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(1)

Non-­‐Equilibrium  Plasma

in  Galaxy  Clusters

大阪大学・松本研究室

井上翔太

([email protected]­‐u.ac.jp)

1

(2)

目次

Ø 本研究の背景

Ø 衝突銀河団中の電離非平衡プラズマの探査

Ø イオン

−電子間の非平衡状態の探査

Ø 結論

-

Abell 754の観測結果

- Cygnus A clusterの観測結果

- ひとみ衛星による

Perseus銀河団の観測結果

2

(3)

目次

Ø 本研究の背景

Ø 衝突銀河団中の電離非平衡プラズマの探査

Ø イオン

−電子間の非平衡状態の探査

Ø 結論

-

Abell 754の観測結果

- Cygnus A clusterの観測結果

- ひとみ衛星による

Perseus銀河団の観測結果

3

本日の上田さん講演

(4)

目次

Ø 本研究の背景

Ø 衝突銀河団中の電離非平衡プラズマの探査

Ø イオン

−電子間の非平衡状態の探査

Ø 結論

-

Abell 754の観測結果

- Cygnus A clusterの観測結果

- ひとみ衛星による

Perseus銀河団の観測結果

4

(5)

衝突銀河団 〜銀河団の進化過程〜

u非対称な

IntraclusterMedium(ICM)分布

u衝突により生じた衝撃波の存在

u衝撃波で加速された電子のシンクロトロン放射

衝突銀河団:

Bullet  Cluster

X-­‐ray

Dark  Matter

Image  Credit:  X-­‐ray:  NASA/CXC/M.Markevitch et  al.  Optical:  NASA/STScI;  Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Clowe

et  al.  Lensing  Map:  NASA/STScI;  ESO  WFI;  Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Cloweet  al.

5

(6)

Ogrean+ (2013, 2014)

X-rays (XMM)

+

radio (GMRT)

Akamatsu, van Weeren+ (2015)

Suzaku FOV

X-rays: Mach number 2.5 ± 0.5

Akamatsu & Kawahara 2012

Ogrean+ 2014

Stroe+ 2014

Radio : Mach number 2.9 ± 0.2

X-rays: Mach number 2.7 ± 0.5

M = 1.7 ± 0.3

Suzaku FOV

衝突銀河団:

CIZA  J2242.8(Sausage  Cluster)

衝突銀河団

Small fraction of the energy

released can be channeled into

the production of Cosmic Rays

SZ+radio

blue

: X-rays

red

: radio synchrotron

EAGLE Simulation, Virgo Consortium

Akamatsu+15

Ogrean+13,14

6

衝突銀河団 〜銀河団の進化過程〜

u非対称な

IntraclusterMedium(ICM)分布

u衝突により生じた衝撃波の存在

u衝撃波で加速された電子のシンクロトロン放射

衝突銀河団の特徴

マッハ数

~  1−2

V

s

~  1,000−2,000  km/s

(7)

Color  map:

ICMの密度分布

Black  Contour  :  

ダークマターの質量分布

White  Contour  :  

マッハ数の分布

銀河団の電離非平衡

(NEI)プラズマ

v 銀河団の成長のタイムスケールが数

Gyrであるため、

v 観測的検証は少なく、その検出例はない

衝突銀河団の衝撃波付近であれば、

NEI状態が存在するのでは??

ICM(

n

e

~10

-3

/cm

-3

)は平衡状態であることが仮定されている。

Akahori+10による衝突銀河団のシミュレーション

(8)

Color  map:

ICMの密度分布

Black  Contour  :  

ダークマターの質量分布

White  Contour  :  

マッハ数の分布

銀河団の電離非平衡

(NEI)プラズマ

v 銀河団の成長のタイムスケールが数

Gyrであるため、

v 観測的検証は少なく、その検出例はない

ICM(

n

e

~10

-3

/cm

-3

)は平衡状態であることが仮定されている。

Akahori+10による衝突銀河団のシミュレーション

Color  map:

Fe XXV  /  Fe XXVI 強度比の

平衡状態からのずれ

衝撃波加熱により

非平衡状態が生じる

衝突銀河団の衝撃波付近であれば、

NEI状態が存在するのでは??

