༑ʶɩȦʳɄɭ⏋ីүɹ˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ȵ˹͓͌Ͳ˰ॶ ɴ ʭɤɩՕుɇʶɩȲʱ⏃ܒ 2⏆⏋ആүɭປᥒɌɩະɴയʛՏʳܩάອᩄȵࢹɲȦɄɭɲɰȵᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏
̸̍ɹʢɭ⏋˹˹͑Ͳ˻͚ɹகອˁᇿᇕɭɌɛ߂ៀฐɲອᤉȵলɇʶɛɄɭȵሾʰʶɩȦ ʳ⏏ ǵະɭدܩɹޅᅠݖɭɲʳహᯆɹᨆՕɻ͌˪ͦ (mukulo) ɭ٧ɽʶɩȦʳ⏏ីᨆ˸Ͳ̲ˏ ɹΥय़ɻˡ̩͞͠ቆܤȵঃݖɴʼɛɤɩՕ॒ɌɩȲʱ⏋͌˪ͦɻɄɹˡ̩͞͠ቆܤɴʭɤɩុ ʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ჼܧ⏋͌˪ͦɻϺؤɹࢌᮃܩय़ɭɲɤɩȦʳȵ⏋13) ӯഀɻະɴ࣎зɐʳϺǾ ȵ༇ອೝɹధˡᬚ⏋Υಁᇕɴ᧫ᮑɐʳɛʠɹݭଘɫȡɤɛ⏏ɭɄʸȵະԒɹϺؤȵވ֓ Ɍ⏋ɭȼɴඨܩೝɴ͐Ͳ˫ɹᅘȵօɇʶɛະɹആүɫɻ⏋॑ݭʦോɲɰɹ˓Ͳ̶͞ ȵҺɇʶɛɄɭʢȡʱ⏋ॷᬚˁɭȲɌɩ͌˪ͦɴࡴзɐʳϺǾȵވ֓Ɍɛ⏏ ǵະɹүɹدܩɴঃȵʳ˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ʦ̸̒˹͖ɻ͌˹̜˕ (mushitu) ɭ٧ɽʶ⏋͌˪ ͦɭؾɴঃȼቆܤɴុʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ਃഀʭʱ͌˹̜˕ɻ⏋̫ͦ̓˙ະɹីݖ⏃ჼܧɹ ˏͲ˳͞⏆ȴʰውзɌɩȷɛ̸Ͳ̋ (Mbunda) ʦ͡ʹˎͤ (Luvale) ɲɰɹᮃȵ࣎зɐʳ ݭଘɫȡɤɛ⏏৳ʰɻ͌˹̜˕ɴՕ॒ɐʳࢸໜाʦࢸྂܩɹᦏȼɴˁȿ⏋Ȳʢɴ˗̝̒͞ Ͳ̝ɫ္ᅣˁୖȷ̜˗˻Ͳ̲˛ʦ˥͑̒˵̫ˁсЊȿɌɩᅊˁᐣ୫Ɍɩȷɛ⏏14) 2.4ȁήυΐ͈౷ࠁ႒ ǵͦ˻ɴШʼʳ؞ϟ᠆ɹɲȴɫ⏋̫ͦ̓˙ະɻȋӃహɻʪʳʦȴȍɭ০ࢅɇʶɩȦʳȵ⏋ ɗɹμ߈ݖɹ̸ͦ˻ɻᣱУɴ˃ɞܩ০ˁʢɦɭȦɤɩʭȦ⏏ɗɌɩϺǾɻɄɹʭȩɲܩ০ ˁ⏋ܤޚʦඨᅊɹ႕ᣒʦອՕႥ⏋ȡʳȦɻປᲞेɲɰˁݜྈɭɌɩՕᰖɌ⏋ɗʶəʶɹܩ০ ɴؿዌˁЊήɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵՕᰖɹݜྈɭɲʳᡉឹᏬɻሂϣɴᦹᬠɌɩȦʳɭਲ਼ʼʶʳȵ⏋ɄɄɫɻɭȼɴܩ০ؿዌɭປ ᲞेɭɹᬠѥɴᇿɌɛȦ⏏ɐɲʼɠປᲞेɴࢪਝɌɛᏳɲՕᰖȵ᠗ʠʰʶ⏋ɲȴɴɻధמ ́Ͳ͍̍ͻ̜͡ዐɹປᲞेɫȡɤɩʢᅵɲʳܩ০ɭɌɩ᠗ᡫɇʶɩȦʳݭغʢȡʳ⏏ɄȩɌ ɛᏳɲ᠗ᡫՕᰖȵɲɇʶɩȦʳɄɭɻ⏋ϺǾɹᅊʦᅊ༎ȵ࡚፲ᇕɲ༇ອеɹɭȼ ᐄʃɦȦɩۊʚʶɩȦʳɄɭɭཉȼᬠѥɌɩȦʳɴ᧓ȦɲȦ⏏Гά⏋ະɹμ߈ݖɫȡʳ̸ ͦ˻ɹܩ০ˁ⏋ປᲞɹжȦɴՎܩՎܩᲞܩɭՕȿɩᠦ౩ˁɐɐʠʳ⏃ᝠ 1⏆⏏ ⏃1⏆̸ͦ˻ɹՎܩ ǵ˸Ͳ̾˻ाɹͦ˻ؿɻ͑͠Ͳ̫˓ (Liyambai) ɫȡʳȵ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲ߂ȷɲाˁ̤ˡ (nuka) ɭ٧ʉ⏏˸Ͳ̾˻ाɻະɹɲȴˁ߂ȷȼ᛭Ɍɩ༑ʶɩȦʳȵ⏃ܒ 2⏆⏋ᬏȦಁᬚ३ɹɲ ȴɫ༑ᤉȵɐʳɄɭȵȡʳ⏏Ʉɹዐɫ⏋ȴɦɩɹ༑ᤉɻృɌȦ༑ᤉɴ᭰ஞɌɛ˹̶ˎͲ ̫˓ (sifambai) ɭ٧ɽʶʳΪྲྀɭɲʳ⏏ʚɛჼܧɹ༑ᤉȴʰʦʦᮐʶɛଘɴɻ⏋ॷᬚˁɭ 13) 1950 ॷɹ 1 ॶ˥͍ͦͻ̜͡ȡɛʱɹࡴϺؤࢌɻ⏋ະɹԒᨆȵ 6⑯10 ϺɫȡʳɹɴࢪɌ⏋͌˪ͦɫ ɻ 12 Ϻ⑯15 ϺɭʦʦᲞȦPeters 1960: 54⏏1990 ॷɹకঌɴʭʳϺؤᐏˁʢɭɴعܩݖɹϺؤࢌˁ፤Տ ɐʳɭ⏋ະɹԒᨆȵ 20 Ϻ⏋͌˪ͦȵ 294 Ϻ⏋˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ȵ 16 Ϻ⏋͐Ͳ˫ɹᅘᨆȵ 260 Ϻɭɲʳ⏏ 14) ္ᅣɴʭɤɩᬖޕɌɛᓚܩˁ̘͇͠ (litema) ɭ٧ʉ⏏̜˗˻Ͳ̲˛ʦ˥͑̒˵̫ɲɰɹൕݛс႒ɭɭʢɴ⏋္ ᅣɹଯɻ̸Ͳ̋ɴʭɤɩͦ˻ɴಔؖɌɛɭȦȩ⏏
ȲɌɩອˁᢱȭɩȦʳྲྀȵဣܧɌ⏋Ʉʶʰɻ͠˵ (lisa) ɭ٧ɽʶɩȦʳ⏏˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɹី үɴɻȦȼɦȴɹྲྀȵࡔܧɐʳȵ⏋ɗʶʰɻլᐨྫɹྫݭɭɌɩ⏋ȡʳȦɻॠʱఔ႑ɴȲȿ ʳႌɹອᰰʛݭɭɌɩգᅎɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ ǵྲྀʓɰɹៀฐˁʢɛɲȦȵ⏋ʓʖॷᬚˁɭȲɌɩອˁᢱȭɩȦʳՎܩˁ୭ɐܩ০ؿዌɭɌ ɩ⏋˹ͩ̊̊ (siwatata) ɭ̘͠ˑͲ̚ˑ (litindi) ȵȡɁʰʶʳ⏏˹ͩ̊̊ɻྲྀʭʱʢອཉȵ༓ ȼᯆዩʢࢸɇɲՎܩɫȡʱ⏋ϗ࡚ɹᏺʼʱɴɻᎢྫȵʼʶʳ⏏Ȧɤʗȩ̘͠ˑͲ̚ˑʢࢸៀ
ฐɲՎܩɫȡʳȵ⏋ˏˡ̫̠ዀɹ̘͠ˑͲ̚ˑLudwigia stolonifera, Onagraceae15) ʦ̊̚ዀ
ɹ͠Ͳ̸Ͳ̸˙ (limbumbwe)Polygonum senegalense, PolygonaceaeɲɰɹᗳೣᰖȵອμɴᲞࢌ ɫᗛʱ⏋ɗɹᗳೣᰖɹࣝɹΫˁϺɻȼɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏̘͠ˑͲ̚ˑɹອɻෙɌɩʱȵࢹ ນ!1ȁήυΐȪใ၈ࡔಎ؇֖ȫ̤̫ͥͅ৽ါ̈́౷ࠁྴઠ ܩ০ؿዌ ܩ০ɹ႕ਐ Ԣອɹዐ1) Ȳʢɲգᅎ2) Վܩ ̤ˡ ा⏃˸Ͳ̾˻ा⏆ ⏉⏉⏉⏉⏉ լᐨྫ ͠˵ ྲྀ ⏉⏉⏉⏉⏉ ອ⏋ ອ ༟⏋ ႌ ɹ ອ ᰰ ʛ ݭ⏋ լᐨྫ⏋͓˽ྫ⏋ ˹̶ˎͲ̫˓ Ϊྲྀ ⏉⏉⏉⏉⏉ լᐨྫ ˹ͩ̊̊ Վܩ⏃͠˵ʭʱࢸៀฐ⏆ ⏉⏉⏉⏉ Ꭲྫ ̘͠ˑͲ̚ˑ ᗳೣȵᲞࢌɫᗛʳՎܩ ⏉⏉⏉⏉ ອ⏋ອ༟ Վܩ ͌͞ͅ ˸Ͳ̾˻ाɹౙໜ᧑ ⏉⏉⏉ ᦅ⏃˹̮̊⏆⏋ఔ႑⏋լᐨྫ ̜͠˕Ͳ̋ ͌͞ͅԒᨆɹႥɴ᭠ᣱɌɛ ܩ০ ⏉⏉ ᦅ⏃˹̮̊⏆⏋ఔ႑⏋լᐨྫ Ͳ˻˙ͤͦ ͌͞ͅԒᨆɹႥɴጆ˃ɞܩ ০ ⏉⏉⏉ ᦅ⏃˹̮̊⏆⏋ఔ႑⏋լᐨྫ ͓͠Ͳ̋ ౙໜ᧑ɹᔘྂܩໜाఫ ⏉⏉ ఔ႑ ̫͠͞ ॶܹɲܩ০⏃͌͞ͅʦ͓͠Ͳ ̋ˁᐵዌ⏆ ⏉⏉ ఔ႑⏋լᐨྫ Პܩ ̀͠͡ ͇˗Ͳ̝Ⴅɹܩ০⏃Ꮃܤᣒ⏆ ⏎ ᮃᘺ⏋ᦅ⏃̀͠͡⏆⏋ႌܑȦ ۊ⏋լᐨྫ⏋ˡ̊Ͳ̫ྫ ͌˭Ͳˤͩ ̀͠͡ ̀͠͡ɹహᯆ ⏉ ᦅ⏃͌˭Ͳˤͩ̀͠͡⏋ Ͳ̨̋͊⏆ ̜͠Ͳ˳ ቆܤȵᮮՏɌɛܩ০ ⏎ ᮃᘺ⏋ᦅ⏃̜͠Ͳ˳⏆⏋ႌܑ Ȧۊ⏋լᐨྫ ̜͠˕Ͳ̋ ౙໜ᧑ɹᕶးݨᬿႥɹܩ০⏃͠ ̀͡ʦ̜͠Ͳ˳ȵ՞Ⴅɴι˃ ɞܩ০⏆ ⏎ ᮃᘺ⏋ᦅ⏃̀͠͡⏋̜͠Ͳ ˳⏆⏋ႌܑȦۊ⏋ఔ႑⏋լᐨ ྫ⏋ˡ̊Ͳ̫ྫ ̸̫͠ ༇ອಁɴອȵֳȦʭȼ༑ʶʳ ፝ଘ⏃ᦹɲɤɛᲞܩȵՖ ʶɛݭଘ⏋Პܩɹɲȴɹጆ ܩɲɰ⏆ ⏉ ᦅ⏋լᐨྫ 1) Ԣອɹዐɻ⏋ɗʶəʶɹܩ০ᬚɹປᲞेˁᓒૅɌɩՠࡴɌɛ⏏ ǵ⏉⏉⏉⏉⏉ǵ⏰ǵ⏉⏉⏉⏉ǵ⏰ǵ⏉⏉⏉ǵ⏰ǵ⏉⏉ǵ⏰ǵ⏉ǵ⏰ǵ⏎ 2) ୠ্Ԓɻᓚܩؿዌˁኍɐ⏃4⏏ˁؒ၇⏆⏏
ɲȼ⏋ϗ࡚ɴȲȿʳϺɹᰰᅎອɹອݭʦອ༟ݭɭɌɩգᅎɇʶʳ⏏ ⏃2⏆̸ͦ˻ɹՎܩ ǵϗ࡚ɹ՟ʠʚɫອˁᢱȭ⏋ǾɴອՕȵᙜᇍɌɩྂܩɭɲʳʭȩɲжܩˁ͌͞ͅ (mulapo) ɭ٧ʉ⏏͌͞ͅɹȼɻ˸Ͳ̾˻ाɹౙໜ᧑ɫȡɤɛخᔨਸȵᲞȼ⏋य़ႥɹՎܩɭɲɤɩ Ȧʳ⏏༇ອೝɹᬖࠃಁɴ˸Ͳ̾˻ाˁྍʶɫɛອɻ⏋Ʉɹ͌͞ͅˁШɤɩɹʚɫ༑ʶɩȼ ʳ⏏͌͞ͅɹጆʛɹӃహɻɲɞʰȴɫ⏋ອˁᢱȭɩȦɲȦϗ࡚ɴɻޅᅠˁՠաɐʳɄɭɻᮑɌ Ȧ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋༑ອಁɴɻ͌͞ͅɻອᤉɹʭȩɴɲʱ⏋ɗɹࡔܧȵ౩ርɭɲʳ⏏ϗ࡚ɴ̜˗͐ͦ ˱˹ˁсЊȿɐʳᓚܩɻ⏋Ʉɹ͌͞ͅɴᦶଁɇʶʳ⏏͌͞ͅɹԒᨆɴɻႥɴ᭠ᣱɌɛ፝ଘɭ ጆ˃ɞɭɄʸȵȡʱ⏋մᓔˁ̜͠˕Ͳ̋ (litunda)⏋ᓔˁͲ˻˙ͤͦ (njelelo) ɭךաɌɩȦʳ⏏ ʚɛ⏋͌͞ͅɹɲȴɴ˹ͩ̊̊ȵ০ଁɇʶɩȦʳݭغʢȡʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ͌͞ͅɫɻ⏋ɗɹԒ ᨆˁԗךՕɌɩ᠗ሾɌɩȦʳɄɭʢȦ⏏ ǵय़Ⴅɹ͌͞ͅɹٞᦇɻ⏋ᗐॵᲞʚɤɛॶܹɲܩ০ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ͓͠Ͳ̋ (liyanda) ɭ٧ɽʶ⏋˸Ͳ̾˻ाɹౙໜ᧑Ȧɹᔘྂܩ⏋ȡʳȦɻໜाఫɫȡɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏͌͞ ͅʦ͓͠Ͳ̋ˁȡʼɓɛ⏋ʦʦॶܹɲܩ০ˁ̫͠͞ (libala) ɭ٧ʃ⏋ఔ႑ɹ᧟ܩɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ ⏃3⏆̸ͦ˻ɹᲞܩ ǵГΫɻ༇ອೝɴਖɑԢອɐʳܩ০ɫȡʳȵ⏋๖ɴອɴ༡ȴʱɴȼȦܩ০ɴɦȦɩ៨ᦚɌɩ ȲȷɛȦ⏏ະɹɲȴɫʢɤɭʢᲞʚɤɛ͇˗Ͳ̝Ⴅɹܩ০ɫ⏋ܤޚμɹᎳܤᣒɹւغȵ ߂ȷȦܤܩɻ̀͠͡ (lizulu) ɭ٧ɽʶʳ⏏̀͠͡ɻ༇ອೝɹ̴ͻ˪ɫʢԢອɌɴȼȦɛʠ⏋ᓚ ܩʦᮃᘺɹጓܩݭଘɭɌɩգᅎɇʶ⏋ϺǾɴɭɤɩȷʼʠɩᩂឹɲܤܩɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏̀͠͡ ɻ˹ͦˏ͠ݻȵᰟɌɛʢɹʦ⏋ȡʳȦɻౙໜाɹ໓ዩсᅎɴʭɤɩ০ଁɇʶɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ Gluckman 1941: 6⏏ʚɛ̀͠͡ɹహᯆᨆɻ͌˭Ͳˤͩ̀͠͡ (mukenga wa lizulu) ɭ٧ɽ
ʶ⏋ᓚܩɭɌɩգᅎɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
ǵᎳܤɫɻɲȼቆܤȵᮮՏɌɩȦʳܩ০ɻ⏋০ႥʦᲞжɴᬠʼʰɑ̜͠Ͳ˳ (litongo) ɭȦȩ⏏ ̜͠Ͳ˳ɻ⏋ॶܹɲ̫͠͞ɭປᥒɌɩᲞȼ⏋̸ͦ˻ɹɲȴɫɻԢອɌɴȼȦܩ০ɫȡʱ⏋̀͠ ͡ɭؾɍʭȩɴᮒ࡚ɴ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁсЊȿɐʳᓚܩɭɌɩգᅎɐʳ⏏ʚɛᮒ࡚ɹᬖࠃಁȴʰ ༇ອೝɹሁմʚɫɹೝᬚɴ⏋ႌܑȦˁȿʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ปೠȵࢹɲȦະɹɲȴɫ⏋Υᨆ
ɹ̜͠Ͳ˳ɴɻլปɹ͌ˡˡ̢ (mukakani)Acacia sieberana, Leguminosae16) ȵᅊᔒɐʳ⏏
ǵ̀͠͡ʦ̜͠Ͳ˳ɲɰɹᲞدȵ՞Ⴅɴᦹɲɤɛܩ০ɻ̜͠˕Ͳ̋ɭ٧ɽʶʳ⏏Ʉʶɻౙໜ᧑ ɹᕶးݨᬿɴᅓഀɐʳܩ০ɫȡʳɭਲ਼ʼʶʳȵ⏋͌͞ͅɹɲȴɫ᭠ᣱɌɩ՞Ⴅɴᐚȼܩ০ɭؾ 15) ೣዣɴ៨ᥔɐʳඨ႒ɹؿɻ⏋Υᨆˁ᭑Ȧɩ⏋ፆᓔȵсଁɌɛඨ႒ฌೣˁ˸Ͳ̲ˏ߂ᅊ႒ఠࡻɹ P. Phiri ަɴؾࡴɌɩȦɛɞȦɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶГɹඨ႒ɹؿɻ⏋៨ᥔɐʳȩȭɫؒ၇Ɍɛయˁᨾɴ៨ɐɄ ɭɭɐʳ⏏ 16) O'sullivan 1993ɴʭʳ⏏
ؿɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛᦹɲɤɛᲞܩȵՖʶɛ፝ଘʦ⏋Პܩɹጆ˃ɞݭଘɻ༇ອಁɴອȵֳȦʭ ȼ༑ʶʳݭଘɭɲʱ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲܩ০ɻ̸̫͠ (libuba) ɭ٧ɽʶʳ⏏
3
ȅȁऔȁఆȁ͈ȁٽȁޙ
3.1ȁΏθϋΡͽఆ ǵᠭീܩɹ˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɻ⏋͐Ͳ˫ɹᅘȴʰីɹكʍȲʭɗ 13 ˥͍ͦͻ̜͡ʓɰɹܩ ဣɴȡʱ⏋̫ͦ̓˙ະɹʓʖμ߈ᨆɫȡʳ̸ͦ˻ɴеᒞɐʳ⏃ܒ 2⏆⏏Ʉɹɻ 1939 ॷɴ⏋ ະɹጩᨆ⏃ჼܧɹ̠́Ͳˤላ⏆ɴȡʳ̊͠Ͳ̲͓ (Litanbiya) ȴʰውзɌɩȷɛϺǾɴ ʭɤɩօɇʶɛ⏏ჼܧɹᬏɻɄɹɹօࠃᓔɹਖ਼ࡎɴȡɛʳ⏏1999 ॷɴȲȿʳϺؤɻ 56 Ϻɫȡʳ⏏ ǵԢອˁ᧫ȿʳɛʠɴ⏋ɻ͇˗Ͳ̝ႥɹᲞܩɴɦȼʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ɹʢɤɭʢᲞȦܩဣɭ жȦܩဣɭɹेɻȲʭɗ 3 ͍ͻ̜͡ɫȡʳȵ⏋ёॷ⏋༇ອೝɴɻɹԒᨆɴʢ༇ອɻେɌࢊɓ ɩȼʳ⏃Ԡሎ 2⏋3⏆⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋༡ອɌɴȼȦʭȩɴ 20⑯30 ́Ͳ͍̍ͻ̜͡ዐ⏋ࢃ࣒ɻܤ ৢ૯!3ȁࢻକܢ͈ΏθϋΡͽఆ ৢ૯!2ȁۋܬ͈ΏθϋΡͽఆˁᇵɤɛΫɴȿʰʶɩȦʳݭغȵȦ⏏
ǵ༇ອɹ̴ͻ˪ಁɫȡʳ 3⑯4 ɴɻ⏋ࢃ࣒ɹ߂ץɻ༡ອɌɩɌʚȩ⏏ɗɹɛʠະɹីү ɴȡʳدܩɴȿʰʶɛՕɴ⏋Υಁᇕɴ᧫ᮑɐʳᅊ༎ȵᐚȿʰʶɩȷɛ⏏ະɹೣˁ ȋ̸ͦ˻ɹ˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ȍ(Simundwe wa bulozi)⏋Օˁȋ˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ɹ˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ȍ
(Simundwe wa kwa mushitu) ɭ٧˃ɫȦʳ⏏1960 ॷБʚɫɻ⏋༇ອೝɴɻзɹʓɭ˃ɰȵ Օɴው֪ɌɛɭȦȩȵ⏋1999 ॷɴՕɴው֪Ɍɛᓔɻ 10 Ϻʰɑɫȡɤɛ⏏ɗɹЈɹԒ៱ ˁኍɐɭ⏋ະԒɹɹᦏȼɴȡʳᲞܩɴው֪Ɍɛᓔȵ 25 Ϻ⏋͐Ͳ˫ɹᅘʍው֪Ɍɛᓔ ȵ 3 Ϻ⏋ɗɌɩɴᅥʚɤɛᓔȵ 15 Ϻɫȡɤɛ⏏༇ອೝɴɫᅊ༎ˁᐚȿʳϺǾɻ⏋ೠ഼ˁ ιʏɛΫɴᮊᗳʦ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹᗡɲɰˁఫȦɩআˁᲞȼɌɛʱ⏋ȡʳȦɻ˽̘ˑͻ͡នɹ ̝̾̒ˁᣘԂɌɩଘɹተѳɴɦɭʠɩȦʳ⏏ ǵ༇ອೝɹ࣎зӴȵՕతɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛჿᅓɭɌɩ⏋ϺǾɻᬿႢɹਖឹਸˁȡɁʳ⏏4 ɻ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹؚዲೝɫʢȡʱ⏋ᓚܩɴࡸɤɩȦʳ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ȵᇴʚʶɲȦʭȩɴᇺែ ɐʳɛʠ⏋ɹᦏȼȴʰᮐʶɲȦɭȦȩɹɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌೣɴᅥʚɤɛᓔȵ 15 ϺȦʳɭɻ Ȧȭ⏋зɹ 7 ւГΫɹᓔɻˁᮐʶɩȲʱ⏋ћးɭɌɩະɹᅊ༎ɻ༇ອɴɭʢɲȩ࡚፲ ᇕɲው֪ɭࢌஞɴᬠʼɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲ༇ອɴɭʢɲȩзɹው֪ʢ⏋ტɹኢәɭؾɴ ˪˝Ͳ̓ˡɭ٧ɽʶɩȦʳ⏏ 3.2ȁଲఝ͈ࢹ଼͂ଲఝۼ͈ڒओ ǵ˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɻ⏋ˁօɌɛ՟БᬏɹӰɹࡎʰɴʭɤɩ෯ଁɇʶɩȲʱ⏋࣎зᓔ !6ȁΏθϋΡͽఆ͈ਯྦྷࢹ଼⏃1999 ॷ⏆
ɹʓɭ˃ɰɻ៊ࠑଇᬠѥɫᐄɽʶɩȦʳ⏃ܒ 6⏆⏏ɌȴɌࡸ᭬ɴɻ⏋γय़17)OʦP⏋ Q⏋RɹʭȩɴሁஞᇕɲᏙᡮᬠѥɴɲȦᓔʢʛʰʶʳ⏏ ǵO1 ɹၼ៊ɻࢃԒߩ᭺⏃͌̊Ͳˤ⏋mutanga⏆ɫȡɤɛȵ⏋Ʉɹըȵ 1906 ॷɴঘɇʶɛ ɹˁߕลɴ⏋O1 ɹၼ៊ɭ՟БᬏɻᒶӰɹʭȩɲᬠѥˁᐄ˃ɞɭȦȩ⏏ჼܧ⏋ؘɹਖ਼ࡎ ɫȡʳ O1 ɭ D1 ɻ⏋ȲϣȦˁӰɭؾɹᬠѥɴȡʳɭʛɲɌɩȦʳ⏏18) ʚɛ Q1 ɹၼ៊ɻ⏋ ȴɦɩɻ˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɹɴеᒞɐʳ͌͞ͅɹࢪࣳݖɴȡɤɛ͇˻˙̢͇ͤ (Majelemani) 17) ͦ˻ɫ̫͡˹ (lubasi) ɻୟ߂ࢃˁᝠɐȵ⏋γय़ɴ᠍য়ɐʳৢɻɲȦ⏏ɗɹɛʠɄɄɫᅎȦʳγय़ɭɻՕ ഓෙਥɫȡʱ⏋ᠭീɴȲȿʳ⏋࣎з⏋༥ᢹ⏋ܤܩѳ⏋֝ӈɲɰˁ֬൜ɌɩࡴɌɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ 18) ͦ˻ɹ៊ؿዌɫɻ⏋ॶ˓̜˱ϯؕ˓̜˱ɭʢɴȋ˥͚˗̋˓ȍȋ˹͇˓ȍɹ፴ᅾɴɻȦɤɩȦʳ⏏ ນ!2ȁଲఝࢹ଼͂ު͈ٽါ⏃1999 ॷ⏆ γ य़ ៨ ش γ य़ Ϻ ధ γय़ڊɹ෯ଁ1) ᦅ ႑ᅨ ྫǵௗ Һǵǵᓒ ᅖǵਸ ߨǵਸ ᓚ ܩ ᯆ ዩ ⏃m2 ⏆ ႌ ଘ ᰄ ధ լ⓹ ᐨ⓹ ྫ ☬⓹ ☁⓹ ྫ ◳ ☇ ☻ ☘ ྫ Ꭲ⓹ ⓹ ⓹ ྫ ᓑ⓹ ॷ ଁ⓹ ॷ ೡ ଁ ॷ ᓑ⓹ ॷ ଁ⓹ ॷ ೡ ଁ ॷ A 1 1 3,230 1 B 2 1 1 9,181 28 ǣ2) C 1 1 7,111 26 D 3 1*3) 1 1 13,520 2 ǣ ᬏ⏋ႌɹ፬ჿ̢̜̒͘4) ɹ Кᓔ E 5 1 1 1 1 1 5,368 2 ǣ ǣ F 3 1 2 3,024 0 ǣ G 2 1 1 1,679 0 ǣ H 1 1 1,231 0 ǣ ǣ I 1 1 1,726 0 J 6 1 2 1 1 1 7,658 2 ǣ ǣ ǣ K 3 1 1 1 5,353 0 ǣ L 2 1* 1 1 2,853 5 ǣ ǣ ǣ 2000ॷ ɴॠ⏃γय़Ϻధɴɻ ي˃ɫȦɲȦ⏆ M 9 1* 4 2 2 12,687 41 ǣ ǣ ǣ ǣ ႌɹ፬ჿ̢̜̒͘ɹКᓔ N 2 2 2,358 0 ǣ O 2 1 1 2,717 0 P 4 1 1 1 1 4,337 4 ǣ ǣ Q 5 1* 2 1 1 6,617 3 ǣ ǣ ႌɹ፬ჿ̢̜̒͘ɹКᓔ R 4 1 1 2 316 0 ǣ غ 56 4 12 8 10 14 8 90,966 114 1) ᓑॷ⏮56 ГΫ⏋ଁॷ⏮16⑯55 ⏋ೡଁॷ⏮15 Гά⏏ 2) ྫௗ๎ɴȲȿʳǣɻ⏋1999 ॷɴعྫௗˁۊʞᓔȵ᠍য়ɐʳγय़ɴʛʰʶɛɄɭˁኍɐ⏃ɛɞɌ͓˽ྫ ɭˡ̊Ͳ̫ྫɻ 2001 ॷɹёˁኍɌɩȡʳ⏆⏏ 3) * ɻزɹҺᓒɴᠦ౩ˁЊɌɛʢɹˁኍɐ⏏ 4) ႌɹ፬ჿ̢̜̒͘ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋5. 2 ɫᦚʏʳ⏏
