目次
Ø 本研究の背景
Ø 衝突銀河団中の電離非平衡プラズマの探査
Ø イオン
−電子間の非平衡状態の探査
Ø 結論
-
Abell 754の観測結果
- Cygnus A clusterの観測結果
- ひとみ衛星による
Perseus銀河団の観測結果
2
目次
Ø 本研究の背景
Ø 衝突銀河団中の電離非平衡プラズマの探査
Ø イオン
−電子間の非平衡状態の探査
Ø 結論
-
Abell 754の観測結果
- Cygnus A clusterの観測結果
- ひとみ衛星による
Perseus銀河団の観測結果
3
本日の上田さん講演
目次
Ø 本研究の背景
Ø 衝突銀河団中の電離非平衡プラズマの探査
Ø イオン
−電子間の非平衡状態の探査
Ø 結論
-
Abell 754の観測結果
- Cygnus A clusterの観測結果
- ひとみ衛星による
Perseus銀河団の観測結果
4
衝突銀河団 〜銀河団の進化過程〜
u非対称な
IntraclusterMedium(ICM)分布
u衝突により生じた衝撃波の存在
u衝撃波で加速された電子のシンクロトロン放射
衝突銀河団:
Bullet Cluster
X-‐ray
Dark Matter
Image Credit: X-‐ray: NASA/CXC/M.Markevitch et al. Optical: NASA/STScI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Clowe
et al. Lensing Map: NASA/STScI; ESO WFI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Cloweet al.
5
Ogrean+ (2013, 2014)
X-rays (XMM)
+
radio (GMRT)
Akamatsu, van Weeren+ (2015)
Suzaku FOV
X-rays: Mach number 2.5 ± 0.5
Akamatsu & Kawahara 2012
Ogrean+ 2014
Stroe+ 2014
Radio : Mach number 2.9 ± 0.2
X-rays: Mach number 2.7 ± 0.5
M = 1.7 ± 0.3
Suzaku FOV
衝突銀河団:
CIZA J2242.8(Sausage Cluster)
衝突銀河団
Small fraction of the energy
released can be channeled into
the production of Cosmic Rays
SZ+radio
blue
: X-rays
red
: radio synchrotron
EAGLE Simulation, Virgo Consortium
Akamatsu+15
Ogrean+13,14
6
衝突銀河団 〜銀河団の進化過程〜
u非対称な
IntraclusterMedium(ICM)分布
u衝突により生じた衝撃波の存在
u衝撃波で加速された電子のシンクロトロン放射
衝突銀河団の特徴
マッハ数
~ 1−2
V
s
~ 1,000−2,000 km/s
Color map:
ICMの密度分布
Black Contour :
ダークマターの質量分布
White Contour :
マッハ数の分布
銀河団の電離非平衡
(NEI)プラズマ
v 銀河団の成長のタイムスケールが数
Gyrであるため、
v 観測的検証は少なく、その検出例はない
衝突銀河団の衝撃波付近であれば、
NEI状態が存在するのでは??
ICM(
n
e
~10
-3
/cm
-3
)は平衡状態であることが仮定されている。
Akahori+10による衝突銀河団のシミュレーション
Color map:
ICMの密度分布
Black Contour :
ダークマターの質量分布
White Contour :
マッハ数の分布
銀河団の電離非平衡
(NEI)プラズマ
v 銀河団の成長のタイムスケールが数
Gyrであるため、
v 観測的検証は少なく、その検出例はない
ICM(
n
e
~10
-3
/cm
-3
)は平衡状態であることが仮定されている。
Akahori+10による衝突銀河団のシミュレーション
Color map:
Fe XXV / Fe XXVI 強度比の
平衡状態からのずれ
衝撃波加熱により
非平衡状態が生じる
衝突銀河団の衝撃波付近であれば、
NEI状態が存在するのでは??