(9)

電離パラメータ

n

e

t

電子温度

電離温度

T

e

T

z

プラズマの電子温度に対する電離の進行具合を表す指標

電離パラメータ

:

τ

= n

e

t

t

n

e

:電子密度

電離非平衡が生じてからのタイムスケール

電離平衡の条件

:  

τ

< 10

13

s cm

-3

電離パラメータがわかれば、

NEIが生じてからのタイムスケールを見積れる

T

10

13

電離平衡状態

>

(10)

電離パラメータ

n

e

t

電子温度

電離温度

T

e

T

z

プラズマの電子温度に対する電離の進行具合を表す指標

電離パラメータ

:

τ

= n

e

t

t

n

e

:電子密度

電離非平衡が生じてからのタイムスケール

電離非平衡の条件

:  

τ

< 10

13

s cm

-3

電離パラメータがわかれば、

NEIが生じてからのタイムスケールを見積れる

T

10

13

電離平衡状態

1. ICM中のFe輝線比を見積り、NEI状態を世界

初検出する

2. 電離パラメータを用いて、加熱の履歴を調べ、

これまでにない視点から、銀河団進化を議論

本研究の目的

(11)

衝突銀河団

Abell 754

u非対称な表面輝度分布をした

merging   Cluster

u衝突から

~0.3  Gyrの姿(Roettiger+98)。

u南東方向に

M=1.57の衝撃波の存在(Macario+11)。

Shock  front

300kpc

衝突方向

Chandraのイメージ(Macario+11)

11

(12)

衝突銀河団

Abell 754

すざく衛星が

観測した領域

300kpc

Chandraのイメージ(Macario+11)

安定したバックグラウンドで

観測が行えるすざく衛星の

データを用いる。

Shock  front

u非対称な表面輝度分布をした

merging   Cluster

u衝突から

~0.3  Gyrの姿(Roettiger+98)。

u南東方向に

M=1.57の衝撃波の存在(Macario+11)。

(13)

すざくの観測:

Abell 754

観測日:

2007年5月29日

露光時間

:  109ks

XIS0のイメージ

衝突の方向に沿って

6つの領域を定義(Reg1 ~ 6)

13

5’  =  336kpc

(14)

10

−3

0.01

0.1

Reg2

10

2

5

−4

−2

0

2

4

Energy (keV)

スペクトルフィット結果

(e.g.,  Reg2)

• 連続成分と

FeXXV/FeXXVI輝線強度比から

電離パラメータを見積る。

NEIプラズマモデル(Ver.3.0.0)を用いる。

Co

u

n

t

s

-1

ke

V

-1

χ

Fe  XXVI

Fe  XXV

+  :  FI

+  :  BI

マゼンタ

Reg2の放射成分

一点鎖線

隣り合う領域からの

漏れ込み成分

14

10

5

2

0.1

0.01

10

-3

4

-4

-2

2

0

(15)

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

1

2

3

4

5

6

Temperature (keV)

region number

10

9

10

10

10

11

10

12

10

13

10

14

1

2

3

4

5

6

Ionization Parameter (s cm

-3

)

region number

0.4

0.7

1

2

1

2

3

4

5

6

Electron Density (x10

-3

cm

-3

)

region number

Fig. 4. Spatial distributions of the electron temperature (upper left), ionization parameter (upper right) and electron density (lower) estimated by model fittings

in section 4.3. In each panel, error bars indicate the 90 % confidence intervals. In the upper right panel, the green line indicates net = 1013s cm−3

0 2 4 6 8 1 10 2 5 20 50 Counts s − 1 arcmin − 1 Angle (arcmin)

Reg6

Fig. 5. Surface brightness distributions in Reg6 along the axis of red arrow in figure 1. Energy range is 2 − 8 keV and the background is subtracted. The fitting

model we applied (a single gaussian) is represented by the black solid line.