ɴз˃ɫȦɛȵ⏋1941 ॷɴඨܩకঌȵࡸేɌɛకፑɴʭʱ⏋˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɴᑂԂɌɛ ɭȦȩ⏏19) Q1 ɹၼ៊ɭ՟Бᬏɭɹᬠѥȵয়ಁ⏋Ȧȴɲʳʢɹɫȡɤɛɹȴɻ౩ʰȴɫɻɲ Ȧȵ⏋ჼܧɹᬏɫȡʳ D1 ˁ⏋Q1 ɻȋȲၼɇ˃ȍ(ndate)⏋Q1 ɹࠗࠫɫȡʳ R1 ɻȋȲɍȦ ɇ˃ȍ(kuku) ɭ⏋ɗʶəʶ៊ؿዌɫ٧˃ɫȦʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɫɻ⏋ࡸ᭬ɻ ᏙᡮΫɹᑦȵʱˁʢɛɲȦᓔɭʢ௹ըᇕɲ៊ᬠѥˁᐄʃ⏋ɭɌɩɹʁɭɦɹʚɭʚʱˁ০ ଁɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵɌȴɌ⏋ᝠ 2 ɴኍɌɛʭȩɴγय़еɫʛʳɭ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴۊʚʶɩȦʳᅊɹሂɻΥɫɻ ɲȼ⏋ᓚܩɹᯆዩʦଘɐʳႌɹᰄధɴɻγय़ɴʭʳൔेȵ᠗ʠʰʶʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋γय़R ɻృɌȼውзɌɩȷɛɛʠ⏋Јɹγय़ɭປᥒɌɩᓚܩɹᯆዩɻȴɲʱࢸɇȦ⏏ʚɛγय़O ɻ⏋ȴɦɩɻȼɹႌˁѳɌɩȦɛɭȦȩȵჼܧɻᇖံɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲγय़ɻ⏋ᬚכ (O1), ȡʳȦɻᩮនڃѹჿ (R1) ɲɰɹտᓷˁʢɦ⏏ ǵͦ˻Цɫɻ⏋ਸաʦॷᶲɴʭɤɩ֝ӈԒࢅȵៀࡴɇʶʳӃكȵȦȵGluckman 1941: Ch. 7⏋ɗɹɄɭɻɭȼɴྫௗɴȲȿʳྫɹ᧧ିɴᰒᘿɴᝠʶɩȦʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋عγय़ɫ ɻɗɹ෯ଁڊɹਸաʦॷᶲɴਝɍɩᅵɲʳྫˁᅎɌɩȦʳɛʠ⏋ɗɹᐄഗɭɌɩγय़ᬚɴ ɻेᅵȵᅊɍɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋γय़ᬚɴȲȿʳᅊᐁཕΫɹᅵɹ३ɻࢸɇȼɲȦ⏏ ǵɭɻȦȭࡸ᭬ɹ༥ᢹˁʛʳɭ⏋ؚዲɌɛс႒⏋͊͡˪⏋ɲɰȵγय़ᬚɫʦʱʱɇʶɛ ʱ⏋ȡʳȦɻᰩϟɗɹʢɹȵγय़ˁᣳȭɩரњɇʶʳɄɭȵᰈᑢɴȡʳ⏏ʚɛᦚɐʳʭȩ ɴ⏋ɄɹܩɫɻᓚܩɴႌܑȦˁȿɩేᔋɐʳȵ⏋ႌˁଘɐʳγय़ɹʛȵ؊ᔋˁႶװɐʳ ʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴɻႌˁଘɌɲȦγय़ɴʢȡʳዐɹ؊ᔋȵʪȷʼɛʳʭȩɲᨗૅȵ᠗ ʠʰʶʳ⏏ೣዣɻ˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɴȲȿʳᅊɹݜೣӉˁரኍɐʳɄɭˁᇿᇕɭɌɩȲʱ⏋ؾ ɫۊʚʶʳᅊɹᰖ݀ᇕɲவˁݜኄɴɌɩ៨ᦚˁᦽʠʳȵ⏋ਖឹɴਝɍɩγय़ᬚɹൔेɴ ɦȦɩʢៜؖɌɛȦ⏏
4
ȅใȁ၈ȁࡔȁ͈ȁȁު
4.1ȁު͈ٽါ ǵ̫ͦ̓˙ະɹμ߈ݖ⏃̸ͦ˻⏆ɫɻ⏋ភధɹ̊˓̺ɹᓚܩɴȲȦɩᦅȵۊʚʶɩȦ ʳ⏏˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɫɻ⏋̀͠͡⏋̜͠Ͳ˳⏋˹̮̊ (sitapa)⏋Ͳ̨̋͊ (ndamino)⏋͌˱͍ ̠ (mukomena) ɹ 5 ዛᰖɹᓚܩȵተ᠗ɇʶɛ⏏̀͠͡ɭ̜͠Ͳ˳ɻᓚܩؿዌɭܩ০ؿዌȵؾΥ ɫȡʳ⏏Ȧɤʗȩ˹̮̊ɭ͌˱͍̠ɻᦶଁɇʶɛᓚܩˁᝠɐៜᘽɫȡʱ⏋ܩ০ؿዌɭɌɩɻᅎ ȦʰʶɲȦ⏏عᓚܩɻᅵɲʳ̊˓̺ɹܩ০ɴጓܩɌ⏋ɗʶəʶɹܤޚɹອՕႥɴʢሂ᧓ȵȡ ʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠɴعᓚܩɹсЊȿಁೝʢᅵɲʱ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹʛɫɻɲȼϗ࡚ɴʢсЊȿɐʳɄɭȵخ 19) ᦏॷ⏋γय़QɭRɻ⏋ԗʃʢɭɹݭଘ⏃ౙ͇˻˙̢͇ͤ⏆ɴ࣎зɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ᔨɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ᮒ࡚ɴɲɤɩȴʰсЊȿɐʳɄɭˁ͓̾ͤ͠͞ (lyabelela)⏋ᭇᮒˁᰉʰɑɴ ϗ࡚ɹȩɠɴсЊȿɐʳɄɭˁ͠˹˙̊ (lisheta) ɭȦȩ⏏ ǵൕݛɇʶɩȦʳс႒ɹΥៈɻᝠ 3 ɴኍɌɛɭȲʱɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹܩݖɫɻ⏋ȴɦɩɻ͐ͦ˱˹ ȵςс႒ɫȡɤɛȵ⏋ჼܧɫɻ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɴᒞȷழʼʱ⏋ςᰩɹ̸́̾ (buhobe) ɭ٧ɽʶ ʳᎬᎹᰶ20) ɴɻ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹᎬȵᅎȦʰʶʳ⏏̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɴ๖Ȧɫᩂឹɭʛʰʶʳс႒ ɻ˵͇̓˓͐ɭˡ̓̍͑ɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶʰɻ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹБᅎᰩɭɌɩ⏋ȡʳȦɻᬚᰩɭɌɩ ᅎȦʰʶʳ⏏ݜೣᇕɴɐʏɩɹс႒ɻᕶᐌɹɛʠɴൕݛɇʶɩȲʱ⏋ະɹᦅɻ॑ݭˁ୭ كɐʳɛʠɹᅊᅋˁᇿᇕɭɻɌɩɻȦɲȦ⏏ ǵᦅсԃᖔɹςឹɲȦଝɻߨਸɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌႌᓚɻᅖਸɹЇϟɫȡʱ⏋ʚɛؚዲɻᅖߨ ɭʢɴਃϟɐʳ⏏ȴɦɩɻ⏋ՕȵȿʰʶɩȦʳ˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ɫᦅᓚɴਃϟɐʳᓔʢȡɤɛ ȵ⏋1970 ॷБГᭇɴཝࢹɌɩȦɤɛ⏏ГάɴᦚʏʳԒࢅˁʚɭʠ⏋ᅊಪ⏃ܒ 7⏆Ȳʭʃܤܩ ນ!3ȁΏθϋΡͽఆ́ऩ̯̞̤ͦ̀ͥ̈́͜ै ٮǵǵؿ ǵǵؿ1) ͦ˻ؿ ɗʶəʶɹᓚܩɴȲȿʳൕݛᰈ2) գᅎᨆе ̀͠͡ ̜͠Ͳ˳ ̀͠͡ ɹహᯆ ˹̮̊ Ͳ̋ ̨͊ ͌˱ ͍̠ Ԓ
ኺೣᰖ ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ Zea mays mboni CC CC CC CC ዛࡎ
͐ͦ˱˹ Sorghum sp. nswe C C C C ᗡ
͐ͦ˱˹ Sorghum sp. makonga R R R ዛࡎ
̜˗˻Ͳ̲˛ Pennisetum sp. mauza R ዛࡎ
˓͐ᰖ ˵͇̓˓͐ Ipomea batatas ngulu CC CC ᖱ⏋ᘽ
˥͑̒˵̫ Manihot utilissimus mwanja R R ᖱ⏋ᘽ
͇͍ᰖ ̒͞ˡ́˓ Arachis hypogea ndongo C C C ዛࡎ
˵˵˰ Vigna unguiculatus manawa C ዛࡎ
ᩃᘛᰖ ˡ̓̍͑ Cucurbita pepo namudalangwe C C C C R ഗࡸ⏋ᘽ
ˡ̓̍͑ Cucumis vulgaris malaka C C C C R ഗࡸ
̜͇̜ Lycopesicum esculentum tomato C C ഗࡸ
̠̦̊ Brassica rape rape C C ᘽ
ഗࡸᰖ ˽˓ˡ Citrullus vulgaris lihapu C C C C R ഗࡸ
͇Ͳ˳ͻ Mangifera indica mango CC ഗࡸ
˫ˎ̫ Psidium guajava guava C ഗࡸ
˪ͩ Morus alba mulobeni C ഗࡸ
̫̠̠ Musa sapentia likonde R ഗࡸ
ɗɹЈ ˵̜˗˥̲ Saccharum officinalis mushwati C C ᗡ
̯͚˗̊Ͳ Lagenaria sp. liwana C ഗࡸ
̯͚˗̊Ͳ Lagenaria sp. myuku C ഗࡸ
̫̊˱ Nicotiana tabacum kwai C ᘽ
1) ؿɹؾࡴɴȡɛʱ Whitby [1973] ˁؒ၇Ɍɛ⏏ 2) ൕݛᰈ⏩CC⏧ᲞȦ⏋C⏧ಔᦲ⏋R⏧жȦ
գᅎɹ࡚፲ᇕ⏃ܒ 8⏆ˁɁɩȲȼ⏏ 4.2ȁςΒσ̤͍͢ςΠϋΌ ǵ̀͠͡ɭ̜͠Ͳ˳ɻ⏋ɭʢɴԢອɌɴȼȦᲞܩɴᦶଁɇʶɛᓚܩɫȡʳ⏃Ԡሎ 4⏆⏏ᝠࣝ ܤޚȵᎳܤɹݭغɻ̀͠͡⏋ቆܤɹݭغɻ̜͠Ͳ˳ɭךաɐʳɹȵհɫȡʳ⏏˹͌Ͳ̝˕ ˛ɹзȵᓚсɐʳɗʶəʶɹᯆዩɻ⏋̀͠͡ȵᏝ 7 Ψ 2,000 ॶ͍ͻ̜͡⏋̜͠Ͳ˳ȵᏝ 5,300 ॶ͍ͻ̜͡ɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶʰˁغʼɓɛᯆዩȵԃᓚܩɴװʠʳւغɻ 8 ւˁᣳȭʳ⏏ɰ ɠʰʢᦅɴɻ߂ेɻɲȦȵ⏋̀͠͡ɹʓȩȵᦅɴ᧟ɌɩȦʳɭȦʼʶ⏋ະɹᦅɴȲ Ȧɩ̀͠͡ȵʢɤɭʢᩂឹɲᓚܩɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏21) ̀͠͡ɹʓɭ˃ɰɻຘॷсЊȿɇʶʳȵ⏋ ̜͠Ͳ˳ɻсЊȿɇʶɲȦݭغʢȡʳ⏏ ǵ̀͠͡ʦ̜͠Ͳ˳ɫൕݛɐʳςс႒ɻ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛᗐॵɹˡ̓̍͑ʦ˽˓ˡ⏋ ȡʳȦɻ͐ͦ˱˹⏃Ͳ˽˙⏋nswe⏆ɲɰˁཌྷсɐʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏃ᝠ 3⏆⏏Ͳ˽˙ɻ⏋ᗡȵᅆ٢ˁ ي˃ɫȲʱ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹؚዲɹغᬚɴϺǾȵɌȵʞɛʠɴൕݛɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ ǵɛȦɩȦɹȋ̀͠͡ȍ22) ɴɻܔؿȵɦȿʰʶɩȦʳ⏃ܒ 9⏆⏏Ȧɑʶʢᬏȵɴ࣎зɐʳ 21) ɗɹჿᅓɭɌɩɻ⏋̀͠͡ɹܤޚɻᎳܤᣒɫȡʳɛʠѳᔋਸȵᲞȦɄɭ⏋̜͠Ͳ˳ɭປᥒɌɩ̀͠͡ɹປᲞȵ ᲞȦݭغȵȦɄɭɲɰȵᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ 22) Гᭇ⏋ᓚܩɭɌɩգᅎɐʳ̀͠͡ɭ̜͠Ͳ˳ˁᐵዌɌɩ⏋ȋ̀͠͡ȍɭᝠ៨ɐʳ⏏ !7ȁใ၈ࡔ͈ުႣ
ৢ૯!4ȁΠ;κυΏ̦̳֗ͥςΒσ * ჼܧɻʼʶɩȦɲȦ⏏
ᓔɴᨗՕɐʳȵ⏋ȴʰᦏɴውՏɌɛᓔɴʢьᅎȵ᠗ʠʰʶɩȦʳݭغʢȡʳ⏏ᦲ।ɻȋ͠ ̀͡ȍеɴᨗՕɇʶʳȵ⏋ៀฐɹ߂ȷɲȋ̀͠͡ȍɻךՕȿɌɩᨗՕɇʶʳ⏏23) ǵȋ̀͠͡ȍɫɻ⏋ϗ࡚ɹ 7⑯9 ɴᮊᗳˁʱʱ⏋ɗʶˁлˡଘȴɴᮃʠɩၚʦɌɛ ɴ⏋1⑯2 ʓɰ႙ˁȴȿʳ⏏႙ᓚɻ 4 ᰄɹֳؑႌȵᩮនɹ႙ˁ႖ৄɐʳিɫ⏋Ʉɹܩɴ ɻ 1930 ॷБГᭇɴಔؖɌɛBeerling 1986: 8⏏ჼܧ⏋Ʉɹɫɻγय़Mȵ႙ˁଘɌɩ Ȧʳȵ⏋ȼɹγय़ɫɻ႙ᓚɴᅎȦʳႌʢଘɌɩȦɲȦ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲγय़ɫɻ⏋႙ɭֳؑႌ ˁҏʱ؝ȿɩ႙ᓚˁȩ⏏႙ᓚˁȩϺଝȵʱɲȦγय़ɫɻ⏋য়ˁఌଡɤɛʱ⏋ȡʳȦɻ ᰩϟˁரњɌɛʱɌɩɹᮾॷɴћᰉɐʳёʢʛʰʶʳ⏏ϗ࡚ɹᓚᣱˁᏺȭɛಁဣɫ⏋ࢹᩄɹ ˡ̓̍͑ʦ˽˓ˡɲɰˁዛɐʳɄɭȵȡʳ⏏ ǵ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁዛɐʳಁೝɻ⏋ᮒ࡚ȵࠃʚʳ 11⑯12 ɫȡʳ⏃ܒ 7⏆⏏ዛɴɻ 2 ɦɹ ȵȡʳ⏏1 ɦɻ̘͠ˑ̠ (litina) ɭ٧ɽʶʳዴˁ᫊ɫɤɩዛɐʳɫȡʱ⏋ʢȩ 1 ɦ ɻ႙ᓚɹɴȷɐʳɫȡʳ⏏̘͠ˑ̠ɻሁ৹ȵ 30⑯35 ́Ͳ̍ɹԓ০ɫȡʱ⏋ཉɇɻ 10⑯15 ́Ͳ̍ʓɰɫȡʳ⏏ዛɴ⏋᫊ˁᅎȦɩ̘͠ˑ̠ɹΫɴܤˁɓʳ⏏ʚɛዛɹಁ 23) ɛɭȭɽ⏋Litota ɭȦȩܔؿȵЊήɇʶɩȦʳ̀͠͡⏃ܒ 9⏆ɻ⏋15 ךᅙɴךՕȿɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ ⏧˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɴᬠʼʱɹཉȦܩ০ᓚܩɹʛˁኍɌɩȡʳ⏏ ǵǵ̀͠͡ɭ̜͠Ͳ˳ɹܔؿɴɻ⏋άᐻˁЊɌɩȡʳ⏏ !9ȁΏθϋΡͽఆਔ༏͈౷ࠁ̤͍͢ࣈ౷͈ື
ೝɴਖឹɲᭇᮒȵɲȦݭغɴɻ⏋˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ȴʰីʍ 4 ˥͍ͦͻ̜͡ʓɰᮐʶɛ̠͇͘ ͞ (Namayula) ɴȿʰʶɛტއ24) ɫ⏋ᮒϒȦɹә⏃˪˹˙ˏ̺͞⏋kushea pula⏆ˁݚʱ ȩɄɭʢȡʳɭȦȩ⏏ ǵ᭑ᗳɻ⏋с႒ɹᅊᔒɴਝɍɩ 2 ܌ʓɰȩਖឹȵȡʳ⏏՟ɻ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ȵᕗɹᲞɇዐ ɴɲɤɛɴ⏋ʚɑ᫊ɫᮊᗳˁɅɭʱᣱɄɐ⏏Ʉɹ֪сˁ˪̶̊͞ (kutahula) ɭȦȩ⏏ɗ ɌɩлೣȴɹᮊᗳˁʱᣱɄɌɛɴ⏋᫊ɹനɹӴጩᨆɫˁبȷܤˁᘺɭɌɩȦȼ⏃˪̺ ̺̊⏋kupuputa⏆⏏ɇʰɴᏬଝɫɴЊመɌɛܤˁ୷ʳȦᘺɭɌ⏃˪˽˪̠͌⏋kusukumuna⏆⏋ ɗɹᮊᗳˁᓚܩɴఔᒞɌɩȲȼ⏏1 ᇿɹ᭑ᗳɫɻ⏋ɄʶʰɹΥᦹɹсˁᑵʱᦐɐ⏏2 ᇿ ɻ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ȵᔌɹᲞɇɴɲɤɛ⏋ଝɫᮊᗳˁৄȷାȼ⏃˪˪̠͌⏋kukumuna⏆⏏ᓚܩɴ ᕶᅊɌɩȦʳ̶˗͚̍˗̅˗ዀɹ́˹͖Ͳ˫ͩ (seshungwa)Cleome gynandra, Capparaceaeʦ ̯͘ዀɹ̘ʑ (tepe)Amaranthus thunburgil, Amaranthaceaeɲɰ⏋ᩃᘛɭɌɩᰩᅎɴɲʳඨ႒ ɻ᭑ᗳɌɲȦɫᓚܩɴɐ⏏ ǵ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹؚዲɻ⏋༇ອೝɹሎةμɹ 3⑯4 ɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ⏋ɛȦɩȦɹȋ̀͠͡ȍ ɻԢອɌɩȦʳݭغȵȼ⏃ܒ 8⏆⏋ɭȼɴ༇ອɹៀฐȵ߂ȷȦݭغɴɻέсɭɲʳ⏏ؚዲಁ ɴɻ⏋ᕆʚɫອɴ༡ȴʱɲȵʰ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹዥ᥍ˁʢȹʱ⏋πೠᖐɴዩ˃ɫʚɫʉ⏏ ɗɌɩ߃ɴɇʰɌɩϗၥɇɓɛ⏋ɹμɴعγय़ȵʢɦᲞআিɹᢱᚁঐ⏃˽ˑ˹˙̘⏋ sishete⏆ɴؚᚁɐʳ⏏ؚዲɹᓚܩɴɇʶɛ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹᗡɻ⏋ᠭჿᅎɹၚషɭɌɩգᅎ ɐʳ⏏ȋ̀͠͡ȍɫɻ⏋ధॷɴ 1 ɹւغɫႌܑȦˁȿ⏋ႌɹᏎ࣋ɴʭɤɩܤޚɹᔋ໋ɹ ܌ˁɻȴɤɩȦʳ⏏ɄɹేᔋɴɦȦɩɻᦚɐʳ⏏ ǵȋ̀͠͡ȍɹహᯆɹᨆՕ⏃͌˭Ͳˤͩ̀͠͡⏆ʢᓚܩɭɌɩգᅎɇʶʳ⏏Ʉɹᓚܩɻ ȋ̀͠͡ȍԃкɹɲȴɫɻжеᒞɴȡʱ⏋ܤޚɹອՕيრȵᲞȦɛʠϗ࡚ɹ 9 ɴсЊȿ ɫȷʳ⏏Ʉɹహᯆᓚܩɫɻ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹʓȴɴ̒͞ˡ́˓⏋˵˵˰⏋ˡ̓̍͑⏋̜͇̜⏋ ˽˓ˡɲɰɹɲс႒ȵൕݛɇʶʳ⏏ 4.3ȁȶςΒσȷ̤̫ͥͅݱͥ͢ͅঔ༹ ǵॠʱఔ႑ȴʰଖɤɛխȴʰᓂʚɫɹȡȦɞ⏋ႌɻിˁʠȽʰɌɛܑȦɹμɫɅɐ ⏃Ԡሎ 5⏆⏏25) ɄɹʭȩɲႌܑȦˁ͌͞ˡ (mulaka) ɭ٧ʉ⏏Ʉɹܩɫɻ⏋ᓚܩɴႌܑȦˁȿ⏋ ᬚɴႌȵகɐʳᏎ࣋ɴʭɤɩేᔋɐʳȵঃȼಔؖɌɩȦʳ⏏1999 ॷɴ˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ ɫɻ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲేᔋȵȋ̀͠͡ȍɫʼʶɩȦɛ⏏ᦏɫɻͲ̨̋͊⏃4.5 ɴᦚɐʳ⏆ ɴႌܑȦˁȿɩȦʳёʢȡʱ⏋ʚɛ˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ɫɻ္ᅣᓚܩɴႌܑȦȵᒞɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ ɄɹʭȩɴႌܑȦˁᒞɌɩేᔋɐʳɄɭˁ˪̜˕͠˵ (kutulisa) ɭȦȦ⏋ႌȵ˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ ɫɹው႑ȴʰະɴॠ᧰ɐʳ 6 ȴʰ⏋ᮒ࡚ȵࠃʚʱዛɹ˹ͻ̀Ͳɭɲʳ 11 ʚɫ 24) ̠͇͘͞ɴɻ⏋8 Бტ͘ͻ̲͓ (Yubiya) ȵݏᙇɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ 25) ႌ႑ᅨɴɦȦɩɻ๖ጟɫ៘ʶʳ⏏
ɹೝᬚɴʼʶʳ⏃ܒ 7⏋ܒ 8⏆⏏ ǵႌܑȦˁᒞɐʳɛʠɹ՟ɹсɻ⏋ᓚܩɹܩɫȡʳ⏏᫊ɫᮊᗳˁʱʱ⏋лˡଘ ȴɴᮃʠɩၚʦɐ⏏ɗɌɩೠ഼ˁጓɩʳɛʠɹዴˁʳ⏏ႌܑȦɴᅎȦʳೠ഼ɻɐʏɩ˗̒ ̝͞Ͳ̝ȴʰᠭ᧒ɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦȵ⏋ೠ഼ȵέɐʳɭܑȦԒɹႌȵᲞࢌɴɲʳݭغʢ ȡʳ⏏ዴʱɴɻ⏋˽ˑ̿ͦ (sipelo) ɭ٧ɽʶʳԃᬏȵᏝ 80 ́Ͳ͍̍ͻ̜͡ɹʱඑˁьᅎɐ ʳ⏏Ʉɹʱඑɻ⏋ГմɻೠនɫȡɤɛɭȦȩȵ⏋ჼܧɻإȼɲɤɛాɹՓˁᩮ̮˓̺ɹঘೳ ɴʱЊȿɩᅎȦɩȦʳ⏏ʱᏺȭɛዴɴೠ഼ˁጓɩ⏋ೠ഼ɹܑٞɴȴɦɩɲʰɽดೠˁ⏋ჼ ܧɫɻլᩮᐻˁʱʠȽʰɌɩсɻϛɐʳ⏏ ǵႌܑȦɹៀฐɻႌɹᰄధɴປёɌɩ߂ȷȼɲʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋ଁႌ 40 ᰄȼʰȦɹݭغ⏋10 ͍ͻ̜͡܋⏃100 ॶ͍ͻ̜͡⏆ɹ߂ȷɇȵॶܯᇕɲ˵˓̀ɫȡʳ⏏1 ፆɹᓚܩɻႌܑȦɹ ᯆዩʭʱʢঃȦɛʠ⏋ᓚܩԃкɴႌɹᏎ࣋ȵʪȷʼɛʳʭȩ⏋᭰ஞɐʳೡేᔋܩɴႌܑȦˁ ๖⏋ው֪ɇɓʳˁɭʳ⏏ ǵлɅɭɴႌܑȦˁው֪ɇɓʳɹȴɻ⏋ᓚܩɹܤޚɹ̊˓̺ʦႌܑȦԒɹႌɹᰄధɭʢᬠѥ ɐʳ⏏˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɫɻɐʏɩ 3 Ʌɭɴው֪ɇɓɩȦɛȵ⏋Јɫɻᬏɫ 5 Ʌɭ⏋ ቁɫ 2 Ʌɭɴው֪ɇɓɩȦʳёʢȡɤɛ⏏̜͠Ͳ˳ɹʭȩɴቆܤȵשᣴɐʳᓚܩɫɻው֪ɹ ᬚ᭧ˁᬏʠɴɌ⏋ʚɛܑȦԒɹႌɹᰄధɹࢌȵᲞȿʶɽው֪ɇɓʳᬚ᭧ˁቁȼɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵࡸ᭬ɴ 1 ፆɹ̀͠͡ɫ⏋ɰɹʭȩɴႌܑȦˁው֪ɇɓɛɹȴˁኍɌɛɹȵܒ 10 ɫȡʳ⏏23 ךᅙˁ 3 Ʌɭɴው֪Ɍ⏋69 ᬚȴȿɩ 1 ፆՕɹేᔋȵᏺϛɌɩȦʳ⏏ᓚܩԃкɴႌᏎȵʪ ȷʼɛʳʭȩɴ⏋ႌܑȦɹᒞݭଘˁው֪ɇɓɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏1 ፆՕɹేᔋȵᏺϛɐʳ ɭ⏋աɹᓚܩɴႌܑȦˁው᥊Ɍ⏋ؾɹсˁᑵʱᦐɐ⏏ɄɹʭȩɴɌɩ⏋1 ˹ͻ̀Ͳɴ 3⑯4 ˡଘɹᓚܩɴႌɹᏎ࣋ȵేɇʶʳɄɭɭɲʳ⏏ ǵகɇʶɩᬚʢɲȦႌᏎˁ̸ͦ˱ (buloko)⏋ȡʳዐϗၥɌɛႌᏎˁ͠˽ (lisu) ɭ٧ʉ⏏ɗ ৢ૯!5ȁςΒσͅ୭̫̹ͣͦݱս̞
ɌɩႌᏎȵܤޚɭཌྷɊʳɭ͌˽̘ͦ (musutelo) ɭ٧ʃ⏋ᔋషɭɌɩɹ֟ഗˁᇍஸɐʳʭȩɴɲ ʳɭȦȩ⏏2 ॷɴ 1 ȼʰȦɹᰈɫ⏋ɄɹʭȩɲేᔋˁȩɹȵჿᇕɫȡʳɭȦʼʶɩȦ ʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᓚܩԒɹϗၥɌɩܔȼɲɤɛܤݳˁႌȵᤑʛቊȼɛʠ⏋ɄɹేᔋɻᤛᓚɹឹᏬʢ غʼɓʢɤɩȦʳɭ⏋ϺǾɻ᠗ᡫɌɩȦʳ⏏ 4.4ȁΏΗΩ ǵ̸ͦ˻ɹՎܩɫȡʳ͌͞ͅˁᬖޕɌɛᓚܩȵ˹̮̊ɫȡʳ⏃ܒ 8⏆⏏ɴ࣎зɐʳᓔɻ⏋ ᕶᅓɴݭଘˁ᧧ିɌɩᬏɴݬٚɌ⏋˹̮̊ˁᬖޕɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏1998 ॷɴ˹͌Ͳ̝˕ ˛ɫɻ⏋15 γय़ȵ˹̮̊ɹсЊȿˁɌ⏋ɗɹᐵᯆዩɻᏝ 1 Ψ 1,000 ॶ͍ͻ̜͡ɫȡɤɛ⏏ Ʉɹɹٞᦇɴɻភధɹ͌͞ͅȵࡔܧɐʳȵ⏋ʦᓚсܩɭɐʳȋ̀͠͡ȍɹᦏȼɴȡʳ͌͞ ͅɴ⏋˹̮̊ˁᦶଁɐʳӃكȵȡʳ⏏˹̮̊ɻຘॷਖɑԢອɐʳᓚܩɫȡʱ⏋༇ອȵৄȦɛȡ ɭɹϗ࡚ɴсЊȿɐʳဣɴ߂ȷɲ႕ਐȵȡʳ26)⏃ܒ 7⏆⏏ᦲ।⏋ؾɍݭଘˁ 2 ॷʓɰᓚсɌɛ ɴఔඉɌ⏋ʚɛաɹݭଘˁᬖޕɐʳ⏏ ǵ͌͞ͅɴᕶᅊɐʳᮊᗳᰖɻ 8 ɴɻഞʶɩϗၥɐʳ⏏ʚɑ⏋ɄɹഞʶᗳɴတˁԂʶɩ္ȷ ଡɤɛȡɭɴ⏋ᮊᗳɹɹᨆՕˁ᫊ɫʱᣱɄɌؙ᥊ɇɓɩʪȼ⏏ɹܑٞɴЊመɌɛܤݳ ˁ͠˪˗˛̒́ (likwese)27) ɭ٧ʉ⏏ɄɹʭȩɲᗷᣱɄɌˁɌɛɴ⏋ȡʰɛʠɩ႙ˁȴȿʳݭ !10ȁ1!ຊ͈ςΒσ̤̫ͥͅݱս̞֊൲͈႕ 26) ̩ͻ͞Ͳɭ̮˽ˡ͡ɻ⏋༇ອˁգᅎɌɩȩᦅ (flood-water farming) ˁ⏋༇ອɗɹʢɹˁᦅɴգᅎɐʳ flood cultivation ɭ⏋༇ອȵৄȦɛɴсЊȿɐʳ flood-recession cultivation ɹ 2 ɦɴՕᰖɌɩȦʳȵHarlan and Pasquereau 1969⏋˹̮̊ɹᓚсɻ flood-recession cultivation ɴ᠍য়ɐʳɭȦȭʭȩ⏏
غʢȡʳ⏏ܤޚμɹອՕȵཝࢹɌɛ 8⑯9 ɴ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁዛɐʳ⏏Ʉɹɭȷࢹᩄɹˡ̓ ̍͑ˁᬚඨɐʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹؚዲಁೝɻ 12⑯1 ɫȡʳ⏏͌͞ͅɫɻ 1 ɴ ɻ༡ອȵࠃʚʱ⏋ɗʶʚɫɴଁၓɌɩȦɲȦ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɻఔඉɇʶʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ອеɹж άȵᧆȦॷɴɻዛȵᧆʶɩ 10 ɭɲʳɛʠ⏋ᓂॷɹ༇ອೝɴɻၓɌɩȦɲȦ̜˗͐ͦ ˱˹ȵ༡ອɌؚᩄȵжȼɲʳ⏏ ǵ͌͞ͅɹμɫʢ⏋᭠ᣱɌɛ̜͠˕Ͳ̋ɭՎܩɹͲ˻˙ͤͦɹປᲞेɻʼɑȴɫȡʳȵ⏋ܤޚ μɹອՕᩄɴɻ౩ርɲ᧓Ȧȵȡʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋ϗ࡚ɹᏺʼʱɴ⏃1999 ॷ 10 15 ⏆ཀྵɌ ɛ 1 ፆɹ˹̮̊ɫɻ⏋̜͠˕Ͳ̋ɹອՕيრɹॶܯɻ 35.0 ̮ͻ́Ͳ̜ (N=3) ɫȡɤɛɹɴ ࢪɌ⏋Ͳ˻˙ͤͦɹॶܯɻ 57.4 ̮ͻ́Ͳ̜ (N=3) ɫȡɤɛ⏏28) Ʉɹʭȩɲݭغ⏋ዛᅎɹዛࡎ ɴᅵɲʳՃჿˁేɌɩࢪਝɐʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ̜͠˕Ͳ̋ɴɻ⏋ອˁɤɛࢅ۬ɴ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹ ዛࡎˁ 1⑯2 ಓɹȡȦɞ༡ɌɛȡɭɫዛɌ⏋Ͳ˻˙ͤͦɴɻອɴ༡ɇɲȦᦲ।ɹዛࡎˁᅎȦ ʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ዛࡎˁອɴ༡ɐɄɭˁ˪˱Ͳ̾ (kukombe) ɭȦȦ⏋ɄʶɴʭʱᇍᗂȵѦᦽɇʶʳ ɭȦȩ⏏᫊ɫ̘͠ˑ̠⏃ඨዴ⏆ˁʱ⏋ɗɌɩ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹዛࡎˁ 4⏋5 Ꮀɑɦȼ⏏ɗʶ əʶɹ̘͠ˑ̠ɹᬚ᭧ɻ 40⑯45 ́Ͳ͍̍ͻ̜͡ɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋႙ᓚɹ͞˓Ͳɴɤɩ ɐʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ɗɹ⏋2 ܌ʓɰ᭑ᗳɐʳ⏏ ǵ˹̮̊ɫɻ⏋ᇍᗂɌɛɩɹ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ȵᴚࢀɴȡȩɄɭȵȦɛʠ⏋ᴚ᭑ȿɹ൜ࡎˁጓ ɩʳɄɭȵȡʳ⏏൜ࡎɴɻ 2 ዛᰖȡʳ⏏1 ɦɻ͠˽Ͳ˵ (lisunsa) ɭ٧ɽʶʳϺ০Ⴅɹ⏋Ȧʼ ʪʳ൜ࡎɫȡʳ⏏ʢȩ 1 ɦɻ 2 ೣɹጯɴᏣˁᐄʃɦȿ⏋ʖʸ॒ʦᏳȼՖɤɛ̢̲ͻ͡ˁؼɌ ɛʢɹɫ⏋ɄʶɻͲ̚Ͳ̾͞ (ndembela) ɭ٧ɽʶʳ⏏ ǵʚɛ 11 ⏋˹̮̊ɫଁᔒɌࠃʠɛ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁ⏋ᦚɐʳͲ̨̋͊ɲɰɴውඨɐʳɄ ɭȵȡʳ⏏Ͳ̨̋͊ɻ˹̮̊ɭປᥒɌɩᲞеɴȡʳɛʠ⏋ውඨɌɛ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ȵ༡ອɴʭʳ ࢀˁ؝ȿɴȼȼɲʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲውඨˁ˪˽ˤ (kusuga)⏋ȡʳȦɻ˪˹͖ˤ (kushuga) ɭ٧ ʃ⏋ɭȼɴᭇᮒȵȡɤɛሁɴʼʶʳɄɭȵȦ⏏Ʉɹɭȷ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹᘽɹӴጩᨆˁ Ֆʱɤɩȴʰውඨɐʳ⏏Ʉʶˁ˪̺͇ (kupuma) ɭ٧ʃ⏋ውඨɹଁᔒȵᖪȼɲʳɭᓒȭʰ ʶɩȦʳ⏏ 4.5ȁϋΘηΦ ǵɹȡʳ͇˗Ͳ̝ɹహᯆ⏋ɐɲʼɠɹܑٞɴȿʰʶɛᓚܩȵͲ̨̋͊ɫȡʳ⏃ܒ 8⏆⏏ Ͳ̨̋͊ɻɹзȴʰᇿɹ࣑ȼᦏȦеᒞɴȡʳɛʠ⏋с႒ȵᇴᮑɴȡȩਕᨗʢɲȼ⏋ʚɛؚ ዲ႒ˁʚɫெɐʳଝᬚʢȴȴʰɲȦ⏏ȋ̀͠͡ȍɭؾɴ⏋ᬏȵɴ࣎зɌɩȦʳ҅Ϻ ɴͲ̨̋͊ˁᨗՕɌ⏋ɗʶəʶɹךᅙɴɻ౩ተɲޅᅠȵȡʳ⏏˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɫɻ⏋15 γय़ ȵᨗՕˁ؝ȿɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹᐵᯆዩɻᏝ 1,900 ॶ͍ͻ̜͡ɫȡʳ⏏ 28) ܤޚˁᮃɌɛሁȲʭʃܤޚˁϗၥɇɓɛɴ⏋ɗʶəʶᩂᩄˁཀྵɌɗɹेȴʰܤޚμɹອՕيრˁິ ʠɛ⏏ГάɴȲȦɩʢؾɹɫཀྵɌɛ⏏
ǵͲ̨̋͊ɴɻɲዛᰖɹс႒ȵൕݛɇʶɩȲʱ⏋˥̒̍Ͳˤͻ̚ͲɭɌɩɹลᔨˁʢɤɩ Ȧʳ⏏̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁɻɍʠɭɌɩ⏋ˡ̓̍͑⏋˽˓ˡ⏋˵͇̓˓͐⏋˵̜˗˥̲ɹʓȴ⏋Υ ᨆɫɻ̒͞ˡ́˓⏋̫̊˱⏋˥͑̒˵̫⏋̠̦̊ɲɰʢʼɑȴɲȵʰൕݛɇʶɩȦʳ⏃ᝠ 3⏆⏏ ʚɛͲ̨̋͊ɴɻ⏋ᘽȵᰩᅎɭɲʳ̶˗͚̍˗̅˗ዀɹ́˹͖Ͳ˫ͩʦ⏋ᚫᗳɫȡʳ̊̚ዀ ɹ̫͌̊̊͌͠ (mutatabalimu)Oxygonum sinuatum, Polygonaceaeɲɰɹᩃᅊඨ႒ȵᅊᔒɌ ɩȦʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ɄʶʰɻະɹɲȴɴᕶᅊɌɩȦʳȵ⏋Ͳ̨̋͊ɴዛɇʶʳɄɭʢȡ ʳ⏏Ʉɹݭغɴɻ⏋త⏃˪̩˵⏋kuhasa⏆ɹȵɭʰʶʳ⏏ ǵͲ̨̋͊ɻ͇˗Ͳ̝ɹహᯆɴȡʱ⏋άᨆɴʪȼʓɰܤޚμɹອՕᩄɻȼɲʳ⏏1999 ॷ 9 ɴ⏋1 ፆɹͲ̨̋͊ɴȲȿʳܤޚɹອՕيრˁᠭʏɛɭɄʸ⏋హᯆɹΫᨆɫɻ 6⑯9 ̮ͻ ́Ͳ̜ (N=6)⏋άᨆɫɻ 20⑯32 ̮ͻ́Ͳ̜ (N=6) ɫȡɤɛ⏏άᨆɫɻᭇᮒȵɲȼɩʢс႒ɹ ଁᔒȵخᔨɫȡʱ⏋ϗ࡚ɹȩɠɴсЊȿɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏃ܒ 7⏆⏏ɭȼɴˡ̓̍͑ɲɰɻ⏋ ༇ອȵৄȦɛሁ⏃6 ⏆ɴዛɇʶ⏋ؚዲɻ 12 ɭɲʳ⏏˵͇̓˓͐ˁൕݛɐʳݭغɴ ɻ⏋ᦚɐʳ͌˱͍̠ˁᦶଁɐʳ⏏ʚɛϗ࡚ɴ̠̦̊ɲɰɹᘽᩃᘛˁсЊȿɐʳݭغɴɻ⏋᭰ ஞɐʳ͌͞ͅȴʰອˁໄ˃ɫȷɩဌອɌ⏋̢̜ͩ͠ʦˏ̯͡ɹᏎˁేᔋɐʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɴͲ̨̋͊ɫɻ⏋ອՕႥɹेᅵɴਝɍɩಁೝˁɑʰɌɩൕݛɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ ʚɛ༇ອೝɴɻԢອɐʳɛʠ⏋ɗɹᔋష֟ഗɹʪȭɴᔋషɲɰˁьᅎɐʳɄɭɲɌɴܩ ȵᐣ୫ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ 4.6ȁθι ǵ͌˱͍̠ɻᇵʱܤˁɌɩᦶଁɐʳ০͇˗Ͳ̝ɹᓚܩɫȡʱ⏃Ԡሎ 6⏆⏋ɗɹᦶଁܩɻᮒ࡚ ɭϗ࡚ɫᅵɲɤɩȦʳ⏏1999 ॷɴȲȿʳᮒ࡚ɹ͌˱͍̠ɻ⏋༇ອˁ᧫ȿɩ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ȵ ൕݛɇʶɩȦɲȦЈɹ̀͠͡ɴᦶଁɇʶɛ⏏ϗ࡚ɹ͌˱͍̠ɻ⏋˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɹᦏȼɹ͠ ̸̫ɲɰɴᦶଁɇʶɛ⏏Პܩɹжеᨆɫȡʳ̸̫͠ɻ⏋ቆܤɹȦܤޚɫȡʳȵ᧟ɲອՕ ৢ૯!6ȁۋܬ̤̫ͥͅθι͈௮଼
ˁي˃ɫȦʳ⏏ʚɛϗ࡚ɹ͌˱͍̠ˁͲ̨̋͊ɴсʳγय़ʢȡɤɛ⏏ຘॷ᧓ȩݭଘˁ͌˱͍̠ ɹᦶଁܩɭɐʳȵ⏋1⑯2 ॷᐁɐʶɽؾɍݭଘɴᦶଁɫȷʳɭȦȩ⏏͌˱͍̠ɫൕݛɐʳɹ ɻςɭɌɩ˵͇̓˓͐ɫȡʳ⏏ᮒ࡚ɹ͌˱͍̠ɻ༇ອೝɹࠃʚʳ 2 ɴсʱ⏋ؚዲɻ 6 ɴɲʳ⏏ϗ࡚ɹ͌˱͍̠ɻ༇ອȵৄȦɛ 6 ɴᦶଁɌ⏋12⑯1 ɴؚዲɐʳ⏃ܒ 7⏆⏏ʚɛ͌ ˱͍̠ɫᗐॵɹˡ̓̍͑ʦ˥͑̒˵̫ˁсЊȿɐʳɄɭʢȡʳȵ⏋ᰈɻжȦ⏃ᝠ 3⏆⏏ ǵ͌˱͍̠ɫɻ⏋ʚɑᮊᗳᰖˁ᫊ɫʱɤɩܩᯆɴఫȷ᠋ʠ⏋ɗɹΫɴܤˁɓɩʪȼ⏏Ʉ ɹᮊᗳȵᔋషɭɲɤɩȦʳɭȦȩ⏏ɗɌɩ 50⑯80 ́Ͳ͍̍ͻ̜͡ዐɹᬏɇɴՖɤɛ˵͇̓ ˓͐ɹᗡ⏃͊ͦ⏋milo⏆ˁιʏ⏋ԗʃܤˁɓʳ⏏ᮒ࡚⏋ϗ࡚ɭʢɴؾɹсʱɫȡʳ⏏ᝠ ࣝˁុȩܤˁٞʱȴʰʱᮃʠʳ⏏ᐄഗɭɌɩ͌˱͍̠ɹܑٞɻ⏋३ȵᏝ 50 ́Ͳ͍̍ͻ̜͡⏋ ཉɇȵᏝ 40 ́Ͳ͍̍ͻ̜͡ɹݞɴɲʳ⏏Ʉɹݞɻ͠Ͳ˫Ͳ˻͑ (lingunja) ɭ٧ɽʶ⏋༇ອೝ ɴɻகອྋɭɌɩɹลᔨˁʢɦ⏏ʚɛ͌˱͍̠ɫɻ⏋ᅩႥɴᇵʱΫɁʳɛʠܤȵരʰȴȼɲ ʱ⏋˵͇̓˓͐ɹȵʱʦɐȼɲʳɭϺǾɻᠦ౩ɐʳ⏏ ǵΫᦚɹʭȩɲ⏋˵͇̓˓͐ɹᗡˁιʏʳˁ˪͘Ͳ̾͊ͦ͞ (kuyumbela milo) ɭ٧ʉ ȵ⏋ɗɹʓȴɴ˪˽ˤ͊ͦ (kusuga milo) ɭȦȩʢȡʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ 30⑯50 ́Ͳ͍̍ͻ̜͡ ɴՖɤɛᗡˁ 3⑯4 ೣɑɦጓɩɩඨȭЊȿɩȦȼɫȡʱ⏋1 ɦ 1 ɦɹ˓͐ȵ߂ȷȼଁᬏɐ ʳɭᓒȭʰʶɩȦʳ⏏˵͇̓˓͐ˁؚዲɐʳ᭬ɴɻᗡɹᨆՕʢȡʼɓɩৄȷାȷ⏋ᗡɻ๖ೝɴ ᦶଁɐʳ͌˱͍̠ɹඨЊȿɴᅎȦʳ⏏ 4.7ȁުॲ͈ະհ ǵೣ፲ɫɻ⏋ᓚܩɹዛᰖɅɭɴԃкɭγय़ॶܯɹᓚܩᯆዩˁரኍɌ⏋ᦅᅊᅋɹෙɴɦȦ ɩද២ɌɩȲȷɛȦ⏏ᝠ 4 ȵኍɐʭȩɴ⏋ȋ̀͠͡ȍɻᓚܩԃкɹȩɠ 85 ̮ͻ́Ͳ̜ГΫɹᯆ ዩ⏃Ꮭ 78,000 ॶ͍ͻ̜͡⏆ˁװʠɩȲʱ⏋ະɴȲȿʳᦅɹμɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹ ᓚܩɫɻ⏋ႌܑȦɴʭʳేᔋȵተጓɌɩȲʱ⏋ܤܩɴࢪɐʳьᅎณʢ౩ተɴࡴʠʰʶ⏋ᓚܩ ນ!4ȁࣈ౷̮͈͂࿂ୟȁ⏃е⏧ॶ͍ͻ̜͡⏆ ᓚܩɹዛᰖ ԃк γय़ȡɛʱɹॶܯ1) γय़ [M] γय़ [L] ȋ̀͠͡ȍ 77,754 4,320 10,530 1,920 ˹̮̊ 10,563 587 2,157 720 Ͳ̨̋͊ 1,924 107 0 156 ͌˱͍̠ ᮒ࡚ 473 26 0 ̆2) ϗ࡚3) 252 (450) 14 (25) 0 (1)4) 57 غǵ 90,966 5,054 12,687 2,853 1) ࢸధဣፀ 1 еˁ܋அϤԂɌɛ⏏ 2) сЊȿɻɇʶɛȵ⏋ᯆዩɻέ౩⏏ 3) ୠ্Ԓɻ⏋Ͳ̨̋͊ɴᦶଁɌɛ͌˱͍̠ɹᯆዩˁኍɐ⏏ 4) Ʉɹ͌˱͍̠ɻ⏋Јɹγय़ȵѳɐʳͲ̨̋͊ɴᦶଁɇʶɛ⏏
ɹ፬ჿȵȷ࣑ȦɩȦʳ⏏γय़ॶܯɹȋ̀͠͡ȍɹᯆዩ⏃Ꮭ 4,000 ॶ͍ͻ̜͡⏆ˁʁɭɦɹ ᇿɭɐʳɭ⏋˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɹ 18 γय़ɹȩɠ 4,000 ॶ͍ͻ̜͡ГΫɹঃȦᯆዩˁѳɐ ʳɹɻ 7 γय़ɫȡʳ⏏ʱɹ 11 γय़ɻ 4,000 ॶ͍ͻ̜͡ೡྃɫȡʱ⏋ȩɠ 5 γय़ɻ 2,000 ॶ ͍ͻ̜͡ೡྃɌȴѳɌɩȦɲȦ⏃ܒ 11⏆⏏ ǵȋ̀͠͡ȍɴ๖ȦɫᯆዩȵঃȦᓚܩɻ˹̮̊ɫȡʱ⏋ԃᓚܩᯆዩɹᏝ 12 ̮ͻ́Ͳ̜ˁװʠ ʳ⏏͌͞ͅˁᬖޕɐʳ˹̮̊ɻ⏋֝ɇȭઃɌʚɲȿʶɽعγय़ȵᕶᅓɴঃɁʳɄɭȵخᔨɫ ȡʱ⏋ేᔋɹਖឹʢɲȦ⏏ʚɛ˹̮̊ɫɻᮒ࡚ɹᬖࠃಁೝɴؚዲɫȷʳɛʠ⏋ॷᬚɹᰩᏒˁ ࡴᇕɴተѳɐʳȩȭɫᩂឹɫȡʳ⏏ᯆዩɻʦʦࢸɇȦȵͲ̨̋͊ʦ͌˱͍̠ɫʢ⏋ᅵɲʳಁೝ ɴؚዲȵخᔨɫȡʳɛʠ⏋˹̮̊ɭؾɴᰩᏒњᐌɹࡴਸˁވɐลᔨȵ᠗ʠʰʶʳ⏏ ǵɄɄɫɻ⏋ঃȦȋ̀͠͡ȍˁʢɦγय़Mɭ⏋2,000 ॶ͍ͻ̜͡ೡྃɹȋ̀͠͡ȍɌȴ ʢɛɲȦγय़LɹёˁɭʱȡɁ⏃ᝠ 4⏆⏋ະɴȲȿʳᦅɹέࡴɲүᯆɴɦȦɩៜ ؖɌɩȲȷɛȦ⏏γय़Mɻ⏋̜̊͠ (Litota) ʦͲ˻˙˭ (Njeke) ɹΥ៓ʦ˹˙ˡ̫˓Ͳ̋ (Shekabainda)⏋̢̢̠ͤ͑ (Nalenyani) ɲɰɹȋ̀͠͡ȍ⏃ܒ 9⏆ˁѳɌ⏋ɄʶʰˁغɌ ɛᯆዩɻ 10,000 ॶ͍ͻ̜͡ˁᣳȭɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹγय़ɻధɹႌˁଘɌɩȲʱ⏋ႌܑȦɴ ʭʳȋ̀͠͡ȍɹేᔋʢ⏋2 ॷɴ 1 ɹᬚ᭧ɫԂਥɴɌɩȦɩ⏋ЈɹϺȴʰʢᖪȦᓚܩˁ ʢɤɩȦʳɭѝɇʶɩȦʳ⏏Ȧɤʗȩγय़Lɻ⏋1,920 ॶ͍ͻ̜͡ɹȋ̀͠͡ȍˁ͠ ̜̊ (Litota) ɹΥ៓ɴѳɌɩȦʳɴȹɲȦ⏏Ʉɹγय़ȵଘɐʳႌɹᰄధʢ 5 ᰄɭɗʶʓ ɰȼɻɲȼ⏋ȋ̀͠͡ȍɹేᔋɹᰈɻ 10 ॷɴ 1 ዐɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɌȴɌ⏋༇ອɹៀฐȵёॷʭʱʢ߂ȷȴɤɛ 1999 ॷɹ 9 ɴ⏋ȋ̀͠͡ȍɫؚዲɌɛ̜˗ ͐ͦ˱˹ɹѳႥˁγय़ɅɭɴᠭീɌɛɭɄʸ⏋γय़Lɫɻ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹᩄȵᗐॵ !11ȁȶςΒσȷ͈༗ခ࿂ୟͥ͢ͅଲఝ͈႒
ȡɤɛȵ⏋γय़MɫɻɐɫɴঈˁɦȦɩȦɛ⏏2 ɦɹγय़ɻ෯ଁڊɹధʢᅵɲʱ⏋Јɹɇ ʚɊʚɲឹ܍ʢᬠήɐʳɛʠΥෙɴɻȦȭɲȦȵ⏋29) ະɹᦅᅊᅋɻ༇ອɹៀฐɭȦɤɛ ᕶးИɴʭɤɩ߂ȷɲ৯ᯱˁ؝ȿʦɐȼ⏋έࡴɲүᯆˁʢɦɄɭʢ୭ɌɩȲȴɲȿʶɽ ɲʰɲȦ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɲ߂༇ອɻధॷɴ 1 ɹւغɫᣱɄʳȵ⏃ܒ 5⏆⏋ϺǾɹᰩᅊ༎ɻਖɑɌʢੳઊɲ ϟɴȲɠȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏ȋ̀͠͡ȍɹѳᯆዩȵࢸɇȦγय़ɫɻ⏋LГɹɐʏɩɹ γय़ɫ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁ༥ᢹɌࣉȼɌɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋γय़FʦGɻ˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ɹՕ ɴᬏȦȡȦɞ࣎зɌɩ।ᇕɴᨙɹᨸᦶ30) ɭެˁۊʛ⏋ȡʳȦɻγय़Hɻྫௗɴࢭਥ ɌɩჼᩆؚԂˁɩȦɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋γय़Mɫɻᦚɐʳʭȩɴ⏋ਜ਼ʚʶɛྫკɭɹϯழɫέ Օɹ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁជɤɛ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋έࡴɲүᯆˁʢɦᦅˁជɐʳɛʠɴ⏋ᦅ ГɹɇʚɊʚɲᅊȵۊʚʶɩȦʳ⏏
5
ȅใ၈ࡔ͈ݱཪ಄
5.1ȁݱཪ಄͈ٽါ ǵᢌɲ႑ᗳɭອݭˁɌ⏋ʚɛሏʱᆖˁࠬЂɐʳ̓˙̓˙̫˛ȵՕ॒ɌɲȦ̫ͦ̓˙ະ ɫɻ⏋ႌɹᰲɻȴɲʱᇵ˃ɫȡʳ⏏ȴɦɩɻ⏋ტȵଘɐʳႌɹγ᠌ˁࠇ៧ɇʶɛǾȵࡔ ܧɌ⏋˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɹᦏȼɫɻ͇̺͘ˎ (Mayupwa) ⏃ܒ 9⏆ȵɗɹʭȩɲɫȡɤɛ⏏ ǵ1999 ॷɹಁဣɫ˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɹзȵଘɐʳႌɹᐵᰄధɻ 114 ᰄɫȡʳ⏃ᝠ 2⏆⏏Ʉʶ ɴȴʰȴɤɩȦʳ 47 ᰄ31) ˁȡʼɓʳɭ 161 ᰄɴɲʱ⏋з 1 ϺȡɛʱᏝ 3 ᰄɹႌˁ ᰲɌɩȦʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ɐɫɴᦚʏɛɭȲʱ⏋ະɴȲȿʳ୫ᐚᇕɲᦅˁఌȭʳȩȭɫ ႌȵʢɦઝ٢ɻ߂ȷȦ⏏ʚɛࠦᣂɭɌɩɹᩂឹਸɻȦȩɴȲʭɽɑ⏋ʓȴɴʢႌɻȼɹѝғ ʦลᔨˁɤɩȦʳ⏏ ǵႌɹ͊͡˪⏃͇̲˹⏋mabisi⏆ɻ⏋Ϻɹᢵᩂɲെ྇ɫȡʱ⏋ჼᩆؚԂ྇ɹ 1 ɦɫʢȡʳ⏏ ͊͡˪ɴɻɗɹʚʚᰰᅎɭɐʳᅊϖ⏃͌̀ˑ͠͠⏋muzilili⏆ɭ⏋ᅊϖˁ 1⑯2 ȲȦɩɫȷʳ ᨧϖ⏃͇̲˹ˏ̘͊ͤ⏋mabisi atemile⏆ɹ 2 ዛᰖȵȡʳ⏏ᅊϖɹʚʚᰰᅎɭɐʳݭغʭʱʢ⏋ ᨧϖˁςᰩɹᎬᎹᰶ⏃̸́̾⏆ɴཌྷɕɩգᅎɐʳɄɭȵȼ⏋ɭι˃ɫ৳ʰȵ߫ʞտᰩɹ 1 ɦɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ᨧϖɻ͐Ͳ˫ɹᅘɲɰɴʏɽࢅ౫ɴழᩆɫȷʳ⏏29) ̍͑͠ͻ̀ʰȵࡸేɌɛെᠭീRichards and Widdowson 1937ɴਃȦ⏋14 ГΫɹᅖɴɻ 1.0⏋14 ГΫ ɹߨɴɻ 0.8⏋6 ȴʰ 14 ɹࡎњɴɻ 0.7⏋ɗʶГάɹࡎњɴɻ 0.4 ɹғˁήȭ⏋ϖӻɻ᭑Ȧɩ⏋ࡸᣒ༥ᢹଁ ڊధˁ፤Տɐʳɭ⏋γय़Lɻ1.6⏋γय़Mɻ 6.1 ɭɲʳ⏏ʚɛȋ̀͠͡ȍɹѳᯆዩˁࡸᣒ༥ᢹଁڊధɫ Ɍɛғɻ⏋γय़Lȵ 1,200 ॶ͍ͻ̜͡⏋γय़Mȵ 1,726 ॶ͍ͻ̜͡ɫȡʳ⏏ 30) ᕶࢃᨸᦶɇʶʳᨙɴɻ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɲɰɹዤ႒ˁೳషɭɐʳᨙɭ⏋ቆᏋɭ˓ͻ˽̜ˁςೳషɭɐʳᙜᅥ ᨙɲɰȵȡʳ⏏ᓔɹʓȩȵᨙᦶɹᰈɻᲞȦ⏏ 31) ະɹᨆɴ࣎зɐʳ៊ᰖʦሾϺ⏋ɗɌɩະԒɹᦏɹзȵଘɐʳႌȵȿʰʶɩȦʳ⏏
ǵ।ɹᰩᅎɹɛʠɴɫႌˁࣛຏɐʳɄɭɻዎɫȡʳȵ⏋ϟఖɌɛʱᆖຩɹɛʠࣛຏɌɛ ႌɹᔀɻϺǾɹᰩשɴɹʖʳɄɭɭɲʳ⏏ៗкɌɩɐȽɴషჿɌɩᰩʏʳɄɭʢȡʳȵ⏋ᔀႅ ˁ߃ɫϗၥɌɩѳࡔɐʳɄɭȵȦ⏏ʚɛয়এɹჼᩆȵਖឹɲݭغɴɻ⏋Ǿˁी܌ɐʳႌ ɹЗᢷϺˁɭȲɌɩ⏋ᅘɴȡʳᰩᔀЦɲɰɴႌˁެɐʳɄɭʢɫȷʳ⏏ɗɹЈ⏋႙ᓚɴɻ ֳؑႌȵᅎȦʰʶɩȦʳɌ⏋ϗ࡚ɹᩂឹɲᥥᦢଝຍɫȡʳภ⏃˽ˑͤ˓⏋silei⏆32) ˁ႖ৄɐʳ ɹʢֳؑႌɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᓚܩГɴᘺɠɩȦʳႌᏎɻᠨȵ୩Ȧᮃʠɩʢʭȼ⏋ᠭჿᅎɹၚష ʦޖݸʱɹೳషɭɌɩьᅎɐʳ⏏ 5.2ȁݱ͈ۯၑξΣΛΠ ǵ˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɫɻ⏋ភధɹγय़ȵଘɌɩȦʳႌˁʚɭʠɩ⏋غ 3 ɦɹႌᒴˁᑂଁɌɩ ႌˁ፬ჿɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹႌᒴɭɗɹγ᠌ˁɐʳϺǾˁГάɫɻ⏋፬ჿ̢̜̒͘ɭ٧ʉ⏏عγय़ ȵଘɐʳႌɹᰄధɭ፬ჿ̢̜̒͘ɹᬠѥˁኍɌɛɹȵܒ 12 ɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɗʶəʶɹ፬ჿ̢̜̒͘ɻ⏋1 ϺɹКᓔȵ፬ჿᐏୠɌɩȦʳ⏏ేᔋˁᇿᇕɭɌɩႌܑȦ ˁው֪ɐʳсʢ⏋ɄɹКᓔȵȩɄɭȵȦ⏏፬ჿ̢̜̒͘ɹКᓔˁઝ٢ɐʳჼܩɻ ɭȼɴᓬȴʶɲȴɤɛȵ⏋33) ˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɫɻ⏋γय़ςɴሂয়ɐʳ 40 БГΫɹᅖਸȵɄɹ 32) ภɴɻ⏋V ࡓ݀ɹᕶးೠˁգᅎɌɛʢɹɭ⏋ᓑ೬ɌɛπೠᖐɹঈᨆˁգᅎɌɛʢɹȵȡʳ⏏
33) Beerling 1986ɻ⏋፬ჿ̢̜̒͘ɹКᓔˁᝠɐჼܩɭɌɩȋ͌ˤ͌͞ˡȍ(mung'a mulaka) ˁȡɁɩȦʳ⏏ !12ȁݱ͈ۯၑξΣΛΠ͈༎଼
৲ɴɦȦɩȦʳ⏏ع፬ჿ̢̜̒͘ɫɻ⏋10⑯20 Бɹᮾࢹॷȵ႑ጣɴК٨ɇʶ⏋ॠʱఔ႑ ʦோϖɲɰɴਃϟɌɩȦʳ⏏႑ጣɻ͌͠˵ͻ̠ (mulisana)⏋ȡʳȦɻ˓̜͌Ͳ˳ (imutongo) ɭ ٧ɽʶɩȦʳ⏏ ǵ፬ჿ̢̜̒͘ AɹКᓔɻ⏋ᬏɹ D1 ɫȡʳ⏃ܒ 6⏋ܒ 12⏆⏏Ʉɹ̢̜̒͘ɴȿʰʶ ɩȦʳႌɹʓɭ˃ɰɻ⏋D1 ɹࠂɴȡɛʳ B1 Ȳʭʃ C1 ȵଘɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠɴ B1 ʦ C1 ȴʰγय़DɴࢪɌɩ⏋ɌɽɌɽᦐɭɌɩᰩȵரњɇʶɩȦɛ⏏1999 ॷɹΥಁೝ⏋Ʉ ɹ፬ჿ̢̜̒͘ Aɫɻ K3 ɹࢹॷȵ႑ጣɭɌɩ D1 ɹଝШȦˁɌɩȦɛȵ⏋ɗɹೝᬚ⏋K3 ɻ D1 ɹγय़ɭΥᐷɴᰩˁɭɤɩȦɛ⏏ʚɛ M1 ȵ፬ჿɐʳ፬ჿ̢̜̒͘ Bɫɻ⏋P3 ȵ M1 ɹଝШȦˁɌɩȦɛȵ⏋ؾɍॷɴ P3 ɹኘທɴȡɛʳ P1 ȵᓚсɐʳ̀͠͡ɴేᔋɹɛʠɹ ႌܑȦȵȿʰʶɛ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴႌɹγ᠌ɻ⏋ʚɤɛȼɹံݬᨢɫɲɇʶɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲ ȼ⏋ᰩϟɹரњʦేᔋɹѤࡶˁɻȴʳɲɰɹሁஞᇕɲឿᦐʱȵȡʳݭغȵȦ⏏ 5.3ȁो͂ݱ͈ ǵோϖɹࢪᢒɭɲʳɹɻՏᅋ 3 ˡʓɰᐁɌɛᮇႌɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶʚɫɻІႌȵ͊͡˪ˁ Ⴖװɫȷʳ⏏ႌɹோϖˁ˪̩͇ (kuhama) ɭȦȦ⏋1 ɴ 1 ܌⏋႑ጣȵႌܑȦɹμɫோϖɐʳ⏏ ɗɹଝɻГάɹɭȲʱɫȡʳ⏏ ǵႌܑȦȴʰࢹɌᮐʶɛݭଘɴጓɩʰʶɛഃ⏃˽ˑ̜͠⏋sitoli⏆ɴ⏋Іႌˁ 1 ᰄɑɦᑦȦɫȲ ȼ⏏ͦͻ̺ˁៗȴʶɛІႌɻ⏋ႌܑȦɹμɴȦʳທႌɹʢɭʍᣬʱ⏋͊͡˪ˁُȦࠃʠʳ⏏ɗ ɹȡȦɞɴ႑ጣɻທႌɹʸᔰˁͦͻ̺ɫᑐʱ⏋ІႌɴࢹɌ͊͡˪ˁᰰʚɓɛȡɭɫ⏋Іႌ ˁبȦɩທႌȴʰ᭧ᮐɌோϖˁᬖࠃɐʳ⏏͊͡˪ɻ⏋ᲞɇᏝ 40 ́Ͳ͍̍ͻ̜͡⏋ࢅᩄȵ 3⑯4 ̜̒͠͡ɹೠនɹࢅ۬⏃˽ˑ˪Ͳ̝˕⏋sikundu⏆ɴԂʶʳ⏏Ȧɤɛ˃ோϖˁᏺȭɩȴʰ⏋ʢȩ 1 Іႌɴ͊͡˪ˁُʼɓɩϖᩄˁ៎࢘Ɍ⏋ԗʃோϖˁ᠅ʛʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ʚɛோϖ⏋႑ጣ ȵϖ᱔ɴؤˁɦȿɩ͊͡˪ˁُᰰɐʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ ǵᝠ 5 ɻ⏋D1 ȵ፬ჿɐʳ፬ჿ̢̜̒͘ Aɫ 1999 ॷ 11 22 ɴோϖɇʶɛ͊͡˪ɹՕ ນ!5ȁȮۯၑξΣΛΠ!Aȯ̤̫ͥͅησ·͈႕⏃1999 ॷ 11 22 ⏆ ҅Ϻ៨ش ਸա Օᨗᩄ ⏃̜̒͠͡⏆ ǵǵҺǵǵǵᓒ B1 F 5 ႌଘᓔ⏃28 ᰄ⏆ C1 F 5 ႌଘᓔ⏃26 ᰄ⏆ D1 M 5 ፬ჿ̢̜̒͘Кᓔǵႌଘᓔ⏃ 2 ᰄ⏆ D3 M 2.5 ႑ጣ E3 M 2.5 ႑ጣ F3 M 0.5 G2 M 2.5 ႑ጣ 23 ⏧҅Ϻ៨شɻܒ 6 ˁؒ၇
ᨗᩄˁኍɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹ̢̜̒͘ɴధɹႌˁȿɩȦʳ B1 ɭ C1⏋Ȳʭʃ፬ჿᓔ D1 ȵع 5 ̜̒͠͡ɹ͊͡˪ɹՕᨗˁ؝ȿ⏋๖Ȧɫႌɹγ᠌ˁɌɩȦɛ D3⏋E3⏋G2 ɹ 3 ؿɹ႑ጣȵع 2.5 ̜̒͠͡ɑɦɩȦʳ⏏ɗɌɩয়ಁ 5 ɹ F3 ʢ⏋0.5 ̜̒͠͡ዐɹ͊͡˪ɹՕᨗˁ؝ȿ ɛ⏏ 5.4ȁݱս̞͈୭౾ાਫ਼͂༶ཪ౷͈ܬ୯എ་ا ǵ፬ჿ̢̜̒͘ BˁёɭɌɩ⏋ॷᬚˁɭȲɌɩ 1 ɦɹႌܑȦȵɰɹʭȩɴው᥊Ɍɛȴˁኍ Ɍɛɹȵܒ 13 ɫȡʳ⏏մጟɴ៨ɌɛɭȲʱ⏋6 ȴʰ 11 ʚɫɹೝᬚ⏋ႌܑȦɻేᔋˁᇿᇕ ɭɌɩᓚܩɴᒞɇʶʳ⏏˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɹݭغ⏋ᮒ࡚сȵࠃʚʳ 11 ɴɻ⏋ɐʏɩɹႌܑ ȦˁីɹͲ˫͠˛ྲྀᅤɹ̜͠Ͳ˳ɴውɌ⏋ɌɽʰȼɌɩͲ˫͠˛ྲྀᅤȵԢອɌࠃʠʳɭ⏋ʚ ɞ༇ອȵ᧒ɌɩȦɲȦ͍Ͳ̫ྲྀᅤɹ̜͠Ͳ˳ɴႌܑȦˁው᥊ɇɓʳ⏏̜͠Ͳ˳ɻܑٞʭʱʢ ປᲞȵᲞȦɛʠɴԢອɹࢀȵࢹɲȼ⏋ȴɦቆܤɫȡʳɛʠɴɫɵȴʳʞዐȵࢸɇȦȴ ʰɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋Ʉʶʰɹ̜͠Ͳ˳ɹᦏȼɴɻᓚсܩɹ̀͠͡ȵɲȼ⏋ȴʰʢᮐʶɩȦʳ ɛʠ⏋с႒ȵႌɹᰩࢀɴȡȩਕᨗʢࢹɲȦ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲྲྀᅤɹ̜͠Ͳ˳ɻᓚсɹࢪᢒɭɻɲʰ ɑ⏋ʢɤɿʰႌܑȦɹᒞݭଘɭɌɩգᅎɇʶɩȦʳ⏏1995 ॷȴʰɻ⏋ྲྀᅤɹ̜͠Ͳ˳ɴ !13ȁ1999!ා̤̫ͥͅݱս̞͈֊ഢ͈႕ȪȮۯၑξΣΛΠ!Bȯȫ
ႌܑȦȵȿʰʶɩȦʳȡȦɞ⏋ᗳᙏȷɹࢸ࣒ˁলɩɩ႑ጣʰȵࢆɌႌɹᡰɴȡɛʳʭȩ
ɴɲɤɛ⏏34)
ǵႌܑȦȵᓚܩɴᒞɇʶɩȦʳೝᬚɹఔ႑ܩɻ⏋ȴʰ 1⑯2 ˥͍ͦͻ̜͡ʓɰីɹॶܹ ɲܤܩȵ᧧ɽʶʳ⏏༇ອȵৄȦɩᬚʢɲȦɹ͌͞ͅɴɻ⏋˓̦ዀɹ̜̓˓ (toboi)Echinochloa
stagnia, Gramineae35) ʦ͌̊ˡ (mutaka)Panicum sp., Gramineaeɲɰႌȵ߫ʞ႑ᗳȵᅊᔒɌ
ɩȦʳ⏏36) 11⑯12 ɻ⏋ະɹ႑ᗳȵཝࢹɐʳಁೝɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋˸Ͳ̾˻ाɹೣ༑ ᦏȼɫ႑ᗳȵᢌȴɴɤɩȦʳݭଘȵఔ႑ܩɭɲʳ⏏Ȧɤʗȩ⏋˸Ͳ̾˻ाȵވອɌࠃʠ༇ອ ݖȵঃȵɤɩȼʳɭ⏋༇ອɹզ᧒ȵᧆȦ˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɹആᨆˁఔ႑ܩɭɌɩգᅎɐʳ⏏Ʉ ɹಁೝɴɻ⏋ႌᒴȵఔ႑ܩɭႌܑȦɹȡȦɞˁ৵ɐʳɭȷɴ⏋ອɹμˁው֪ɐʳȵᐚȼ⏏ ႑ጣɻπೠᖐˁ௭ʱɲȵʰ⏋ȡʳȦɻȹɲȵʰႌᒴˁࢷɐʳ⏏ɄȩʚɫɌɩႌᒴˁະ ԒɴৄȷᅥʠɩȲȼɹɻ⏋ʁɭȭɴோϖɹɛʠɫȡʳ⏏ 5.5ȁݱ͈֊ཪ ǵ̫ͦ̓˙ະɫɻႌɹው႑ȵʼʶɩȦʳ⏏༇ອȵࠃʚʱܩᝠȵອᯆάɴໍʞ 2 ɴɲ ʳɭ⏋ႌᒴɻະȴʰ˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ɴው֪Ɍ⏋༇ອȵৄȼ 6 ɴԗʃະɴଖɤɩȼʳ ⏃ܒ 7⏆⏏ႌᒴȵະɹᨆʍው֪ɐʳɄɭˁ⏋ȋႌɹ˪˝Ͳ̓ˡȍ(kuomboka sa likomu)⏋ȡ ʳȦɻɴ˪˝Ͳ̓ˡɭ٧ʃ⏋ტɹ࡚፲ᇕው֪ɴɭʢɲȩኢәɭؾɍɫᝠჼɇʶʳ⏏ ǵ˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɹႌɹው႑Ӵɻ⏋ɗɹՕȵȡʳະីүɹ˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ɫȡʳ⏏Ʌ ɭɴႌɹው႑Ӵɻᅵɲʳȵ⏋˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɹᦏ᭰ɹǾɹው႑Ӵɻ⏋ʓʖؾɍ៓ɴȡʳɛ ʠ⏋ው႑ˁԊؾɫࡸేɐʳɄɭȵȦ⏏ະɫɻ⏋˸Ͳ̾˻ाɹೣ༑ɴᦏȦఔ႑ܩȴʰ༡ອ ɐʳɛʠ⏋ೣ༑ɹᦏȼɴеᒞɐʳȵው႑ˁࡸేɐʳʱˁʚɑໆʠ⏋ЈɹǾȵɗʶɴؒ ֓ɐʳȴɰȩȴˁໆࡴɐʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠɴው႑ˁԊɴɐʳǾɹ෯ଁɻ⏋ຘॷܔࡴɌɩȦʳʼȿ ɫɻɲȦ⏏˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɭؾɍɴው႑ˁɤɛɹధɻ⏋1999 ॷȵ 6 Ͷɫȡɤɛɹɴ ࢪɌ⏋2001 ॷɻ 4 Ͷɫȡɤɛ⏏ው႑ɹʱɻ⏋༇ອɹզഀȵȴɤɛ 1999 ॷɭ 2001 ॷ ɴɻɗʶəʶ 2 12 Ȳʭʃ 2 10 ⏋༇ອɹզഀȵᧆȴɤɛ 2000 ॷɴɻ 3 3 ɫȡɤ ɛ⏏Ȧɤʗȩႌȵະɴॠ᧰Ɍɛɹɻ 1999 ॷȵ 6 6 ⏋2000 ॷȵ 6 5 ɫȡɤɛ⏏ ǵ˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ɴʞȿɩႌᒴȵՏᇍɐʳɹɻ⏋ףմ 7 ಁɫȡʳ⏏1 Ϻɹ႑ጣȵ̠͇ͩ͡ (namalwa) ɭ٧ɽʶʳූ۬37) ˁᴡʰɌɩႌᒴˁӴࢷɌ⏋Јɹ႑ጣɻᒴʶɹʸȴʰႌˁᦠȦጓ 34) Ʉɹᡰɻ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡɴᰒᘿɲͤ˓̚ˑͲ˫ˁࡴɌɛʢɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ႌˁ॑ݭɫެɐʳɄɭˁᇿᇕɭɌ ɛႌඑɴࢪՃɐʳɛʠɹʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛؾɍʭʱ⏋ేᔋɹɛʠɴႌܑȦˁȿɛȋ̀͠͡ȍɫʢ⏋ᡰ ɹɛʠɹࢸ࣒ˁলɩʳɄɭȵȼɲɤɩȷɩȦʳ⏏
35) Trapnell and Clothier 1937ɴʭʳ⏏
36) ɭȼɴ̜̓˓ɻᗡȵᅆ٢ˁي˃ɫȲʱ⏋ਗ਼߫ɹ႑ᗳɭɲʳɭɭʢɴϺȵɗɹ٢ៅˁූɌʞɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ 37) ႌɹᴡȷުɴаɛᯭˁɞɐ߄ᶢɴаɛ০Ⴅɹූ۬⏏ΫᨆɴɤɩȡʳᇤɹᨆՕȴʰάɴɴʞȿɩԒᨆɴඑȵ
ɩʳ⏏ʚɛʱɹϺɻπೠᖐɴՕώɌ⏋ಁɴɻᖒᤉˁ᧧ʉɛʠɴႌᒴȴʰᮐʶʳɄɭʢȡʳ ȵ⏋ɫȷʳɞȿႌᒴˁʱܑʛɲȵʰᦽʞ⏏ው֪ɹμ⏋˸Ͳ̾˻ाɹೣ༑ʦఌ༑⏋ȡʳȦɻ ອȴɇȵވɌɛՎܩɫɻ⏋ႌɻȦɫཡʰɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏃Ԡሎ 7⏆⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲݭଘɫɻ⏋ кˁ༥ᓛɌɛႌȵྔɐʳɄɭʢȡʱ⏋ʚɛȼɹϺǾɻႌȵ̢ͩɹࢀɴ᧠ȩɄɭʢੇʶ ɩȦʳ⏏38) ႌᒴȵाˁཡʳಁɴɻ⏋̠͇ͩ͡ˁ୫ɦ႑ጣȵπೠᖐɴώʱࢷɐʳ⏏ɗɹʓȴɹ πೠᖐɻ⏋ႌᒴȵອ༑ɴ༑ɇʶɲȦʭȩά༑үɴ՞ႥɴеᒞɌɩ⏋ႌᒴˁઝཉȼឿࡪʱɲȵ ʰᦽʞ⏏ው႑ɹዐɹɲȴɫʢɤɭʢᐳᦗɌ⏋πೠᖐˁ௭ʳᲞɲଯȵឹິɇʶʳݭᯆɫʢ ȡʳ⏏ɄɹʭȩɴɌɩ⏋౾մɴɻᇿᇕܩɹ˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ɴզመɐʳ⏏ ǵͦ˻ɴɻȋkutapa siloziȍɭȦȩᝠჼȵȡʳ⏏Ʉʶɻȋͦ˻ᰟɴ⏃Ϋଝɴ⏆ȽɄɭȍˁઝ ٢Ɍ⏋39) Ʉɹៜ܌ɌɻႌȵȽݭغɴʢᅎȦʰʶʳ⏏ԢອɌɛະʦ˸Ͳ̾˻ाˁႌȵȹ ཡʶʳʭȩ⏋ΫଝɴႌˁࢷɌ⏋ȡʳȦɻЂ֖ɐʳଯˁʢɦɄɭɻȋͦ˻ʰɌɇȍɭᐄʃɦ ȦɩȦʳ⏏ 5.6ȁ֊ཪ͈૧̹̈́ജٳ ǵ˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɹٞᦇɫɻ 1960 ॷБʚɫ⏋عɹᅖਸȵው႑ӴɴȲȦɩʢະɭؾɍ ʭȩɴႌᒴɹ፬ჿˁɌɩȦɛɭȦȩ⏏ɌȴɌ˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɫɻ⏋1982 ॷȴʰՕɴʓɰᦏ Ȧ˵̍ͦͲ̚͞ (Sacilondela) ɴႌᒴˁ៧ɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏Ʉɹɴɻ̸Ͳ̋ɭȦȩ ᮃɹϺǾȵ࣎зɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵ19 γᏛГᭇ⏋ីɹˏͲ˳͞ȴʰውзɌɩȷɛ̸Ͳ̋ɻ⏋Ȳʢɴ˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ɫ္ᅣᓚс ৢ૯!7ȁ;ΛΡρϋΡ͚̫̀ͅΎϋαΐͬളͥݱ߲ 38) ႌȵံϟɴው֪ɐʳɄɭˁናਥɐʳɛʠɴ⏋ёॷ⏋ው႑ɹΫɴტއȵȡʳ̠͇͘͞ɴጓɠࢊʳɄɭɴɲɤ ɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ 2001 ॷɹው႑ɫɻٟכȵؾɌ⏋ଘǾɫႌɹԃʦ̢ͩ᭑ȿˁናᰔɌɛ⏏ 39) πೠᖐˁ௭ʳɄɭɭι˃ɫ⏋ȽɄɭɻ⏋ະɫᅊ༎ɐʳȩȭɫعᕶȵ᤹ɴɦȿʳʏȷᩂឹɲଯɫȡʳ⏏ ͦ˻ɫɻ⏋ᦵȼȦɞʱ⏋ȡʳȦɻჀვɴ੬ʰʶɲȦʭȩᯁȴɴȽɲɰ⏋Ȧȼɦȴɹອଯȵࡔܧɐʳ⏏
ˁۊʛɲȵʰᅊˁጓɩɩȦʳ⏏ႌˁ؝៧Ɍɛ̸Ͳ̋ɻ⏋္ᅣɹᓚܩɴႌܑȦˁᒞɌ⏋ႌ ɹᏎ࣋ɴʭʳేᔋˁࠃʠɛ⏏4.3 ɫ៘ʶɛͦ˻ɹేᔋˁ̸Ͳ̋ȵᅎɌɛɄɭɴʭʱ⏋္ᅣ ɫɹсЊȿॷధȵᬏȼɲɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ʚɛ؝៧үɻɄɹೝᬚ⏋ᕶᅓɴோϖɐʳɄɭȵ៰ ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋؝៧μɴႌȵᆖຩɴɲɤɛݭغɴɻ⏋ਸ਼ɴ៧ᓔɴݬٚɌ⏋ࢪਝፑɴ ɦȦɩɹ୭ኍˁЖȽਖឹȵȡʳ⏏ʚɛႌȵ˃ɞݭغɴɻ⏋ᔀˁϗၥɇɓɩ៧ᓔɹʢɭʍ࣑ ȿ⏋ႌɹϭɴɦȦɩݬٚɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲᒶ֭ˁʳɭ⏋៧ˁଠɠՖʰʶ ʳɄɭȵȡʳɭȦȩ⏏ ǵႌɹ៧ʍɹᦐɭɌɩ⏋˵̍ͦͲ̚͞ɹϺȵ˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɹϺɴࢪɌɩ⏋ɌɽɌɽ ႒ᣂʦ˵ͻ̲˽ˁரњɐʳɄɭȵȡʳ⏏˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ɹϺɻ⏋˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ɫᅊᅋɇʶʳ ˥͑̒˵̫ʦ̜˗˻Ͳ̲˛ˁ؝ȿʳȵ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ȵέɌɛݭغɴɻ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲᦅᅋ ႒ɹரњɻ߂ȷɲઝ٢ˁʢɦ⏏ʚɛ˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ȴʰೠೳȵரњɇʶʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏Ʉʶɻᠭ ჿᅎɹᚩೠɭɌɩ⏋ȡʳȦɻࢃ࣒ɹল፷ೳʦႌܑȦɹೠ഼ɭɌɩգᅎɇʶʳ⏏ೠೳɹϋɌȦະ ɴȲȦɩ⏋Ʉʶʰɻᢵᩂɲᣂೳɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹʓȴ⏋ࢃ࣒ল፷ɹଝШȦʦ⏋ೠនڃɹនᦶɲ ɰˁ̸Ͳ̋ɴћᰉɐʳݭغʢȡʳ⏏Ȧɤʗȩͦ˻ɹᅖਸɛɠɻ⏋ႌˁ៧ɐʳ 2 ȴʰ 6 ʚ ɫɹೝᬚ⏋ႌɹγ᠌ȴʰៗఔɇʶʳɭȦȩգဣʢȡʳ⏏ሂϣћࡔᇕɲᬠѥɴȡʳϠᓔᬚɹᐄʃ ɦȷɻܔɲʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ȲϣȦˁ៊ؿዌˁᅎȦɩ٧ʃغȩʭȩɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏40) ǵɄɹʭȩɲᬠѥȵᅊଁɌɛᔘಕɴɻ⏋Ȧȼɦȴɹឹ܍ȵȡʳɭʛʰʶʳȵ⏋ɄɄɫɻ๖ɹ 2 ဣˁȡɁɩȲȷɛȦ⏏1 ɦɻ⏋႑ጣɭɌɩɹ֝ӈɹተѳɹکᰍɫȡʳ⏏ോఠᔒɹಔؖɴ ʭɤɩ⏋႑ጣɹ᧟ᶲೝɴȡɛʳᮾࢹॷɹȼȵോɴᦲȩʭȩɴɲʱ⏋41) ਃഀɭປᥒɌɩᬏೝ ᬚɴʼɛʱ႑ጣˁተѳɐʳɄɭȵࢅ౫ɫɻɲȼɲɤɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ው႑Ӵɫႌɹγ᠌ˁᐁᱻɌɛɄ ɭȵȡʳᓔɻ⏋ະɭɻఔ႑ᄩޅȵᅵɲʳ˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ɫɹఔ႑ɻᮑәɲʢɹɫȡɤɛɭʢ ʳ⏏3.1 ɫᦚʏɛʭȩɴ⏋ᦏॷɫɻ༇ອೝɴ˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ɴው֪ɐʳзȵཝࢹɌɛɄɭʢ⏋ Ʉɹಁೝɴ႑ጣˁተѳɐʳɄɭˁܐᮑɴɌɛɭཀྵɫȷʳ⏏ ǵʢȩ 1 ɦɻ⏋19 γᏛȴʰᐚȼˏͲ˳͞ȴʰ˸Ͳ̲ˏʍɹϺǾɹው֪ɭȦȩرᇕɲឹ܍ɫ ȡʳ⏏ᦏॷɫɻ⏋ˏͲ˳͞ɴȲȿʳకέɴɭʢɲɤɩ⏋ˏͲ˳͞ȴʰᮑȵ˸Ͳ̲ˏʍ ༑ԂɌɩȦʳ⏏ɄɹʭȩɴɌɩܕޅˁᣴȭɩីᨆ˸Ͳ̲ˏɴው֪Ɍɩȷɛᮑɹ߂ץɻ⏋ᮑ ˥͑Ͳ̺ɫɻɲȼ⏋ᕶᇍᇕɴᦅɴࡴзɐʳɄɭȵሾʰʶɩȦʳा 1996⏏ГΫɹʭȩ ɲИˁȡʼɓɩᓒȭʳɭ⏋ະɹٞᦇɴࡴзɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ̸Ͳ̋ɹϺǾȵ⏋Ӵзᓔɫ ȡɤɛͦ˻ɭ҅Ϻᇕɲᬠѥˁᐄʃɲȵʰͦ˻ɹ႑ጣɴȴʼɤɩႌɹγ᠌ˁʛʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɄ 40) য়ϟᓔᬚɹॷᶲȵᦏȿʶɽȲϣȦˁȋӰȍɭ٧ʃ⏋ॷᶲȵᮐʶɩȦʶɽȋኘၼኘທȍɭȋȍɭ٧ʃغȩ ݭغȵȦ⏏ 41) ˹͌Ͳ̝˕˛ȴʰᏝ 2.5 ˥͍ͦͻ̜͡ᮐʶɛ͇̓͞ (Malabo) ɴࢸോȵօɇʶɛɹɻ⏋1941 ॷɹɄɭɫ ȡʳ⏏
ɭɻ⏋ȷʼʠɩغჿᇕɲɫȡɤɛɭȦȭʭȩ⏏
6
ȅใ၈ࡔ͈ݽᒹ
6.1ȁݽᒹ͈ٽါ ǵ̫ͦ̓˙ະɴɻዛɹȵᅊਖ਼ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹȩɠྫௗɹࢪᢒɭɲɤɛዛɭɌɩ⏋ፆ ᓔɻ 29 ዛˁተ᠗Ɍɛ⏃ᝠ 6⏆⏏ɻ।ɹᩂឹɲտᰩ྇ɫȡʱ⏋ʚɛᅘɹ॑ݭɴՏᗼɇʶʳڧ ڃ⏋ȡʳȦɻ႒ǾϯழɴȲȿʳѝғɹᲞȦϯழᢧɫʢȡʳ⏏ະɫɻ⏋༇ອȵզഀɌވອȵ ࠃʚɤɛྲྀٞᦇˁྫݭɭɐʳ͓˽ྫ⏃1 ⏆⏋༇ອೝɴɹܑٞɫۊʚʶʳլᐨྫ⏃2⑯5 ⏆⏋ ༇ອȵৄȦɛɹྲྀɫʼʶʳլᐨྫ⏃5⑯9 ⏆⏋ϗ࡚ɹ࡛ጓɌɛՎܩˁգᅎɌɛᎢྫ⏃10 ນ!6ȁݽᒹ͈చય͂̈́ͥ৽ါ̈́ݿਅ ዀ ዛ ͦǵ˻ǵؿANABANTIIDAE Ctenopoma ctenotis mbundu BAGRIDAE Suchenoglanis nagamensis sibutu
Auchenoglanis occidentalis singongi CHARACIDAE Hydrocyon vittatus ngweshi
Hepsetus odoe mulumeshi
Alastes lateralis mbala
έ౩ ngwelele
CICHLIDAE Oreochromis macrochir mu
Haplochromis carlottae mbuma
Oreochromis andersonii njinji
Tilapia rendalli mbufu / mbufana
Tilapia sparmanii situu (situfu)
Serranochromis angusticepps mamunyandi Serranochromis macrocephala njenga Serranochromis condringtoni seo Serranochromis robustus nembwe Hemichromis fasciatus lingwalala Pelmatochromis rubustus seo CLARIDAE Clarias gariepinus ndombe
Clarias ngamensis ndombe
MORMYRIDAE Mormyrus lacerda mutokoya / likusi / nembele Gnathonemus macrolepidotus nembele
Marcusenius castelnaui kapepe SCHILBEIDAE Schilbe mystus lubango
έ౩ έ౩ linyonga
έ౩ έ౩ liwetete
έ౩ έ౩ nangalola
έ౩ έ౩ liulungu