電離パラメータ
n
e
t
電子温度
電離温度
T
e
T
z
プラズマの電子温度に対する電離の進行具合を表す指標
電離パラメータ
:
τ
= n
e
t
t
n
e
:電子密度
:
電離非平衡が生じてからのタイムスケール
電離平衡の条件
:
τ
< 10
13
s cm
-3
電離パラメータがわかれば、
NEIが生じてからのタイムスケールを見積れる
T
10
13
電離平衡状態
>
電離パラメータ
n
e
t
電子温度
電離温度
T
e
T
z
プラズマの電子温度に対する電離の進行具合を表す指標
電離パラメータ
:
τ
= n
e
t
t
n
e
:電子密度
:
電離非平衡が生じてからのタイムスケール
電離非平衡の条件
:
τ
< 10
13
s cm
-3
電離パラメータがわかれば、
NEIが生じてからのタイムスケールを見積れる
T
10
13
電離平衡状態
1. ICM中のFe輝線比を見積り、NEI状態を世界
初検出する
2. 電離パラメータを用いて、加熱の履歴を調べ、
これまでにない視点から、銀河団進化を議論
本研究の目的
衝突銀河団
Abell 754
u非対称な表面輝度分布をした
merging Cluster
u衝突から
~0.3 Gyrの姿(Roettiger+98)。
u南東方向に
M=1.57の衝撃波の存在(Macario+11)。
Shock front
300kpc
衝突方向
Chandraのイメージ(Macario+11)
11
衝突銀河団
Abell 754
すざく衛星が
観測した領域
300kpc
Chandraのイメージ(Macario+11)
安定したバックグラウンドで
観測が行えるすざく衛星の
データを用いる。
Shock front
u非対称な表面輝度分布をした
merging Cluster
u衝突から
~0.3 Gyrの姿(Roettiger+98)。
u南東方向に
M=1.57の衝撃波の存在(Macario+11)。
すざくの観測:
Abell 754
観測日:
2007年5月29日
露光時間
: 109ks
XIS0のイメージ
衝突の方向に沿って
6つの領域を定義(Reg1 ~ 6)
13
5’ = 336kpc
10
−30.01
0.1
Reg2
10
2
5
−4
−2
0
2
4
Energy (keV)
スペクトルフィット結果
(e.g., Reg2)
• 連続成分と
FeXXV/FeXXVI輝線強度比から
電離パラメータを見積る。
•
NEIプラズマモデル(Ver.3.0.0)を用いる。
Co
u
n
t
s
-1
ke
V
-1
χ
Fe XXVI
Fe XXV
+ : FI
+ : BI
マゼンタ
Reg2の放射成分
:
一点鎖線
:
隣り合う領域からの
漏れ込み成分
14
10
5
2
0.1
0.01
10
-3
4
-4
-2
2
0
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1
2
3
4
5
6
Temperature (keV)
region number
10
910
1010
1110
1210
1310
141
2
3
4
5
6
Ionization Parameter (s cm
-3)
region number
0.4
0.7
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
Electron Density (x10
-3cm
-3)
region number
Fig. 4. Spatial distributions of the electron temperature (upper left), ionization parameter (upper right) and electron density (lower) estimated by model fittings
in section 4.3. In each panel, error bars indicate the 90 % confidence intervals. In the upper right panel, the green line indicates net = 1013s cm−3
0 2 4 6 8 1 10 2 5 20 50 Counts s − 1 arcmin − 1 Angle (arcmin)
Reg6
Fig. 5. Surface brightness distributions in Reg6 along the axis of red arrow in figure 1. Energy range is 2 − 8 keV and the background is subtracted. The fitting
model we applied (a single gaussian) is represented by the black solid line.
15
Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan (2016), Vol. 00, No. 0
7
Fig. 4. Spatial distributions of the electron temperature (upper left), ionization parameter (upper right), and electron density (lower) estimated by the
model fits in subsection 4.3. In each panel, the error bars indicate 90% confidence intervals. In the upper-right panel, the green line indicates net =
1013s cm−3. In the lower panel, the red and blue points represent the electron density with the cylindrical assumption and that with the spherical
assumption, respectively. (Color online)
Fig. 5. Surface brightness distributions in Reg6 along the axis of the red
arrow in figure 1. The energy range is 2–8 keV and the background is subtracted. The fitting model we applied (a single Gaussian) is repre-sented by the black solid line. (Color online)
in Reg4 corresponds to the subcluster, which is consistent
with the XMM-Newton observation (Henry et al.
2004
).