15

Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan (2016), Vol. 00, No. 0

7

Fig. 4. Spatial distributions of the electron temperature (upper left), ionization parameter (upper right), and electron density (lower) estimated by the

model fits in subsection 4.3. In each panel, the error bars indicate 90% confidence intervals. In the upper-right panel, the green line indicates net =

1013s cm−3. In the lower panel, the red and blue points represent the electron density with the cylindrical assumption and that with the spherical

assumption, respectively. (Color online)

Fig. 5. Surface brightness distributions in Reg6 along the axis of the red

arrow in figure 1. The energy range is 2–8 keV and the background is subtracted. The fitting model we applied (a single Gaussian) is repre-sented by the black solid line. (Color online)

in Reg4 corresponds to the subcluster, which is consistent

with the XMM-Newton observation (Henry et al.

2004

).

In Reg4–Reg6, an alternative assumption of spherical

symmetry could be applied. Assuming a β-model profile

Fig. 6. Assumed geometry of the ICM in Abell 754 used to estimate the

electron density of each region. The radius of each cylinder is estimated by projected surface brightness (see subsection 4.4). (Color online)

(Cavaliere & Fusco-Femiano

1978

) for the northwest part

of the subcluster, we estimate the electron densities for

Reg4–Reg6 as well. We use the β-model convolved by the

Suzaku point spread function (PSF) to fit the radial

pro-file, as in Inoue et al. (

2014

) and Mori et al. (

2013

). We

by guest on April 5, 2016

http://pasj.oxfordjournals.org/

Downloaded from

Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan (2016), Vol. 00, No. 0

7

Fig. 4. Spatial distributions of the electron temperature (upper left), ionization parameter (upper right), and electron density (lower) estimated by the

model fits in subsection 4.3. In each panel, the error bars indicate 90% confidence intervals. In the upper-right panel, the green line indicates net =

1013s cm−3. In the lower panel, the red and blue points represent the electron density with the cylindrical assumption and that with the spherical

assumption, respectively. (Color online)

Fig. 5. Surface brightness distributions in Reg6 along the axis of the red

arrow in figure 1. The energy range is 2–8 keV and the background is subtracted. The fitting model we applied (a single Gaussian) is repre-sented by the black solid line. (Color online)

in Reg4 corresponds to the subcluster, which is consistent

with the XMM-Newton observation (Henry et al.

2004

).

In Reg4–Reg6, an alternative assumption of spherical

symmetry could be applied. Assuming a β-model profile

Fig. 6. Assumed geometry of the ICM in Abell 754 used to estimate the

electron density of each region. The radius of each cylinder is estimated by projected surface brightness (see subsection 4.4). (Color online)

(Cavaliere & Fusco-Femiano

1978

) for the northwest part

of the subcluster, we estimate the electron densities for

Reg4–Reg6 as well. We use the β-model convolved by the

Suzaku point spread function (PSF) to fit the radial

pro-file, as in Inoue et al. (

2014

) and Mori et al. (

2013

). We

by guest on April 5, 2016

http://pasj.oxfordjournals.org/

Downloaded from

スペクトル解析結果

main  cluster

sub-­‐cluster

高温領域で

NEI状態を検出

Equilibrium

*  error:  90%  CL

15

*  Inoue  et  al.  2016,  PASJ,  68,  S23

銀河団としては初の

NEI観測例

(16)

黒のコントア:

330MHz  電波放射

(GMRT,  3sigma)

density  discontinuity

Macario+11

北西側の電波放射の縁が

NEIの領域付近に位置している

北西側に

2番目の衝撃波が存在するか検証する

16

衝撃波と電波放射

• 銀河団の南東側に衝撃波が存在し、電波のプロファイルと相

関している

(Macario+11;  Chandraの結果)。

(17)

Analysis  of  the  XMM-­‐Newton  data

uチャンドラの観測は、

NEI領域付近をカバーしてない。

uすざくのデータは、角度分解能が

shockを検出するのに十分

でない。

北西側の

Shockを検出すべく、

XMM-­‐Newtonのデータを用いて解析する。

.0 0.4 1.3 3.0 6.4 13.3 26.8 53.8 108.3 216.1 430 = 336kpc 5’

XMM  Observations  of  Abell 754

A754_f1  (East;  

13.6ks

*)  

A754_f2  (West;  

4.9ks

*)

A754_f3  (North;  

12.0ks

*)

A754_f4  (South;  

12.1ks

*)

4観測のデータを使用

*  フレア除去後の

MOS1のexposure  time

17

(18)

Projected radius (arcmin) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 ) -1 s -2

