Chapter 7 Membrane filtration combined with chemical enhanced backwashing
Chapter 7 Membrane filtration combined with chemical enhanced backwashing
࠸ ࡿ ࡢ ࡀ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࡣ ᅽ ຊ ᕪ ࢆ ࠸ ࠊ ࢁ ᮦ ࡋ ࡚ ⭷ ࢆ ⏝ ࡋ ࡚ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ ᪉ ἲ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ ⏝ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࡣ ࠊ ⢭ ᐦ ࢁ 㐣㸦 Ꮝ ᚄ
0.01-0.2 μm
㸧ࠊ㝈 እ ࢁ 㐣㸦 Ꮝ ᚄ0.01 μm
௨ ୗ 㸧ࡀ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ⭷ᮦ ㉁ ࡣ 㓑 㓟 ࢭ ࣝ ࣟ ࣮ ࢫ ࠊ ࣏ ࣜ ࣇ ࢵ ࣅ ࢽ ࣜ ࢹ ࣥ ࡞ ࡢ ྜ ᡂ ᶞ ⬡ ࢆ ࡗ ࡓ ᭷ ᶵ ⭷ ࡸ ࠊ 㓟 ࣝ ࣑ ࢽ ࢘ ࣒ ࠊ 㓟 ࢳ ࢱ ࣥ ࡞ ࡢ ࢭ ࣛ ࣑ ࢵ ࢡ ࢫ ࢆ ࡗ ࡓ ↓ ᶵ ⭷ ศ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ฎ ⌮ ࡣ ◁ ࢁ 㐣 ἲ ẚ ㍑ ࡋ ࡚ 㧗 ࠸ ᅛ ᾮ ศ 㞳 ⬟ ຊ ࢆ ᭷ ࡍ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࠊ⪏ ሷ ⣲ ᛶ ཎ ᛶ ᚤ ⏕ ≀ ࡢ ☜ ᐇ ࡞ 㝖 ཤ ࢆ ┠ ⓗ ࠊ Ḣ ⡿ ㅖ ᅜ ࡛ ࡣ
1980
ᖺ ௦ ࡽ ࠊ ᪥ ᮏ ࡛ ࡣ1993
ᖺ ᗘ ࡽ ୰ ᑠ つ ᶍ ί Ỉ ሙࢆ ୰ ᚰ ᑟ ධ 2 )ࡀ ጞ ࡲ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ㏆ ᖺ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 タ ഛ ㈝ ࡢ ࢥ ࢫ ࢺ ࢲ ࢘ ࣥ ࡀ 㐍 ࢇ ࡔ ࡇ ࡸ ⥔ ᣢ ⟶ ⌮ ᛶ ࡢ ྥ ୖ ࡼ ࡾ ࠊ
100,000m
3/day
ࢆ ㉸ ࠼ ࡿ つ ᶍ ί Ỉ ሙ ࡛ ࡶ ᑟ ධ ࡉ ࢀ 㐠 ⏝ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ฎ ⌮ ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ⭷ ࡢ ┠ ワ ࡲ ࡾ㸦 ⭷ ࣇ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ 㸧ࡀ ⏕ ࡌ ࠊ
⭷ ࡢ ㏱ 㐣 ᛶ ⬟ ࢆ ప ୗ ࡉ ࡏ ࡿ ࠋ ୍ ⯡ ⓗ ࠊ ㏫ ᅽ Ὑ ί ࡸ ࢚ ࣂ ࣈ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ
࠸ ࡗ ࡓ ≀ ⌮ ⓗ ㏫ ὶ Ὑ ί 㸦 ≀ ⌮ ㏫ Ὑ 㸧 ࢆ ᐃ ᮇ ⓗ ⾜ ࡗ ࡚ ࡶ ⭷ ㏱ 㐣 ᛶ ⬟ ࢆ ᅇ ࡛ ࡁ ࡞ ࠸ ⭷ ࣇ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࢆ ྍ ㏫ ⓗ ⭷ ࣇ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ 3 ) ࠸ ࠸ ࠊ ⭷
㏱ 㐣 ᛶ ⬟ ࡢ ᅇ ࡣ ⸆ ရ Ὑ ί ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ ⾜ ࠺ ࠋ ࡇ ࡢ ⸆ ရ Ὑ ί ࡣ ⭷ ฎ ⌮ タ ࡢ ࣛ ࣥ ࢽ ࣥ ࢢ ࢥ ࢫ ࢺ ࢆ ቑ ຍ ࡉ ࡏ ࡿ ࡢ ࡛ ࠊ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ฎ ⌮ ࢆ 㛗 ᮇ 㛫 Ᏻ ᐃ ⓗ
⾜ ࠺ ࡣ ྍ ㏫ ⓗ ⭷ ࣇ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡢ ᢚ ไ ࡀ 㔜 せ ࡞ ㄢ 㢟 ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ί Ỉ ฎ
⌮ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ⭷ ࣇ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ᢚ ไ ࡢ ᳨ ウ ࡣ ࠊ ⾲ ὶ Ỉ ࢆ ᑐ ㇟ ᭷ ᶵ ⭷ ࡸ ↓ ᶵ ⭷ ࢆ ࡗ ࡓ ◊ ✲ ࡀ 㐍 ࡵ ࡽ ࢀ ࡚ ࡁ ࡓ 4 )ࠋ ⭷ ࣇ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ≀ ㉁ ࡣ Ỉ ※
ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ ␗ ࡞ ࡾ ࠊ 㛢 㙐 ᛶ Ỉ ᇦ ࡛ ࡣ ࣇ ࣑ ࣥ ㉁ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ኳ ↛ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ 㸦
NOM
㸧 ࡶ ከ ⢾ 㢮 ࡸ ࢱ ࣥ ࣃ ࢡ ㉁ ࡢ ぶ Ỉ ᛶ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ ㉁ ࡀ ᣲ ࡆ ࡽ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 5 )ࠋ
⸴ 㢮 ࢆ ྵ ᭷ ࡍ ࡿ Ỉ 㐨 Ỉ ※ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ⣽ ⬊ ⏤ ᮶ ࡢ ࢱ ࣥ ࣃ ࢡ ㉁ ࡸ ⬡ ㉁ ࠊ ௦ ㅰ ά
ື ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ ⏘ ⏕ ࡍ ࡿ ⢾ ࡸ ࢱ ࣥ ࣃ ࢡ ㉁ ࡞ ࡢ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ 6 , 7 )ࠊࡉ ࡽ Ṛ ⁛ ࡋ ࡓ
⸴ 㢮 ⣽ ⬊ ࡢ ᚤ ⏕ ≀ ࡼ ࡿ ศ ゎ ⏘ ≀ ࡞ ࡀ ⭷ ࣇ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࠼ ࡿ ᙳ 㡪 ࡀ ࡁ ࠸ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 8 - 11 )ࠋ ⭷ ࣇ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ᢚ ไ ᡭ ἲ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ◊
✲ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ⭷ ࡢ ๓ ẁ ฎ ⌮ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ๓ ሷ ⣲ ฎ ⌮ 11 )ࡸ จ 㞟 ฎ ⌮ ࡼ ࡾ ୍ ᐃ 㔞 ࡢ ࣇ ࣑ ࣥ ㉁ ࢆ 㝖 ཤ 1 2 )ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡛ ᢚ ไ ຠ ᯝ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ☜ ㄆ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ࡋ ࡋ ࠊ ୍ ᪉ ࡛ จ 㞟 ࡢ 㐣 ὀ ධ ࡸ 㓟 ᛶ ᮲ ௳ ୗ ࡢ จ 㞟 ๓ ฎ ⌮ ࡛ ࡣ ⭷ ࣇ
࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࢆ ಁ 㐍 ࡉ ࡏ ࡿ ࡶ ሗ ࿌ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 1 3 )ࠋ ࡑ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ୰ ࠊ➹ ⪅
ࡽ ࡣ Ỉ 㐨 ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ⸴ 㢮 㞀 ᐖ 㸦 จ 㞟 㜼 ᐖ 㸪 ࢁ 㐣 㞀 ᐖ 㸧 ᑐ ⟇ ࢭ ࣛ ࣑ ࢵ ࢡ
⭷ ࢆ ࡗ ࡓ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᢏ ⾡ ࢆ 㐺 ⏝ ࡍ ࡿ ᳨ ウ ࢆ 㐍 ࡵ ࡚ ࡁ ࡓ ࠋࡑ ࡢ ᡂ ᯝ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ
⭷ ฎ ⌮ ࡢ ๓ ẁ ሷ ⣲ ࠊ จ 㞟 ฎ ⌮ ࢆ 㓄 ⨨ ࡋ ࠊ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ὶ ᮰
2 m
3/m
2/d
࠾࠸ ࡚ Ᏻ ᐃ ࡋ ࡓ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ฎ ⌮ ࡀ ྍ ⬟ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡇ ࢆ ሗ ࿌ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 1 4 )ࠋ
ࡋ ࡋ ࠊ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ฎ ⌮ ࡣ 㧗 ᗘ ࡞ 㝖 ⳦ ࣭ 㝖 ⃮ ᶵ ⬟ ࢆ ᭷ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ ⮯ Ẽ
Chapter 7 Membrane filtration combined with chemical enhanced backwashing
≀ ㉁ ࡸ ࢺ ࣜ ࣁ ࣟ ࣓ ࢱ ࣥ ๓ 㥑 ≀ ㉁ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ⁐ Ꮡ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ ࡢ 㝖 ཤ ࡣ ᅔ 㞴 ࡛ ࠶
ࡿ ࠋ ᯇ ࡽ 1 5㸧ࡣ ⢊ ᮎ ά ᛶ Ⅳ ࢆ ᖹ ᆒ ⢏ ᚄ
1 m
ᚤ ⢊ ○ ࡋ ࡓ ⤖ ᯝ ࠊ ▷ 㛫 ࡛ ⁐ Ꮡ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ ࢆ ྾ ╔ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࡇ ࢆ ሗ ࿌ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ࡲ ࡓ ࠊ ᚤ ⢊ ࡋ ࡓ ⢊ ᮎ ά ᛶ Ⅳ 㸦 ᚤ ⢊ Ⅳ 㸧 ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ฎ ⌮ ࢆ ⤌ ࡳ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡿ ࡇ ࡛ ⮯ Ẽ ≀ ㉁ ࡢ 㝖 ཤ ⭷ ࣇ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡢ ᢚ ไ ࡀ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ 1 6 , 1 7 )ࡸ ྾ ╔ ຠ ⋡ ࡢ ྥ ୖ ࡼ
ࡾ ⢊ ᮎ ά ᛶ Ⅳ ࢥ ࢫ ࢺ ࢆ ๐ ῶ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࡶ ሗ ࿌ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 1 8 )ࠋ
ᚋ ࠊ ᐩ ᰤ 㣴 ࡢ 㐍 ⾜ ࡋ ࡓ 㛢 㙐 ᛶ Ỉ ᇦ ࢆ Ỉ ※ ࡍ ࡿ ί Ỉ タ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ฎ ⌮ ࡢ ᑟ ධ ࢆ ⪃ ࠼ ࡿ ሙ ྜ ࠊ ⭷ ࣇ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࡸ ࠊ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 Ỉ ୰ ࡢ ࢺ ࣜ ࣁ
ࣟ ࣓ ࢱ ࣥ ࡸ ⮯ Ẽ ≀ ㉁ ࡞ ࡢ ⁐ ゎ ᛶ ᡂ ศ ࢆ ࠸ ప ῶ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࡀ 㔜 せ ࡞ ㄢ 㢟 ࡞ ࡿ ࠋ ࡑ ࡇ ࡛ ᮏ ◊ ✲ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ᪥ ᮏ ࡢ ௦ ⾲ ⓗ ࡞ ᐩ ᰤ 㣴 Ỉ ※ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ 㟘 ࣨ ᾆ 㸦 ᾆ 㸧 ࣃ ࣟ ࢵ ࢺ ࣉ ࣛ ࣥ ࢺ ࢆ タ ⨨ ࡋ ࠊ ⭷ ๓ ฎ ⌮ ࡋ ࡚ ሷ ⣲ ฎ ⌮ ࠊ จ 㞟 ฎ ⌮ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ᚤ ⢊ Ⅳ ࢆ ే ⏝ ࡋ ࡓ ሙ ྜ ࡢ ⮯ Ẽ ๓ 㥑 ≀ ㉁ ࡢ 㝖 ཤ ᛶ ⬟ ࢆ ᳨ ウ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ࠶ ࢃ ࡏ ࡚ ࠊ ⭷ ᛶ ⬟ ᅇ ࢆ ┠ ⓗ ⸆ ရ ࢆ ῧ ຍ ࡋ ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ Ꮫ ⓗ ᙉ ㏫ Ὑ㸦
CEB
㸹Chemical enhanced backwashing
㸧ࢆ 㐺⏝ ࡋ ࡓ ሙ ྜ ࡢ ⭷ ᕪ ᅽ ࡢ ഴ ྥ ࡶ ホ ౯ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ
Chapter 7 Membrane filtration combined with chemical enhanced backwashing
ᐇ㦂᪉ἲ
ᐇ㦂ሙᡤ
ᐇ 㦂 ሙ ᡤ ࡣ ࠊ ➨
5
❶ ♧ ࡋ ࡓ Ⲉ ᇛ ┴ ᴗ ᒁ 㮵 ⾜ Ỉ 㐨 ົ ᡤ 㪭 ᕝ ί Ỉ ሙ ෆ ᐇ 㦂 ࣉ ࣛ ࣥ ࢺ ࢆ タ ⨨ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋᐇ 㦂 ሙ ᡤࢆ ཧ ↷ 㢪 ࠸ ࡓ ࠸ ࠋ ᐇ㦂ཎỈ
ཎ Ỉ ࡣ ࠊ ᚑ ᮶ ࡢ ᛴ ㏿ ࢁ 㐣 ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ⏝ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 㟘 ࣨ ᾆ 㸦 ᾆ 㸧 ࡢ ࡶ ࡢ ࢆ ྠ † ࡽ 㐃 ⥆ ⓗ ྲྀ Ỉ ࡋ ࡚ ⏝ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ࡇ ࡢ ཎ Ỉ ࡢ Ỉ ㉁ ศ ᯒ ⤖ ᯝ㸦
2013
ᖺ2
᭶ 㹼2014
ᖺ11
᭶ 㸧ࢆTable 7.1
♧ ࡍ ࠋ ࡞ ࠾ ࠊỈ ㉁ ศ ᯒ ࡣ ୖ Ỉ ヨ 㦂 ᪉ ἲ 1 9 ) ‽ ࡌ ࡚ ᐃ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋཎ Ỉ
pH
ࡣ ᖹ ᆒ8.2
ࠊ ཎ Ỉ ⃮ ᗘ ࡣ ᖹ ᆒ19.1
ᗘ ࠊ Ⰽ ᗘ ࡣ ᖹ ᆒ6.9
ᗘ ࡛࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ㕲 ࠊ࣐ ࣥ ࢞ ࣥ ࠊ ࣝ ࣑ ࢽ ࢘ ࣒ ࡢ ᖹ ᆒ ⃰ ᗘ ࡣ ࡑ ࢀ ࡒ ࢀ
0.34 mg/L
ࠊ0.093 mg/L
ࠊ0.27 mg/L
࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ࣝ ࢝ ࣜ ᗘ ࡣ75.9 mg-CaCO
3/L
࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ࡲ ࡓ 㸪DOC
ࡣ3.3 mg/L
ࠊUV260
ࡣ0.079 cm
- 1ࠊ ⮯ ≀ ࢜ ࣥ ࡣ0.28 mg/L
࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋࡲ ࡓ ࠊ
Table 7.1
グ ㍕ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡞ ࠸ ࡀ ࣥ ࣔ ࢽ ែ ❅ ⣲ ࡣ0.1 mg/L
ࠊ◪ 㓟 ែ ❅ ⣲ ࡣ
0.4 mg/L
࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ࢺ ࣜ ࣁ ࣟ ࣓ ࢱ ࣥ ⏕ ᡂ ⬟ 㸦THMFPs
㸧 ࡣ0.098 mg/L
࡛ ࠊᵓ ᡂ ≀ ㉁ ࡣ ࢡ ࣟ ࣟ ࣍ ࣝ ࣒38 %
ࠊࢪ ࣈ ࣟ ࣔ ࢡ ࣟ ࣟ ࣓ ࢱࣥ
24 %
ࠊࣈ ࣟ ࣔ ࢪ ࢡ ࣟ ࣟ ࣓ ࢱ ࣥ35 %
ࠊࣈ ࣟ ࣔ ࣍ ࣝ ࣒3 %
࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ࡞࠾ ࠊ ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ᵓ ᡂ ≀ ㉁ ࡣ Ỉ ୰ ࡢ ࣇ ࣑ ࣥ ㉁ ➼ ࡢ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ ㉁ ᾘ ẘ ࡢ ሷ ⣲ ࡀ
ᛂ ࡋ ࡚ ⏕ ᡂ ࡉ ࢀ ࠊ ࡑ ࡢ ⏕ ᡂ 㔞 ࡣ ཎ Ỉ ୰ ࡢ ⮯ ⣲ ࢜ ࣥ ⃰ ᗘ ᙳ 㡪 ࢆ ཷ ࡅ ࡿ ሗ ࿌ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 2 0 )ࠋ
Table 7.1
♧ ࡍ ࡼ ࠺ ཎ Ỉ ୰ ⮯ ≀ ࢜ࣥ ࡀ ྵ ࡲ ࢀ ࡿ ࡢ ࡛ ⏕ ᡂ ࡉ ࢀ ࡸ ࡍ ࠸ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ ⮯ Ẽ ≀ ㉁ ࡢ
2-MIB
ࡣ88 ng/L
ࠊࢪ ࢙ ࢜ ࢫ ࣑ ࣥ ࡣ29 ng/L
࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ୍ ⯡ ⣽ ⳦ ࡣ10,700 CFU/mL
ࠊ⸴ 㢮 ⥲ ᩘ ࡣ
32,400 cell/mL
࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࡢ Ỉ ㉁ ศ ᯒ ⤖ ᯝ ࡽ ࠊ ᮏ ◊ ✲ ౪ ࡋ ࡓ ཎ Ỉ ࡢ ᛶ ≧ ࡣ ࠊ ୍ ⯡ ⓗ
࡞ Ỉ 㐨 Ỉ ※ ẚ ࡚ ࠊ ⃮ ㉁ ࠊ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ ㉁ ࠊ ࢝ ࣅ ⮯ ≀ ㉁ ࡢ ⃰ ᗘ ࡣ ࡞ ࡾ 㧗 ࡃ ࠊ ࣝ ࢝ ࣜ ᇦ ࡼ ࡿ จ 㞟 ᛶ ࡢ ప ୗ ࡸ ⸴ 㢮 ࡼ ࡿ ί Ỉ ฎ ⌮ 㞀 ᐖ ࡀ Ⓨ ⏕ ࡋ ࡸ ࡍ ࠸ Ỉ ㉁ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ
Chapter 7 Membrane filtration combined with chemical enhanced backwashing
Table 7.1 Raw water quality (November 2014 - February 2013)
Item Ave Max Min
Number of samples
pH 㸫 8.2 9.0 7.8 21
Turbidity degree 19.1 35.9 8.4 21
Color degree 6.9 10.6 3.0 21
Total - Fe mg/L 0.34 0.63 0.12 21
Total - Mn mg/L 0.093 0.160 0.019 21
Total - Al mg/L 0.27 0.53 0.09 21
M-alkalinity mg/L 75.9 97.5 57.1 21
TOC mg/L 4.0 4.8 3.1 21
DOC mg/L 3.3 3.8 2.7 21
UV260 cm- 1 0.079 0.098 0.063 21
Bro mide ion mg/L 0.28 0.28 0.02 20
THMFPs mg/L 0.098 0.154 0.068 61
Chloroform % 38 㸫 㸫 㸫
Dibromochloromethane % 24 㸫 㸫 㸫
Bro modichloromethane % 35 㸫 㸫 㸫
Bro mofor m % 3 㸫 㸫 㸫
THMs mg/L <0.001 㸫 㸫 61
Chlorine demand mg/L 3.3 6.7 0.9 19
2-MIB ng/L 88 835 <1 152
Geosmin ng/L 29 222 <1 152
Number of
general bacteria CFU/mL 10,700 110,000 45 20
Chlorophyll a mg/L 0.0752 0.1080 0.0424 20
Total algae count cell/mL 32,400 58,810 5,770 46
Chapter 7 Membrane filtration combined with chemical enhanced backwashing
ᐇ㦂᮲௳
ᐇ 㦂 ᮲ ௳ ࢆ
Table 7.2 ࠊ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᐇ 㦂 ⨨ ࡢ ᴫ ␎ ᅗ ࢆ Fig. 7.1
♧ ࡍ ࠋ ᐇ 㦂 ࡣ ྠ ᵝ ࣭ ᙧ ᘧ ࡢ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ⨨ ࢆ3
⣔ ิ ⏝ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋA
⣔ ิ 㸦System A
㸧 ࡣ ᪤ ሗ 1 4 )ࡢ ฎ ⌮ ᪉ ᘧ 㸦 ๓ ሷ ⣲ ฎ ⌮ 㸪 จ 㞟 ฎ ⌮ 㸪 ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ฎ⌮ 㸧 ࡛ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᛶ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ Ỉ ㉁ 㝖 ཤ ᛶ ࡢ ẚ ㍑ ᑐ ↷ ⣔ ิ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ
B
⣔ ิ 㸦System B
㸧ࡣ ⮯ Ẽ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ࢺ ࣜ ࣁ ࣟ ࣓ ࢱ ࣥ㸦THMs
㸧๓ 㥑 ≀ ㉁ ࡢ 㝖 ཤ ࢆ┠ ⓗ ᚤ ⢊ Ⅳ ྾ ╔ ฎ ⌮ ࢆ ຍ ࠼ ࠊจ 㞟 ฎ ⌮ 㸪⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ฎ ⌮ ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ࡲ ࡓ 㸪
C
⣔ ิ 㸦System C
㸧 ࡣ ๓ ሷ ⣲ ฎ ⌮ ࢆ ⾜ ࢃ ࡎ ࠊ จ 㞟 ฎ ⌮ ࠊ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ฎ ⌮ ࢆ⾜ ࠸ ࠊ ฎ ⌮ ᪉ ᘧ ࡢ 㐪 ࠸ ࡼ ࡿ Ỉ ㉁ 㝖 ཤ ᛶ ࢆ ẚ ㍑ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ࡲ ࡓ ࠊ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ὶ ᮰ ࡣ ⣔ ิ ࡶ ⭷ ࣇ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ࢆ ຍ ㏿ ࡉ ࡏ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࠊ᪤ ሗ 1 4 )ࡢ ◊ ✲ ⤖ ᯝ ࡢ
2
ಸ ࡢ4 m
3/m
2/d
ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ࡞ ࠾ 㸪 ᪤ ሗ 1 4 )ࡢ ◊ ✲ ⤖ ᯝ ࡽ ⸴ 㢮 ྵ ᭷ Ỉ※ ࡛ ࡢ ⭷ ࣇ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ᢚ ไ ๓ ሷ ⣲ ฎ ⌮ ࡀ ᚲ せ ࡞ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ
B
㸪C
⣔ ิ ࡣ ๓ ሷ ⣲ ฎ ⌮ ࢆ 㐺 ⏝ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡞ ࠸ ࡢ ࡛ ࠊ ⭷ ࣇ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ᢚ ไ ຠ ᯝ ࡀ ሗ ࿌ ࡉࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ Ꮫ ⓗ ᙉ ㏫ Ὑ 㸦
CEB
㸧2 2 )ࢆ 㐺 ⏝ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋᐇ 㦂 ⨨ ࡣ ࠊ
pH
ㄪ ᩚ ᵴ 㸪ሷ ⣲㸦A
⣔ ิ 㸧ࡲ ࡓ ࡣ ᚤ ⢊ Ⅳ㸦B
⣔ ิ 㸧᥋ ゐ ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ ᥋ ゐ ᵴ ࠊ จ 㞟 ΰ ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ จ 㞟 ΰ ᵴ ࠊ ⭷ ౪ ⤥ ࣏ ࣥ ࣉ ࠊ ࢭ ࣑ࣛ ࢵ ࢡ ⭷ ࣔ ࢪ ࣗ ࣮ ࣝ ࠊ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί Ỉ ᵴ ࡽ ࡞ ࡿ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ⨨ ࡛ ᵓ ᡂ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ
pH
ㄪ ᩚ ᵴ ࡛ ࡣ 㸪0.2 %
ᕼ ◲ 㓟 ࢆ 㐃 ⥆ ⓗ ῧ ຍ ࡋ ࡚ 㸪จ 㞟 ᚋpH
ࡀ6.6
࡞ ࡿ ࡼ ࠺ ⮬ ື ㄪ ᩚ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ
A
⣔ ิ 㸦 ๓ ሷ ⣲+
จ 㞟+
⭷ ࢁ 㐣 㸧 ࡢ ๓ ሷ ⣲ ὀ ධ ⋡ ࡣ ࠊḟ ள ሷ ⣲ 㓟 ࢼ ࢺ ࣜ ࢘ ࣒ Ỉ ⁐ ᾮ㸦 ᭷ ຠ ሷ ⣲ ⃰ ᗘ10 %
㸧ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡚ ࠊ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 Ỉ ୰ ࡢ ṧ ␃ ሷ ⣲ ⃰ ᗘ ࡀ
0.5 mg/L
㏆ ⥔ ᣢ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࡼ ࠺ 2-6 mg/L
࡛ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ࡲ ࡓ ࠊᚤ ⢊ Ⅳ㸦 ᅗ ୰S-PAC
㸧ࡣ ࠊ୍ ⯡ ⓗ ⏝ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚࠸ ࡿ ⢊ ᮎ ά ᛶ Ⅳ 㸦 ኴ 㛷 ά ᛶ Ⅳ 㸸 ᖹ ᆒ ⢏ ᚄ
10 m
㸧 ࢆ1.0 g-dry/L
ࡢ ࢫ ࣛࣜ ࣮ ≧ ㄪ ᩚ ࡋ ࡓ ᚋ ࠊ ࣅ ࣮ ࢬ ᘧ ㉸ ᚤ ⢊ ○ ࣭ ศ ᩓ ᶵ 㸦 ୕ 㖔 ᒣ 〇 㸹
SC100/32A
㸧ࢆ ⏝ ࡋ ࡚ ᖹ ᆒ ⢏ ᚄ1 m
ᚤ ⢊ ࡋ ࠊᐇ 㦂 ᮲ ௳ ᇶ ࡙ ࡁ10
㸪20
㸪25 mg-dry/L
࡞ ࡿ ࡼ ࠺ ῧ ຍ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋChapter 7 Membrane filtration combined with chemical enhanced backwashing
Table 7.2 Experiment conditions
Membrane filtration conditions System A System B System C NaClO dose for pre-chlorination 2 - 6
[mg-Cl2/L] Not applicable Super-powdered
activated carbon dose
not applicable
10, 20, 25 [mg-dry-C/L]
not applicable G value of coagulation 339 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 [s- 1] Mixing time, t 120 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 [s]
Coagulant dose 60 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 [mg/L (as PACl)]
Membrane filtration flux 4 [m3/m2/d]
Physical cleaning time intervals 60 (Backwashing) [min]
Physical cleaning Pressure Combined backwash <500 [kPa], and, Air blow <200 [kPa]
Chemical enhanced backwashing (CEB) Intervals
not applicable
1, 4, 12, 56, 84
[Physical cleaning intervals]
Raw water (Lake Kasumigaura)
Coagulant (PACl) (System A, B, C )
Drain S-PAC
(System B only) Filtrate
Backwash water Ceramic membrane module
䠬 pH control 6.6
(All systems)
Pressurized air
CEB applied
(System B, C)
Coagulation pH control
Physical cleaning watertank
Contact
Pre-chlorination
(System A only)
Membrane
P1 P2
Chapter 7 Membrane filtration combined with chemical enhanced backwashing
A
⣔ ิ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ཎ Ỉ ሷ ⣲ ࡢ ᥋ ゐ 㛫 ࡣ ᥋ ゐ ᵴ300 sec
ࠊ จ 㞟 ΰ ᵴ120 sec
ࡢ ྜ ィ420 sec
ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ࡲ ࡓ ࠊB
⣔ ิ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ཎ Ỉ ᚤ ⢊ ᮎ ά ᛶ Ⅳ ࡢ ᥋ ゐ 㛫 ࡣ ᥋ ゐ ᵴ300 sec
ࠊจ 㞟 ΰ ᵴ ࡢ120 sec
ࡢ ྜ ィ420 sec
ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ จ 㞟 ࡣ ࣏ ࣜ ሷ ࣝ ࣑ ࢽ ࢘ ࣒ 㸦PACl;Al
2O
310 %
㸪 ሷ ᇶ ᗘ54 %
㸧ࢆ ⏝ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋPACl
ࡢ ὀ ධ ⋡ ࡣ ➨5
❶ ࡢ ◊ ✲ ⤖ ᯝ ࡽ60 mg/L as PACl
࡛ 㸪จ 㞟 ΰ ࡣ ΰ ྜ ࣐ ࢡ ࣟ ࣇ ࣟ ࢵ ࢡ ᙧ ᡂ ࢆ ┠ ⓗ ࡋ ࡓ ᛴ ㏿ ᨩ ᢾ ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ จ 㞟Gt
್ ࡣ ࠊ ➨5
❶ ࡢ ◊ ✲ ⤖ ᯝ ࡽG
㸻339 s
- 1ࠊt
㸻120 sec
ࡢ40,500
ࡋ ࡓ 1 4 )ࠋ ࡑ ࡢ ࡢ ᐇ 㦂 ᮲ ௳ ࡣTable 7.2
♧ ࡍ㏻ ࡾ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ࡞ ࠾ ࠊ ⦆ ㏿ ᨩ ᢾ ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡞ ࠸ ࡢ ࡣ ࠊ ⭷ ࣔ ࢪ ࣗ ࣮ ࣝ ෆ ࡛ ࡢ จ 㞟 క ࡗ ࡚ ࣇ ࣟ ࢵ ࢡ ᙧ ᡂ ࡀ ಁ 㐍 ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࣇ ࣟ ࢵ ࢡ ᙧ ᡂ ᧯ స ࡀ
せ ࡞ ࡿ ࡽ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ 2 3 )ࠋ
㐠 ㌿ ᪉ ᘧ ࡣ ᐃ ὶ 㔞 ࢹ ࢵ ࢻ ࢚ ࣥ ࢻ ᪉ ᘧ ