Analysis of Working Memory Using the Reading Span Test:

Analysis of Working Memory Using the Reading Span Test:

Basic Research of Regional Brain Activity on Brain Cortex Using Functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy

Tomoyuki HIROYASU^*, Nozomi MASHIMA^** and Utako YAMAMOTO^*

(Received July 12, 2013)

In this paper, the relationship between a working memory capacity and a brain activity were evaluated using the results of a Reading Span Test (RST), which is a language working memory task. A cerebral blood flow change is one of the indexes of evaluating brain activities. functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invaded device to detect a cerebral blood flow change, so that it can be used to figure out the activated area of brain activities. In this paper, we focus on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) as regions of interests (ROI). Functional activation of these ROIs was examined using fNIRS. It has been reported that DLPFC is responsible for continuing cautions, while LIFG manages language processing. Through the experiments, the following three points were observed. First, the functional relation between DLPFC and RST was observed. The subjects were classified into two groups; a high score and a low score groups. The cerebral blood flow changes in of the subjects in the low score group were greater than that of the subjects in the high score group. Second, in the both groups, LIFG was activated with the different active patterns; In LIFG, the brain activity was constant for in the high score group, while it was declining in the low score group. Lastly, the brain activity in the DLPFC region for the low score group increased.

Key wordsɿfunctional Near-infrared Spectroscopy, Working memory, Reading span testɼInferior frontal gyrus Ωʔϫʔυ ɿfNIRSɼϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦɼϦʔσΟϯάεύϯςετɼԼલ಄ճ

ϦʔσΟϯάεύϯςετΛ༻͍ͨϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦͷݕ౼ ɿ

େ೴ൽ࣭ͷ׆ੑ෦Ґͷ fNIRS ^{Λར༻ͨ͠جૅతݕ౼}

ኍ ҆ ஌ ೭,ਅ ౡ ر ࣮,ࢁ ຊ ࢻ ࢠ

* Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto

Telephone:0774-65-6932, Fax:0774-65-6780, E-mail:[email protected], [email protected]

** Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto Telephone:0774-65-6020, Fax:0774-65-6019, E-mail:[email protected]

1. ͸͡Ίʹ

զʑ͸ɼಡΜͩΓฉ͍ͨΓͨ͠಺༰Λฒྻతʹอ

࣋͠ͳ͕Βɼଓ͘৘ใॲཧʹద੾ʹରॲ͢Δ͜ͱʹ ΑΓɼ༷ʑͳߴ࣍ೝ஌׆ಈʹରԠ͍ͯ͠Δɽྫ͑͹ɼ ձ࿩ͷ৔໘ʹ͓͍ͯ΋૬खͷ࿩ͨ͠಺༰Λ͓֮͑ͯ

͔ͳ͚Ε͹ɼձ࿩Λଓ͚Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͍ɽϫʔΩ ϯάϝϞϦ͸͜͏ͨ͠৘ใͷॲཧͱɼॲཧͨ͠৘ใ Λ׆ੑԽঢ়ଶʹ͓͍ͯҰ࣌తʹҡ࣋͢ΔػೳΛࢧ͑

͍ͯΔɽϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦͷϞσϧʹ͸͍͔ͭ͘ͷ Ϟσϧ͕૝ఆ͞Ε͍ͯΔɽͦͷதͰ΋࠷΋Ұൠతͳ ͷ͸Fig. 1ʹࣔ͢BaddeleyͷϞσϧͰ͋Δ¹⁾ɽ

Fig. 1. Working memory model.

͜ͷϞσϧ͸ɼத৺తͳ໾ׂΛ୲͏தԝ࣮ߦܥͷ

੍ޚͷ΋ͱʹݴޠతͳ৘ใॲཧʹؔΘΔԻӆϧʔϓɼ ݴޠԽͰ͖ͳ͍৘ใΛࢹ֮৘ใɾۭؒ৘ใͱͯ͠ҡ

࣋͢ΔࢹۭؒεέονύουɼΤϐιʔυ৘ใͳͲ Λѻ͏ΤϐιʔυόοϑΝͷ3 ͭͷαϒγεςϜ͔

ΒͳΔͱߟ͑ΒΕ͍ͯΔɽΤϐιʔυόοϑΝ͸Τ ϐιʔυ৘ใͱԻӆϧʔϓ΍ࢹۭؒεέονύου Ͱ୲͍͖Εͳ͍৘ใΛѻ͏ͨΊʹઃఆ͞Εͨɽͦ͠

ͯɼ3 ͭͷαϒγεςϜʹରԠͨ͠௕ظهԱͷؔ༩

͕૝ఆ͞Ε͓ͯΓɼࣗݾܦݧ΍ҙຯతཧղͷಇ͖Λ ॿ͚Δͱ͞Ε͍ͯΔɽαϒγεςϜͷҰͭͰ͋ΔԻ ӆϧʔϓ͸ԻӆετΞʹରԠ͢ΔྖҬ͕ԑ্ճɼߏ ԻϦϋʔαϧ͕Լલ಄ճͷϒϩʔΧྖҬͰॲཧ͞Ε

͍ͯΔͱߟ͑ΒΕ͍ͯΔɽࢹۭؒεέονύου͸

ӈ൒ٿͷલ಄ɼӡಈલ໺ɼ಄௖ྖҬ͕׆ੑ͢Δͱߟ

͑ΒΕ͍ͯΔɽதԝ࣮ߦܥͷ೴಺ػߏʹ͍ͭͯ͸ଟ

͘ͷݚڀͰલ಄લ໺ͷͱ͘ʹલ಄લ໺എ֎ଆ෦ͷ׆

ಈ͕ࢦఠ͞Ε͍ͯΔ¹⁾ɽ

·ͨɼϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦ͸Ұൠతʹ༰ྔ͕͋Γɼͦ

Εʹ͸੍ݶ΍ݸਓ͕ࠩ͋Δ͜ͱɼՃྸͷӨڹʹΑΓ ϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦ༰ྔ͕௿Լ͠ɼೝ஌՝୊΍਱ߦೳ