Surface brightness (Counts arcmin

5 10

表面輝度の

Profile

n(r)

r

r  

-­‐a2

x  j12

r  

-­‐a1

u電波コントアの縁付近の表面

輝度を抽出する

u

Jumpをもつ2つのpowerlawで

フィットする

u

Projectionの効果も考慮する

18

3.1 -2.6 -1.5 0.7 5.1 13.9 31.4 66.1 136.2 274.8 550

×

(19)

Projected radius (arcmin) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 ) -1 s -2

Surface brightness (Counts arcmin

5 10

n(r)

r

r  

-­‐a2

x  j12

r  

-­‐a1

表面輝度の

Profile

19

3.1 -2.6 -1.5 0.7 5.1 13.9 31.4 66.1 136.2 274.8 550

×

u電波コントアの縁付近の表面

輝度を抽出する

u

Jumpをもつ2つのpowerlawで

フィットする

u

Projectionの効果も考慮する

(20)

Projected radius (arcmin) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 ) -1 s -2

Surface brightness (Counts arcmin

5 10

n(r)

r

r  

-­‐a2

x  j12

r  

-­‐a1

Projected radius (arcmin)

5 6 7 8 9 10

)

-1

s

-2

Surface brightness (Counts arcmin

5 10

表面輝度の

Profile

20

3.1 -2.6 -1.5 0.7 5.1 13.9 31.4 66.1 136.2 274.8 550

×

u電波コントアの縁付近の表面

輝度を抽出する

u

Jumpをもつ2つのpowerlawで

フィットする

u

Projectionの効果も考慮する

(21)

Projected radius (arcmin) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 ) -1 s -2

Surface brightness (Counts arcmin

5 10

n(r)

r

r  

-­‐a2

x  j12

r  

-­‐a1

Projected radius (arcmin)

5 6 7 8 9 10

)

-1

s

-2

Surface brightness (Counts arcmin

5 10

r  

-­‐1.048

x  1.26  +/-­‐ 0.03

r  

-­‐0.14

ジャンプを持たないモデルは

3.6%の危険率で棄却できる

表面輝度の

Profile

21

密度ジャンプを検出!

3.1 -2.6 -1.5 0.7 5.1 13.9 31.4 66.1 136.2 274.8 550

不連続面が電波放射の縁と対応

×

u電波コントアの縁付近の表面

輝度を抽出する

u

Jumpをもつ2つのpowerlawで

フィットする

u

Projectionの効果も考慮する

(22)

0 5 10 15 6 8 10 12 14 kT (keV)

Projected  radius  (arcmin)

kT

(ke

V)

Density  jump

スペクトルフィット 〜温度構造〜

uスペクトル解析から、表面輝度の不連続面前後での温度構

造を調べる。

x  0.877

+0.099

-­‐0.078

① 接触不連続面による場合:温度は、外側で

1.26倍になる

(pressure  equilibrium

).

Shock  frontによる場合:温度は、外側で0.85倍になる

(Ranking-­‐Hugoniot)

.

• 温度構造の結果は、①の仮説を

0.04%の危険率で棄却できる。

• 一方、②とは矛盾ない。

22

3.1 -2.7 -1.8 -0.1 3.3 10.3 24.0 51.4 106.6 215.9 433

A1

A2

B1

B2

密度ジャンプが

5’  =  336kpc

(23)

3.1 -2.7 -1.8 -0.1 3.3 10.3 24.0 51.4 106.6 215.9 433

Abell 754の描像

M~1.57

M~1.17

XMM  image  of  Abell 754

uAbell 754の両側に衝撃波面を発見

u二つの衝撃波面は、電波放射の縁に位置

衝撃波の内側で、電子が加速されている

両側の衝撃波面が

X線&電波により検出された稀な例

Contour:  

Radio  330  MHz

23

330kpc

(24)

Abell 754の描像

u電離パラメータから見積もられる加熱からの経過時間

u北西側の衝撃波が

Reg5(~100kpc)を通過するタイムスケール

0.36−76  Myr

69  Myr

NEI

状態は、北西側の衝撃波加熱によって生じた

3.1 -2.7 -1.8 -0.1 3.3 10.3 24.0 51.4 106.6 215.9 433 ’

