藻類汚染が進行した地表水に適用するための膜ろ過浄水システムの構築

Title 藻類汚染が進行した地表水に適用するための膜ろ過浄水シ_{ステムの構築( 本文(Fulltext) )} Author(s) 村田, 直樹 Report No.(Doctoral Degree) 博士(工学) 工博甲第491号 Issue Date 2016-03-25 Type 博士論文 Version ETD URL http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12099/54550 ※この資料の著作権は、各資料の著者・学協会・出版社等に帰属します。

⸴㢮ởᰁࡀ㐍⾜ࡋࡓᆅ⾲Ỉ࡟㐺⏝ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ

⭷ࢁ㐣ίỈࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᵓ⠏

Configuration of membrane filtration water treatment system

for applications to surface water with algal pollution

2016

ᖺ 3 ᭶

ᒱ㜧኱Ꮫ

኱Ꮫ㝔ᕤᏛ◊✲⛉༤ኈᚋᮇㄢ⛬

⏕⏘㛤Ⓨࢩࢫࢸ࣒ᕤᏛᑓᨷ

Contents ⸴ 㢮 ở ᰁ ࡀ 㐍 ⾜ ࡋ ࡓ ᆅ ⾲ Ỉ ࡟ 㐺 ⏝ ࡍ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࡢ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡢ ᵓ ⠏   ┠    ḟ   ➨  ❶  ᗎ ㄽ   ᮏ ◊ ✲ ࡢ ⫼ ᬒ ࡜ ┠ ⓗ        ᮏ ㄽ ᩥ ࡢ ᵓ ᡂ         ➨ 㸰 ❶  ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡢ ᛂ ⏝ ≧ ἣ ࡜ ㄢ 㢟   ࡣ ࡌ ࡵ ࡟          ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᢏ ⾡ ࡢ ≉ ᚩ         ⭷ ࡢ ✀ 㢮 ࡜ ≉ ᚩ        ⭷ ࡢ ᙧ ែ ࡜ ⭷ ࣔ ࢪ ࣗ ࣮ ࣝ       ⭷ ࣔ ࢪ ࣗ ࣮ ࣝ ࡢ 㐠 ㌿ ᪉ ἲ       ⭷ Ὑ ί          ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᢏ ⾡ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡓ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮       ᅜ ෆ ࡢ ⌧ ≧         ᅜ እ ࡢ ⌧ ≧         ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡢ ၥ 㢟 Ⅼ ࡜ ㄢ 㢟      Ỉ ※ Ỉ ㉁         ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡜ ᢚ ไ ᢏ ⾡       ࢭ ࣛ ࣑ ࢵ ࢡ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒       ࢭ ࣛ ࣑ ࢵ ࢡ ⭷         ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᪉ ᘧ         Ὑ ί ᪉ ἲ        ཧ ⪃ ᩥ ⊩           ➨ 㸱 ❶  ⸴ 㢮 ྵ ᭷ Ỉ ※ ࡟ 㐺 ⏝ ࡍ ࡿ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 㧗 ᗘ ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡢ ᥦ ᱌   ࡣ ࡌ ࡵ ࡟          ๓ จ 㞟 ࢆ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡓ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒     ๓ ሷ ⣲ ࡜ ๓ จ 㞟 ࢆ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡓ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒    ᚤ ⢊ Ⅳ ྾ ╔ ࡜ ๓ จ 㞟 ࢆ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡓ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒    ໬ Ꮫ ⓗ ᙉ ໬ ㏫ Ὑ ࢆ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡓ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒   ཧ ⪃ ᩥ ⊩          

Contents  ➨ 㸲 ❶  ๓ จ 㞟 ࢆ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡓ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒   ࡣ ࡌ ࡵ ࡟          ᐇ 㦂 ᪉ ἲ          ᐇ 㦂 ሙ ᡤ         ᐇ 㦂 ཎ Ỉ         ᐇ 㦂 ᮲ ௳         Ỉ ㉁ ศ ᯒ ᪉ ἲ         ⤖ ᯝ ࡜ ⪃ ᐹ          จ 㞟 ᨩ ᢾ ᮲ ௳ ࡀ ⭷ ᕪ ᅽ ࡟ ୚ ࠼ ࡿ ᙳ 㡪     ᭱ 㐺 จ 㞟 *㹲 ⠊ ᅖ ࡢ ᙳ 㡪       ࡲ ࡜ ࡵ         ཧ ⪃ ᩥ ⊩           ➨ 㸳 ❶  ๓ ሷ ⣲ ࡜ ๓ จ 㞟 ࢆ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡓ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒   ࡣ ࡌ ࡵ ࡟          ᐇ 㦂 ᪉ ἲ          ᐇ 㦂 ሙ ᡤ         ᐇ 㦂 ཎ Ỉ         ᐇ 㦂 ᮲ ௳         Ỉ ㉁ ศ ᯒ ᪉ ἲ         ⤖ ᯝ ࡜ ⪃ ᐹ          จ 㞟 ๣ ὀ ධ ⋡ ࡜ จ 㞟 S+ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ 㝖 ཤ ࡬ ࡢ ᙳ 㡪   ๓ ሷ ⣲ ฎ ⌮ ࡀ ⭷ ᕪ ᅽ ࡟ ୚ ࠼ ࡿ ᙳ 㡪      จ 㞟 ฎ ⌮ ࡀ ⭷ ᕪ ᅽ ࡟ ୚ ࠼ ࡿ ᙳ 㡪      㛗 ᮇ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ヨ 㦂        ࡲ ࡜ ࡵ         ཧ ⪃ ᩥ ⊩           ➨ 㸴 ❶  ᚤ ⢊ Ⅳ ྾ ╔ ࡜ ๓ จ 㞟 ࢆ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡓ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ 

Contents  Ỉ ㉁ ศ ᯒ ᪉ ἲ         ⤖ ᯝ ࡜ ⪃ ᐹ          ⭷ ᕪ ᅽ ࡟ ୚ ࠼ ࡿ ᙳ 㡪        ⮯ Ẽ ࡢ ྾ ╔ 㝖 ཤ ࡜ ሷ ⣲ ๓ ฎ ⌮ ࡢ ᙳ 㡪     㧗 ⃰ ᗘ ⮯ Ẽ Ⓨ ⏕ ᫬ ࡢ ᭱ 㐺 ᚤ ⢊ Ⅳ ὀ ධ ⋡     ࡲ ࡜ ࡵ         ཧ ⪃ ᩥ ⊩           ➨ 㸵 ❶  ໬ Ꮫ ⓗ ᙉ ໬ ㏫ Ὑ ࢆ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡓ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒   ࡣ ࡌ ࡵ ࡟          ᐇ 㦂 ᪉ ἲ          ᐇ 㦂 ሙ ᡤ         ᐇ 㦂 ཎ Ỉ         ᐇ 㦂 ᮲ ௳         Ỉ ㉁ ศ ᯒ ᪉ ἲ         ⤖ ᯝ ࡜ ⪃ ᐹ          ⭷ ᕪ ᅽ ࡟ ୚ ࠼ ࡿ ᙳ 㡪        ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 Ỉ ㉁ ࡟ ୚ ࠼ ࡿ ᙳ 㡪       ࡲ ࡜ ࡵ         ཧ ⪃ ᩥ ⊩           ➨ 㸶 ❶  ⥲ ᣓ   ᮏ ◊ ✲ ࡢ ࡲ ࡜ ࡵ         ௒ ᚋ ࡢ ᒎ ᮃ          ◊ ✲ ᴗ ⦼  ㄽ ᩥ Ꮫ ఩ 㛵 ಀ         Ꮫ ఍ Ⓨ ⾲ Ꮫ ఩ 㛵 ಀ        Ꮫ ఍ Ⓨ ⾲ Ꮫ ఩ 㛵 ಀ ௨ እ       ⾲ ᙲ           ㅰ ㎡                             

Chapter 1 Introduction  

➨  ❶

ᗎㄽ

    

 ᮏ◊✲ࡢ⫼ᬒ࡜┠ⓗ

ᩥ ᫂ Ⓨ ᒎ ࡢ Ṕ ྐ ࡢ ୰ ࡛ ࠊ ᆅ ⌫ ࢆ ࡜ ࡾ ᕳ ࡃ Ỉ ⎔ ቃ ࡣ ᝏ ໬ ࢆ ࡓ ࡝ ࡿ ୍ ᪉ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ⏕ ≀ ࡟ ࡜ ࡗ ࡚ Ḟ ࠿ ࡏ ࡞ ࠸ Ỉ ࡣ ࠊ ῝ ้ ࡞ Ỉ ୙ ㊊ ᆅ ᇦ ࡢ ᣑ ኱ ࠊ ᕤ ሙ ࡸ ᐙ ᗞ ࡢ ᗫ Ỉ ࠊ ㎰ ⸆ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ᭷ ᶵ ⁐ ፹ ࡞ ࡝ ࡢ ໬ Ꮫ ≀ ㉁ ὶ ධ ࠊ ຍ ࠼ ࡚ ⑓ ཎ ᛶ ᚤ ⏕ ≀ ࡸ ࢘ ࢕ ࣝ ࢫ ࡢ ⬣ ጾ ࡞ ࡝ ࡢ ၥ 㢟 ࢆ ከ ࡃ ᢪ ࠼ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ࢃ ࡀ ᅜ ࡢ Ỉ 㐨 Ỉ ※ ࡟ ┠ ࢆ ⛣ ࡏ ࡤ ࠊ ♫ ఍ ά ື ࡢ Ⓨ ᒎ ࡟ క ࠺ Ỉ ※ ᇦ ࡢ 㒔 ᕷ ໬ ࡟ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ ᐩ ᰤ 㣴 ໬ ࡀ 㐍 ࡳ ࠊ Ỉ ※ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ฼ ⏝ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ୍ 㒊 ࡢ † ἟ ࡛ ࡣ ⸴ 㢮 ࡀ ኱ 㔞 ࡟ Ⓨ ⏕ ࡋ ࠊ จ 㞟 㜼 ᐖ ࠊ ࢁ 㐣 㞀 ᐖ ࠊ ␗ ⮯ ࿡ ࡞ ࡝ ࡢ ί Ỉ 㞀 ᐖ ࢆ ᘬ ࡁ ㉳ ࡇ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ί Ỉ 㞀 ᐖ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ࡬ ᙳ 㡪 ࢆ ୚ ࠼ ࡿ 㞀 ᐖ ࡜ ฎ ⌮ Ỉ ㉁ ࡬ ᙳ 㡪 ࢆ ୚ ࠼ ࡿ 㞀 ᐖ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ࡬ ୚ ࠼ ࡿ 㞀 ᐖ ࡣ ࠊձ ⸴ 㢮 ቑ Ṫ ࡟ క ࠺ S+ ୖ ᪼ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ จ 㞟 㜼 ᐖ ࠊ ղ จ 㞟 㜼 ᐖ ࢆ ㉳ ᅉ ࡜ ࡋ ࡓ ỿ Ẋ ୙ Ⰻ ࡟ క ࠺ ỿ Ẋ ụ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ࢁ 㐣 ụ ࠿ ࡽ ࡢ ࣇ ࣟ ࢵ ࢡ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ⸴ 㢮 ࡢ ὶ ฟ ࠊճ ࢁ 㐣 ụ 㛢 ሰ ࡞ ࡝ ࡀ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࡬ ࡢ ᑐ ⟇ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ ᚑ ᮶ ࡢ ◁ ࢁ 㐣 ἲ ࡛ ࡣ ẅ ⸴ ࢆ ┠ ⓗ ࡜ ࡋ ࡓ ๓ ሷ ⣲ ฎ ⌮ ࡀ ⾜ ࢃ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ୍ ᪉ ࠊ ฎ ⌮ Ỉ ㉁ ࡬ ୚ ࠼ ࡿ 㞀 ᐖ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࡣ ࠊ ձ ⸴ 㢮 ⮬ ㌟ ࡸ ࡑ ࡢ Ṛ 㧁 ࡢ ศ ゎ 㐣 ⛬ ࡛ Ⓨ ⏕ ࡍ ࡿ ⮯ Ẽ ≀ ㉁ ࠊ ղ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ 㞀 ᐖ ࡢ ᢚ ไ ࡢ ࡓ ࡵ ࡟ ⾜ ࠺ ๓ ሷ ⣲ ฎ ⌮ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ࢺ ࣜ ࣁ ࣟ ࣓ ࢱ ࣥ ࡢ ⏕

Chapter 1 Introduction ᚑ ᮶ ࡢ ◁ ࢁ 㐣 ᢏ ⾡ ࡟ ᭰ ࢃ ࡿ ᢏ ⾡ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ὀ ┠ ࢆ 㞟 ࡵ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡢ ࡀ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࡣ ࠊ ᚑ ᮶ ࡢ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ◁ ࢁ 㐣 ࡜ ẚ ㍑ ࡋ ࡚ 100-1000 ಸ ࡢ ᅛ ᾮ ศ 㞳 ⬟ ຊ ࢆ ᭷ ࡋ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ ࠊ1980 ᖺ ௦ ࠿ ࡽ ࣇ ࣛ ࣥ ࢫ ࠊ⡿ ᅜ ࠊ ࢜ ࣮ ࢫ ࢺ ࣛ ࣜ ࢔ ࡞ ࡝ ࡢ ᅜ ࠎ ࡟ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ά ⏝ ࡀ ጞ ࡲ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࡣ ࠊ 㝖 ⳦ ࣭ 㝖 ⃮ ࠊ ᐜ ᫆ ࡞ ⥔ ᣢ ⟶ ⌮ ࠊ ┬ ࢫ ࣌ ࣮ ࢫ ࡞ ࡝ ࡜ ࠸ ࡗ ࡓ Ⅼ ࡀ ホ ౯ ࡉ ࢀ ࠊ ୰ ᑠ つ ᶍ ί Ỉ ሙ ࢆ ୰ ᚰ ࡟ ᑟ ධ ࡀ 㐍 ࢇ ࡛ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ᡃ ࡀ ᅜ ࡢ ί Ỉ ᪋ タ ࡟ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ ࠊ ⑓ ཎ ᛶ ᚤ ⏕ ≀ ࡢ ☜ ᐇ ࡞ 㝖 ཤ ࢆ ┠ ⓗ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ ⢭ ᐦ ࢁ 㐣 ⭷ 㸦 MF ⭷ 㸧 ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ 㝈 እ ࢁ 㐣 ⭷ 㸦 UF ⭷ 㸧 ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡓ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᢏ ⾡ ࡀ 1993 ᖺ ᗘ ࡼ ࡾ ᑟ ධ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ࠋ ࡋ ࠿ ࡋ ࠊ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࡣ ᅽ ຊ ᕪ ࢆ 㥑 ື ຊ ࡜ ࡋ ࡓ ⭷ ศ 㞳 ᢏ ⾡ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࠊ ⭷ ࡢ 㛢 ሰ ࡀ ⏕ ࡌ ࡿ ࡜ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᛶ ࡀ ᝏ ໬ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ࡑ ࡢ ࡓ ࡵ ࠊ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ฎ ⌮ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ ᕪ ᅽ ☜ ಖ ࡢ ࡓ ࡵ ࡢ ࢚ ࢿ ࣝ ࢠ ࣮ ᾘ ㈝ 㔞 ቑ ຍ ࡸ ⭷ ஺ ᥮ ᮇ 㛫 ࡢ ▷ ⦰ ࡞ ࡝ ࡢ ࢹ ࣓ ࣜ ࢵ ࢺ ࡶ ⏕ ࡌ ࡿ ࠋࡑ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ Ⅼ ࡶ ⪃ ៖ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ ௒ ᚋ ࠊ ở ⃮ ࡢ 㐍 ࢇ ࡔ Ỉ ※ ࡬ ࡢ ᑟ ධ ࢆ ᳨ ウ ࡍ ࡿ ሙ ྜ ࠊ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࣉ ࣟ ࢭ ࢫ ࡢ ࡳ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ཎ Ỉ ࡟ ྵ ࡲ ࢀ ࡿ ⁐ ゎ ᛶ ᡂ ศ ࡢ 㝖 ཤ ࡀ ᅔ 㞴 ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡢ ࡛ ࠊ ⭷ 㛢 ሰ ࡢ ᢚ ไ ࡸ ␗ ⮯ ࿡ ࡞ ࡝ ࡢ ≀ ㉁ ࡢ 㝖 ཤ ࡟ ᑐ ᛂ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ᢏ ⾡ ࡢ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡀ ᚲ せ ࡟ ࡞ ࡿ ࠋ  ࡑ ࡇ ࡛ ᮏ ◊ ✲ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ⸴ 㢮 ở ᰁ ࡀ 㐍 ⾜ ࡋ ࡓ Ỉ ※ ࢆ ᑐ ㇟ ࡟ ࠊ ሷ ⣲ ฎ ⌮ ࠊ จ 㞟 ฎ ⌮ ࠊ ⢊ ᮎ ά ᛶ Ⅳ ྾ ╔ ฎ ⌮ ࠊ ࢜ ࢰ ࣥ ฎ ⌮ ࡜ ࠸ ࡗ ࡓ ᪤ Ꮡ ࡢ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ᢏ ⾡ ࢆ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࡟ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡓ 㧗 ᗘ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࢆ ᵓ ⠏ ࡋ ࠊ ࡑ ࡢ ຠ ᯝ ࢆ ⭷ 㛢 ሰ ࡢ Ⓨ ⏕ ᗘ ྜ ࡸ ฎ ⌮ Ỉ ㉁ ࠿ ࡽ ヲ ⣽ ࡟ ᳨ ウ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ     

Chapter 1 Introduction

 ᮏㄽᩥࡢᵓᡂ

 ᮏ ㄽ ᩥ ࡢ ᵓ ᡂ ࢆ ௨ ୗ ࡟ ♧ ࡍ ࠋ  ➨ 1 ❶ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ◊ ✲ ࡢ ⫼ ᬒ ࡜ ┠ ⓗ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ グ ㏙ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ➨ 2 ❶  ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡢ ᛂ ⏝ ࡜ ㄢ 㢟 ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᢏ ⾡ ࡢ ≉ ᚩ ࡜ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ๓ ᚋ ࡟ ⾜ ࢃ ࢀ ࡿ ฎ ⌮ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ㄝ ᫂ ࡋ ࠊ ᪤   ࡢ ◊ ✲ ᡂ ᯝ ࢆ ࡲ ࡜ ࡵ ࡓ ࠋ ࡲ ࡓ ࠊ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᢏ ⾡ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡓ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ࠊ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡢ ၥ 㢟 Ⅼ ࡜ ㄢ 㢟 ࠊ ࢭ ࣛ ࣑ ࢵ ࢡ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ㄝ ᫂ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ➨ 3 ❶  ⸴ 㢮 ྵ ᭷ Ỉ ※ ࡟ 㐺 ⏝ ࡋ ࠺ ࡿ 㧗 ᗘ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ᪉ ἲ ࡢ ᥦ ᱌ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ᐩ ᰤ 㣴 ໬ ࡀ 㐍 ⾜ ࡋ ࡓ Ỉ 㐨 Ỉ ※ ࡟ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࠊ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᢏ ⾡ ࢆ ᑟ ධ ࡍ ࡿ ሙ ྜ ࡢ ၥ 㢟 Ⅼ ࢆ ศ ᯒ ࡋ ࠊ ࡑ ࡢ ୖ ࡛ ࠊ 4 ✀ 㢮 ࡢ 㧗 ᗘ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࢆ ᥦ ᱌ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ≉ ࡟ ࠊ ྠ Ỉ ※ ࡛ ࡣ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡢ ᢚ ไ ࠊ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 Ỉ ㉁ ࡢ ྥ ୖ ࡀ 㔜 せ ࡞ ㄢ 㢟 ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ ࡢ ࡛ ࠊ ࡑ ࡢ ほ Ⅼ ࠿ ࡽ ᩚ ⌮ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ➨ 4 ❶  ๓ จ 㞟 ࢆ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡓ ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡢ ᳨ ド ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ Ἑ ᕝ ⾲ ὶ Ỉ ࢆ ᑐ ㇟ ࡟ ࠊG ್ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ᨩ ᢾ ᫬ 㛫 t ࢆ ᗈ ࠸ ⠊ ᅖ㸦 G=30-1375 s- 1 , t=1.5-600 sec㸧 ࡛ ኚ ໬ ࡉ ࡏ ࡚ ࠊ จ 㞟 ࡀ ⭷ ᛶ ⬟ ࡟ ୚ ࠼ ࡿ ᙳ 㡪 ࢆ ᳨ ド ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ➨ 5 ❶  ๓ ሷ ⣲ ࡜ ๓ จ 㞟 ࢆ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡓ ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡢ ᳨ ド ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ෤ Ꮨ ẖ ࡟ ⸴ 㢮 ࡀ ቑ Ṫ ࡍ ࡿ 㟘 ࣨ ᾆ ࢆ ᑐ ㇟ ࡜ ࡋ ࡓ ࣃ ࢖ ࣟ ࢵ ࢺ ࣉ ࣛ ࣥ ࢺ ࢆ タ ⨨ ࡋ ࠊ๓ ሷ ⣲ ฎ ⌮ ࡜ ➨ 4 ❶ ࡛ ♧ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ จ 㞟 ฎ ⌮ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ᮲ ௳ ࢆ 㐺 ⏝ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ ๓ ẁ ฎ ⌮ ࢆ ᪋ ࡍ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ᢚ ไ ຠ ᯝ ࡟ ୚ ࠼ ࡿ ᙳ 㡪 ࢆ ᳨ ド ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ➨ 6 ❶  ᚤ ⢊ Ⅳ ࡜ ๓ จ 㞟 ࢆ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡓ ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡢ ᳨ ド ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᢏ ⾡ ࡛ ࡣ ᑐ ᛂ ࡛ ࡁ ࡞ ࠸ ⁐ ゎ ᛶ ᡂ ศ ࡢ 㝖 ཤ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࠊ ᚤ ⢊ Ⅳ ࡜ จ 㞟 ࢆ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡓ ᳨ ド ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ ࠋ ≉ ࡟ ࠊ 2-࣓ ࢳ ࣝ ࢖ ࢯ ࣎ ࣝ ࢿ ࢜ ࣮ ࣝ 㸦 ௨ ୗ ࠊ2-MIB ࡜ ࡍ ࡿ 㸧ࠊࢪ ࢙ ࢜ ࢫ ࣑ ࣥ ࡞ ࡝ ࡟ ௦ ⾲ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ⮯ Ẽ ≀ ㉁ ࠊࢺ ࣜ ࣁ ࣟ ࣓ ࢱ ࣥ ๓ 㥑 ≀ ㉁ ࡞ ࡝ ࡢ ⁐ ゎ ᛶ ᡂ ศ ࡢ 㝖 ཤ ຠ ᯝ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ᳨ ド ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ

Chapter 1 Introduction

➨ 7 ❶  ໬ Ꮫ ⓗ ᙉ ໬ ㏫ Ὑ ࢆ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡓ ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ᳨ ド ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ⭷ ᛶ ⬟ ᅇ ᚟ ࢆ ┠ ⓗ ࡟ ⸆ ရ ࢆ ῧ ຍ ࡋ ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ ໬ Ꮫ ⓗ ᙉ ໬ ㏫ Ὑ 㸦 CEB㸹Chemical enhanced backwashing㸧ࢆ 㐺 ⏝ ࡋ ࡓ ሙ ྜ ࡢ ⭷ ᕪ ᅽ ࡢ ഴ ྥ ࢆ ᳨ ウ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ࠶ ࢃ ࡏ ࡚ ࠊ ⭷ ๓ ฎ ⌮ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ሷ ⣲ ฎ ⌮ ࠊ จ 㞟 ฎ ⌮ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ᚤ ⢊ Ⅳ ྾ ╔ ฎ ⌮ ࢆ ే ⏝ ࡋ ࡓ ሙ ྜ ࡢ ⮯ Ẽ ࡜ ࢺ ࣜ ࣁ ࣟ ࣓ ࢱ ࣥ ๓ 㥑 ≀ ㉁ ࡢ 㝖 ཤ ᛶ ⬟ ࡶ ホ ౯ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ➨ 8 ❶ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ᮏ ㄽ ᩥ ࡢ ⤖ ᯝ ࡢ ⥲ ᣓ ࡜ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ᥦ ᱌ ࠊ ࡑ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ ௒ ᚋ ࡢ ᒎ ᮃ ㄢ 㢟 ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ᥦ ᱌ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ   

Chapter 1 Introduction   ➨ 3 ❶ ⸴ 㢮 ྵ ᭷ Ỉ ※ ࡟ 㐺 ⏝ ࡍ ࡿ  ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 㧗 ᗘ ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡢ ᥦ ᱌  ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᢏ ⾡ ࢆ ᑟ ධ ࡋ ࡓ ሙ ྜ ࡢ ྛ ฎ ⌮ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ᥦ ᱌ ࡋ ࠊ᪤   ࡢ ◊ ✲ ≧ ἣ ࡟ ゐ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ ➨ 4 ❶  ๓ จ 㞟 ࢆ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡓ  ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ๓ จ 㞟 ࢆ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࡏ ࡓ ሙ ྜ ࡢ ຠ ᯝ ࡞ ࡝ ࢆ ᳨ ウ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ➨ 5 ❶ ๓ ሷ ⣲ ࡜ ๓ จ 㞟 ࢆ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡓ  ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒  ๓ ሷ ⣲ ฎ ⌮ ࡜ ➨ 4 ❶ ࡛ ♧ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ จ 㞟 ฎ ⌮ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ᮲ ௳ ࢆ 㐺 ⏝ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ ๓ ẁ ฎ ⌮ ࢆ ᪋ ࡍ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ᢚ ไ ຠ ᯝ ࡬ ࡢ ᙳ 㡪 ࢆ ᳨ ウ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ

➨ 2 ❶⭷ࢁ㐣ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᛂ⏝≧ἣ࡜ㄢ㢟

⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᢏ ⾡ ࡢ ≉ ᚩ ࠊ ᑟ ධ ≧ ἣ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ၥ 㢟 Ⅼ

➨ 1 ❶ᗎㄽ

ᮏ ◊ ✲ ࡢ ⫼ ᬒ ࡜ ┠ ⓗ ➨ 6 ❶ ᚤ ⢊ Ⅳ ྾ ╔ ࡜ ๓ จ 㞟 ࢆ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡓ  ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒  ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࡛ ᑐ ᛂ ࡛ ࡁ ࡞ ࠸ ⁐ ゎ ᛶ ᡂ ศ ࡢ 㝖 ཤ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࠊᚤ ⢊ Ⅳ ྾ ╔ ࡜ จ 㞟 ࢆ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡓ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ຠ ᯝ ࢆ ᳨ ウ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ➨ 7 ❶ ໬ Ꮫ ⓗ ᙉ ໬ ㏫ Ὑ ࢆ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡓ  ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒  ⭷ ᛶ ⬟ ᅇ ᚟ ࢆ ┠ ⓗ ࡟ ⸆ ရ ࢆ ῧ ຍ ࡋ ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ ໬ Ꮫ ⓗ ᙉ ໬ ㏫ Ὑ ࢆ 㐺 ⏝ ࡋ ࡓ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࢆ ᳨ ウ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ

Chapter 1 Introduction

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩

1) ఀ ⸨ ╬ 㞝 㸪 ἟ ᑼ ఙ 㸪 㧗 ⏣ ᾈ ᖾ 㸸 㟘 ࣨ ᾆ ࢆ Ỉ ※ ࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ί Ỉ ሙ ࡟ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ᡭ ἲ ࡢ ᨵ ၿ ࡟ ಀ ࡿ ඹ ྠ ◊ ✲ (I),➨ 61 ᅇ ඲ ᅜ Ỉ 㐨 ◊ ✲ Ⓨ ⾲ ఍ ㅮ ₇ 㞟 㸪 pp. 198-199, 2010. 

Chapter 2 Application status and challenges of membrane filtration  

➨㸰❶

⭷ࢁ㐣ίỈࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ

ᛂ⏝࡜ㄢ㢟

    

 ࡣࡌࡵ࡟

⭷ ࡣ ㏆ ᖺ ᛴ ㏿ ࡟ Ⓨ ᒎ ࡋ ࠊᅛ ᾮ ศ 㞳 ࠊ࢖ ࢜ ࣥ ࡢ ศ 㞳 ࠊ࢞ ࢫ ศ 㞳 ࡞ ࡝ ᵝ ࠎ ࡞ ศ 㔝 ࡟ 㐺 ᛂ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ศ 㞳 ᢏ ⾡ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ࡑ ࡢ ✀ 㢮 ࡶ ከ ᒱ ࡟ ࢃ ࡓ ࡾ ศ 㞳 ࡢ ࣓ ࢝ ࢽ ࢬ ࣒ ࡶ ᵝ ࠎ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ⭷ ศ 㞳 ᢏ ⾡ ࡣ ࠊ ⠠ ࠸ ศ ࡅ స ᴗ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ศ 㞳 Ꮝ ᚄ ௨ ୖ ࡢ ⢏ Ꮚ ࢆ 100 % 㝖 ཤ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࠊẼ Ẽ ศ 㞳 ࠊᅛ Ẽ ศ 㞳 ࠊᾮ ᾮ ศ 㞳 ࠊ ᅛ ᾮ ศ 㞳 ࡞ ࡝ ࠊ ᗈ ⠊ ᅖ ࡟ ࢃ ࡓ ࡗ ࡚ ฼ ⏝ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࠋ ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࡢ ศ 㞳 ᙧ ែ ࡢ ࠺ ࡕ ࠊ ᅽ ຊ ᕪ ࢆ ฼ ⏝ ࡋ ࡚ ศ 㞳 ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ ᅛ ᾮ ศ 㞳 ࡣ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ࡟ ᛂ ⏝ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ᮏ ❶ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ Ỉ 㐨 ⏝ ㏵ ࡬ 㐺 ⏝ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ᾮ య ⏝ ศ 㞳 ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᢏ ⾡ ࡢ ≉ ᚩ ࡜ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ㏙ ࡭ ࡿ ࠋ  





Chapter 2 Application status and challenges of membrane filtration

 ⭷ࢁ㐣ᢏ⾡ࡢ≉ᚩ

⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᢏ ⾡ ࡣ ࠊ ᅛ ᾮ ศ 㞳 ࠊ ࢖ ࢜ ࣥ ࡢ ศ 㞳 ࠊ ࢞ ࢫ ศ 㞳 ࡞ ࡝ ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ ศ 㞳 ᢏ ⾡ ࡛ ࠊ ᕤ ᴗ ⏝ Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ 㣗 ရ ࠊ ་ ⒪ ࠊ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ࠊ ᾏ Ỉ ῐ Ỉ ໬ ࡞ ࡝ ᵝ ࠎ ࡞ ศ 㔝 ࡛ ౑ ⏝ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 1 )_{ࠋ }

 ⭷ࡢ✀㢮࡜≉ᚩ

 Ỉ㐨ཎỈ୰ᡂศࡢ኱ࡁࡉ࡜⭷ࡢ㐺ᛂ⠊ᅖ

ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ࡛ 㝖 ཤ ᑐ ㇟ ࡜ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ Ỉ ୰ ࡢ ୙ ⣧ ≀ ࡢ ኱ ࡁ ࡉ ࡜ ࠊ ⭷ ࡢ 㐺 ⏝ ⠊ ᅖ ࢆ Fig. 2.1 ࡟ ♧ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ࡟ ฼ ⏝ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᢏ ⾡ ࡣ ࠊ ⢭ ᐦ ࢁ 㐣㸦 MF㸸Microfiltration㸧ࠊ㝈 እ ࢁ 㐣㸦 UF㸸Ultrafiltration㸧ࠊࢼ ࣀ ࢁ 㐣㸦 NF㸸 Nanofiltration㸧ࠊ ㏫ ᾐ ㏱ 㸦 RO㸸Reverseosmosis㸧࡟ ኱ ศ ࡉ ࢀ ࠊ 㝖 ཤ ᑐ ㇟ ≀ ㉁ ࡀ ␗ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ  MF ⭷ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ UF ⭷ ࡣ ࠊ୺ ࡟ ࢡ ࣜ ࣉ ࢺ ࢫ ࣏ ࣜ ࢪ ࢘ ࣒ ࡸ ኱ ⭠ ⳦ ࡞ ࡝ ཎ ⹸ ࡸ ⳦ 㢮 ࡢ 㝖 ཤ ࡲ ࡓ ࡣ ⢓ ᅵ ࡸ ⸴ 㢮 ࡞ ࡝ ⃮ ㉁ ࡢ 㝖 ཤ 㸦 㝖 ⃮ ࣭ 㝖 ⳦ 㸧 ࢆ ┠ ⓗ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ࡉ ࡽ ࡟ ศ 㞳 Ꮝ ᚄ ࡢ ᑠ ࡉ ࠸ UF ⭷ ࡣ ࠊ ࣇ ࣑ ࣥ 㓟 ࡸ ࡑ ࡢ ௚ 㧗 ศ Ꮚ ≀ ㉁ ➼ ࡢ ୍ 㒊 ࢆ ศ 㞳 ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࠋNF ⭷ ࡣ ࠊ㎰ ⸆ ࡸ ࣇ ࣝ ࣎ 㓟 ➼ ࡢ ప ศ Ꮚ ≀ ㉁ ࢆ ୺ ࡞ 㝖 ཤ ᑐ ㇟ ࡜ ࡋ ࠊRO ⭷ ࡣ ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ప ศ Ꮚ ≀ ㉁ ࡟ ຍ ࠼ ࡚ ࢖ ࢜ ࣥ ᛶ ≀ ㉁ ࢆ 㝖 ཤ ᑐ ㇟ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 1 )_{ࠋ }

Fig. 2.1 The sizes of impurities and their separation methods

㎰⸆࣭ࣇࣝ࣎㓟࣭ࣇ࣑ࣥ㓟 ኱⭠⳦ ⸴㢮࣭ཎ⏕⏕≀ ↓ᶵ࢖࢜ࣥ ◪㓟ᛶ❅⣲ ࢡࣜࣉࢺࢫ࣏ࣜࢪ࣒࢘ ࢘࢖ࣝࢫ ◁⢏Ꮚ ࢺࣜࣁ࣓ࣟࢱࣥ๓㥑≀㉁ ࣂࢡࢸࣜ࢔ 10-5m 10-4m 10-3m ㏫ᾐ㏱㸦RO㸧⭷ จ㞟ࢁ㐣 ◁ࢁ㐣 ⭷ ࡢ 㐺 ᛂ ⠊ ᅖ ỿẊ ⢭ᐦࢁ㐣㸦MF㸧⭷ 㝈እࢁ㐣㸦UF㸧⭷ ࢥࣟ࢖ࢻ ⁐ゎᛶ≀㉁ ᠱ⃮≀㉁ Ỉ ୰ ࡢ ୙ ⣧ ≀ ≀㉁ࡢ ኱ࡁࡉSize 10-9m 10-8m 10-7m 10-6m

Soluble Colloid Suspended solid

Co mpon ent s in the r a w water Scope o f appl ica tio n Sand filtration MF: Microfiltration UF: ultrafiltration NF/RO Sand particles Algae, protists Bacteria Cryptosporidiu m E.coli Virus Tri ha l o m e t h a ne p re c u r s or Pe s ti c i de s , F ul vi c a c i d, H u mi c a c i d In o rga ni c i o n s Ni t rat e Sediment Large-pore size membrane

Chapter 2 Application status and challenges of membrane filtration

኱ Ꮝ ᚄ ࢁ 㐣 ⭷㸦 Large-pore size membrane㸧ࡣ Ꮝ ᚄ ࡀ 2 μm ⛬ ᗘ ࡢ ⭷ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ ࢡ ࣜ ࣉ ࢺ ࢫ ࣏ ࣜ ࢪ ࢘ ࣒ ➼ ࡢ ⪏ ሷ ⣲ ᛶ ⑓ ཎ ⏕ ≀ ࡢ 㝖 ཤ ࢆ ┠ ⓗ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ 㛤 Ⓨ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ࠋ⢭ ᐦ ࢁ 㐣㸦 MF㸧⭷ ࡜ ẚ ࡭ ࡚ Ꮝ ᚄ ࡀ ኱ ࡁ ࠸ ࡇ ࡜ ࠿ ࡽ ࠊᅽ ຊ ᦆ ኻ ࡀ ᑠ ࡉ ࠸ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ὶ ᮰ ࢆ ኱ ࡁ ࡃ ࡜ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࠋ ୍ ᪉ ࠊ Ꮝ ᚄ ࡀ ኱ ࡁ ࠸ ࡓ ࡵ ࠊ ᚤ ᑠ ࡞ ⃮ ㉁ ࡸ ⣽ ⳦ ࠊ ࢘ ࢖ ࣝ ࢫ ࡣ 㝖 ཤ ࡛ ࡁ ࡞ ࠸ ࡇ ࡜ ࠿ ࡽ ࠊ Ύ ⃈ ࡞ ཎ Ỉ ࡟ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ⪏ ሷ ⣲ ᛶ ⑓ ཎ ⏕ ≀ ࡢ ࡳ ࢆ 㝖 ཤ ᑐ ㇟ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 1 )_{ࠋ }

⭷ࡢศ㢮࡜௙ᵝ

⭷ ᮦ ㉁ ࡣ 㓑 㓟 ࢭ ࣝ ࣟ ࣮ ࢫ ࠊ ࣏ ࣜ ࣇ ࢵ ໬ ࣅ ࢽ ࣜ ࢹ ࣥ ࡞ ࡝ ࡢ ྜ ᡂ ᶞ ⬡ ࢆ ౑ ࡗ ࡓ ᭷ ᶵ ⭷ ࡸ ࠊ 㓟 ໬ ࢔ ࣝ ࣑ ࢽ ࢘ ࣒ ࠊ 㓟 ໬ ࢳ ࢱ ࣥ ࡞ ࡝ ࡢ ࢭ ࣛ ࣑ ࢵ ࢡ ࢫ ࢆ ౑ ࡗ ࡓ ↓ ᶵ ⭷ ࡟ ኱ ศ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࡢ ⭷ ࡣ ࠊぶ Ỉ ᛶ ࠊ⭷ ⾲ 㠃 ࡢ 㟁 Ⲵ ࠊ ᶵ Ე ᙉ ᗘ ࠊ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ᢬ ᢠ ࠊ ໬ Ꮫ ⓗ ⪏ ᛶ ࡞ ࡝ ࡢ ᛶ ⬟ ≉ ᛶ ࡀ ␗ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ ࠊί Ỉ ᑐ ㇟ ࡟ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ Ỵ ࡵ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ 2 )_{ࠋTable 2.1 ࡟ Ỉ 㐨 ⏝ ⭷ ࣔ ࢪ ࣗ ࣮} ࣝ ࡢ ≉ ᚩ ࢆ ♧ ࡍ 3 )_{ࠋ ⪏ ሷ ⣲ ᛶ ⑓ ཎ ᛶ ᚤ ⏕ ≀ ࡢ ☜ ᐇ ࡞ 㝖 ཤ ࢆ ┠ ⓗ ࡟ ࠊ Ḣ} ⡿ ㅖ ᅜ ࡛ ࡣ 1980 ᖺ ௦ ࠿ ࡽ ࠊ ᪥ ᮏ ࡛ ࡣ 1993 ᖺ ᗘ ࠿ ࡽ ୰ ᑠ つ ᶍ ί Ỉ ሙ ࢆ ୰ ᚰ ࡟ ᑟ ධ ࡀ ጞ ࡲ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ㏆ ᖺ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 タ ഛ ㈝ ࡢ ࢥ ࢫ ࢺ ࢲ ࢘ ࣥ ࡀ 㐍 ࢇ ࡔ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ࠊ100,000m3 /day ࢆ ㉸ ࠼ ࡿ ኱ つ ᶍ ί Ỉ ሙ ࡟ ࡶ ᑟ ධ ࡉ ࢀ 㐠 ⏝ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ 

Table 2.1 Characteristics of membranes for drinking water treatment3 )

(Cla ssific ati on ba se d on the wat er for t h e me mbra ne module JWRC sta ndard)

Large-pore size membrane Microfiltration 㸦 MF㸧 Ultrafiltration 㸦 UF㸧

Standard ͤ  AMST - 004 AMST - 001

Nominal pore size About 2 μm More than 0.01 μm 0.01 μm or less Molecular weight cut off   About 1,000 ~ 300,000 Material ͤ  PS, PVDF, CE, others

PE, PAN, PP, PS, PVA, CE, PVDF, PTFE, PVP, others

C, CA, PAN, PES, PS, PVC, PVDF, others Module Hollow fiber type membrane, others

Hollow fiber type membrane, Monolith type, Spiral wound type, Tubular type

Flat sheet type, others

ͤ 1 JWRC sta nda rd ͤ 2 Organic me m br an e㸸

Chapter 2 Application status and challenges of membrane filtration

 ⭷ࡢᙧែ࡜⭷ࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣝ

⭷ ࡢ ᙧ ែ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ ࢩ ࣮ ࢺ ≧ ࡢ ᖹ ⭷ ࠊ ⣒ ≧ ࡛ ୰ ࡀ ✵ Ὕ ࡢ ୰ ✵ ⣒ ⭷ ࠊ ୰ ✵ ⣒ ⭷ ࡼ ࡾ ࡶ ࡉ ࡽ ࡟ ᚄ ࡀ ኴ ࠸ ⟶ ≧ 㸦 ࢳ ࣗ ࣮ ࣈ ࣛ 㸧 ⭷ ࠊ ⟶ ≧ ⭷ ࡢ ඘ ሸ ᐦ ᗘ ࢆ 㧗 ࡵ ࡓ ࣞ ࣥ ࢥ ࣥ ≧ ࡢ ࣔ ࣀ ࣜ ࢫ ⭷ ࡞ ࡝ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ 4㸧_{ࠋ }                 

Fig. 2.2䢢 Membrane types and installations4 )

 ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࡢ ⭷ ࢆ ཎ Ỉ ࡜ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 Ỉ ࡢ ฟ ࡋ ධ ࢀ ࡀ ྍ ⬟ ࡞ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ 㞟 ✚ ࡋ ࡓ ࡶ ࡢ ࡀ ⭷ ࣔ ࢪ ࣗ ࣮ ࣝ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ⭷ ࣔ ࢪ ࣗ ࣮ ࣝ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ ⭷ ࢆ ୍ ᐃ ࢧ ࢖ ࢬ ࡢ ᐜ ჾ 㸦 ࣁ ࢘ ࢪ ࣥ ࢢ 㸧 ࡟ ཰ ࡵ ࡓ ࡶ ࡢ ࢆ ࢣ ࣮ ࢩ ࣥ ࢢ ཰ ⣡ ᆺ ࡜ ࠸ ࠸ ࠊ 㞟 ✚ ࡋ ࡓ ⭷ ࢆ ᾐ ₕ ᵴ ࡞ ࡝ ࡟ ࡑ ࡢ ࡲ ࡲ ྲྀ ࡾ ௜ ࡅ ࡓ ࡶ ࡢ ࢆ ᵴ ᾐ ₕ ᆺ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ࠋ ୍ ⯡ ⓗ ࡟ ࢣ ࣮ ࢩ ࣥ ࢢ ཰ ⣡ ᆺ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ཎ Ỉ ࢆ ࣏ ࣥ ࣉ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ࣔ ࢪ ࣗ ࣮ ࣝ ࡬ ᅽ ㏦ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡛ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ ࠋ ୍ ᪉ ࠊ ᵴ ᾐ ₕ ᆺ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ Ỉ ఩ ᕪ ࡸ ྾ ᘬ ࣏ ࣥ ࣉ ࡛ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ ࠋ  ࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ ࠊ ⭷ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ⭷ ࣔ ࢪ ࣗ ࣮ ࣝ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ ✀ ࠎ ࡢ ᙧ ᘧ ࡀ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡋ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ ࠊ ཎ Ỉ ࡢ ᛶ ≧ ࠊ Ὑ ί ᪉ ἲ ࠊ ⭷ ࡢ ≉ ᛶ ࡞ ࡝ ࢆ ⪃ ៖ ࡋ ࠊ ┠ ⓗ ࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ฎ ⌮ ࡟ ᭱ 㐺 ࡞ ⭷ ࣔ ࢪ ࣗ ࣮ ࣝ ࢆ 㑅 ᢥ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ᚲ せ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ   Tubular module Hollow fiber Monolith Spiral module Hollow fiber Tubular module Flat-sheet Rotating flat-sheet Casing type Submerged type Cylindrical membrane Flat-sheet membrane Flat-sheet membrane Cylindrical membrane

Chapter 2 Application status and challenges of membrane filtration

 ⭷ࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣝࡢ㐠㌿᪉ἲ

⭷ ࣔ ࢪ ࣗ ࣮ ࣝ ࡢ 㐠 ㌿ ᪉ ἲ ࡣ ࠊձ ඲ 㔞 ࢁ 㐣 ᪉ ᘧ㸦 ࢹ ࢵ ࢻ ࢚ ࣥ ࢻ ࢁ 㐣 ᪉ ᘧ 㸧ࠊղ ࢡ ࣟ ࢫ ࣇ ࣟ ࣮ ࢁ 㐣 ᪉ ᘧ ࠊճ ᵴ ᾐ ₕ ᪉ ᘧ ࡟ ศ 㢮 ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋFig. 2.3 ࡟ ᶍ ᘧ ᅗ ࢆ ♧ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ  ඲ 㔞 ࢁ 㐣 ᪉ ᘧ ࡣ ࠊ ⭷ ౪ ⤥ Ỉ 㸦 ཎ Ỉ 㸧 ࢆ ◁ ࢁ 㐣 ࡜ ྠ ࡌ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ ඲ 㔞 ࢆ ࢁ 㐣 ࡍ ࡿ ᪉ ᘧ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ࢣ ࣮ ࢩ ࣥ ࢢ ࡟ ཰ ⣡ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ⭷ ࣔ ࢪ ࣗ ࣮ ࣝ ࡟ ⭷ ౪ ⤥ Ỉ 㸦 ཎ Ỉ 㸧 ࢆ ౪ ⤥ ࡋ ࡚ ඲ 㔞 ࢆ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 Ỉ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ᚓ ࡿ ࠋ  ࢡ ࣟ ࢫ ࣇ ࣟ ࣮ ࢁ 㐣 ᪉ ᘧ ࡣ ࠊ ⭷ ౪ ⤥ Ỉ ࢆ ⭷ 㠃 ࡟ ἢ ࡗ ࡚ ᖹ ⾜ ࡟ ౪ ⤥ ࡋ ࠊ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 Ỉ ࡀ ⭷ ౪ ⤥ Ỉ ࡜ ┤ ゅ ᪉ ྥ ࡟ ὶ ࢀ ࡿ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ ࡍ ࡿ ࢁ 㐣 ᪉ ᘧ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ⭷ ࣔ ࢪ ࣗ ࣮ ࣝ ࡟ ౪ ⤥ ࡋ ࡓ ཎ Ỉ ࡢ ୍ 㒊 ࢆ ᚠ ⎔ ࡋ ࠊ ⭷ 㠃 ࡟ ࡏ ࢇ ᩿ ຊ ࢆ ୚ ࠼ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡛ ࠊ ཎ Ỉ ୰ ࡢ ᠱ ⃮ ≀ ㉁ ࡸ ࢥ ࣟ ࢖ ࢻ ≀ ㉁ ࡞ ࡝ ࡢ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ≀ ㉁ ࡢ ⭷ 㠃 ࡬ ࡢ ௜ ╔ ࡸ ሁ ✚ ࢆ ᢚ ไ ࡋ ࡞ ࡀ ࡽ 㐠 ㌿ ࡍ ࡿ ࢁ 㐣 ᪉ ᘧ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ   ศ㞳⭷ ࢣ࣮࢟ ⃰⦰Ỉ ཎỈ ཎỈ ㏱㐣Ỉ ㏱㐣Ỉ ᅗ 1-3ࠉࢡࣟࢫࣇ࣮ࣟࢁ㐣 ᅗ 1-2ࠉࢹࢵࢻ࢚ࣥࢻࢁ㐣 Filtrate Filtrate Feed Pump P P P Feed water 䠄Raw water䠅 Feed Pump Circulating water Circulating Feed water Feed water 䠄Raw water䠅 Feed water Filtrate Filtrate Concentrated water Cake layer Membrane

Chapter 2 Application status and challenges of membrane filtration

ᵴ ᾐ ₕ ᪉ ᘧ ࡣ ࠊ ⭷ ࣔ ࢪ ࣗ ࣮ ࣝ ࢆ ཎ Ỉ ࡀ ὶ ධ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ᵴ 㸦 㛤 ᨺ ࡲ ࡓ ࡣ ᐦ 㛢 ᆺ 㸧 ࡟ ᾐ ₕ ࡋ ࡓ ≧ ែ ࡛ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ⿦ ⨨ ࢆ 㐠 ㌿ ࡍ ࡿ ᪉ ᘧ ࢆ ࠸ ࠺ ࠋ ᇶ ᮏ ⓗ ࡟ ࡣ ඲ 㔞 ࢁ 㐣 ᪉ ᘧ ࡛ ࠊຍ ᅽ ࡲ ࡓ ࡣ ῶ ᅽ㸦 ྾ ᘬ 㸧ࠊࡶ ࡋ ࡃ ࡣ ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ే ⏝ ࡛ ࢁ 㐣 ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ ࠋ Fig. 2.4 ࡟ ᵴ ᾐ ₕ ᪉ ᘧ ࡢ ୍ ౛ ࢆ ♧ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ 

Fig. 2.4䢢 Submerged membrane module



 ⭷Ὑί

⭷ ࡣ ࢁ 㐣 ࡢ ⥅ ⥆ ࡟ క ࠸ 㛢 ሰ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡃ ࡢ ࡛ ࠊ ᐃ ᮇ ⓗ ࡟ ⭷ ࢆ Ὑ ί ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ ᛶ ⬟ ࢆ ᅇ ᚟ ࡉ ࡏ ࡞ ࡀ ࡽ 㐠 ㌿ ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ ᚲ せ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ⭷ ࡢ Ὑ ί ᪉ ἲ ࡣ ࠊ ᪥ ᖖ ࡢ 㐠 ㌿ ᛶ ⥔ ᣢ ࡢ ࡓ ࡵ ࡢ ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί ࡜ 㛗 ᮇ ⓗ ࡞ 㐠 ㌿ ⥔ ᣢ ᛶ ࡢ ࡓ ࡵ ࡢ ⸆ ရ Ὑ ί ࡟ ศ ࡅ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ  ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί ࡣ ࠊ ≀ ⌮ ⓗ ࡞ స ⏝ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ⭷ 㠃 ࡟ ௜ ╔ ࡋ ࡓ ⭷ 㛢 ሰ ≀ ㉁ ࢆ ྲྀ ࡾ 㝖 ࡃ ᪉ ἲ ࡛ ࠊ ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί Ỉ 㸦 ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 Ỉ ࢆ ฼ ⏝ 㸧 ࡸ ᅽ ຊ ✵ Ẽ ࢆ ࢁ 㐣 ഃ ࠿ ࡽ ཎ Ỉ ഃ ࡟ ᅽ ㏦ ࡍ ࡿ ㏫ ὶ Ὑ ί ࡸ ✵ Ẽ ࢆ ࣔ ࢪ ࣗ ࣮ ࣝ ୖ 㒊 ࡲ ࡓ ࡣ ୗ 㒊 ࠿ ࡽ ᑟ ධ ࡋ ࡚ ⭷ 㠃 ࢆ Ὑ ί ࡍ ࡿ ✵ Ẽ Ὑ ί 㸦 ࢚ ࢔ ࣈ ࣟ ࣮ ࡶ ࡋ ࡃ ࡣ ࢚ ࢔ ࣮ ࢫ ࢡ ࣛ ࣅ ࣥ ࢢ 㸧 ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ࡑ ࡢ 㢖 ᗘ ࡣ ཎ Ỉ Ỉ ㉁ ࠊ ࢁ 㐣 ᪉ ἲ ࠊ ⭷ ࣔ ࢪ ࣗ ࣮ ࣝ ࡢ ᵓ 㐀 ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ୍ ⯡ ࡟ 15 ศ ࠿ ࡽ ᩘ ᫬ 㛫 ࡟ ୍ ᅇ ⛬ ᗘ ࠊᐃ ᮇ ⓗ ࡟ ᐇ ᪋ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ࡲ ࡓ ࠊ ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί Ỉ ࡟ ప ⃰ ᗘ ࡢ ⸆ ရ 㸦 ḟ ள ሷ ⣲ 㓟 ࢼ ࢺ ࣜ ࢘ ࣒ ➼ 㸧 ࢆ ῧ ຍ ࡍ ࡿ ໬ Ꮫ ⓗ ᙉ ໬ ㏫ Ὑ㸦 CEB㸸Chemical enhanced backwashing㸧ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ ࡇ ࡜ ࡛ ࠊ ㏻ ᖖ ࡢ ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί ࡼ ࡾ ࡶ Ὑ ί ຠ ᯝ ࢆ ྥ ୖ ࡉ ࡏ ࡿ Ὑ ί ᪉ ἲ ࡶ ࠶ ࡿ 5 )_{ࠋ } ⸆ ရ Ὑ ί ࡣ ࠊ ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί ࡛ ࡣ ྲྀ ࡾ 㝖 ࡃ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ࡛ ࡁ ࡞ ࠿ ࡗ ࡓ ⭷ 㛢 ሰ ≀ ㉁ ࢆ ໬ Ꮫ ⓗ ࡟ ศ ゎ ࡋ ⁐ ゎ 㝖 ཤ ࡍ ࡿ ᪉ ἲ ࡛ ࠊ 㓟 ࠊ ࢔ ࣝ ࢝ ࣜ ࠊ ሷ ⣲ ࠊ ⏺ 㠃 ά ᛶ ๣ ࡞ ࡝ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ࡑ ࡢ 㢖 ᗘ ࡣ ࠊ ᩘ ࠿ ᭶ ࡟ ୍ ᅇ ᐇ ᪋ ࡍ ࡿ ࠿ ࠊ ᡤ ᐃ ࡢ ⭷ ᕪ ᅽ ࡟ ฿ 㐩 ࡋ ࡓ ᫬ Ⅼ ࡛ ⾜ ࠺ 5 )_{ࠋ }  Suction pump 㻼 Membrane module Feed water㻌 Filtrate