ྗͷ௿ԼΛٴ΅͢ͱ͍͏ใࠂ͕ଟ͘ͳ͞Ε͍ͯΔ²⁾ɽ

·ͨɼϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦ͸τϨʔχϯάʹΑͬͯ༰ྔ

Λ૿Ճͤ͞Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δͱߟ͑ΒΕ͓ͯΓɼ௚઀

τϨʔχϯάΛߦͬͨ՝୊͚ͩͰͳ͘ɼ༷ʑͳೝ஌׆

ಈͷ޲্ʹ΋ߩݙ͍ͯ͠Δͱ͍͏ใࠂ͕͋Δ³⁾ɽ͜

ͷΑ͏ʹɼϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦ͸೔ৗੜ׆ΛૹΔͨΊ ʹඞਢͷೳྗͰ͋ΓɼՃྸʹ൐͏༰ྔͷݮগΛ๷͙

͜ͱ΍༷ʑͳೝ஌ػೳͷ޲্ΛਤΕΔ͜ͱ͔Βɼϫʔ ΩϯάϝϞϦ༰ྔΛ૿Ճͤ͞Α͏ͱ͢Δಈ͖͕ଟ͘

ͳ͞Ε͍ͯΔɽ

͔͠͠ͳ͕Βɼ೴ػೳͱؔ࿈ͨ͠ϫʔΩϯάϝϞ Ϧ༰ྔͷධՁํ๏͸ཱ֬͞Ε͓ͯΒͣɼࣗ਎ͷϫʔΩ ϯάϝϞϦͷঢ়ଶΛ஌Δ͜ͱ͸ࠔ೉Ͱ͋Δɽͦ͜Ͱɼ ຊߘͰ͸ಛʹݸਓ͕ࠩݱΕΔͱ͞ΕΔݴޠੑϫʔΩ ϯάϝϞϦʹ஫໨͢Δɽͦͯ͠ɼ࣌ؒ෼ղೳͷߴ͍

fNIRSΛ༻͍ͯ೴׆ಈʹ൐͍มԽ͢Δ೴݂ྲྀྔΛଌ

ఆ͠ɼϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦͷݸਓࠩͱ೴݂ྲྀྔͷؔ܎

ʹ͍ͭͯݕ౼͢Δɽ

2. ϦʔσΟϯάεύϯςετ

ϦʔσΟϯάεύϯςετ(RST:Reading Span

Test)ͱ͸ϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦ༰ྔΛଌఆ͢ΔͨΊʹ

։ൃ͞ΕͨςετͰ͋Δ^{4, 5)}ɽϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦ͸

ݴޠཧղͳͲߴ࣍ೝ஌ػೳͱؔ࿈͢Δ৘ใͷॲཧͱɼ ॲཧͨ͠৘ใΛ׆ੑԽঢ়ଶʹ͓͍ͯҰ࣌తʹҡ࣋͢

ΔػೳΛࢧ͍͑ͯΔɽ͔͠͠ͳ͕ΒɼϫʔΩϯάϝϞ Ϧͷอ࣋ͱॲཧΛࢧ͑Δػೳʹ͸ॲཧࢿݯͷ੍ݶͱ ݸਓ͕ࠩ͋Δͱ͞Ε͍ͯΔɽ৘ใͷอ࣋΍ॲཧͷྔ

͕ଟ͍΄Ͳॲཧࢿݯ͸ݶքʹۙͮ͘͜ͱͱͳΓɼ৘

ใॲཧ଎౓ͷ௿Լ΍ޡΓ͕૿Ճɼͦͯ͠อ࣋΋ࠔ೉

ͱͳΔɽ͜ͷΑ͏ʹॲཧࢿݯ੍͕໿Λड͚ͨͱ͖ɼೝ

஌׆ಈ͕Ͳͷఔ౓Ͱ͖Δ͔ʹΑΓݸਓ͕ࠩੜ͡Δͱ

͞Ε͍ͯΔɽ͜ͷݸਓ͕ࠩߴ࣍ͳೝ஌׆ಈɼಛʹݴ ޠཧղʹ༷ʑͳӨڹΛٴ΅͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱ͕ࢦఠ͞Ε

͍ͯΔ⁶⁾ɽ

͜͏ͨ͠ϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦͷݸਓࠩΛଌఆ͢Δͨ

Ίʹೋॏ՝୊๏͕༻͍ΒΕ͍ͯΔɽҰ࣍՝୊(ஷଂΛ

ٻΊΔ՝୊)ͱೋ࣍՝୊(ॲཧΛٻΊΔ՝୊)Λඃݧ

ऀʹ՝͢͜ͱʹΑΓɼฒྻ࡞ۀԼͰͷهԱػೳɼͭ

·ΓϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦͷॲཧࢿݯΛௐ΂Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ

͖Δͱߟ͑ΒΕ͍ͯΔɽͦͷͳ͔Ͱ΋ɼΑ͘ར༻͞

Ε͍ͯΔ΋ͷ͕Daneman&CarpenterʹΑΓ։ൃ͞

ΕͨϦʔσΟϯάεύϯςετ(ҎԼRST)Ͱ͋Δɽ

൴Β͸ɼϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦ༰ྔͷݸਓࠩ͸ಡղͷಛ ʹɼϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦͷॲཧͱอ࣋ͷτϨʔυΦϑ ͷؔ܎ʹ͋ΔͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ͱߟ͑ɼ৘ใͷॲཧͱه ԱͷτϨʔυΦϑͷؔ܎Λଌఆ͢ΔͨΊʹ։ൃ͞Ε

ͨɽRST͸ඃݧऀʹ୹จΛޱ಄Ͱಡ·ͤͳ͕Βɼͦ

ͷ୹จதͷ୯ޠΛอ࣋ͤ͞Δ՝୊Ͱ͋Δɽจষ͸2 จ৚͔݅Β࢝·Γɼ̏จɼ4จɼ5จͱ૿΍͍͖ͯ͠ɼ

ͦΕͧΕ5ࢼߦͣͭߦΘΕͨɽैͬͯɼ2จ৚݅Ͱ͸

߹ܭ10จɼ3จ৚݅Ͱ͸߹ܭ15จɼ4จ৚݅Ͱ͸20 จɼ5จ৚݅Ͱ͸25จͰ͋Γɼ֤จͷ࠷ޙͷ୯ޠΛ ใࠂͤ͞Δɽ

͜ͷ՝୊Ͱ͸ޱ಄ͰಡΉͱ͍͏৘ใॲཧΛߦ͏͜

ͱͰɼϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦͷॲཧࢿݯͷେ෦෼Λফඅ

ͤͯ͞͠·͏ɽ͜ͷΑ͏ͳϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦͷ༰ྔ

͕࡟ݮ͞Εͨঢ়ଶͰɼͲΕ͘Β͍ͷ୯ޠΛอ࣋Ͱ͖

Δ͔ʹΑΓɼಡΈͱؔ࿈ͨ͠ϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦͷݸ ਓࠩΛଌఆ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δͱ͞ΕΔɽྫ͑͹ɼಡ Έͷಘҙͳਓ͸ಡΈʹ͞΄Ͳ༰ྔΛ༻͍Δ͜ͱ͕ͳ

͍ͨΊ࢒͞Εͨ༰ྔΛଞͷॲཧʹ഑෼͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ

͖ɼ୯ޠΛଟ਺อ࣋Ͱ͖Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ͔͠͠ͳ

͕ΒɼಡΈͷෆಘҙͳਓ͸ݴޠॲཧ͕ඇޮ཰ͳͨΊɼ Իಡ͢Δ͜ͱʹ༰ྔͷେ෦෼Λফඅͯ͠͠·͍ɼࢦࣔ

͞Εͨ୯ޠΛอ࣋͢Δ͜ͱ͕ࠔ೉ʹͳΔͱߟ͑ΒΕ Δɽͭ·ΓɼRSTͷ੒੷͕ྑ͍΄ͲϫʔΩϯάϝϞ Ϧ༰ྔ͸େ͖͍ͱ͞ΕɼRSTͷ੒੷͕ѱ͍΄Ͳϫʔ ΩϯάϝϞϦ༰ྔ͸খ͍͞ͱ͞ΕΔɽ൴Β͸RSTͷ ධՁ஋ͱจষཧղʹ༗ҙͳ૬ؔΛ΋ͭ͜ͱΛݟग़͠ɼ RSTͷ੒੷ͱಡΈͷཧղ͕ؔ࿈͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱΛओு

͍ͯ͠Δɽ·ͨ͜Ε͸ɼಡΈʹݶఆ͠ͳ͍Ұൠతͳ ݴޠॲཧʹ͓͚ΔϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦͷಇ͖Λഎܠʹ

΋ͪɼೝ஌׆ಈͷݸਓࠩΛݕ౼͢Δ༗ޮͳࢦඪͱ͞

Ε͍ͯΔɽ

͜ͷӳޠ൛RSTΛࢀߟʹɼவࡔΒʹΑΓ೔ຊޠ൛ RSTͷ։ൃ͕ߦΘΕͨ⁵⁾ɽ൴Β͸ɼಡΈͱؔ࿈͢Δ ϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦ༰ྔΛ೔ຊޠ൛RSTΛ༻͍ͯଌఆ

͠ɼӳޠ൛RSTͱͷൺֱΛߦͬͨɽ೔ຊޠͷ୹จ͸ɼ ߴ౳ֶߍͷڭՊॻ͔Β80จબ୒͠ɼจͷ௕͞͸20จ

͔Β30จͷ΋ͷͱͨ͠ɽ͜ͷ80จΛ7ஈ֊ͷ೉қ

౓ධఆʢ1͕ඇৗʹ΍͍͞͠ɼ7͕ඇৗʹ೉͍͠ʣ͕

ߦΘΕɼ֤จͷධఆ஋͕ߴ͗͢Δ΋ͷͱ௿͗͢Δ΋

ͷʹ͍ͭͯ͸࡟আͨ͠ɽλʔήοτޠ͸ӳޠ൛RST

͸࠷ޙͷ୯ޠͰ͕͋ͬͨɼ೔ຊޠͰจ຤ͷ୯ޠΛλʔ ήοτޠͱ͢Δͱ΄ͱΜͲ͕ಈࢺͱͳͬͯ͠·͏ͨ

Ίɼจதͷ୯ޠͷԼʹ੺ઢΛͻ͍ͨ΋ͷΛλʔήο τޠͱͨ͠ɽ͜Ε͸ɼ໊ࢺɼ෭ࢺɼܗ༰ࢺ΍ಈࢺ͕

ؚ·ΕΔΑ͏ʹ഑ྀͯ͋͠Δɽ͜ͷΑ͏ʹͯ͠ߦΘ Εͨ೔ຊޠ൛RSTͱӳޠ൛RSTͷ૬ؔ܎਺͸0.72 ͱߴ͘ɼ౷ܭతʹ༏ҐͰ͋ͬͨɽ͜ͷ͜ͱ͔Β೔ຊޠ

൛RST͕ϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦ༰ྔͷଌఆͱͯ͠ద੾Ͱ

͋Δ͜ͱ͕ࣔࠦ͞Ε͍ͯΔ⁵⁾ɽ·ͨɼ೔ຊޠ൛RST

΋ӳޠ൛RSTͱಉ༷ʹRSTͷධՁ஋ͱಡղͷධՁ

஋ͱͷ૬ؔΛೝΊΔ݁ՌΛಘ͍ͯΔɽ

͞ΒʹɼவࡔΒ͸ಡΈͷॲཧϓϩηεͰͷϫʔΩϯ άϝϞϦ͕೴಺ͷͲͷ෦ҐʹؔΘ͍ͬͯΔ͔ʹ͍ͭ

ͯ͸໌Β͔ʹ͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍͜ͱ͔Βɼ೔ຊޠ൛RST Λ༻͍ͯ೴ػೳͱͷؔ࿈΋ݕ౼͍ͯ͠Δ¹²⁾ɽ൴Β

͸RSTͷߴ੒੷܈ΛϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦ༰ྔͷେ͖͍

܈ɼ௿੒੷܈ΛϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦ༰ྔͷখ͍͞܈ͱ

͠ɼfMRI(functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Λ༻͍ͯ྆܈ͷࠩҟΛݕ౼ͨ͠ɽͦͷ݁Ռɼ൴Β͸

ϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦͷ஫ҙͷҡ࣋΍ݴޠॲཧʹؔΘΔ ͱ͞ΕΔࠨԼલ಄ճ͸྆܈ͱ΋׆ੑͨ͠ͱ͞Ε͍ͯ

Δɽ͔͠͠ɼڝ߹ঢ়گΛ཈੍͢Δલ෦ଳঢ়ճ͸ߴ੒

੷܈ͷΈʹ׆ੑ͕ೝΊΒΕ͍ͯΔɽ͜ͷ͜ͱ͔Βɼ௿

੒੷܈ʹରͯ͠ߴ੒੷܈Ͱ͸ڝ߹ঢ়گΛ্ख͘཈੍ɼ

৘ใͷॲཧΛߦ͏͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ɼ྆ؒʹڧ͍ωοτϫʔ Ϋ͕͋Δͱ݁࿦͚͍ͮͯΔɽ͔͠͠ɼfMRI͸࣌ؒ෼