M~1.57

M~1.17

XMM  image  of  Abell 754

Contour:  

Radio  330  MHz

24

(25)

Summary

25

• 電離非平衡という観点から、

Abell 754のプラズマの

電離状態を調査した。

• すざく衛星の観測で、北西側の高温領域

(~13±1  

keV)から電離非平衡状態を検出した。

銀河団プラズ

マで

NEI状態が検出されたのは初めて。

XMM-­‐Newton衛星の観測から、北西領域に付近か

衝撃波

(M=1.17)を発見した

• 電離パラメータから見積もった加熱からの経過時間

は、衝撃波の通過時間と矛盾ない。

銀河団プラズマで衝撃波加熱の時間情報を

制限した初めての観測例

(26)

目次

Ø 本研究の背景

Ø 衝突銀河団中の電離非平衡プラズマの探査

Ø イオン

−電子間の非平衡状態の探査

Ø 結論

-

Abell 754の観測結果

- Cygnus A clusterの観測結果

- ひとみ衛星による

Perseus銀河団の観測結果

26

(27)

Cygnus  A  cluster

Main  clusterと sub-­‐clusterが

• 銀河団間の温度は高く、

Main  clusterの中心に、

ASCA衛星の観測 (Markevitch+99)

27

MARKEVITCH, SARAZIN, & VIKHLININ

527

FIG. 1.ÈASCA projected temperature maps (color) overlain on the ROSAT PSPC brightness contours spaced by a factor of 2. Regions in which the temperature was derived are numbered in upper panels; their temperatures and speciÐc entropies with 90% errors are given in the lower panels, along with the color scale for the temperature. Di†erent colors correspond to signiÐcantly di†erent temperatures. Dotted vertical lines separate groups of regions belonging to the same annulus or a central square. Dotted horizontal lines show the temperature averaged over the cluster or entropy averaged over the respective annulus or square. White circles in the maps show point sources either excluded or Ðtted separately (some are not shown for clarity). Region 1 in Cygnus A is a 6@ ] 18@ rectangle with the AGN region excised. For A3667, crosses mark positions of the two brightest galaxies and yellow areas schematically show the radio halo fromRo"ttgeringet al. (1997).

uncertainties. For the better resolved Cygnus A and A3667,

we also show maps of the speciÐc (per particle) entropy,

deÐned

as

*s 4 s [ s0\(3/2)k ln [(T /T0)(o/o0)~2@3],

where the subscript 0 refers to any Ðducial region in the

cluster. For a qualitative estimate, we approximate

o/o0D

where

is the cluster X-ray surface brightness

(

Sx/Sx0)1@2,

Sx

in a given region.

All three clusters display signiÐcant gas temperature

variations which, together with their complex X-ray

bright-ness morphology, indicate ongoing mergers. Below we

discuss some interesting implications for each cluster.

3

. CYGNUS A

From the temperature and brightness maps, Cygnus A

(z

\ 0.057) appears to have a particularly simple merger

geometry, with two similar

T

^ 4È5 keV subclusters

collid-ing head-on and developcollid-ing a shock between them.

Sub-structure is also observed in the optical (Owen et al. 1997).

Taking advantage of this simplicity, we try to estimate the

subcluster collision velocity directly from the observed gas

temperature variations.

For such an estimate, we assume that the region between

the Cygnus A subclusters can be approximated by a

one-dimensional shock. Then following Landau & Lifshitz

(1959) and using the Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions,

one can derive the di†erence of the gas-Ñow velocities

before and after the shock as a function of the respective gas

temperatures:

u0[u1\

C

kmp

kT0

(1

[ x)

A

1

x

T1

T0

[ 1

BD

1@2

,

(1)

where velocities are relative to the shock surface, indices 0

196 SMITH ET AL. Vol. 565

emitting gas (Owen et al. 1997). From an analysis of the undeconvolved ASCA Gas Imaging Spectrometer data, White (2000) derived the overall cluster temperature and iron abundance to be 9.49^ 0.23 keV and 0.67 ^ 0.03 times solar, respectively. The data were also modeled with a strong cooling Ñow of B500 M yr~1, a high ambient

_

cluster temperature ofB40 keV, and a metallicity close to solar values.