In Reg4–Reg6, an alternative assumption of spherical
symmetry could be applied. Assuming a β-model profile
Fig. 6. Assumed geometry of the ICM in Abell 754 used to estimate the
electron density of each region. The radius of each cylinder is estimated by projected surface brightness (see subsection 4.4). (Color online)
(Cavaliere & Fusco-Femiano
1978
) for the northwest part
of the subcluster, we estimate the electron densities for
Reg4–Reg6 as well. We use the β-model convolved by the
Suzaku point spread function (PSF) to fit the radial
pro-file, as in Inoue et al. (
2014
) and Mori et al. (
2013
). We
by guest on April 5, 2016
http://pasj.oxfordjournals.org/
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Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan (2016), Vol. 00, No. 0
7
Fig. 4. Spatial distributions of the electron temperature (upper left), ionization parameter (upper right), and electron density (lower) estimated by the
model fits in subsection 4.3. In each panel, the error bars indicate 90% confidence intervals. In the upper-right panel, the green line indicates net =
1013s cm−3. In the lower panel, the red and blue points represent the electron density with the cylindrical assumption and that with the spherical
assumption, respectively. (Color online)
Fig. 5. Surface brightness distributions in Reg6 along the axis of the red
arrow in figure 1. The energy range is 2–8 keV and the background is subtracted. The fitting model we applied (a single Gaussian) is repre-sented by the black solid line. (Color online)
in Reg4 corresponds to the subcluster, which is consistent
with the XMM-Newton observation (Henry et al.
2004
).
In Reg4–Reg6, an alternative assumption of spherical
symmetry could be applied. Assuming a β-model profile
Fig. 6. Assumed geometry of the ICM in Abell 754 used to estimate the
electron density of each region. The radius of each cylinder is estimated by projected surface brightness (see subsection 4.4). (Color online)
(Cavaliere & Fusco-Femiano
1978
) for the northwest part
of the subcluster, we estimate the electron densities for
Reg4–Reg6 as well. We use the β-model convolved by the
Suzaku point spread function (PSF) to fit the radial
pro-file, as in Inoue et al. (
2014
) and Mori et al. (
2013
). We
by guest on April 5, 2016
http://pasj.oxfordjournals.org/
Downloaded from
スペクトル解析結果
main cluster
sub-‐cluster
高温領域で
NEI状態を検出
Equilibrium
* error: 90% CL
15
* Inoue et al. 2016, PASJ, 68, S23
銀河団としては初の
NEI観測例
黒のコントア:
330MHz 電波放射
(GMRT, 3sigma)
density discontinuity
Macario+11
北西側の電波放射の縁が
NEIの領域付近に位置している
北西側に
2番目の衝撃波が存在するか検証する
16
衝撃波と電波放射
• 銀河団の南東側に衝撃波が存在し、電波のプロファイルと相
関している
(Macario+11; Chandraの結果)。
Analysis of the XMM-‐Newton data
uチャンドラの観測は、
NEI領域付近をカバーしてない。
uすざくのデータは、角度分解能が
shockを検出するのに十分
でない。
北西側の
Shockを検出すべく、
XMM-‐Newtonのデータを用いて解析する。
.0 0.4 1.3 3.0 6.4 13.3 26.8 53.8 108.3 216.1 430 = 336kpc 5’XMM Observations of Abell 754
•
A754_f1 (East;
13.6ks
*)
•
A754_f2 (West;
4.9ks
*)
•
A754_f3 (North;
12.0ks
*)
•
A754_f4 (South;
12.1ks
*)
4観測のデータを使用
* フレア除去後の
MOS1のexposure time
17
Projected radius (arcmin) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 ) -1 s -2
Surface brightness (Counts arcmin
5 10
表面輝度の
Profile
n(r)
r
r
-‐a2
x j12
r
-‐a1
u電波コントアの縁付近の表面
輝度を抽出する
u
Jumpをもつ2つのpowerlawで
フィットする
u
Projectionの効果も考慮する
18
3.1 -2.6 -1.5 0.7 5.1 13.9 31.4 66.1 136.2 274.8 550×
Projected radius (arcmin) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 ) -1 s -2
Surface brightness (Counts arcmin
5 10
n(r)
r
r
-‐a2
x j12
r
-‐a1
表面輝度の
Profile
19
3.1 -2.6 -1.5 0.7 5.1 13.9 31.4 66.1 136.2 274.8 550×
u電波コントアの縁付近の表面
輝度を抽出する
u
Jumpをもつ2つのpowerlawで
フィットする
u
Projectionの効果も考慮する
Projected radius (arcmin) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 ) -1 s -2
Surface brightness (Counts arcmin
5 10
n(r)
r
r
-‐a2
x j12
r
-‐a1
Projected radius (arcmin)
5 6 7 8 9 10
)
-1
s
-2
Surface brightness (Counts arcmin
5 10
表面輝度の
Profile
20
3.1 -2.6 -1.5 0.7 5.1 13.9 31.4 66.1 136.2 274.8 550×
u電波コントアの縁付近の表面
輝度を抽出する
u
Jumpをもつ2つのpowerlawで
フィットする
u
Projectionの効果も考慮する
Projected radius (arcmin) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 ) -1 s -2
Surface brightness (Counts arcmin
5 10
n(r)
r
r
-‐a2
x j12
r
-‐a1
Projected radius (arcmin)
5 6 7 8 9 10
)
-1
s
-2
Surface brightness (Counts arcmin
5 10
r
-‐1.048
x 1.26 +/-‐ 0.03
r
-‐0.14
ジャンプを持たないモデルは
3.6%の危険率で棄却できる
表面輝度の
Profile
21
密度ジャンプを検出!