ղೳ͕௿͍ͨΊɼ࣌ؒมԽʹΑΔ྆܈ؒͷࠩҟΛݕ

౼͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͍ɽͦ͜ͰɼຊߘͰ͸࣌ؒ෼ղ

ೳͷߴ͍fNIRSΛ༻͍ͯ࣌ؒมԽʹΑΔ྆܈ؒͷࠩ

ҟʹ͍ͭͯݕ౼͢Δɽ

3. fNIRS

fNIRS(Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy)

͸ɼۙ੺֎ޫΛ༻͍ͯੜମͷϔϞάϩϏϯೱ౓Λܭ ଌ͠ɼ೴ͷ׆ੑԽʹ൐͏݂ྲྀมԽΛධՁ͢Δ೴ػೳ

Πϝʔδϯά૷ஔͰ͋Δ^{7, 8)}ɽfNIRS͸೴ͷਆܦ׆

ಈ࣌ʹ,೴݂؅͕֦ு͠೴݂ྲ্ྀ͕ঢ͢Δ͜ͱΛར༻

ͯ͠େ೴ද໘ʹྲྀΕΔ݂ྲྀมԽΛಘΔɽ֎ք͔Βͷ

ܹࢗʹରͯ͠೴͕׆ಈ͢Δ͜ͱͰɼϔϞάϩϏϯͷ

ࢎԽؐݩ཰͕มԽ͢Δ͜ͱΛར༻͓ͯ͠ΓɼϔϞά ϩϏϯͷࢎૉԽঢ়ଶʹΑͬͯ೴׆ಈͷมԽΛݕग़͢

Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɽ

Fig. 2ʹଌఆݪཧͷུ֓ਤΛࣔ͢ɽ

Fig. 2. Measurement principle.

Fig. 2ʹࣔ͢Α͏ʹɼ಄ൽͷ্͔Βۙ੺֎ޫΛޫ

ϑΝΠόͰরࣹ͢Δ͜ͱͰɼ಄෦ͷ૊৫಺Ͱࢄཚɾٵ ऩΛ܁Γฦ͠ɼ໿20mmఔ౓ͷେ೴ൽ࣭·Ͱ౸ୡ͢

ΔɽϔϞάϩϏϯೱ౓ͷҧ͍ʹΑΓۙ੺֎ޫͷڧ౓

͕มԽ͠ɼมԽͨۙ͠੺֎ޫΛ໿30mmఔ౓཭Εͨ

ҐஔͰݕग़͢Δɽ͜ͷ൓ࣹޫΛଌఆ͠ɼେ೴ൽ࣭ͷ

ࢎૉԽϔϞάϩϏϯ(Oxy-Hb)ɼ୤ࢎૉԽϔϞάϩϏ ϯ(Deoxy-Hb)ͷೱ౓มԽΛܭଌ͢ΔγεςϜͱͳͬ

͍ͯΔɽ

͜ͷੜମ૊৫ͷޫଌఆʹ͸700ʙ900nmͷۙ੺֎

ޫ͕࢖༻͞ΕΔɽ͜Ε͸ۙ੺֎ޫΑΓ΋೾௕ͷ୹͍

ՄࢹޫͰ͸ϔϞάϩϏϯͳͲͷٵऩ͕େ͖͘ɼ௕͍

೾௕Ͱ͸ਫͷٵऩ͕େ͖͘ɼޫ͕ੜମ಺ΛਐΊͳ͍ͨ

ΊͰ͋Δɽ·ͨɼ೾௕ʹΑͬͯOxy-HbͱDeoxy-Hb

ͷޫͷٵऩεϖΫτϧ͕ҟͳΔͨΊɼ2೾௕Ҏ্Ͱͷ ٵޫྔΛܭଌ͢Δ͜ͱͰOxy-HbͱDeoxy-Hbͷೱ

౓มԽΛࢉग़͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɽͭ·Γɼ೾௕ͷҟ ͳͬͨۙ੺֎ޫΛ༻͍Δ͜ͱʹΑΓɼ೴಺ͷOxy-Hb ͱDeoxy-Hbͷೱ౓มԽྔʹ͍ͭͯͷ࿈ཱํఔࣜΛ ղ͘͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ɼOxy-Hbͷ૬ରతͳ૿ՃྔΛݕ஌͢

Δ͜ͱͰ೴׆ಈͷมԽΛଌఆ͢Δ͜ͱ͕ՄೳͱͳΔɽ

fNIRS͸ଞͷ೴ػೳΠϝʔδϯά૷ஔͱൺ΂ͯඇ

৵ऻੑͰɼ࣌ؒ෼ղೳ͕ߴ͘ɼΑΓࣗ༝ͳମ੎Ͱ೴

ػೳΛଌఆͰ͖Δͱ͍͏ಛ௃͔Βɼ᪮ᓔපͷ਍அ૷

ஔͳͲྟচݕࠪπʔϧͱͯ͠ظ଴͞Ε͍ͯΔ^{9, 10)}ɽ

4. ࣮ݧ 4.1 ඃݧऀͱ࣮ݧ؀ڥ

9໊(உੑ:1໊ɼঁੑ:8໊)ʹࢀՃͯ͠௖͖ɼfNIRS Λ༻͍ͯ೴݂ྲྀྔΛଌఆͨ͠ɽfNIRS͸೔ཱϝσΟ ί੡ͷETG-7100ͷ3ϓϩʔϒ(72νϟωϧ)Λ༻͍

ͯࠃࡍ10ʵ20๏ʹج͖ͮɼલ಄෦͓Αͼ྆ଆ಄෦ ʹઃஔͨ͠ɽࣨԹ͸21.3ʙ24.5ˆɼ࣪౓͸47ʙ52%

Ͱ͋Δɽ

4.2 ࣮ݧ֓ཁ

வࡔΒͷ೔ຊޠ൛RST⁵⁾Λࢀߟʹ࣮ݧΛߦͬͨɽ RSTʹ༻͍Δ୹จ͸ఏࣔը໘಺ʹߴ౳ֶߍͷڭՊॻ

͔ΒҾ༻ͨ͠ɽ༧උ࣮ݧͱͯ͠2จ৚͔݅Β5จ৚

݅·ͰͦΕͧΕ5ηοτͣͭߦͬͨɽ୹จ͸ఏࣔը ໘಺ͷ1ߦʹऩ·ΔΑ͏ʹ͠ɼจதͷ୯ޠͷԼʹ੺

ઢΛҾ͍ͨ୯ޠΛλʔήοτޠͱ͠ɼهԱɼղ౴͞

ͤͨɽηοτؒʹ͸നࢴͷը໘Λදࣔͨ͠ɽ͜ͷΑ

͏ʹRSTΛ༻͍࣮ͯݧΛߦ͍ɼ֤৚݅͝ͱʹಘ఺Խ

ͨ݁͠Ռɼ੒੷ͷѱ͍ඃݧऀͱ੒੷ͷྑ͍ඃݧऀͷ

͕ࠩେ͖͔ͬͨͷ͸5จ৚݅Ͱ͋ͬͨɽ͜ΕΑΓɼ5 จ৚͕݅ඃݧऀؒͰϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦ༰ྔͷࠩҟ͕