This paper is devoted to aChandra study of the intraclus-ter gas in the Cygnus A clusintraclus-ter of galaxies. The morphology and radial proÐle of the X-rayÈemitting gas are discussed in °° 3.1 and 3.2. In °° 3.3 and 3.4, we derive the spectra of the gas and the observed radial dependences of the temperature and abundance. Section 3.5 is devoted to a deprojection of the observed spectral brightness distribution, providing the radial dependences of the temperature, abundance, emiss-ivity, density, and pressure of the intracluster gas. These parameters are then used (° 3.6) to obtain the distributions of the gas mass and total mass of the cluster. In ° 3.7, we discuss the extended Ðlaments and belts of X-ray emission around the cavity in the intracluster gas that has been created by the radio source. Conclusions are summarized in ° 4.

We adopt H0\50 km s~1 Mpc~1 andq0\0 in this paper, which gives 1@@ \ 1.51 kpc, an angular size distance of Mpc, and a luminosity distance to Cygnus A of dA\310.5Mpc.

dL\346.4

2. OBSERVATIONS AND DATA REDUCTION

Cygnus A has been observed on three occasions with the Chandra ACIS (ACIS is described by G. Garmire et al. 2002, in preparation). The results from an analysis of the radio hot spots (Wilson, Young, & Shopbell 2000, hereafter Paper I) and the central nucleus (Young et al. 2001, here-after Paper II) are presented elsewhere. The rationale for the three observations is described in Paper II.

We concern ourselves here with a study of the surround-ing intracluster gas and analyze only data acquired dursurround-ing the ^35 ks exposure on 2000 May 21 (obsid 360), which provided an observation of Cygnus A over a wide Ðeld. The data reduction and analysis were performed using Chandra Interactive Analysis of Observations (CIAO) software version 2.1 and the reprocessed (on 2001 January 18) event Ðles. We created a new level 2 events Ðle, applying the latest gain corrections (of 2001 January 18), the same Good Time Intervals as in the existing level 2 events Ðle, andASCA grades 0, 2, 3, 4, and 6. Periods of nonquiescent background (i.e., Ñares or data dropouts due to telemetry saturation) were removed from the data. This was achieved by creating a light curve of the whole S3 chip, excluding the brightest sources of X-ray emission, and removing events^3 p from the mean count rate. This gives an e†ective exposure time of 34.3 ks (corrected for dead-time in the detector).

The X-ray emission from the cluster extends over the whole S3 chip, so our analysis procedure followed that described in Markevitch et al. (2000). Spatial variations in the detector background were estimated from several ACIS blank-Ðeld observations4 with a total exposure of ^137 ks on the S3 chip. These data were taken at the same focal plane temperature as our Chandra observation (i.e., [120¡C). In the 10È11 keV band, where few or no cosmic

4 See http://hea-www.harvard.edu/Dmaxim/axaf/acisbg/ for further details regarding the ACIS background Ðelds.

X-rays are expected, the observed count rate is 5%^ 1% higher in our observation than in the blank-Ðeld obser-vations (where the quoted error is only the random component). This excess count rate is comparable with the systematic error in the background rate from Ðeld to Ðeld (Markevitch et al. 2000). Therefore, in the following sec-tions, we have used a background rate that is 5% higher than the value obtained from the blank-Ðeld observations. Finally, an exposure map for the S3 chip was created from knowledge of the satellite pointing direction and the e†ec-tive area across the detector.

In ° 3.5, we present a deprojection of the X-ray emission of the cluster gas associated with Cygnus A. In brief, we derive the radial temperature, abundance, and emissivity using the XSPEC mixing modelprojct5 written by one of us (K. A. A.). This mixing model sums model spectra from ellipsoidal shells to give the observed, projected spectral emission of each elliptical annulus. The number of ellip-soidal shells is taken to be the same as the number of annuli, with each shell projecting onto one annulus. In the inner regions of the cluster, the shells are assumed to be prolate, with the major axis in the plane of the sky. In the outer regions, the shells are spherical. Thus, there are no free parameters associated with the geometry. Theprojct model allows the annuli to have di†erent semimajor axes, semi-minor axes, and orientations, but they are required to have the same centroid.

3. RESULTS

3.1. Morphology of the Extended X-Ray Emission An unsmoothedChandra X-ray image of the region of the radio source Cygnus A was shown in Figure 1 of Paper I (see also Fig. 11 of present paper). An alternative represen-tation can be obtained by adaptively smoothing the image (the CIAO programcsmooth). In this process, the width of the two-dimensional Gaussian smoothing proÐle is a func-tion of the signal-to-noise ratio of the data. Pixels with

5 Publicly available in XSPEC v11.1.

FIG. 1.ÈImage of the central region of the Cygnus A Ðeld in the 0.75È8 keV band. The image has been ““ adaptively smoothed ÏÏ with a two-dimensional Gaussian proÐle of varying width (see ° 3.1 for details). The shading is proportional to the square root of the intensity. The shading ranges from 0 (white) counts pixel~1 to 15 (black) counts pixel~1 (1 pixel is square). Filamentary features close to the nucleus, located at the 0A.492

center, are enhanced in this image.

Main  

Subcluster

Radio  Galaxy  Cygnus  A  (Smith+02)

衝撃波加熱を示唆

(Markevitch+99)

すれ違う前の衝突初期。

(28)

0 0.0065 0.019 0.045 0.097 0.2 0.41 0.81 1.6 3.3 6.

Suzaku observation

Obs1 2008年11月15日 44.7  ks

Obs2 2013年11月19日 42.5  ks

Obs1

Obs2

5領域に分けて、スペクトル解析を行う。

Main

Sub

Main

Sub

すざくによる

2観測のデータを解析

28

210  kpc

210  kpc

(29)

29

スペクトル解析結果

1 2 3 4 5 4 6 8 10 kT (keV) region number 1 2 3 4 5 10 11 10 12 10 13 Ionization parameter (s cm − 3) region number equilibrium 1sigma CL 90% CL

Heated  region

Main

Subcluster

Reg2でSignificantに温度が高くなっていることを発見した。

Reg2の電離パラメータは、NEIの兆候があるものの、有

意ではない。

equilibrium

840  kpc

840  kpc

10

4

6

8

kT

(ke

V)

13

11

12

Lo

g  

n

e

t

(s

 cm

-­‐3

)

region

1

2

3

4

5

region

1

2

3

4

5

(30)

30

ICMの運動

1 2 3 4 5 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 Redshift region number

Δz =  0.0064  +/-­‐ 0.0012                                Δv

LOS

=  1910  +/-­‐ 360  km/s

mainとsubの間でredshiftに差があった(X線の鉄輝線から決めた)。

1 2 3 4 5 4 6 8 10 kT (keV) region number

• 温度ジャンプから、相対速度がわかる

Δv

3D

=    920  +/-­‐ 390  km/s  

Sh

oc

k

Δz

X線データによる、ICMのバルクモーションは、3例目 !

ICMのredshift

region

1

2

3

4

5

region

1

2

3

4

5

10

4

6

8

kT

(ke

V)

0.

04

re

ds

hif

t

0.

05

0.

06

0.

07

0.

08

840  kpc

840  kpc

(31)

Cygnus  A  のgeometry

(i)  Head-­‐on  mergerの場合

main

920  km/s  ?

1910km/s ?

観測者

sub

1910km/s

920km/s  

(ii)  Offset  mergerの場合

main

sub

観測者

Impact  parameterをもったOffset  mergerと考えられる

31

(32)

結論

n 衝突銀河団

Abell 754

n 衝突銀河団中

Cygnus  A  cluster

2つの銀河団間で、高温領域を発見した。

• その領域は、

NEIの兆候を示すものの有意ではない。

LOS速度差や衝撃波の速度から、Off-­‐Axis  mergerで

あると考えられる。

X線のスペクトルデータから

Mergerのgeometryが議論できることを実証した

• 北西側の高温領域

(~13±1  keV)から

電離非平衡状

態を検出した

銀河団では初めて

)。

• その領域に付近から

衝撃波

(M=1.17)を発見した

• 電離パラメータから見積もった加熱からの経過時間

は、衝撃波がその領域を通過する時間と矛盾ない。

32

ICM

の運動学に時間軸を与えた

参照

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