3.1 -2.6 -1.5 0.7 5.1 13.9 31.4 66.1 136.2 274.8 550不連続面が電波放射の縁と対応
×
u電波コントアの縁付近の表面
輝度を抽出する
u
Jumpをもつ2つのpowerlawで
フィットする
u
Projectionの効果も考慮する
0 5 10 15 6 8 10 12 14 kT (keV)
Projected radius (arcmin)
kT
(ke
V)
Density jump
スペクトルフィット 〜温度構造〜
uスペクトル解析から、表面輝度の不連続面前後での温度構
造を調べる。
x 0.877
+0.099
-‐0.078
① 接触不連続面による場合:温度は、外側で
1.26倍になる
(pressure equilibrium
).
②
Shock frontによる場合:温度は、外側で0.85倍になる
(Ranking-‐Hugoniot)
.
• 温度構造の結果は、①の仮説を
0.04%の危険率で棄却できる。
• 一方、②とは矛盾ない。
22
3.1 -2.7 -1.8 -0.1 3.3 10.3 24.0 51.4 106.6 215.9 433A1
A2
B1
B2
密度ジャンプが
5’ = 336kpc
3.1 -2.7 -1.8 -0.1 3.3 10.3 24.0 51.4 106.6 215.9 433
’
Abell 754の描像
M~1.57
M~1.17
XMM image of Abell 754
uAbell 754の両側に衝撃波面を発見
u二つの衝撃波面は、電波放射の縁に位置
衝撃波の内側で、電子が加速されている
両側の衝撃波面が
X線&電波により検出された稀な例
Contour:
Radio 330 MHz
23
330kpc
Abell 754の描像
u電離パラメータから見積もられる加熱からの経過時間
u北西側の衝撃波が
Reg5(~100kpc)を通過するタイムスケール
0.36−76 Myr
69 Myr
NEI
状態は、北西側の衝撃波加熱によって生じた
3.1 -2.7 -1.8 -0.1 3.3 10.3 24.0 51.4 106.6 215.9 433 ’M~1.57
M~1.17
XMM image of Abell 754
Contour:
Radio 330 MHz
24
Summary
25
• 電離非平衡という観点から、
Abell 754のプラズマの
電離状態を調査した。
• すざく衛星の観測で、北西側の高温領域
(~13±1
keV)から電離非平衡状態を検出した。
銀河団プラズ
マで
NEI状態が検出されたのは初めて。
•
XMM-‐Newton衛星の観測から、北西領域に付近か
ら
衝撃波
(M=1.17)を発見した
。
• 電離パラメータから見積もった加熱からの経過時間
は、衝撃波の通過時間と矛盾ない。
銀河団プラズマで衝撃波加熱の時間情報を
制限した初めての観測例
目次
Ø 本研究の背景
Ø 衝突銀河団中の電離非平衡プラズマの探査
Ø イオン
−電子間の非平衡状態の探査
Ø 結論
-
Abell 754の観測結果
- Cygnus A clusterの観測結果
- ひとみ衛星による
Perseus銀河団の観測結果
26
Cygnus A cluster
•
Main clusterと sub-‐clusterが
• 銀河団間の温度は高く、
•
Main clusterの中心に、
ASCA衛星の観測 (Markevitch+99)
27
MARKEVITCH, SARAZIN, & VIKHLININ
527
FIG. 1.ÈASCA projected temperature maps (color) overlain on the ROSAT PSPC brightness contours spaced by a factor of 2. Regions in which the temperature was derived are numbered in upper panels; their temperatures and speciÐc entropies with 90% errors are given in the lower panels, along with the color scale for the temperature. Di†erent colors correspond to signiÐcantly di†erent temperatures. Dotted vertical lines separate groups of regions belonging to the same annulus or a central square. Dotted horizontal lines show the temperature averaged over the cluster or entropy averaged over the respective annulus or square. White circles in the maps show point sources either excluded or Ðtted separately (some are not shown for clarity). Region 1 in Cygnus A is a 6@ ] 18@ rectangle with the AGN region excised. For A3667, crosses mark positions of the two brightest galaxies and yellow areas schematically show the radio halo fromRo"ttgeringet al. (1997).