ݱΕΔͱߟ͑ͨɽ·ͨɼे෼ʹ༰ྔΛ࢖ͬͨ࣌ʹΑΓ ݸਓ͕ࠩݱΕΔ⁶⁾ͱ͍͏ใࠂΑΓɼ5จ৚݅ͷRST

՝୊࣌ͷ೴݂ྲྀྔมԽΛfNIRSͰଌఆͨ͠ɽ࣮ݧޙ

͸ɼͲͷΑ͏ͳํ๏Ͱ୯ޠΛهԱ͔ͨ͠Ξϯέʔτ Λ࣮ࢪͨ͠ɽ࣮ݧઃܭΛFig. 3ʹࣔ͢ɽ

Ϩετظؒ͸60ඵؒը໘Λ஫ࢹ͠ͳ͕Βʮ͍͋͏

Fig. 3. Flow of experience.

͓͑ʯͱԻಡ͢ΔɽλεΫظؒ͸1จΛಡΈͳ͕Β੺

ઢͷλʔήοτޠΛ֮͑Δ͜ͱΛ5จ܁Γฦ͠ɼന ࢴͷը໘͕දࣔ͞ΕͨΒهԱͨ͠୯ޠΛޱ಄Ͱճ౴

͢Δɽ͜ΕΛ5ճ܁Γฦ͢ɽ

4.3 ղੳํ๏

fNIRS͔ΒಘΒΕͨσʔλͷॲཧํ๏͸ɼϑΟϧ

λॲཧͱͯ͠ϩʔύεϑΟϧλ1.0 HzΛ͔͚ͨɽ·

ͨ,ϊΠζͷӨڹΛऔΓআͨ͘ΊҠಈฏۉ࣌ؒ10sͰ ҠಈՃࢉฏۉॲཧΛߦͬͨɽ͜ΕʹΑΓλʔήοτ ͱͳΔ൓ԠΛ໌ྎԽͨ͠ΓɼΞʔνϑΝΫτͱݺ͹

ΕΔޫϑΝΠόͷ઀৮ෆྑͳͲͱ͍ͬͨ೴ػೳʹؔ

܎͠ͳ͍Oxy-HbͷมԽΛܰݮͰ͖Δͱ͞ΕΔɽ͞

ΒʹɼੜཧతͳΏΒ͗(༷ʑͳप೾਺ଳҬͷେখ༷ʑ ͳมಈ)ِ͕Γͷ೴׆ಈมԽΛද͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱ͕͋

Δɽ਺ճͷՃࢉฏۉͰ͸ফࣦ͠ͳ͍มಈͰ͋Γɼ୯ ७ͳҾࢉ๏ʹΑΔ෼ੳΛߦ͏ͱɼ೴׆ಈ͕͋Δ͔ͷ Α͏ͳมԽ͕ݱΕΔ͜ͱ͕͋ΔɽΏΒِ͕͗Γͷ೴

׆ಈΛҾ͖ى͍ͯ͜͠Δ͔͸՝୊ͷਐߦͱಉظͯ͠ɼ

Oxy-Hb͕มԽ͍ͯ͠Δ͔Ͳ͏͔ʹΑΓ൑அ͢Δ͜

ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ¹¹⁾ɽͦͷͨΊɼΏΒ͕͗͋Δ͔໨ࢹͰ֬

ೝΛߦ͍ɼಉҰ৚݅Ͱൺֱ͢ΔͨΊλεΫ։࢝௚લ ͷ30ඵؒͱλεΫऴ͔ྃΒ30ඵޙͷ30ඵؒͰϕʔ εϥΠϯॲཧΛߦͬͨɽ

RSTͷਖ਼౴཰ΑΓਖ਼౴཰ͷߴ͍ඃݧऀ4໊Λߴ੒

੷܈ɼ௿͍ඃݧऀ4໊Λ௿੒੷܈ͱͨ͠ɽfNIRSͰ

͸ޫ࿏௕ͷ௕͞ΛଌఆͰ͖ͳ͍ͷͰɼಉ͡νϟϯω ϧͰ΋ඃݧऀʹΑΓҟͳΔՄೳੑ͸͋Δɽ͕ͨͬ͠

ͯɼݪཧతʹ͸ෳ਺ਓσʔλͷՃࢉฏۉ΍ඃݧऀؒ

σʔλͷൺֱͳͲͷ෼ੳ͸ɼ໰୊͕͋Δ͜ͱʹͳΔɽ

͔͠͠ͳ͕Βɼޫ࿏௕ͷݸਓࠩ΍νϟϯωϧؒͷࠩ

͸খ͍͞ͱ͍͏ใࠂ͕͋Δ͜ͱ͔Βɼ࣮ࡍͷܭଌͰ

͸େ͖ͳ໰୊ͱ͸ͳΒͳ͍ͱ͞Ε͍ͯΔ¹¹⁾ɽΑͬͯɼ

ࠓճ͸೴׆ಈͷ܏޲Λݕ౼͢ΔͨΊɼ྆܈ͷՃࢉฏ ۉॲཧΛͨ͠fNIRSσʔλΛ༻͍Δɽ

4.4 ݕ౼ํ๏

BaddeleyͷϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦͷϞσϧʹج͖ͮɼ

ண໨෦ҐΛܾఆͨ͠ɽϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦͷ֓೦Ͱ੍

ޚ࡞༻ΛՌͨ͢தԝ࣮ߦܥͱɼݴޠʹؔΘΔॲཧΛ ߦ͏Իӆϧʔϓʹண໨͢Δɽதԝ࣮ߦܥ͸લ಄લ໺

എ֎ଆ෦(Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex : DLPFC)ɼ Իӆϧʔϓ͸ࠨԼલ಄ճ(Left Inferior frontal gyrus : LIFG)ʹ͋Δͱ͞Ε͍ͯΔ¹⁾ɽલ಄લ໺എ֎ଆ෦ ͱԼલ಄ճ͸ҎԼʹࣔ͢νϟϯωϧͷՃࢉฏۉͨ͠

஋Λ༻͍ͨɽ

Fig. 4. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and Inferior frontal gyrus.