Chap





㸦 ᪋ タ ⥲ ᪋ 1,59 タ ண Tabl Fig.  pter 2

 ⭷ࢁ

 ᅜෆ

㸦 බ ㈈ 㸧 Ỉ タ㸦 MF ⭷ ࠾ ᪋ タ ᩘ ࡣ 90,182 m3/ ண ᐃ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ le 2.2 ࡟ ┴ 2.7 ࡟ ᖺ Fig. 2

ࢁ㐣ᢏ⾡

ෆࡢ⌧≧

Ỉ 㐨 ᢏ ⾡ ◊ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ UF 833 ᪋ タ /day㸦 201 ࡧ ᘓ タ ୰ ࡢ ┴ ู ᬑ ཬ ᖺ ᗘ ู ⭷ ࢁ 2.5 The nu Applica

⾡ࢆ⏝

≧

◊ ✲ ࢭ ࣥ ࢱ F ⭷ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ 㸦 ᖹ ᡂ 2 3 ᖺ ᗘ ẚ ࡢ ࡶ ࡢ ࢆ ྵ ≧ ἣ 7 )_{ࠊ F} 㐣 ᪋ タ ᑟ umber and ation status

⏝࠸ࡓί

ࢱ ࣮ ࡢ ㄪ ᰝ ࠸ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ί 25 ᖺ ᗘ ẚ 㸸73,000 m ྵ ࡴ 㸧6㸧_ࠋ Fig. 2.6 ࡟ ᑟ ධ ≧ ἣ ࢆ d capacity s and challen

ίỈฎ⌮

ᰝ ࡟ ࡼ ࢀ ࡤ ί Ỉ ᪋ タ 㸧 ẚ 㸸 24 ᪋ m3/day ࡢ Fig. 2.5 ࡟ ⣼ ✚ ࡢ ⭷ ࢆ ♧ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ y of memb nges of mem

⌮

ࡤ ࠊ ᅜ ෆ ࡢ ࡣ 2015 ᖺ タ ቑ 㸧ࠊ ⥲ ቑ 㸧࡜ ࡞ ࡟ ί Ỉ 㔞 ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᪋ タ  brane app mbrane filtr ࡢ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ί ᖺ 3 ᭶ ⌧ ᅾ ⥲ ᪋ タ ⬟ ຊ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 㔞 つ ᶍ ู ௳ タ ᑟ ධ ≧ plications ration ί Ỉ ᅾ ࠊ ຊ ࡣ 㸦 ᘓ ௳ ᩘ ࠊ ἣ ࠊ

Chapter 2 Application status and challenges of membrane filtration



Table 2.2 The number and capacity of membrane applications based on different prefectures in Japan7 )

Prefectures Number of facilities Facility capacity [m3/day] Prefectures Number of facilities Facility capacity [m3/day] Hokkaido 50 56,383 Shiga 15 22,128 Aomori 5 20,739 Kyoto 34 18,866 Iwate 35 12,878 Osaka 5 21,218 Miyagi 17 7,148 Hyogo 69 137,577 Akita 28 24,710 Nara 17 10,872 Yamagata 17 6,365 Wakayama 31 29,792 Fukushima 19 58,387 Tottori 7 81,872 Tochigi 9 37,800 Shimane 37 27,474 Gunma 6 4,935 Okayama 9 3,603 Saitama 4 17,268 Hiroshima 15 21,212 Chiba 3 326 Yamaguchi 7 4,248 Tokyo 21 132,369 Tokushima 4 1,361 Kanagawa 15 187,711 Kagawa 1 100 Niigata 29 12,471 Ehime 38 164,242 Toyama 5 224 Kochi 4 3,576 Ishikawa 7 22,800 Fukushima 8 59,000 Fukui 28 64,423 Saga 8 66,779 Yamanashi 28 16,315 Nagasaki 11 61,784 Naganao 43 23,622 Kumamoto 11 4,205 Gifu 49 39,731 Oita 19 31,935 Shizuoka 4 10,244 Miyazaki 8 9,542 Aichi 19 19,731 Kagoshima 6 12,841 Mie 25 18,565 Okinawa 3 810 Total 833 1,590,182    

Chappter 2 Fig. 2.6 6 The accu Applica umulation ation status n of memb s and challen brane filt nges of mem ration ap mbrane filtr plication ration s

Chapter 2 Application status and challenges of membrane filtration 2005 ᖺ ᗘ ᮎ ࡟ ᪋ タ ᩘ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ᪋ タ ⬟ ຊ ࡀ ቑ ຍ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡢ ࡣ ࠊ๓ ᖺ ᗘ ᮎ Ⓨ ⾲ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ኱ つ ᶍ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 タ ഛ ᑟ ධ ࢞ ࢖ ࢻ ࣛ ࢖ ࣥ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࡜ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ  ᪋ タ つ ᶍ ࡀ ኱ ࡁ ࡞ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ί Ỉ ᪋ タ ࡣ ࠊTable 2.3 ࡟ ♧ ࡍ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ ⚄ ዉ ᕝ ┴ ᶓ ὾ ᕷ ࡢ ᕝ ஭ ί Ỉ ሙ㸦 MF↓ ᶵ ⭷ 㸧171,070 m3 /dayࠊ㫽 ྲྀ ᕷ ࡢ Ụ ᒣ ί Ỉ ሙ㸦 UF᭷ ᶵ ⭷ 㸧80,000 m3 /dayࠊ⚟ ஭ ┴ ࡢ ᪥ 㔝 ᕝ ί Ỉ ሙ㸦 MF↓ ᶵ ⭷ 㸧 51,900 m3/day ࡞ ࡝ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ 8㸧ࠋ  

Table 2.3 Large-scale membrane filtration facilities in Japan8 )

Business entity name Plant name Water source Membrane type Facility capacity [m3/day] Yokohama

waterworks bureau Kawai

Surface water

MF

(ceramic) 171,070 Tottori

waterworks bureau Eyama

Subsoil

water UF 80,000 Hino district Water

management office Hinogawa

Surface water

MF

(ceramic) 51,900 Sasebo

waterworks bureau Hokubu

Surface water

MF

(ceramic) 50,600 Tokyo

waterworks bureau Kinuta

Subsoil

water MF 43,956 Tokyo

waterworks bureau Kinutashita

Subsoil

water MF 43,956 Matsuyama public

enterprises stations Kakitsubata

Ground

water MF 38,900 Matsuyama public

enterprises stations Takaikanda

Ground

water MF 32,600 Toyooka water and

sewerage part Sano

Ground water MF 30,000   





Chapter 2 Application status and challenges of membrane filtration

 ᅜእࡢ⌧≧

Table 2.4 ࡟ ୡ ⏺ ࡟ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ኱ つ ᶍ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᪋ タ ࢆ ♧ ࡋ ࡓ 9 )ࠋ  2010 ᖺ ௦ ࡟ ධ ࡗ ࡚ ࠿ ࡽ ࠊ 150,000 m3/day ࢆ ㉸ ࠼ ࡿ ኱ つ ᶍ ί Ỉ ሙ ࡢ ✌ ാ ࡀ ቑ ຍ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ᪥ ᮏ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ᶓ ὾ ᕷ ᕝ ஭ ί Ỉ ሙ ࡀ ࡑ ࡢ ౛ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ  

Table 2.4 Major membrane filtration applications in the world9 )

No Country name Facility capacity [m3/day] Membrane

type Water source

Operation year 1 Azerbaijan 520,000 UF Surface water 2013 2 Canada 401,000 UF Lake water 2014 3 Canada 378,000 UF Lake water 2011 3 America 378,000 UF Surface water 2008 5 Canada 363,000 UF Lake water 2007 6 Australia 313,000 UF unknown 2010 7 China 300,000 MF Surface water 2011 8 Singapore 272,000 UF Lake water 2003 9 America 265,000 UF unknown 2005 10 Russia 250,000 UF Surface water 2010 11 Spain 227,000 UF Surface water 2009 12 America 208,000 UF Lake water 2006 12 Spain 208,000 UF Surface water 2010 14 America 189,000 UF Surface water 2005 14 America 189,000 UF Reservoir water 2008 16 England 188,000 UF unknown 2000 17 Australia 180,000 UF unknown 2010 18 Japan 171,070 MF Surface water 2014 19 England 162,000 UF unknown 2001 20 China 150,000 UF unknown 2010

Chapter 2 Application status and challenges of membrane filtration

 ⭷ࢁ㐣ίỈࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢၥ㢟Ⅼ࡜ㄢ㢟

 Ỉ※Ỉ㉁

Ỉ 㐨 ཎ Ỉ ࡟ ⏝ ࠸ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ⾲ ὶ Ỉ㸦 Ἑ ᕝ Ỉ 㸪† ἟ Ỉ 㸧ࠊᆅ ୗ Ỉ ࡞ ࡝ ࡢ ⮬ ↛ Ỉ ࡟ ࡣ ᵝ ࠎ ࡞ ≀ ㉁ ࡀ ྵ ࡲ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࡛ Ỉ 㐨 Ỉ ࢆ 㐀 Ỉ ࡍ ࡿ ሙ ྜ ࠊ ࡑ ࢀ ࡽ ࡢ ≀ ㉁ ࡢ ୍ 㒊 ࡀ ⭷ ࡛ 㜼 Ṇ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ Ύ ⃈ Ỉ ࡀ ᚓ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࡜ ྠ ᫬ ࡟ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ ࠋ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ≀ ㉁ ࡀ ᫂ ࡽ ࠿ ࡟ ࡞ ࢀ ࡤ ࠊ Ỉ ※ Ỉ ㉁ ࡟ ᛂ ࡌ ࡓ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ὶ ᮰ ࡸ ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί ᮲ ௳ ࠊ ⸆ ရ Ὑ ί ᮲ ௳ ࡢ ຠ ᯝ ⓗ ࡞ タ ᐃ ࡀ ྍ ⬟ ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ ࠋ  ࠶ ࢃ ࡏ ࡚ ࠊ ప ࢥ ࢫ ࢺ ࡛ Ᏻ ᚰ ࣭ Ᏻ ඲ ࡞ Ỉ 㐨 Ỉ ࢆ ᚓ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ Ỉ ㉁ ࡟ ᛂ ࡌ ࡓ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡢ 㑅 ᢥ ࡜ タ ィ ࡀ 㔜 せ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ࡑ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ Ỉ ※ Ỉ ㉁ ࡀ ᝏ ࠸ ሙ ྜ ࡟ ࡣ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࡟ ๓ ฎ ⌮ ࢆ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡿ ࡞ ࡝ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ඲ య ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ せ ồ ฎ ⌮ Ỉ ㉁ ࡜ 㐠 ㌿ ࢥ ࢫ ࢺ ࢆ ‶ ㊊ ࡉ ࡏ ࡿ ᚲ せ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ 

 ⭷ࣇ࢓࢘ࣜࣥࢢ࡜ᢚไᢏ⾡

㏆ ᖺ ࠊ㹋 㹄 /㹓 㹄 ⭷ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡓ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ࡣ ࢡ ࣜ ࣉ ࢺ ࢫ ࣏ ࣜ ࢪ ࢘ ࣒ ࡞ ࡝ ࡢ ⪏ ሷ ⣲ ᛶ ᚤ ⏕ ≀ ᑐ ⟇ ᢏ ⾡ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ᬑ ཬ ࡍ ࡿ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ⭷ ࡣ ౑ ⏝ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡛ ࠊ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡀ 㐍 ⾜ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡜ ࡣ ⭷ ⣽ Ꮝ ᚄ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ⾲ 㠃 ࡀ ⭷ ౪ ⤥ Ỉ ୰ ࡟ ྵ ࡲ ࢀ ࡿ ở ᰁ ≀ ㉁ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ 㛢 ሰ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡛ ⭷ ㏱ Ỉ ᛶ ⬟ ࡀ ప ୗ ࡍ ࡿ ⌧ ㇟ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡢ 㐍 ⾜ ࡟ క ࠸ ࠊ ᚲ せ ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ ༢ ఩ ฎ ⌮ Ỉ 㔞 ࠶ ࡓ ࡾ ࡢ ࢚ ࢿ ࣝ ࢠ ࣮ ࡀ ቑ ຍ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࠿ ࡽ ࠊ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡣ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࡢ ᬑ ཬ ࢆ 㜼 ࡴ 㔜 せ ࡞ ㄢ 㢟 ࡜ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ࡍ ࡛ ࡟ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ࡟ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࡀ ᑟ ධ ࡉ ࢀ 20 ᖺ ௨ ୖ ࡀ ⤒ 㐣 ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊࡉ ࡽ ࡞ ࡿ ᬑ ཬ ࡢ ࡓ ࡵ ࡟ ࡣ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ᢚ ไ ᢏ ⾡ ࡢ ☜ ❧ ࡀ 㔜 せ ࡞ ㄢ 㢟 ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ 1 0 )_{ࠋ } ί Ỉ ⭷ ࡢ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡢ ཎ ᅉ ≀ ㉁ ࡣ ࠊ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ ࠊ ↓ ᶵ ≀ ࠊ ᭷ ᶵ ࣭ ↓ ᶵ ࡢ 㘒 య ࡢ  㡯 ┠ ࡟ ኱ ู ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ ᪤   ࡢ ◊ ✲ ࡛ ࡣ ᅽ ಽ ⓗ ࡟ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ◊ ✲ ࡋ ࡓ ౛ ࡀ ከ ࠸ ࠋ ⮬ ↛ Ỉ ୰ ࡟ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡍ ࡿ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ ࡣ Natural Organic Matter㸦 NOM㸧 ࡜ ࿧ ࡤ ࢀ ࠊ Ỉ ※ ࡸ Ꮨ ⠇ ࡟ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ ᵓ ᡂ ᡂ ศ ࡸ ศ Ꮚ 㔞 ศ ᕸ ࡀ ኱ ࡁ ࡃ ኚ ໬ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࠿ ࡽ ࠊNOM ୰ ࡢ ࡝ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ≉ ᛶ ࢆ ࡶ ࡘ ⏬ ศ ࡀ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࢆ 㐍 ⾜ ࡉ ࡏ ࡿ ཎ ᅉ ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ ࠿ ᳨ ウ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࡁ ࡓ ࠋ ≉ ࡟ ࠊ ࣇ ࣑ ࣥ ㉁ ࡟ ௦ ⾲ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ␯ Ỉ ᛶ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ ࢆ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡢ ୺ ࡞ ཎ ᅉ ≀ ㉁ ࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ◊ ✲ ࡀ ከ ࡃ ࢆ ༨ ࡵ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ࠋ ࡋ ࠿ ࡋ ࠊ15 ᖺ ࡯ ࡝ ๓ ࠿ ࡽ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ ゎ ᯒ ࡟ ౑ ⏝ ࡍ ࡿ ศ ᯒ ᶵ ჾ ࡢ Ⓨ ᒎ ࡶ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡢ ཎ ᅉ ≀ ㉁ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ぶ Ỉ ᛶ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ ࡀ ᣦ ᦬ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ሗ ࿌ ࡶ ⌧ ࢀ ࡚ ࡁ ࡓ 1 0 )_{ࠋ }