uncertainties. For the better resolved Cygnus A and A3667,
we also show maps of the speciÐc (per particle) entropy,
deÐned
as
*s 4 s [ s0\(3/2)k ln [(T /T0)(o/o0)~2@3],
where the subscript 0 refers to any Ðducial region in the
cluster. For a qualitative estimate, we approximate
o/o0D
where
is the cluster X-ray surface brightness
(
Sx/Sx0)1@2,
Sx
in a given region.
All three clusters display signiÐcant gas temperature
variations which, together with their complex X-ray
bright-ness morphology, indicate ongoing mergers. Below we
discuss some interesting implications for each cluster.
3
. CYGNUS A
From the temperature and brightness maps, Cygnus A
(z
\ 0.057) appears to have a particularly simple merger
geometry, with two similar
T
^ 4È5 keV subclusters
collid-ing head-on and developcollid-ing a shock between them.
Sub-structure is also observed in the optical (Owen et al. 1997).
Taking advantage of this simplicity, we try to estimate the
subcluster collision velocity directly from the observed gas
temperature variations.
For such an estimate, we assume that the region between
the Cygnus A subclusters can be approximated by a
one-dimensional shock. Then following Landau & Lifshitz
(1959) and using the Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions,
one can derive the di†erence of the gas-Ñow velocities
before and after the shock as a function of the respective gas
temperatures:
u0[u1\
C
kmp
kT0
(1
[ x)
A
1
x
T1
T0
[ 1
BD
1@2
,
(1)
where velocities are relative to the shock surface, indices 0
196 SMITH ET AL. Vol. 565
emitting gas (Owen et al. 1997). From an analysis of the undeconvolved ASCA Gas Imaging Spectrometer data, White (2000) derived the overall cluster temperature and iron abundance to be 9.49^ 0.23 keV and 0.67 ^ 0.03 times solar, respectively. The data were also modeled with a strong cooling Ñow of B500 M yr~1, a high ambient
_
cluster temperature ofB40 keV, and a metallicity close to solar values.
This paper is devoted to aChandra study of the intraclus-ter gas in the Cygnus A clusintraclus-ter of galaxies. The morphology and radial proÐle of the X-rayÈemitting gas are discussed in °° 3.1 and 3.2. In °° 3.3 and 3.4, we derive the spectra of the gas and the observed radial dependences of the temperature and abundance. Section 3.5 is devoted to a deprojection of the observed spectral brightness distribution, providing the radial dependences of the temperature, abundance, emiss-ivity, density, and pressure of the intracluster gas. These parameters are then used (° 3.6) to obtain the distributions of the gas mass and total mass of the cluster. In ° 3.7, we discuss the extended Ðlaments and belts of X-ray emission around the cavity in the intracluster gas that has been created by the radio source. Conclusions are summarized in ° 4.
We adopt H0\50 km s~1 Mpc~1 andq0\0 in this paper, which gives 1@@ \ 1.51 kpc, an angular size distance of Mpc, and a luminosity distance to Cygnus A of dA\310.5Mpc.
dL\346.4
2. OBSERVATIONS AND DATA REDUCTION
Cygnus A has been observed on three occasions with the Chandra ACIS (ACIS is described by G. Garmire et al. 2002, in preparation). The results from an analysis of the radio hot spots (Wilson, Young, & Shopbell 2000, hereafter Paper I) and the central nucleus (Young et al. 2001, here-after Paper II) are presented elsewhere. The rationale for the three observations is described in Paper II.
We concern ourselves here with a study of the surround-ing intracluster gas and analyze only data acquired dursurround-ing the ^35 ks exposure on 2000 May 21 (obsid 360), which provided an observation of Cygnus A over a wide Ðeld. The data reduction and analysis were performed using Chandra Interactive Analysis of Observations (CIAO) software version 2.1 and the reprocessed (on 2001 January 18) event Ðles. We created a new level 2 events Ðle, applying the latest gain corrections (of 2001 January 18), the same Good Time Intervals as in the existing level 2 events Ðle, andASCA grades 0, 2, 3, 4, and 6. Periods of nonquiescent background (i.e., Ñares or data dropouts due to telemetry saturation) were removed from the data. This was achieved by creating a light curve of the whole S3 chip, excluding the brightest sources of X-ray emission, and removing events^3 p from the mean count rate. This gives an e†ective exposure time of 34.3 ks (corrected for dead-time in the detector).
The X-ray emission from the cluster extends over the whole S3 chip, so our analysis procedure followed that described in Markevitch et al. (2000). Spatial variations in the detector background were estimated from several ACIS blank-Ðeld observations4 with a total exposure of ^137 ks on the S3 chip. These data were taken at the same focal plane temperature as our Chandra observation (i.e., [120¡C). In the 10È11 keV band, where few or no cosmic
4 See http://hea-www.harvard.edu/Dmaxim/axaf/acisbg/ for further details regarding the ACIS background Ðelds.
X-rays are expected, the observed count rate is 5%^ 1% higher in our observation than in the blank-Ðeld obser-vations (where the quoted error is only the random component). This excess count rate is comparable with the systematic error in the background rate from Ðeld to Ðeld (Markevitch et al. 2000). Therefore, in the following sec-tions, we have used a background rate that is 5% higher than the value obtained from the blank-Ðeld observations. Finally, an exposure map for the S3 chip was created from knowledge of the satellite pointing direction and the e†ec-tive area across the detector.
In ° 3.5, we present a deprojection of the X-ray emission of the cluster gas associated with Cygnus A. In brief, we derive the radial temperature, abundance, and emissivity using the XSPEC mixing modelprojct5 written by one of us (K. A. A.). This mixing model sums model spectra from ellipsoidal shells to give the observed, projected spectral emission of each elliptical annulus. The number of ellip-soidal shells is taken to be the same as the number of annuli, with each shell projecting onto one annulus. In the inner regions of the cluster, the shells are assumed to be prolate, with the major axis in the plane of the sky. In the outer regions, the shells are spherical. Thus, there are no free parameters associated with the geometry. Theprojct model allows the annuli to have di†erent semimajor axes, semi-minor axes, and orientations, but they are required to have the same centroid.
3. RESULTS
3.1. Morphology of the Extended X-Ray Emission An unsmoothedChandra X-ray image of the region of the radio source Cygnus A was shown in Figure 1 of Paper I (see also Fig. 11 of present paper). An alternative represen-tation can be obtained by adaptively smoothing the image (the CIAO programcsmooth). In this process, the width of the two-dimensional Gaussian smoothing proÐle is a func-tion of the signal-to-noise ratio of the data. Pixels with
5 Publicly available in XSPEC v11.1.
FIG. 1.ÈImage of the central region of the Cygnus A Ðeld in the 0.75È8 keV band. The image has been ““ adaptively smoothed ÏÏ with a two-dimensional Gaussian proÐle of varying width (see ° 3.1 for details). The shading is proportional to the square root of the intensity. The shading ranges from 0 (white) counts pixel~1 to 15 (black) counts pixel~1 (1 pixel is square). Filamentary features close to the nucleus, located at the 0A.492
center, are enhanced in this image.
Main
Subcluster
Radio Galaxy Cygnus A (Smith+02)
衝撃波加熱を示唆
(Markevitch+99)
すれ違う前の衝突初期。
0 0.0065 0.019 0.045 0.097 0.2 0.41 0.81 1.6 3.3 6.