ຊ࣮ݧͰ͸લ಄લ໺എ֎ଆ෦(ҎԼDLPFC)ͱࠨ Լલ಄ճ(ҎԼIFG)ʹண໨͠ɼRST੒੷ʹΑΔ3ͭ ͷݕ౼Λߦͬͨɽ

• RST੒੷

RST੒੷Λࢉग़͠ɼ՝୊੒੷ͷߴ͍ඃݧऀ4໊ ͱ՝୊੒੷ͷ௿͍ඃݧऀ4໊ͷฏۉ஋Λtݕఆ ʹΑΓɼ༏Ґͳ͕ࠩ͋Δͷ͔֬ೝ͢Δɽ

• RST੒੷ͱDLPFCͷؔ܎ͷݕ౼

ϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦ֓೦ͷ͏ͪ஫ҙͷػߏΛߦ͏

ͱ͞ΕΔDLPFCʹ͓͍ͯ೴݂ྲྀྔมԽͱRST

੒੷ͱͷؔ܎Λݕ౼͢ΔɽࠨӈͷDLPFCͷػ

ೳʹେ͖ͳࠩ͸ͳ͍ͱͷใࠂ͔ΒࠨӈͷDLPFC ͷฏۉ஋Λ༻͍ͯRSTͱͷؔ܎ੑΛ֬ೝͨ͠ɽ

• ߴ੒੷܈ͱ௿੒੷܈ͷ೴݂ྲྀྔมԽͷࠩҟͷݕ౼ RST͸ݴޠੑϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦ՝୊Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱ

͔ΒɼݴޠॲཧΛߦ͏LIFGʹ͓͍ͯ྆܈ؒͰͷ

೴݂ྲྀྔมԽύλʔϯͷࠩҟΛ֬ೝͨ͠ɽ·ͨɼ RST͸ݴޠॲཧͱ஫ҙͷػߏΛඞཁͱ͢Δݴޠ

ੑϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦ՝୊Ͱ͋ΔͷͰɼߴ੒੷܈

ͱ௿੒੷܈ʹ͓͍ͯDLPFCͱLIFGͷؔ܎ʹ

͍ͭͯ೴݂ྲྀྔมԽʹࠩҟ͕͋Δ͔ݕ౼ͨ͠ɽ

5. ݁Ռ

5.1 RST੒੷

RSTͷಘ఺๏͸ݸਓࠩΛݕ౼͢ΔͳΒ͹εύϯಘ

఺๏Ҏ֎ͷํ๏͕ྑ͍¹³⁾͜ͱ͔Βਖ਼࠶ੜ਺Λ࠾༻͠

ͨɽRST5จ৚݅ͷ9໊ͷਖ਼౴཰ΛTable.1ʹࣔ͢ɽ

Table 1. RST of percentage of correct answers.

ඃݧऀ A B C D E F G H I ਖ਼౴཰ 36 44 48 52 56 68 72 72 88

͜ͷதͰɼਖ਼౴཰ͷ௿͍ඃݧऀ4໊(A,B,C,D)ͷ ฏۉ஋ͱ෼ࢄɼਖ਼౴཰ͷߴ͍ඃݧऀ4໊(F,G,H,I)ͷ ฏۉ஋ͱ෼ࢄΛFig. 5ʹࣔ͢ɽRSTͷਖ਼౴཰ͷฏۉ

͸௿੒੷܈Ͱ45 ˋɼߴ੒੷܈Ͱ75ˋͰɼtݕఆʹ ΑΓ༗ҙࠩ(P<.01)͕ೝΊΒΕͨɽͨͩ͠ɼඪ४ภ

ࠩ͸ߴ੒੷܈Ͱ0.13ɼ௿੒੷܈Ͱ0.16Ͱ͋ͬͨɽ

Fig. 5. Percentage of correct answers.

5.2 RST੒੷ͱDLPFCͷؔ܎ͷݕ౼

DLPFCͱRST੒੷ͷؔ܎ΛFig. 6ʹࣔ͢ɽͨͩ

͠ɼDLPFC͸લ಄෦ͷࠨӈʹ͋Δ͕ɼϫʔΩϯάϝ

ϞϦͷ஫ҙΛҡ࣋͢Δػೳʹࠩҟ͸ͳ͍ͱߟ͑ΒΕ

͍ͯΔ͜ͱ͔Βɼࠨӈͷ׆ੑͷେ͖͞Λฏۉͨ͠΋

ͷΛ༻͍ͨɽ

Fig. 6. Relationship between RST results and changes in Oxy-Hb.

Fig. 6ΑΓɼDLPFCʹ͓͍ͯ੒੷ͷ௿͍ਓ΄Ͳ׆

ੑ͕େ͖͘ɼ੒੷ͷߴ͍ਓ΄Ͳ׆ੑ͕খ͍͞܏޲͕

ಘΒΕͨɽDLPFCʹ͓͍ͯ྆܈ʹͷ݂ྲྀมԽύλʔ ϯʹࠩҟ͕ੜ͡Δ͜ͱ͕Θ͔ͬͨɽ

5.3 ߴ੒੷܈ͱ௿੒੷܈ͷ೴݂ྲྀྔมԽͷݕ౼

RST5จ৚݅Λ5ճ܁Γฦ࣌͠(ϨετؚΊ໿300 ඵ)ͷ೴݂ྲྀྔมԽΛFig. 7ɼFig. 8ɼFig. 9ʹࣔ͢ɽ

ͨͩ͠ɼ60ඵޙ͔Β͕λεΫ։࢝Ͱ྘Ͱғ·Εͨ෦

෼Ͱࣔ͢ɽ·ͨɼ੨৭͕ߴ੒੷܈ɼ੺৭͕௿੒੷܈

ͷOxy-Hbೱ౓ͷมԽͰ͋Δɽ

Fig. 7. Changes in Oxy-Hb at right temporal re- gion.

͜ΕΑΓɼண໨͍ͯͨ͠DLPFC΍ϫʔΩϯάϝ ϞϦ෦ҐͰ͋Δ྆Լલ಄ճɼӈ಄௖෇ۙʹ׆ੑ͕Έ ΒΕͨɽ

Fig. 8. Changes in Oxy-Hb at prefrontal cortex.

Fig. 9. Changes in Oxy-Hb at left temporal region.

6. ߟ࡯

LIFGʹ͸ݴޠॲཧΛ࢘Δͱ͞ΕΔϒϩʔΧྖҬ

͕͋Δͱ͞ΕΔɽߴ੒੷܈͕௿੒੷܈ʹൺ΂ɼ׆ੑ

͕େ͖͍ཧ༝͸୯ޠͷ֮͑ํʹ͕ࠩ͋ΔՄೳੑ͕ߟ

͑ΒΕΔɽ࣮ݧޙͷΞϯέʔτͰɼߴ੒੷܈͸୯ޠ ͷΠϝʔδ΍࡞จΛͭ͘ΔͳͲํུΛར༻͍ͯ͠Δ ͷʹର͠ɼ௿੒੷܈Ͱ͸΄ͱΜͲํུ͸ར༻͞Εͯ

͍ͳ͔ͬͨɽߴ੒੷܈͸ํུΛඞͣར༻͍ͯ͠Δͷ ʹର͠ɼ௿੒੷܈͸શ͘࢖༻͍ͯ͠ͳ͍΋ͷ΋͍ͨɽ

௿੒੷܈͸Ͳ͜ʹয఺Λ༩͑Δ΂͖ͳͷ͔ͱ͍ͬͨ

ࣗݾϞχλʔ͕Ͱ͖͍ͯͳ͍Մೳੑ͕͋Δ¹⁴⁾ɽ͜Ε ΑΓߴ੒੷܈͸ͲͷΑ͏ʹ୯ޠΛ֮͑ͨΒΑ͍ͷ͔

ࢼͯ͠ΈͨΓɼͲ͜ʹ஫ҙͷয఺Λ༩͑Δ΂͖ͳͷ

͔Λ൑அ͢Δ͜ͱͰɼଟ͘ͷ୯ޠΛهԱ͢Δ͜ͱ͕

Ͱ͖ɼߴ੒੷ʹܨ͕ͬͨͱߟ͑Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ΔɽҰ

ํͰɼ௿੒੷܈Ͱ͸্ख͘ํུΛར༻͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ

͖ͣɼ୯ޠΛ׬શʹ֮͑Δؒ΋ͳ࣍͘ͷ՝୊ʹਐ·

ͳ͚Ε͹ͳΒ͔ͬͨՄೳੑ͕ߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ

ߴ੒੷܈ͱ௿੒੷܈Ͱ͸ݴޠΛཧղ͢Δߏ੒ཁૉɼ ݴޠॲཧ͕ҟͳΓɼ͜Ε͕૯༰ྔͷࠩҟͱͯ͠දΕ Δ^6,15)ɽ͜ͷ͜ͱ͔Β΋ɼߴ੒੷܈͸ݴޠॲཧ͕༏

Ґʹಇ͍ͨ͜ͱͰLIFGʹ͓͚Δ೴݂ྲྀͷ׆ੑ͕େ

͖͘ɼ࣋ଓ͞Ε͍ͯΔՄೳੑ͕ߟ͑ΒΕΔɽͦΕʹ ରͯ͠ɼ௿੒੷܈͸ߴ੒੷܈ʹൺ΂ͯ׆ੑ͕খ͘͞ɼ

࣌ؒͱͱ΋ʹ׆ੑ͕௿Լ͢Δ܏޲ʹ͋Δɽ

ͦ͜Ͱɼ྆܈ͷϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦʹؔΘΔDLPFC ͱLIFGͷؔ܎ΛFig. 10ʹࣔ͢ɽ

Fig. 10. Relationship between DLPFC and LIFG.

Fig. 10ʹࣔ͢Α͏ʹ྆܈ͱ΋ʹLIFGͷ׆ੑ͸ೝ

ΊΒΕΔ͕ɼ׆ੑύλʔϯʹҧ͍͕͋Δɽߴ੒੷܈Ͱ

͸LIFGͰେ͖͍׆ੑ͕͋Γɼ׆ੑ΋࣋ଓ͍ͯ͠Δɽ

͔͠͠ɼDLPFCͰͷ׆ੑ͸΄ͱΜͲΈΒΕͳ͍ɽͦ

Εʹରͯ͠ɼ௿੒੷܈Ͱ͸·ͣLIFGͰ׆ੑ͢Δ͕ɼ

ঃʑʹ׆ੑͷ௿Լ͕ΈΒΕͨɽͦΕͱಉ࣌ʹLIFGͷ ػೳΛิ͏͔ͷΑ͏ʹDLPFCͰͷ׆ੑ্͕ঢ͢Δ

܏޲͕ಘΒΕͨɽ͜ͷΑ͏ʹ௿੒੷܈ʹ͓͍ͯͷΈ

࣌ؒࠩͰ஫ҙͷػߏʹؔΘΔ෦Ґͷ׆ੑ͕ೝΊΒΕ

ͨɽRST͸ݴޠͷॲཧͱ஫ҙͷҡ͕࣋ॲཧࢿݯΛ෼

͚߹͍ͬͯΔ¹⁴⁾ͱ͍͏ใࠂ͕͋Δɽ͜ͷจݙΑΓɼ

௿੒੷܈͸ߴ੒੷܈ʹൺ΂ͯݴޠॲཧ্͕ख͘ػೳ

Ͱ͖ͳ͔ͬͨͨΊɼݴޠॲཧͷҧ͍Λิ͏ͨΊʹ஫

ҙͷػߏʹؔΘΔ෦ҐΛ׆ੑͤ͞Δ͜ͱͰɼ՝୊ॲ ཧʹରԠ͠Α͏ͱͨ͠Մೳੑ͕ߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ

·ͨɼ௿੒੷܈ʹ͓͍ͯΈΒΕͨલ಄෦ͱӈ಄௖

෇ۙͷ׆ੑ͸্खࣗ͘ݾϞχλʔͰ͖ͳ͍ͨΊͰ͋

Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ௿੒੷܈͸஫ҙͷϑΥʔΧεͷҠ

ಈʹ͕͔͔࣌ؒΓɼର৅ͷ՝୊ʹରͯ͠஫ҙΛ޲͚ɼ ෆཁͱͳΔ΋ͷΛ཈੍͢Δ͜ͱ͕ࠔ೉ͱ͞ΕΔ¹⁴⁾ɽ

׆ੑ͕ೝΊΒΕͨલ಄෦ͷӈ൒ٿ΍ӈ಄௖෦͸ग़དྷ

ࣄΛ཈੍͢Δ஫ҙͷػߏ͕͋Δ͜ͱ͔Βෆཁͳ΋ͷ Λ཈੍͠ɼਖ਼͍͠՝୊໨ඪʹ஫ҙΛΉ͚Α͏ͱฃಆ

ͨ͜͠ͱ͕ɼ௿੒੷܈ͷલ಄෦΍ӈ಄௖෇ۙͷେ͖

͍׆ੑʹܨ͕ͬͨՄೳੑ͕ߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ

7. ·ͱΊ

ຊݚڀͰ͸ɼRSTΛ༻͍ͯϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦ༰ྔ

ͷݸਓࠩͱ೴݂ྲྀྔมԽͷؔ܎ੑʹ͍ͭͯݕ౼͢Δ

͜ͱΛ໨తͱͨ͠ɽ࣮ݧͷ݁Ռ͸ɼDLPFCʹ͓͍ͯ

RST੒੷ͱ೴݂ྲྀྔมԽͷؔ܎͸੒੷ͷྑ͍ਓ΄Ͳ

׆ੑ͸খ͘͞ɼ੒੷ͷѱ͍ਓ΄Ͳ׆ੑ͕େ͖͔ͬͨɽ

·ͨɼߴ੒੷܈ͱ௿੒੷܈ʹ͓͍ͯ೴݂ྲྀྔมԽΛ ݕ౼ͨ࣌͠ɼߴ੒੷܈͸LIFGͰͷ׆ੑ͕࣋ଓͯ͠

͍Δ͕ɼDLPFCͰ͸׆ੑ͕ೝΊΒΕͳ͔ͬͨɽ௿੒

੷܈Ͱ͸LIFGͰͷ׆ੑ͸௿Լ͢Δͱಉ࣌ʹDLPFC Ͱͷ׆ੑ্͕ঢͨ͠ɽ·ͨɼ௿੒੷܈ͷΈʹલ಄෦

΍ӈ಄௖෦෇ۙʹେ͖ͳ׆ੑ͕ೝΊΒΕͨɽ͜ΕΒ ͷ݁Ռ͔ΒɼϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦ༰ྔͷࠩҟʹΑΓ೴

݂ྲྀྔมԽʹ΋ҧ͍͕ੜ͡Δ͜ͱ͕ࣔࠦ͞Εͨɽ

ࢀߟจݙ

1) A. Baddeley, “The episodic buffer : a new com- ponent of working memory?”,Trends in Cognitive Sciences,11(4), 417–423 (2000).

2) ࢁޱయࢠ,େ࡚૱ඒ,ೋ໦॔ࢠ, “஫ҙ੾ସ՝୊࣮ࢪ࣌

ͷલ಄લ໺ྖҬʹ͓͚Δ೴ො׆ʹରͯ͠ɼ೥ྸɾ՝୊

਱ߦɾ՝୊ಛੑ͕ٴ΅͢ӨڹʕNIRSʹΑΔݕ౼ʕ”,

݈߁Պֶ,7, 9–16 (2011).

3) ઒ౡོଠ,“뱌͸೴τϨʹͳΔ͔”,೔ຊֺޱߢػೳֶ

ձࡶࢽ,18(1), 1–5 (2011).

4) M. Daneman and P. A. Carpenter,“Individual d- ifference in working memory and reading”, Jour- nal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Brheavior,19(4), 450–466 (1980).

5) வࡔຬཬࢠɼவࡔ௚ߦ, “ಡΈͱϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦ༰ྔ

ʕ೔ຊޠ൛ϦʔσΟϯάεύϯςετʹΑΔଌఆʕ”, The Japanese Journal of Psychology,65, 339–345 (1995).

6) M. A. Just and P. A. Carpenter, “A Capacity The- ory of Comprehension : Individual Differences in Working Memory”, Psychological Review, 10(20), 435–442 (1994).

7) A. Villringer, J. Planck, C. Hock and L.

Schleinkofer, “Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS):a new tool to stydy hemodynamic changes during ac- tivation of brain function in human adults”, Neu- roscience Letters,154, 101–104 (1990).

8) খઘӳ໌,຀ರ,ࢁຊڧ,ࢁຊ༝߳ཬ,઒ޱӳ෉, “೴ͱ

৺Λ؍Δʔແ৵ऻߴ࣍೴ػೳΠϝʔδϯάʔ”, ిؾ

৘ใ௨৴ֶձࢽ,87(3), 207–214 (2004).

9) ෱ాਖ਼ਓ, “ਫ਼ਆ࣬ױͷ਍அɾ࣏ྍͷͨΊͷྟচݕࠪͱ

ͯ͠ͷNIRSଌఆ”,MEDIX,39, 4–10 (2003).

10) ্চਅඒ,ມߐ஧,ృ໦३෉,௰ଜ੣Ұ,౬ϊޱສ༑,ࠇ

໺໌೔࢚, “Sternberg՝୊਱ߦதͷ೴೾τϙάϥϑΟ ʹΑΔೝ஌঱ૣظ਍அ๏ͷ༧උతݚڀ”,ੜମҩ޻ֶ, 47(1), 64–69 (2009).

11) ෱ాਖ਼ਓ,ُࢁਖ਼थ, “NIRS”,ྟচਫ਼ਆҩֶ, 584–588 (2004).

12) N. Osaka, M. Osaka, H. Kondo and M. Morishita,

“The neural basis of executive function in working memory : an fMRIɹstudy based on individual differences”,NeuroImage,21, 623–631 (2004).

13) େ௩Ұಙ,ٶ୩ਅਓ, “೔ຊޠϦʔσΟϯάεύϯɾς ετʹ͓͚Δλʔήοτޠͱܹࢗจͷݕ౼”, ޿ౡେ

ֶ৺ཧֶݚڀ, (7), 19–33 (2007).

14) வࡔ௚ߦ,ϫʔΩϯάϝϞϦͷ೴಺දݱ, (ژ౎େֶֶ

ज़ग़൛ձ,ژ౎, 2008), p.77-102.

15) த੢߂, ԣ઒തҰ, “ϦʔσΟϯάεύϯςετͷ࠶

ੜ੒੷ʹӨڹΛ༩͑ΔॲཧཁҼʕ೔ຊޠӳޠֶशऀ

Λର৅ʹ࣮ͨ͠ূݚڀʕ”,৴ֶٕใ,11(47), 49–54 (2011).