Chapter 2 Application status and challenges of membrane filtration

㏆ ᖺ ࠊ ί Ỉ ⭷ ࡟ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ≀ ㉁ ࡣ ୺ ࡞ ᳨ ウ ᑐ ㇟ ࡀ ࣇ ࣑ ࣥ 㓟 ࠿ ࡽ 10 ୓ Da ௨ ୖ ࡢ ࢧ ࢖ ࢬ ࢆ ᣢ ࡘ ぶ Ỉ ᛶ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ ࡬ ࡜ ኚ ໬ ࡋ ࡚ ࡁ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ࡇ ࡢ ኚ ໬ ࡟ ኱ ࡁ ࡞ ᙳ 㡪 ࢆ ୚ ࠼ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡢ ࡀ LC-OCD 㸦 Liquid Chromatography-Organic Carbon Detector㸧࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ ࡢ ศ Ꮚ 㔞 ศ ᕸ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ LC-OCD ࡣ 㧗 ㏿ ᾮ య ࢡ ࣟ ࣐ ࢺ ࢢ ࣛ ࣇ ࢕ ࣮ ࡟ ᳨ ฟ ჾ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ‵ ᘧ ࡢ TOC ィ ࢆ ྲྀ ࡾ ௜ ࡅ ࡓ ⿦ ⨨ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ Fig. 2.8 ࡟ ศ ᯒ ౛ ࢆ ♧ ࡋ ࡓ 11 )ࠋ LC-OCD ⿦ ⨨ 㛤 Ⓨ ⪅ ࡢ Huber ࡽ 1 2 )ࡣ ࠊ 10 ୓ Da ௨ ୖ ࡢ ぶ Ỉ ᛶ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ ࢆ ࠕ ࣂ ࢖ ࢜ ࣏ ࣜ ࣐ ࣮ 㸦 Biopolymer㸧ࠖ ࡜ ࿨ ྡ ࡋ ࠊ ㏆ ᖺ ࠊ ከ ࡃ ࡢ ◊ ✲ ౛ ࡀ MF/UF ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡢ ཎ ᅉ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ᣦ ᦬ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 1 3 - 1 6 )ࠋ ࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ ࠊ ᚎ ࠎ ࡟ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡢ ཎ ᅉ ≀ ㉁ ࡀ ᫂ ࡽ ࠿ ࡟ ࡞ ࡾ ࡘ ࡘ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ  ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡢ ᢚ ไ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࢆ ᘬ ࡁ ㉳ ࡇ ࡍ ᡂ ศ ࢆ ࡼ ࡃ ▱ ࡗ ࡓ ୖ ࡛ ࠊ ๓ ฎ ⌮ ࡢ ᐇ ᪋ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ 㐠 ㌿ ⟶ ⌮ ࡀ 㔜 せ ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ ࠋ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ฎ ⌮ ࡢ ๓ ẁ ࡛ ๓ ฎ ⌮ ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ ┠ ⓗ ࡣ ࠊ Ỉ ㉁ ᨵ ၿ ࡜ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ᢚ ไ ࡟ ศ ࡅ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ15 ᖺ ࡯ ࡝ ๓ ࡲ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊỈ ㉁ ᨵ ၿ ࢆ ┠ ⓗ ࡜ ࡋ ࡓ ๓ ฎ ⌮ ᢏ ⾡ ࡟ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ◊ ✲ ࡀ ༨ ࡵ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊ ㏆ ᖺ ࠊ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ᢚ ไ ࢆ ┠ ⓗ ࡜ ࡋ ࡓ ◊ ✲ ࡀ ቑ ࠼ ࡚ ࡁ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ  ࡇ ࡇ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ௦ ⾲ ⓗ ࡞ ⭷ ๓ ฎ ⌮ ᢏ ⾡ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ จ 㞟 ࡜ ྾ ╔ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ᴫ せ ࡟ ゐ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ จ 㞟 ࡼ ࡿ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ᢚ ไ ࣓ ࢝ ࢽ ࢬ ࣒ ࡣ ࠊ ⭷ Ꮝ ᚄ ࡜ ྠ ⛬ ᗘ ࡢ ࢧ ࢖ ࢬ ࢆ ᣢ ࡘ ᡂ ศ ࢆ จ 㞟 ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ⢒ ኱ ໬ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ไ ᚚ ࢆ ᐜ ᫆ ࡟ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡛ ࠊࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ᢚ ไ ຠ ᯝ ࢆ 㧗 ࡵ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡜ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡟ ຠ ᯝ ⓗ ࡞ จ 㞟 ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊpHࠊจ 㞟 ๣ ὀ ධ 㔞 ࠊᨩ ᢾ ᙉ ᗘ ࡞ ࡝ ࡢ ไ ᚚ ᅉ Ꮚ ࢆ ᭱ 㐺 ໬ ࡍ ࡿ ᚲ せ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ࡋ ࠿ ࡋ ࠊ ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࡢ ไ ᚚ ᅉ Ꮚ ࡣ Ỉ ※ ࡸ ཎ Ỉ Ỉ ㉁ ࡟ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ ኱ ࡁ ࡃ ኚ ࢃ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࠊ Ỉ ㉁ ࢆ ┘ ど ࡋ ࠊ ࡑ ࡢ ᫬ ࠎ ࡟ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ ᅉ Ꮚ ࢆ ᭱ 㐺 ໬ ࡍ ࡿ ᡭ ἲ ࡢ 㛤 Ⓨ ࡀ ᚲ せ ࡜ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ  ά ᛶ Ⅳ ྾ ╔ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ 㛵 ಀ ≀ ㉁ ࡢ 㝖 ཤ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ ከ ࡃ ࡢ ◊ ✲ ࡀ ࡞ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ࠋ ᭱ ㏆ ࡛ ࡶ ࠊ ᯇ ஭ ࡽ ࡣ ⢊ ᮎ ά ᛶ Ⅳ ࢆ ࡉ ࡽ ࡟ ᚤ ⢊ ໬ ࡋ ࡓ ࠕ ᚤ ⢊ ᮎ ά ᛶ Ⅳ ࠖ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡓ ◊ ✲ ࢆ ሗ ࿌ ࡋ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ ࠊ ࢭ ࣛ ࣑ ࢵ ࢡ ⭷ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡓ ᐇ 㦂 ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ᢚ ไ ࡟ ࡶ ኱ ࡁ ࡞ ຠ ᯝ ࡀ ᮇ ᚅ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡜ ሗ ࿌ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 1 7 )_{ࠋ } 

Chap   pter 2 Fig. 2.8 C Chromato Applica ograms me  ation status easured b s and challen by LC wit nges of mem h differen mbrane filtr nt detecto ration ors

Chap





ࢭ ከ Ꮝ ⭷ ࡢ ⷧ ࠸ Ỉ ᢬ 



pter 2

 ࢭࣛ

 ࢭࣛ

ࢭ ࣛ ࣑ ࢵ ࢡ Ꮝ ㉁ య ࢆ ᭷ ࡢ ᩿ 㠃 ᵓ 㐀 ࠸ ศ 㞳 ᒙ ࢆ ᢬ ᢠ ࢆ ୗ ࡆ Fig. 2 Mem Fe 䠄Ra

࣑ࣛࢵ

࣑ࣛࢵࢡ

ࢡ ᚤ ⢏ Ꮚ ࢆ ᭷ ࡍ ࡿ ࢭ ࣛ 㐀 ࡢ 㟁 Ꮚ 㢧 ࢆ ↝ ⤖ ࡉ ࡏ ࡆ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 1 2.9 Cross-S mbrane㻌 eed water㻌 aw water䠅㻌 Applica

ࢡ⭷ࢁ

⭷

ࢆ ඘ ሸ ࡋ ࠊ ࣛ ࣑ ࢵ ࢡ ⭷ 㢧 ᚤ 㙾 ෗ ┿ ࡏ ࡓ 」 ᒙ ᵓ 3 )_{ࠋ } sectional 㸦 Elect



eparation layer㻌 ation status

㐣ࢩࢫ

⢏ Ꮚ 㛫 ࡢ ⭷ ࡀ 〇 㐀 ࡉ ┿ ࢆ ♧ ࡋ ࡓ ᵓ 㐀 㸦 㠀 ᑐ structure tron micr Supp laye s and challen

ࢫࢸ࣒

ࡢ ᥋ ゐ 㒊 ࢆ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ F ࡓ ࠋ⢒ ࠸ ᨭ ᑐ ㇟ ⭷ 㸧 ࡜ e of the ce rograph㸧 ort er㻌 nges of mem ࢆ ↝ ⤖ ࡉ ࡏ Fig. 2.9 ࡟ ᨭ ᣢ ᒙ㸦 ᇶ ࡜ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠾ eramic me Filtrate mbrane filtr ࡏ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࢭ ࣛ ࣑ ᇶ ᮦ 㸧ࡢ ୖ ࠾ ࡾ ࠊ ⭷ embrane e ration ࡛ ࠊ ࢵ ࢡ ࡟ ࠊ ࡢ ㏻

Chap



ࢭ ࣔ ࢪ ࡟ 」 ࡢ ⭷ ࡋ ࡚ ⾜ ࡗ ⤥ Ỉ ഃ ࡟ ࡜ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ᢠ ࢆ    



pter 2

 ⭷ࢁ

ࢭ ࣛ ࣑ ࢵ ࢡ ࢪ ࣗ ࣮ ࣝ ࡣ 」 ᩘ ࡢ ὶ ㊰ ⭷ ࢚ ࣞ ࣓ ࣥ ࡚ ⏝ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ Ỉ ࡣ ࠊ ࣔ ࣀ ࡟ ᚓ ࡿ ࠋෆ ࡛ ࠊ ⃮ ㉁ ➼ 30 mm ࠾ ࢆ ᑠ ࡉ ࡃ ࡍ

ࢁ㐣᪉ᘧ

ࢡ ⭷ ࡣ ࠊ ୺ ࡣ ࠊ ↓ ᶵ ⭷ ㊰ ࢆ タ ࡅ ࠊ ࣥ ࢺ ࢆ ࢣ ࣮ ࣔ ࣀ ࣜ ࢫ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᪉ ࣀ ࣜ ࢫ ὶ ㊰ ෆ ᅽ ᘧ ࡛ ࠶ ➼ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ὶ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ 180 ࡍ ࡿ ᵓ 㐀 Fig. 2.10 Applica

ᘧ

୺ ࡟ ࣔ ࣀ ࣜ ⭷ ࡟ ≉ ᭷ ࡢ ࡑ ࡢ ෆ ቨ ࣮ ࢩ ࣥ ࢢ ཰ ࢫ ᆺ ࡟ ࡍ ࡿ ᪉ ᘧ ࡣ ࠊ ࢹ ㊰ ࡢ ෆ ഃ ࡟ ࠶ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊࣔ ὶ ㊰ 㛢 ሰ ࡢ mm ࡛ እ 㸦 㞟 Ỉ ࢫ ࣜ The stru



ation status ࣜ ࢫ ᆺ ⭷ ࣔ ࡢ ᆺ ᘧ ࡛ ࠶ ቨ 㠃 ࡟ ศ 㞳 ཰ ⣡ ࡋ ࠊ⭷ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡛ ⭷ ࢹ ࢵ ࢻ ࢚ ࣥ ࡟ ౪ ⤥ ࡉ ࢀ ࣀ ࣜ ࢫ ὶ ࡢ 㜵 Ṇ ࢆ ⾜ ᚄ 180 mm ࣜ ࢵ ࢺ 㸧 ࡀ cture of c s and challen ࣔ ࢪ ࣗ ࣮ ࣝ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ ෇ ᰕ 㞳 ⭷ ᒙ ࡀ ᙧ ⭷ ࡢ ୧ ➃ ࢆ ⭷ 㠃 ✚ ඘ ሸ ࣥ ࢻ ࢁ 㐣 ࢆ ࢀ ࠊ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ὶ ㊰ ෆ ᚄ ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ m ࡢ ࡶ ࡢ ࡀ ᥇ ⏝ ࡉ ࢀ ceramic m nges of mem ࣝ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ᰕ ≧ ࡟ ᡂ ᙧ ᙧ ᡂ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ࢆ Oࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ሸ ᐦ ᗘ ࢆ 㧗 ࢆ ᥇ ⏝ ࡋ ࡚ 㐣 Ỉ ࢆ ⭷ ࢚ ࢆ 2.5 mm ࡿ ࠋ ⭷ ࢚ ࡣ ࠊࢁ 㐣 Ỉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ membrane mbrane filtr ࠋ ࡇ ࡢ ᆺ ᙧ ࡋ ࡓ ᨭ ᣢ ࡓ ࣔ ࣀ ࣜ ࢢ ➼ ࡛ ࢩ 㧗 ࡵ ࡿ ᨵ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ⭷ ࢚ ࣞ ࣓ ࣥ ࡜ ᗈ ࡃ ࡍ ࣞ ࣓ ࣥ ࢺ እ Ỉ ഃ ࡢ 㞟 Ỉ 1 4 )_{ࠋ } e ration ᘧ ࡢ ᣢ య ࢫ ᆺ ࣮ ࣝ ၿ ࢆ ⭷ ౪ ࢺ እ ࡿ ࡇ እ ᚄ Ỉ ᢬

Chapter 2 Application status and challenges of membrane filtration

 Ὑί᪉ἲ

ཎ Ỉ ࢆ ⭷ ࣔ ࢪ ࣗ ࣮ ࣝ ࡛ ࢁ 㐣 ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡃ ࡜ ࠊ ⭷ ⾲ 㠃 ࡟ ◁ ࡞ ࡝ ࡢ ᚤ ⢏ Ꮚ ࠊ ⸴ 㢮 ࡀ ௜ ╔ 㸦 ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ 㸧 ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ࡇ ࢀ ࡀ 㐍 ⾜ ࡍ ࡿ ࡜ ⭷ ⾲ 㠃 ࡟ ሁ ✚ ࡋ ࡓ ࡾ ࠊ ⭷ ౪ ⤥ Ỉ ࡢ ࢭ ࣝ 㸦 ὶ ㊰ 㸧 㛢 ሰ ࢆ ⏕ ࡌ ࡓ ࡾ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ࠊ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᢬ ᢠ ࡀ ᚎ ࠎ ࡟ ୖ ᪼ ࡋ ࠊ ࢁ 㐣 ᛶ ⬟ ࡀ ప ୗ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ࡇ ࡢ ࡲ ࡲ 㐠 ㌿ ࢆ ⥅ ⥆ ࡍ ࡿ ࡜ ࢁ 㐣 ᛶ ⬟ ࡢ ప ୗ ࡔ ࡅ ࡛ ࡞ ࡃ ࠊ ⭷ ᑑ ࿨ ࡟ ᙳ 㡪 ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ࡇ ࡢ ࢁ 㐣 ᛶ ⬟ ప ୗ ࢆ 㜵 Ṇ ࡍ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࡟ ⭷ ࡢ Ὑ ί ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ ࠋ ⭷ ࡢ Ὑ ί ࡟ ࡣ ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί ࡜ ⸆ ရ Ὑ ί ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ 

 ≀⌮Ὑί

≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί ࡜ ࡣ ࠊ Ỉ ὶ ࡸ ᅽ ຊ ࡞ ࡝ ࡢ ≀ ⌮ ⓗ ࡞ Ὑ ί ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ࠊ ⭷ 㠃 ࡟ ௜ ╔ ࡋ ࡓ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ≀ ㉁ ࢆ 㝖 ཤ ࡍ ࡿ ᪉ ἲ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί ᪉ ᘧ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ ㏫ ᅽ Ỉ Ὑ ί ࠊ㏫ ᅽ ✵ Ẽ Ὑ ί ࠊ✵ Ẽ Ὑ ί㸦 ࢚ ࢔ ࢫ ࢡ ࣛ ࣅ ࣥ ࢢ 㸧ࠊࣇ ࣛ ࢵ ࢩ ࣥ ࢢ Ὑ ί ࡞ ࡝ ࡀ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࢆ ༢ ⊂ ࡲ ࡓ ࡣ ే ⏝ ࡋ ࡚ Ὑ ί ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ ࠋ ⭷ ࡢ ≀ ⌮ ⓗ ᙉ ᗘ ࠊ 㐠 ㌿ ᮲ ௳ ࠊ ⭷ ࣔ ࢪ ࣗ ࣮ ࣝ ᙧ ≧ ࠊ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᪉ ᘧ ࠊ ㏻ Ỉ ᪉ ྥ ➼ ࠊ ࡑ ࢀ ࡒ ࢀ ࡢ ᪉ ᘧ ࡟ 㐺 ࡋ ࡓ Ὑ ί ᪉ ἲ ࢆ 㑅 ᢥ ࡍ ࡿ ᚲ せ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋFig. 2.11 ࡟ ࢭ ࣛ ࣑ ࢵ ࢡ ⭷ ࡢ ࢁ 㐣 ࡜ ㏫ Ὑ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ♧ ࡍ ࠋ  ձ ࢁ 㐣 ᕤ ⛬ 㸦 Filtration process㸧  ཎ Ỉ ࢆ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࢭ ࣝ ࡟ ౪ ⤥ ࡋ ࠊ ཎ Ỉ ഃ ࡜ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 Ỉ ഃ ࡢ ᅽ ຊ ᕪ ࡛ ඲ 㔞 ࢁ 㐣 ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ ࠋ ୖ ྥ ὶ ࢹ ࢵ ࢻ ࢚ ࣥ ࢻ ᪉ ᘧ ࡛ ࠊ ࣔ ࣀ ࣜ ࢫ ὶ ㊰ ࡢ ෆ ഃ ࡟ ⭷ ౪ ⤥ Ỉ ࡀ 㐠 ࡤ ࢀ ࠊ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 Ỉ ࢆ ⭷ እ ቨ ഃ ࡟ ᚓ ࡿ ࠋ  ղ ㏫ Ὑ ᕤ ⛬ 㸦 Backwash process㸧  ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࡣ 㧗 ࠸ ᅛ ᾮ ศ 㞳 ⬟ ຊ ࢆ ᣢ ࡘ ࡀ ࠊ ࡑ ࡢ ⬟ ຊ ࢆ ಖ ࡘ ࡓ ࡵ ࡟ ࡣ ᫬ 㛫 ༢ ఩ ࡢ ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί ࡀ ᚲ せ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ࣔ ࣀ ࣜ ࢫ ὶ ㊰ ࡢ ෆ ഃ ࡟ ᙧ ᡂ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ࢣ ࣮ ࢟ ᒙ ࢆ ࠊ ᅽ ⦰ ✵ Ẽ ࡛ ຍ ᅽ ࡋ ࡓ ㏫ Ὑ Ỉ ࡟ ࡚ ศ 㞳 ᒙ ⾲ 㠃 ࡼ ࡾ ๤ 㞳 ࡉ ࡏ ࡿ ࠋ 

Chapter 2 Application status and challenges of membrane filtration ཎỈ ⭷ 叭 㐣 Ỉ ⭷ 叭 㐣 Ỉ ⭷ 叭 㐣 Ỉ ⭷ 叭 㐣 Ỉ ㏫Ὑ᤼Ỉ ㏫ Ὑ Ỉ ㏫ Ὑ Ỉ ㏫ Ὑ Ỉ ㏫ Ὑ Ỉ ᅽ⦰✵Ẽ ᅽ⦰✵Ẽ 䐟 Filtration process ղ Backwash process

ճ Air blow process

㏫ Ὑ Ỉ_㻌 Backwash water Filtr ate Filtr ate Raw water Backwash water Backwash water Backwash water Air blow Backwash wastewater

Chapter 2 Application status and challenges of membrane filtration

 ⭷ࡢ⸆ရὙί᪉ἲ

⸆ ရ Ὑ ί ࡜ ࡣ ࠊ ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί ࡢ ࡳ ࡛ ࡣ 㝖 ཤ ࡋ ࡁ ࢀ ࡞ ࠸ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ≀ ㉁ ࢆ ໬ Ꮫ ⓗ ࡟ ศ ゎ ࡋ ࠊ ⁐ ゎ 㝖 ཤ ࡍ ࡿ ᪉ ἲ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ௜ ╔ ≀ ㉁ ࡀ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ ࡢ ሙ ྜ ࠊ Ỉ 㓟 ໬ ࢼ ࢺ ࣜ ࢘ ࣒ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ࢔ ࣝ ࢝ ࣜ ࡸ ḟ ள ሷ ⣲ 㓟 ࢼ ࢺ ࣜ ࢘ ࣒ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ 㓟 ໬ ๣ ࡀ ⏝ ࠸ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ ௜ ╔ ≀ ㉁ ࡀ 㕲 ࠊ ࣐ ࣥ ࢞ ࣥ ࠊ ࢔ ࣝ ࣑ ࢽ ࢘ ࣒ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ↓ ᶵ ≀ ࡢ ሙ ྜ ࠊሷ 㓟 ࠊ◲ 㓟 ࠊࢡ ࢚ ࣥ 㓟 ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ 㓟 ࡀ ⏝ ࠸ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ ࢭ ࣛ ࣑ ࢵ ࢡ ⭷ ࡣ ࠊ ࢡ ࢚ ࣥ 㓟 㸦 ⃰ ᗘ 1.0 %㸧ࠊ ḟ ள ሷ ⣲ 㓟 ࢼ ࢺ ࣜ ࢘ ࣒ 㸦 ⃰ ᗘ 3000 mg/L㸧 ࡛ ⸆ ရ Ὑ ί ࢆ ᐇ ᪋ ࡋ ࠊ ࠸ ࡎ ࢀ ࡶ 㧗 ࠸ ᅇ ᚟ ⋡ ࡀ ᚓ ࡽ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 1 3 )_{ࠋ } 





Chapter 2 Application status and challenges of membrane filtration

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩

1) 㸦 බ ㈈ 㸧 Ỉ 㐨 ᢏ ⾡ ◊ ✲ ࢭ ࣥ ࢱ ࣮ 㸸 ࡋ ࡞ ࡸ ࠿ ࡞ ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡢ ᵓ ⠏ ࡟ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ◊ ✲ 㸦 J-Step ඹ ྠ ◊ ✲ 㸧 ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᪋ タ ᑟ ධ ࢞ ࢖ ࢻ ࣛ ࢖ ࣥ 2015 ᖺ 12 ᭶ , pp. 22, 2015. 2) 㸦 බ ㈈ 㸧 Ỉ 㐨 ᢏ ⾡ ◊ ✲ ࢭ ࣥ ࢱ ࣮ 㸸 ࡋ ࡞ ࡸ ࠿ ࡞ ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡢ ᵓ ⠏ ࡟ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ◊ ✲ 㸦 J-Step ඹ ྠ ◊ ✲ 㸧 ί Ỉ ᢏ ⾡ ࢞ ࢖ ࢻ ࣛ ࢖ ࣥ 2010, pp. 92-104, 2010. 3) 㸦 බ ㈈ 㸧 Ỉ 㐨 ᢏ ⾡ ◊ ✲ ࢭ ࣥ ࢱ ࣮ 㸸 ࡋ ࡞ ࡸ ࠿ ࡞ ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡢ ᵓ ⠏ ࡟ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ◊ ✲ 㸦 J-Step ඹ ྠ ◊ ✲ 㸧 ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᪋ タ ᑟ ධ ࢞ ࢖ ࢻ ࣛ ࢖ ࣥ 2015 ᖺ 12 ᭶ , pp. 23, 2015. 4) 㸦 බ ㈈ 㸧 Ỉ 㐨 ᢏ ⾡ ◊ ✲ ࢭ ࣥ ࢱ ࣮ 㸸 ࡋ ࡞ ࡸ ࠿ ࡞ ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡢ ᵓ ⠏ ࡟ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ◊ ✲ 㸦 J-Step ඹ ྠ ◊ ✲ 㸧 ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᪋ タ ᑟ ධ ࢞ ࢖ ࢻ ࣛ ࢖ ࣥ 2015 ᖺ 12 ᭶ , pp. 26, 2015. 5) 㸦 බ ㈈ 㸧 Ỉ 㐨 ᢏ ⾡ ◊ ✲ ࢭ ࣥ ࢱ ࣮ 㸸 ࡋ ࡞ ࡸ ࠿ ࡞ ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡢ ᵓ ⠏ ࡟ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ◊ ✲ 㸦 J-Step ඹ ྠ ◊ ✲ 㸧 ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᪋ タ ᑟ ධ ࢞ ࢖ ࢻ ࣛ ࢖ ࣥ 2015 ᖺ 12 ᭶ , pp. 21, 2015. 6) 㸦 බ ㈈ 㸧Ỉ 㐨 ᢏ ⾡ ◊ ✲ ࢭ ࣥ ࢱ ࣮㸸Ỉ 㐨 ࣍ ࢵ ࢺ ࢽ ࣗ ࣮ ࢫ 471-2 ྕ , ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ί Ỉ ᪋ タ 㸦 MF ⭷ ࣭ UF ⭷ 㸧 ࡢ ᑟ ධ ≧ ἣ , 2015. 7) 㸦 බ ㈈ 㸧 Ỉ 㐨 ᢏ ⾡ ◊ ✲ ࢭ ࣥ ࢱ ࣮ ࣍ ࣮ ࣒ ࣌ ࣮ ࢪ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᪋ タ ࡢ ᑟ ධ ≧ ἣ 㸪 ᖹ ᡂ 25 ᖺ ᗘ ᮎ . 8) 㸦 බ ㈈ 㸧 Ỉ 㐨 ᢏ ⾡ ◊ ✲ ࢭ ࣥ ࢱ ࣮ 㸸 ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᪋ タ ᑟ ධ ࢞ ࢖ ࢻ ࣛ ࢖ ࣥ 2015 ᖺ 12 ᭶ , pp. 9, 2015. 9) 㸦 බ ㈈ 㸧 Ỉ 㐨 ᢏ ⾡ ◊ ✲ ࢭ ࣥ ࢱ ࣮ 㸸 ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᪋ タ ᑟ ධ ࢞ ࢖ ࢻ ࣛ ࢖ ࣥ 2015 ᖺ 12 ᭶ , pp. 10, 2015. 10) ᒣ ᮧ ᐶ 㸸 ί Ỉ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡢ ほ ᐹ ࣭ ୺ ᅉ ࣭ ᢚ ไ , ࢽ ࣗ ࣮ ࣓ ࣥ ࣈ ࣞ ࣥ ࢩ ࣥ ࣏ ࢪ ࢘ ࣒ , 2013 ࢸ ࢟ ࢫ ࢺ , pp. S4-3-1㹼 S4-3-11, 2013. 11) DOC-Labor ♫ ࣍ ࣮ ࣒ ࣌ 㸫 ࢪ http://www.doc-labor.de ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ఑ ᮾ ओ ࣍ ࣮ ࣒ ࣌ ࣮ ࢪ http://www.hakuto.co.jp㸬

12) Stefan A. Huber㸪Andreas Balz㸪Michael Abert㸪Wouter Pronk : Characterization of aquatic humic and non-humic matter with size-exclusion chromatography - organic carbon detection - organic nitrogen detection㸦 LC-OCD-OND㸧 , Water

Chapter 2 Application status and challenges of membrane filtration 13) Katsuki Kimura, Ken Tanaka, Yoshimasa Watanabe : Microfiltration of different

surface waters with/without coagulation : Clear correlations between membrane fouling and hydrophilic biopolymers, Water Research, Vol. 49, pp. 434-443, 2014. 14) ⏣ ୰ ೺ 㸪 ᮌ ᮧ ඞ ㍤ 㸪 Ώ ㎶ ⩏ බ 㸸 ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡢ Ⓨ ⏕ ࡜ Ỉ 㐨 ཎ Ỉ ୰ ࡢ ࣂ ࢖ ࢜ ࣏ ࣜ ࣐ ࣮ ⃰ ᗘ ࡢ ┦ 㛵 , ➨ 48 ᅇ Ỉ ⎔ ቃ Ꮫ ఍ ᖺ ఍ ㅮ ₇ 㞟 2014, pp. 89, 2014. 15) Ᏻ ⸨ ⳯ Ꮚ 㸪ᮌ ᮧ ඞ ㍤㸸Ỉ 㐨 ཎ Ỉ ୰ ࡢ ࣂ ࢖ ࢜ ࣏ ࣜ ࣐ ࣮࣭ࢼ ࣀ ⢏ Ꮚ ࡢ 㝖 ཤ ᛶ , ➨ 49 ᅇ Ỉ ⎔ ቃ Ꮫ ఍ ᖺ ఍ ㅮ ₇ 㞟 2015, pp. 380, 2015. 16) ኱ ᮌ ᗣ ඘ 㸪 ᮌ ᮧ ඞ ㍤ 㸸 ࣂ ࢖ ࢜ ࣏ ࣜ ࣐ ࣮ ࡢ 㝖 ཤ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ί Ỉ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡢ ᢚ ไ , ➨ 49 ᅇ Ỉ ⎔ ቃ Ꮫ ఍ ᖺ ఍ ㅮ ₇ 㞟 2015, pp. 385, 2015. 17) ⨾ 㤿 ᬛ 㸪 ᕝ ℩ ඃ ἞ 㸪 ᯇ ஭ ె ᙪ 㸸 ⮯ Ẽ 㝖 ཤ ࡬ ࡢ ᚤ ⢊ Ⅳ ࢭ ࣛ ࣑ ࢵ ࢡ ⭷ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡢ 㐺 ⏝ , ➨ 59 ᅇ ඲ ᅜ Ỉ 㐨 ◊ ✲ Ⓨ ⾲ ఍ ㅮ ₇ 㞟 , pp. 176-177, 2009.

Chapter 3 Advanced membrane filtration water treatment systems  

➨㸱❶

⸴㢮ྵ᭷Ỉ※࡟㐺⏝ࡍࡿ

⭷ࢁ㐣㧗ᗘίỈࢩࢫࢸ࣒

ࡢᥦ᱌

    

 ࡣࡌࡵ࡟

ί Ỉ ࡟ ฼ ⏝ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ཎ Ỉ ࡣ ከ ✀ ከ ᵝ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ ⃮ ᗘ ࠊ ⁐ Ꮡ ែ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ ࠊ ࢘ ࢕ ࣝ ࢫ ࠊ ࣂ ࢡ ࢸ ࣜ ࢔ ࠊ ཎ ⹸ ࠊ ࿡ ぬ ࠊ ⮯ Ẽ ࠊ ᚤ 㔞 ở ᰁ ≀ ㉁ ࡞ ࡝ ࢆ ከ 㔞 ࡟ ྵ ࡴ ሙ ྜ ࡶ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ࡇ ࡢ ሙ ྜ ࠊ ⭷ ࡢ ༢ ⊂ ฎ ⌮ ࡛ ࡣ ί Ỉ ࡟ 㝈 ⏺ ࡀ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ 」 ᩘ ࡢ ࣉ ࣟ ࢭ ࢫ ࢆ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡚ ί Ỉ ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ ᚲ せ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ  ᮏ ◊ ✲ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ 㛢 㙐 ᛶ Ỉ ᇦ ࢆ ୰ ᚰ ࡟ ᐩ ᰤ 㣴 ໬ ࡀ 㐍 ⾜ ࡋ ࠊ ⸴ 㢮 ࡟ ㉳ ᅉ ࡋ ࡓ ί Ỉ 㞀 ᐖ 㸦 ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ࡜ ฎ ⌮ Ỉ ㉁ ࡟ ᑐ ࡍ ࡿ 㞀 ᐖ 㸧 ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ Ỉ ※ ࢆ ᑐ ㇟ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 1 )_{ࠋ } ࡇ ࡇ ࡛ ࠊ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ 㞀 ᐖ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ᩚ ⌮ ࡍ ࡿ ࡜ ࠊ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ࡬ ୚ ࠼ ࡿ 㞀 ᐖ ࡣ ࠊ ձ ⸴ 㢮 ቑ Ṫ ࡟ క ࠺ pH ୖ ᪼ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ จ 㞟 㜼 ᐖ ࠊ ղ จ 㞟 㜼 ᐖ ࢆ ㉳ ᅉ ࡜ ࡋ ࡓ ỿ Ẋ ୙ Ⰻ ࡟ క ࠺ ỿ Ẋ ụ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ࢁ 㐣 ụ ࠿ ࡽ ࡢ ࣇ ࣟ ࢵ ࢡ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ⸴ 㢮 ࡢ ὶ ฟ ࠊճ ࢁ 㐣 ụ 㛢 ሰ ࡞ ࡝ ࡀ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ᑐ ⟇ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊᚑ ᮶ ࡢ ◁ ࢁ 㐣 ἲ ࡛ ࡣ ẅ ⸴ ࢆ ┠ ⓗ ࡜ ࡋ ࡓ ๓ ሷ ⣲ ฎ ⌮ ࡀ ⾜ ࢃ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ୍ ᪉ ࠊ ฎ ⌮ Ỉ ㉁ ࡬ ୚ ࠼ ࡿ 㞀 ᐖ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࡣ ࠊձ ⸴ 㢮 ⮬ ㌟ ࡸ ࡑ ࡢ Ṛ 㧁 ࡢ ศ ゎ 㐣 ⛬ ࡛ Ⓨ ⏕ ࡍ ࡿ ⮯ Ẽ ≀ ㈨ ࠊղ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ 㞀 ᐖ ࡢ ᢚ ไ ࡢ ࡓ ࡵ ࡟ ⾜ ࠺ ๓ ሷ ⣲ ฎ ⌮ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ࢺ ࣜ ࣁ ࣟ ࣓ ࢱ ࣥ ࡢ ⏕ ᡂ ࡞ ࡝ ࡀ ᣲ ࡆ ࡽ ࢀ ࠊ ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ᑐ ⟇ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ◁ ࢁ 㐣 ࡟ ά ᛶ Ⅳ

Chapter 3 Advanced membrane filtration water treatment systems ྾ ╔ ࢆ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡓ ฎ ⌮ ࡀ ⾜ ࢃ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ࡞ ࠾ ࠊ ά ᛶ Ⅳ ྾ ╔ ฎ ⌮ ࡣ ㎰ ⸆ ࡸ ࠊ 2࣓ ࢳ ࣝ ࢖ ࢯ ࣎ ࣝ ࢿ ࢜ ࣮ ࣝ 㸦 2-MIB㸧 ࡸ ࢪ ࢙ ࢜ ࢫ ࣑ ࣥ ࡟ ௦ ⾲ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ⮯ Ẽ ≀ ㉁ ࠊࢺ ࣜ ࣁ ࣟ ࣓ ࢱ ࣥ㸦 THMs㸧࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ࡑ ࡢ ๓ 㥑 ≀ ㉁ ࡞ ࡝ ࡢ ⁐ Ꮡ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ ࢆ 㝖 ཤ ࡍ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࡟ ᚲ せ ࡟ ࡞ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ ㏻ ᖖ ࡢ ฎ ⌮ ࡟ ẚ ࡭ ฎ ⌮ ࢥ ࢫ ࢺ ࡀ ๭ 㧗 ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ 㞴 Ⅼ ࢆ ࡶ ࡘ ࠋ   ࡑ ࡇ ࡛ ࠊ ᮏ ❶ ࡛ ࡣ ⸴ 㢮 ྵ ᭷ Ỉ ※ ࡟ 㐺 ⏝ ࡋ ࠺ ࡿ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᢏ ⾡ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡓ 㧗 ᗘ ί Ỉ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ᥦ ᱌ ࡋ ࠊ ᪤   ࡢ ◊ ✲ ≧ ἣ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ゐ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ  





Chap



Ỉ ࡢ ࡲ ࡏ ࠊ ῧ ຍ TOC ࡀ ࡛ ඘ ศ ᮏ ࢩ ࢸ ࣒ ࢸ ࣒ ㉁ ࠊ ໬ ࡋ ࡟ ࡍ 



R pter 3

 ๓จ

Ỉ ୰ ࡢ ᠱ ⃮ ࡲ ࡲ ࡛ ࡣ ᐜ ࣇ ࣟ ࢵ ࢡ ຍ ࡋ ࡓ จ 㞟 CࠊUV260 ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࡜ ሗ ศ ࡞ จ 㞟 ຠ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࢆ ࣒ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ ࣒ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ จ ⮯ Ẽ ➼ 㸧ࠊ ࡋ ࠊ ࢭ ࣛ ࣑ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ  Fig. 3 Surface wa Receiving

จ㞟ࢆ⤌

⃮ ≀ ㉁ ࡢ ࠺ ᐜ ᫆ ࡟ 㝖 ࡅ ࢡ ࢆ ᙧ ᡂ ࡉ 㞟 ฎ ⌮ 㸩 ⭷ ࡛ ♧ ࡉ ࢀ ሗ ࿌ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ຠ ᯝ ࡜ ⭷ 㛢 ࢆ Fig. 3.1 ௚ ࡢ ฎ ⌮ จ 㞟 ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࠊ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࡟ ࣑ ࢵ ࢡ ⭷ ࢁ .1 Membr pre-coa 㹋  ater Coagula Mix tank Advanc

⤌ࡳྜ

࠺ ࡕ ࠊ ⢓ ᅵ ࡅ ࡞ ࠸ ࡓ ࡵ ࡉ ࡏ ࡚ ྲྀ ࡾ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᐇ 㦂 ࢀ ࡿ ⁐ Ꮡ ែ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 3 )_ࠋ 㛢 ሰ ᢚ ไ ຠ ࡟ ♧ ࡍ ࠋ ⌮ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ 㐣 ༢ ⊂ ࡟ ࠾ ࡟ ᑐ ࡍ ࡿ ⸴ ࢁ 㐣 ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ rane filtra agulation



㹋 ant Coagulati xing tank ced membra

ྜࢃࡏࡓ

ᅵ ࠊ ࣇ ࣑ ࣥ ࡵ ࠊ จ 㞟 ๣ ࡾ 㝖 ࡃ ᚲ せ 㦂 ࡟ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ែ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ ࡜ ࡲ ࡓ ࠊ P ຠ ᯝ ࡀ Ⓨ ᥹ ᭱ ࡶ ◊ ✲ ࣒ ࡟ ᑐ ࡋ ẚ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ᭷ ᶵ ⸴ 㢮 㞀 ᐖ ࢸ ࣒ ࡟ ࠾ ࡅ ation wate ion 㹎 Membr Feed P ane filtratio

ࡓ⭷ࢁ㐣

ࣥ ㉁ ࡞ ࡝ ࡢ ๣ ࡟ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ せ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࡚ ࠊ ↓ ῧ ຍ ࡜ Fe ࡣ ࠊ㧗 PACl ࢆ ᴟ ᥹ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࡜ ✲ ⣡ ධ ᐇ ⦼ ẚ ㍑ ᑐ ㇟ ࡜ ᶵ ≀ ࡢ 㝈 ⏺ 㸦 จ 㞟 ࠊ ࡅ ࡿ ᇶ ᮏ ⓗ er treatm

Membra

Ce rane Pump on water tre

㐣ίỈ

ࡢ ࢥ ࣟ ࢖ ࡚ ࠊ ⢏ Ꮚ ྠ 2 )_{ࠋ จ 㞟 ๣} ຍ ࡢ ሙ ྜ 㧗 ࠸ 㝖 ཤ ⋡ ᴟ ᚤ 㔞 ῧ ຍ ࡜ ☜ ㄆ ࡉ ࢀ ⦼ ࡢ ࠶ ࡿ ί ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ ࠋ ࡲ ⏺ 㝖 ཤ ᛶ ࢁ 㐣 㸧ࡢ ᙳ ⓗ ࡞ 㝖 ཤ ᛶ ent system

ane filtra

ramic mem Modul eatment sys

ࢩࢫࢸ

ࢻ ≀ ㉁ ࡣ ྠ ኈ ࢆ จ 㞟 ๣ 㸦 PACl ࡜ ẚ ㍑ ࡋ ⋡ ࢆ ᚓ ࡿ ຍ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ࡲ ࡓ ࠊ ᮏ 㸦 THM ๓ ᙳ 㡪 ᗘ ࢆ ᛶ ⬟ ࢆ ᫂ m with

ation

Fil

mbrane e㻌 stems

ࢸ࣒

ࠊ ࡑ 㞟 ࡉ 㸧 ࢆ ࡚ ࠊ ࡇ ࡜ ࡜ ࡛ ࠊ 4 )_ࠋ ࢩ ࢫ ࢩ ࢫ 㥑 ≀ ᫂ ☜ ࡽ ࠿ 

trate

Chap



⭷ ฎ ⌮ ⌮ ࡢ ⣲ ฎ จ 㞟 ᮏ 㝈 ⏺ 㞟 ࠊ ᇶ ᮏ 





Rec Sur pter 3

 ๓ሷ

⭷

⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ⌮ ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ ࡇ ࡢ ๓ ẁ ฎ ⌮ ฎ ⌮ ࡸ ⭷ ࢁ 㞟 ๓ ฎ ⌮ ࡟ ᮏ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ⏺ 㝖 ཤ ᛶ ࢁ 㐣 㸧 ࡢ ᮏ ⓗ ࡞ 㝖 ཤ Fig. Pre-ch ceiving tan rface water

ሷ⣲࡜๓

ࢁ㐣ί

ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࢆ ᢚ ࡇ ࡜ ࡣ ᭷ ຠ ⌮ 5 )_{࡜ ࡋ ࡚} ࢁ 㐣 Ỉ ࡟ ṧ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ⭷ 㛢 ࣒ ࢆ ᳨ ウ ࡍ 㸦 THM ๓ ࡢ ᙳ 㡪 ᗘ ࢆ ཤ ᛶ ⬟ ࢆ ᫂ . 3.2 Mem with 㹋  hlorination Chlorine Mixin nk㻌 r㻌 Advanc

๓จ㞟

Ỉࢩࢫ

ᢚ ไ ࡍ ࡿ ᡭ ຠ ࡞ ᡭ ẁ ࡛ ࡚ ౑ ⏝ ࡋ ⭷ ṧ ␃ ሷ ⣲ ࡀ 㛢 ሰ ᢚ ไ 7 ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡛ 㥑 ≀ ㉁ ࠊ ࢆ ᫂ ☜ ໬ ࡋ ᫂ ࡽ ࠿ ࡟ ࡍ mbrane filt pre-chlor



㹋 ng tank Coagulat Coagulan ced membra

㞟ࢆ⤌ࡳ

ࢫࢸ࣒

ᡭ ἲ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ᪤ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࡀ ☜ ಖ ࡉ ࢀ 7 )_{ࡀ ሗ ࿌ ࡉ} ࡛ ๓ ሷ ⣲ ࡜ ⮯ Ẽ ➼ 㸧ࠊ ࡋ ࠊ ࢭ ࣛ ࣑ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ  tration w rination a 㹎 Membran Feed Pum tion nt ane filtratio

ࡳྜࢃࡏ

࡚ ࠊ ⭷ ฎ ⌮ ᪤   ࡢ ◊ ✲ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࢆ ㍍ ࢀ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡜ จ 㞟 ⭷ ࢁ ࠊ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࡟ ࣑ ࢵ ࢡ ⭷ ࢁ ater treat and pre-co Ceram ne mp

Membran

on water tre

ࡏࡓ

⌮ ࡢ ๓ ẁ ࡛ ✲ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ๓ ㍍ ῶ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ⭷ 㛢 ࡿ ࠋ  ࢁ 㐣 ࡟ ࠾ ࡅ ࡟ ᑐ ࡍ ࡿ ⸴ ࢁ 㐣 ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ tment syst oagulation



mic memb Module㻌

ne filtrat

eatment sys ࡛ ఱ ࡽ ࠿ ๓ ሷ ⣲ ࢆ ⭷ ࡿ ౛ ࡸ ࠊ 㛢 ሰ ᢚ ไ ࡅ ࡿ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ ⸴ 㢮 㞀 ᐖ ࢸ ࣒ ࡟ ࠾ tem n brane㻌

tion

㻌

Filtra

stems ࡢ ๓ ⭷ ฎ ๓ ሷ 6 )_ࠊ ≀ ࡢ 㸦 จ ࡅ ࡿ

te

Chap



ཌ 㧗 ᗘ ᭱ ኱ ࢸ ࣒ ᮏ 2-M จ 㞟 ཤ ࢆ   F 



R S pter 3

 ᚤ⢊

⭷ࢁ

ཌ ປ ┬ ࣉ ࣟ ᗘ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ኱ つ ᶍ ࡛ ࠶ ࣒ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ᮏ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ IBࠊ ࢪ ࢙ 㞟 ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࡍ ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ ࠋ  Fig. 3.3 M ac Activ Receiving Surface wa

⢊Ⅳ྾╔

ࢁ㐣ί

ࣟ ࢪ ࢙ ࢡ ࢺ ⌮ ᢏ ⾡ 㛤 Ⓨ ࠶ ࡿ ᶓ ὾ ᕷ  ࣒ ࡢ ≉ ᚩ ࡣ ࢜ ࢫ ࣑ ࣥ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡛ Membrane ctivated c 㹋  S-PAC vated carbo Mix tank㻌 ter Advanc

╔࡜๓

Ỉࢩࢫ

ࢺ ࠕ e-Wa Ⓨ ◊ ✲ ࠖ ࡟ ᕷ Ỉ 㐨 ᒁ ᕝ ࡣ ࠊ ㏻ ᖖ ࡢ ࣥ ➼ ⁐ ゎ ᛶ ࡛ ࠊ 㝖 ⳦ ࣭ filtration arbon ads



㹋 C on xing tank Coagu Coagul ced membra

๓จ㞟ࢆ

ࢫࢸ࣒

aterϩ ᚤ ⢊ ࡟ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ◊ ᕝ ஭ ί Ỉ ሙ ࡢ ⢊ ᮎ ά ᛶ ᛶ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ ࢆ ࣭ 㝖 ⃮ ࠾ ࡼ n water tr sorption ( 㹎 Membr Feed P ulation lant ane filtratio

ࢆ⤌ࡳྜ

⢊ Ⅳ ῧ ຍ ࢭ ◊ ✲ ᐇ ⦼ ࡢ ሙ ࡟ ᥇ ⏝ ࡉ ᛶ Ⅳ ࢆ ᚤ ⣮ ࢆ ຠ ⋡ ⓗ ࡟ ࡼ ࡧ ࡑ ࡢ ௚ reatment (S-PAC) a Cer rane ump

Membr

on water tre

ྜࢃࡏ

ࢭ ࣛ ⭷ ࢩ ࢫ ࡢ ࠶ ࡿ ࣇ ࣟ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ί Ỉ ⣮ ໬ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡟ ྾ ╔ 㝖 ཤ ௚ ⁐ ゎ ᛶ ≀ system wi and pre-co amic mem Module

rane filtr

eatment sys

ࡓ

ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡟ ࣟ ࣮ ࡛ ࠊ Ỉ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࡼ ཤ ࡋ ࠊ ࡉ ≀ ㉁ ࡶ ྠ ith powde oagulatio mbrane㻌 e㻌

ration

㻌

Filtr

stems ࡼ ࡿ ᅜ ෆ ࢩ ࢫ ࡾ ࠊ ࡽ ࡟ ᫬ 㝖 ered n

rate

Chap



ࡇ ⾜ ࡗ ࡇ ⓗ ᙉ 㐣 ࡢ ࢆ ᫂  



Rec Sur pter 3

 ໬Ꮫ

⭷

ࡇ ࢀ ࡲ ࡛ ࡣ ࡗ ࡚ ࡁ ࡓ ࠋ ࡇ ࡢ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ᙉ ໬ ㏫ Ὑ ࡢ Ᏻ ᐃ ໬ ࢆ ᫂ ࡽ ࠿ ࡟ ࡍ Fig. Activat ceiving ta rface water

Ꮫⓗᙉ໬

ࢁ㐣ί

ࡣ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘  ࢸ ࣒ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ 㸦 CEB㸸 C ࢆ ┠ ⓗ ࡟ ࢭ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ  . 3.4 Mem chem 㹋  S-PAC ed carbon Mixin nk r㻌 Advanc

໬㏫Ὑ

Ỉࢩࢫ

࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࢆ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ hemical en ࢭ ࣛ ࣑ ࢵ ࢡ mbrane filt mical enha



㹋 ng tank Coagulat Coagulan ced membra

Ὑࢆ⤌ࡳ

ࢫࢸ࣒

ࢆ ᢚ ไ ࡍ ࡿ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ᢚ nhanced b ࢡ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࢩ tration w anced bac 㹎 Membran Feed Pum

M

tion nt ane filtratio

ࡳྜࢃࡏ

ࡿ ᡭ ἲ ࡜ ࡋ ᢚ ไ ຠ ᯝ ࡀ backwashin ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡟ ater treat kwashing Ceram ne mp

Membran

on water tre

ࡏࡓ

ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ ⭷ ฎ ࡀ ሗ ࿌ ࡉ ࢀ ng㸧 ࢆ 㐺 ࡟ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ᇶ tment syst g (CEB) mic memb Module㻌

ne filtrat

eatment sys ฎ ⌮ ࡢ ๓ ẁ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ໬ ⏝ ࡋ 8 )_{ࠊ ⭷} ᇶ ᮏ ⓗ ࡞ ᛶ tem with brane㻌

tion

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stems ẁ ࡛ ໬ Ꮫ ⭷ ࢁ ᛶ ⬟ 

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Chapter 3 Advanced membrane filtration water treatment systems

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩

1) ఀ ⸨ ╬ 㞝 㸪 ἟ ᑼ ఙ 㸪 㧗 ⏣ ᾈ ᖾ 㸸 㟘 ࣨ ᾆ ࢆ Ỉ ※ ࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ί Ỉ ሙ ࡟ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ᡭ ἲ ࡢ ᨵ ၿ ࡟ ಀ ࡿ ඹ ྠ ◊ ✲ (I),➨ 61 ᅇ ඲ ᅜ Ỉ 㐨 ◊ ✲ Ⓨ ⾲ ఍ ㅮ ₇ 㞟 㸪 pp. 198-199, 2010. 2) 㣤 ᔱ ᐉ 㞝 㸪 ໭ ⃝ ᘯ ⨾ 㸪 ⯪ ஭ ὒ ᩥ 㸪 ᯇ ⏣ ዊ ᗣ 㸪 ᮏ ᒣ ᬛ ၨ 㸸 ୖ Ỉ 㐨 ᕤ Ꮫ 㸦 ➨ 㸲 ∧ 㸧 , ᳃ ໭ ฟ ∧ , 2010.

3) Soryong Chae, Hiroshi Yamamura, Bowha Choi, Yoshimasa Watanabe: Fouling characteristics of pressurized and submerged PVDF 㸦 polyvinylidene fluoride㸧 microfiltration membranes in a pilot-scale drinking water production system: Under low and high turbidity conditions, Book of Abstracts(IWA International

Conference on Particle Separation), pp. 111, 2007.

4) ㎷ ṇ ோ 㸪 ෆ ⸨ ฼ ኵ 㸪 ᐑ ᓥ ⿱ Ꮚ 㸪 㟷 ᮌ ఙ ᾈ 㸪 ᒣ ᮏ ᗣ ᙪ 㸪 ᮧ ℩ ග ୍ 㸸 จ 㞟 ๣ ࡢ ᴟ ᚤ 㔞 ῧ ຍ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ↓ ᶵ MF ⭷ ࡢ 㛢 ሰ ゎ ᾘ ຠ ᯝ , Ỉ 㐨 ༠ ఍ 㞧 ㄅ , ➨ 845 ྕ , pp. 2-10, 2005. 5) ඵ ᕳ ဴ ஓ 㸪 Jae-Lim LIM㸪 ྜྷ ཎ ᗣ ᚨ 㸪 ⡿ ᕝ ᆒ 㸪 ኱ ᮧ 㐩 ኵ 㸸 ⸴ 㢮 ⏤ ᮶ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ ࡟ ㉳ ᅉ ࡍ ࡿ ࢭ ࣛ ࣑ ࢵ ࢡ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡢ ๓ ሷ ⣲ ฎ ⌮ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ᢚ ไ ຠ ᯝ , ᅵ ᮌ Ꮫ ఍ ㄽ ᩥ 㞟 G㸦 ⎔ ቃ 㸧 , Vol .68, No. 7, pp. Ϫ _51-58, 2012. 6) ㈅ ㇂ ྜྷ ⱥ 㸪 ఀ ⸨ ⩏ ୍ 㸪  ἑ ᬛ 㸪 ⸨ ⏣ ㈼ ஧ 㸪 ከ ᕝ ṇ 㸸 ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ࡟ ౑ ⏝ ࡋ ࡓ ⭷ ࡢ ở ᰁ ≀ ㉁ ࡟ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ◊ ✲㸦 3㸧๓ ሷ ⣲ ฎ ⌮ ࡢ ⭷ ở ᰁ ᢚ ไ ຠ ᯝ , Ỉ 㐨 ༠ ఍ 㞧 ㄅ , Vol. 68, No. 10, pp. 15-20, 1999. 7) ‮ ὸ ᬗ 㸪 ᑎ ⏣ ኖ 㸪 㙊 ⏣ ⊛ 㸪 ụ ᒣ ᐩ ஧ ⏨ 㸸 ࢭ ࣛ ࣑ ࢵ ࢡ ⭷ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡓ Ἑ ᕝ Ỉ ࡢ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᐇ 㦂 , ➨ 43 ᅇ ඲ ᅜ Ỉ 㐨 ◊ ✲ Ⓨ ⾲ ఍ ㅮ ₇ 㞟 , pp. 301-302, 1992. 8) ゅ ᕝ ຌ ᫂ 㸪 㟷 ᮌ ᮍ ▱ Ꮚ 㸪 ᮌ ᮧ ⨾ ⣖ 㸪 㜰 ᮏ ༤ 㸸 Ἑ ᕝ ⾲ ὶ Ỉ ᑐ ᛂ 㧗 ຠ ⋡ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡢ 㛤 Ⓨ , ➨ 56 ᅇ ඲ ᅜ Ỉ 㐨 ◊ ✲ Ⓨ ⾲ ఍ ㅮ ₇ 㞟 , pp. 266-267, 2005. 

Chapter 4 Membrane filtration combined with pre-coagulation  

➨㸲❶

๓จ㞟ࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡓ

⭷ࢁ㐣ίỈࢩࢫࢸ࣒

    

 ࡣࡌࡵ࡟

⭷ ࢁ 㐣 㐣 ⛬ ࡛ Ⓨ ⏕ ࡍ ࡿ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡢ ไ ᚚ ࡣ ࠊ ⾲ ὶ Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ࡟ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࢆ 㐺 ⏝ ࡍ ࡿ 㝿 ࡟ 㔜 せ ࡞ ព ࿡ ࢆ ࡶ ࡘ ࠋ ୍ 㒊 ࡢ ◊ ✲ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ จ 㞟 ࡀ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࢆ ㍍ ῶ ࡋ ࠊ ྠ ᫬ ࡟ ୍ ᐃ 㔞 ࡢ ࣇ ࣑ ࣥ ㉁ ࢆ 㝖 ཤ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ຠ ᯝ ⓗ ࡞ ๓ ฎ ⌮ ࣉ ࣟ ࢭ ࢫ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࢆ ᫂ ࡽ ࠿ ࡟ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 1 - 3 )ࠋ୍ ᪉ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊᶆ ‽ จ 㞟 ỿ ⃦ ἲ ࡟ 㐺 ࡋ ࡓ จ 㞟 ᮲ ௳ ࢆ ᥇ ⏝ ࡍ ࡿ ࡜ จ 㞟 ๓ ฎ ⌮ ࡀ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࢆ ᝏ ໬ ࡉ ࡏ ࡚ ᭱ 㐺 ᛶ ⬟ ࢆ ᚓ ࡽ ࢀ ࡞ ࠿ ࡗ ࡓ ࡇ ࡜ ࢆ ᫂ ࡽ ࠿ ࡟ ࡋ ࡓ ◊ ✲ ౛ ࡶ ࠶ ࡿ 4 - 7 )ࠋᮌ ᮧ 8 )ࡽ ࡣ ࠊᕷ ㈍ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࣇ ࣑ ࣥ 㓟 ࠊࡲ ࡓ ࡣ ྛ ✀ ᮲ ௳ ୗ ࡛ ࣏ ࣜ ሷ ໬ ࢔ ࣝ ࣑ ࢽ ࢘ ࣒ 㸦 PACl㸧 ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ จ 㞟 ࡋ ࡓ ᚋ ࠊ ⾲ ὶ Ỉ ࠿ ࡽ ศ 㞳 ࡋ ࡓ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ ࢆ ౑ ⏝ ࡋ ࡚ ୍ 㐃 ࡢ ࣋ ࣥ ࢳ ࢫ ࢣ ࣮ ࣝ ࡢ ⭷ 㸦 Ꮝ ᚄ 0.1 μm㸧 ࢁ 㐣 ᐇ 㦂 ࢆ ࡋ ࠊ ࡑ ࡢ ⤖ ᯝ ࡟ ᇶ ࡙ ࡁ ࠊ จ 㞟 ᮲ ௳ ࡀ ≀ ⌮ ⓗ ࡟ ୙ ྍ ㏫ ࡞ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡢ ᗘ ྜ ࠸ ࡟ ኱ ࡁ ࡞ ᙳ 㡪 ࢆ ࡶ ࡘ ࡇ ࡜ ࢆ ᫂ ࡽ ࠿ ࡟ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ  㓟 ᛶ จ 㞟 ᮲ ௳ ࡀ ฎ ⌮ Ỉ ࡢ Ỉ ㉁ ࢆ ᨵ ၿ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ศ ࠿ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ ㏻ ᖖ ࠊ ࡇ ࢀ ࡣ ࠊ ୰ ᛶ ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ ࡣ ࢔ ࣝ ࢝ ࣜ ᛶ ᮲ ௳ ࡼ ࡾ ࡶ ኱ ࡁ ࡞ ≀ ⌮ ⓗ ୙ ྍ

Chapter 4 Membrane filtration combined with pre-coagulation ࡑ ࡢ ⭷ ࡜ ࡢ ぶ ࿴ ᛶ ࡟ 㛵 ࡋ ࡚ ࡣ ࠊ จ 㞟 ๣ ὀ ධ ⋡ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ pH ࡢ ௚ ࡟ ࠊ ᨩ ᢾ ᙉ ᗘ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ จ 㞟 ࣉ ࣟ ࢭ ࢫ ࡢ ᫬ 㛫 ࡶ 㔜 せ ࡞ ไ ᚚ せ ᅉ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ࡋ ࠿ ࡋ ࡞ ࡀ ࡽ ࠊ จ 㞟 ࢆ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࡢ ๓ ฎ ⌮ ࣉ ࣟ ࢭ ࢫ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ 㐺 ⏝ ࡋ ࡓ ᫬ ࠊ ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ せ ᅉ ࡀ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡟ ࡝ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ ᙳ 㡪 ࡍ ࡿ ࠿ ▱ ࡽ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡞ ࠸ ࡋ ࠊ ᐇ 㦂 つ ᶍ ࡛ ࡢ ㄪ ᰝ ࡞ ࡝ ࡶ ◊ ✲ ౛ ࡀ ᑡ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ  ᮏ ❶ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ Ἑ ᕝ ⾲ ὶ Ỉ ࢆ ᑐ ㇟ ࡟ ๓ จ 㞟 ࢆ ຍ ࠼ ࡓ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᐇ 㦂 ࢆ ⾜ ࠸ ࠊ ๓ จ 㞟 ࡢ ᨩ ᢾ ᮲ ௳ ࡀ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡟ ୚ ࠼ ࡿ ᇶ ♏ ⓗ ࡞ ᮲ ௳ ࢆ ᫂ ࡽ ࠿ ࡟ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࢆ ┠ ⓗ ࡜ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ල య ⓗ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ ᧠ ᢾ ᙉ ᗘ G ್ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ᨩ ᢾ ᫬ 㛫 t ࢆ ᗈ ࠸ ⠊ ᅖ㸦 G=30-1375 s- 1㸪t=1.5-600 sec㸧࡛ ኚ ໬ ࡉ ࡏ ࡚ ࠊจ 㞟 ࡀ ⭷ ᛶ ⬟ ࡟ ୚ ࠼ ࡿ ᙳ 㡪 ࢆ ᳨ ウ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡚ ࠊ ཎ Ỉ Ỉ ㉁ ኚ ື ࡢ 㝿 ࡢ ࢁ 㐣 ᛶ ⬟ ࡟ ୚ ࠼ ࡿ จ 㞟 ᮲ ௳ ᭱ 㐺 ໬ ࡢ ᙳ 㡪 ࡶ ᳨ ウ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ 





Chapter 4 Membrane filtration combined with pre-coagulation

 ᐇ㦂᪉ἲ

 ᐇ 㦂 ሙ ᡤ 

ឡ ▱ ┴ ෆ ࡢ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ᪋ タ ࡟ ⏝ ࠸ ࡽ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ Ỉ 㐨 Ỉ ※ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ᮌ ᭮ ᕝ ࡢ Ỉ ࢆ ฎ ⌮ ཎ Ỉ ࡟ ⏝ ࠸ ࡚ ࠊ จ 㞟 㸫 ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࣉ ࣟ ࢭ ࢫ ࡢ 」 ྜ ᐇ 㦂 ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ 

 ᐇ 㦂 ཎ Ỉ 

ᚑ ᮶ ࡢ ᛴ ㏿ ࢁ 㐣 ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡟ ὶ ධ ࡋ ࡓ ᮌ ᭮ ᕝ ࡢ Ỉ ࢆ ཎ Ỉ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ฼ ⏝ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ࡇ ࡢ ◊ ✲ ࡟ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ཎ Ỉ ࡢ Ỉ ㉁ ࢆ Table 4.1 ࡟ ࡲ ࡜ ࡵ ࡿ ࠋ Ἑ ᕝ Ỉ ࡢ Ỉ ㉁ ࡣ ඲ య ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ Ⰻ ዲ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ࡇ ࡢ ◊ ✲ ᮇ 㛫 ୰ ࠊ ⃮ ᗘ ࠊ Ⰽ ᗘ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ DOC ࡢ ୰ ኸ ್ ࡣ ࠊ ࡑ ࢀ ࡒ ࢀ ࠊ 3.9 ᗘ ࠊ 2.3 ᗘ ࠊ 1.0mg/L ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ⃮ ᗘ ࠊⰍ ᗘ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ DOC ࡢ ᭱ 㧗 ್ ࡣ ࠊࡑ ࢀ ࡒ ࢀ ࠊ68 ᗘ ࠊ11.0 ᗘ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ 2.7 mg/L ࡟ 㐩 ࡋ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊ㇦ 㞵 ࡢ ᚋ ࡛   ᐃ ࡋ ࡓ ್ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋỈ ㉁ ศ ᯒ ࡣ ࠊୖ Ỉ ヨ 㦂 ᪉ ἲ ࡟ ᚑ ࡗ ࡚ ᐇ ᪋ ࡋ ࡓ 9 )ࠋ 

Table 4.1 Kiso River raw water quality during the study period

Item Ave Max Min Number of samples pH 㻌 7.2 8.3 6.5 90 Turbidity degree 5.8 68 0.5 95 Color degree 2.6 11 0.6 93 Total - Fe mg/L 0.15 1.4 0.02 90 Soluble - Fe mg/L 0.03 0.18 <0.01 89 Total - Mn mg/L 0.017 0.08 0.004 90 Soluble - M n mg/L 0.003 0.014 0.001 89 Total - Al mg/L 0.17 1.5 0.04 95 Soluble - Al mg/L 0.03 0.26 0.01 91 TOC mg/L 1.9 4.2 0.6 93 DOC mg/L 1.1 2.7 0.5 88

Chapter 4 Membrane filtration combined with pre-coagulation

 ᐇ 㦂 ᮲ ௳ 

ࡑ ࢀ ࡒ ࢀ ࡀ Fig. 4.1 ࡟ ♧ ࡍ ࡶ ࡢ ࡜ ྠ ࡌ ᵓ ᡂ ࢆ ࡶ ࡘ 3 ⣔ ิ ࡢ ྠ ᆺ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᐇ 㦂 ⿦ ⨨ ࢆ 〇 స ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ タ ⨨ ᚋ ࠊ ྠ ᫬ ᧯ స ࡋ ࡚ ๓ จ 㞟 ฎ ⌮ ᮲ ௳ ࡢ ᙳ 㡪 ࢆ ㄪ ᰝ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋᐇ 㦂 ⿦ ⨨ ࡢ ᵓᡂࡣ ࠊΰ ࿴ ᵴ 5 ᵴ ࠊTable 4.2 ࡟ ♧ ࡍ ⭷ ࢆ ⿦ ╔ ࡋ ࡓ ࢭ ࣛ ࣑ ࢵ ࢡ ⭷ ࣔ ࢪ ࣗ ࣮ ࣝ 1 ᇶ ࡜ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ྛ ΰ ࿴ ᵴ ࡢ ᕥ ቨ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ ␗ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ 㧗 ࡉ ࡢ ࡜ ࡇ ࢁ ࡟ 㛤 ཱྀ 㒊 ࢆ 5 ಶ タ ࡅ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ᐇ 㦂 ᮲ ௳ ࡟ ᛂ ࡌ ࡚ ౑ ⏝ ࡍ ࡿ 㛤 ཱྀ 㒊 ࢆ 㑅 ᢥ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡛ ࠊ ྛ ΰ ࿴ ᵴ ෆ ࡢ Ỉ ఩ ࢆ ኚ ᭦ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࠋ ࡇ ࢀ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ࠊ タ ⨨ ࡋ ࡓ ඲ 5 ᵴ ࡢ ΰ ࿴ ᵴ ࡛ ౑ ⏝ ࡍ ࡿ ౑ ⏝ ΰ ࿴ ᵴ ᩘ ࡢ ㄪ ᩚ ࡢ ௚ ࡟ ࠊ จ 㞟 ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ඲ య ࡢ ᨩ ᢾ ᫬ 㛫 ࢆ ᙎ ຊ ⓗ ࡟ ㄪ ᩚ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ จ 㞟 ᚋ ࡢ ཎ Ỉ ࡣ ࠊ ୍ ᐃ ὶ 㔞 ࡛ ⭷ ࣔ ࢪ ࣗ ࣮ ࣝ ࡟ ᅽ ㏦ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ ࣏ ࣜ ሷ ໬ ࢔ ࣝ ࣑ ࢽ ࢘ ࣒㸦 PACl; ሷ ᇶ ᗘ 54 %, Al2O3 10.0 %㸧ࢆ จ 㞟 ๣ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ౑ ⏝ ࡋ ࠊ ࡍ ࡭ ࡚ ࡢ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᐇ 㦂 ࡛ ᭱ ึ ࡢ ΰ ࿴ ᵴ ࡟ 20 mg/L ࡢ ୍ ᐃ ὀ ධ ⋡ ࡛ ῧ ຍ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ G ್ 㸦 s- 1㸧 ࡛ ⾲ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ᨩ ᢾ ᙉ ᗘ ࡣ ࠊ ྛ ΰ ࿴ ᵴ ࡟ ྲྀ ࡾ ௜ ࡅ ࡽ ࢀ ࡓ ᨩ ᢾ ⩚ ᰿ ࡢ ᅇ ㌿ ㏿ ᗘ ࢆ ㄪ ᩚ ࡋ ࡚ ኚ ᭦ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋᨩ ᢾ ᫬ 㛫 t㸦 sec㸧 ࡣ ࠊ ΰ ࿴ ᵴ ᩘ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ౑ ⏝ ࡍ ࡿ ྛ ΰ ࿴ ᵴ ࡢ Ỉ ఩ ࢆ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ኚ ᭦ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᐇ 㦂 ࡣ ࠊ ⭷ ᕪ ᅽ 㸦 TMP㸸 Transmembrane pressure㸧 ࡀ ⣙ 100 kPa ࡟ 㐩 ࡍ ࡿ ๓ ࡟ ⤊ ஢ ࡉ ࡏ ࡓ ࠋ⭷ ᕪ ᅽ ୖ ᪼ ㏿ ᗘ㸦 kPa/d㸧ࡣ ࠊ㏫ Ὑ ᚋ ࡢ ึ ᮇ ⭷ ᕪ ᅽ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ⭷ ᕪ ᅽ ୖ ᪼ ㏿ ᗘ ࡟ ᇶ ࡙ ࡁ ࠊ ᭱ ᑠ ஧ ஌ ศ ᯒ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ⟬ ฟ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ཎ Ỉ ࡢ pH ࡣ ࠊ ᕼ 㔘 ◲ 㓟 ࢆ ཎ Ỉ ࡟ ῧ ຍ ࡋ ࡚ ㄪ ᩚ ࡋ ࠊ PACl ῧ ຍ ᚋ ࡢ pH ್ ࢆ 6.8 ࡟ ⥔ ᣢ ࡍ ࡿ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ ࡋ ࡓ 1 0 )ࠋ ๓ ሷ ⣲ ฎ ⌮ ࡸ ໬ Ꮫ ⓗ ᙉ ໬ ㏫ Ὑ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ⭷ ࣇ ࢓ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࢆ ᢚ ไ ࡍ ࡿ ㏣ ຍ ฎ ⌮ ࡣ ࠊ ࡍ ࡭ ࡚ ࡢ ᐇ 㦂 ᮲ ௳ ࡛ ౑ ⏝ ࡋ ࡞ ࠿ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ   

Chapter 4 Membrane filtration combined with pre-coagulation



 

Fig. 4.1 Experiment unit

C e ra mi c me m b ra n e 䠬 B.W Tank Filtrate Filtrate Tank 䠬 B.W Pressure Raw water Coagulant (PACl) 䠬 Drain Drain 1.2L/min C e ra mi c me m b ra n e 䠬 B.W Tank Filtrate Filtrate Tank 䠬 B.W Pressure Raw water Coagulant (PACl) 䠬 Drain Drain 1.2L/min 1 15m m 10m m 115mm 23 0mm 151 mm _182m m 90m m 1.2L 2.0L 2.4L 1 36m m 1.8L 73 m m 0.96L

Table 4.2 Membrane specifications

Parameter Ceramic MF

Nominal pore size 0.1 m Length / Diameter 1m / 0.03m Channels per membrane 55

Channel diameter 2.5 mm Membrane area 0.43 m2 Pure water flux 45 m/d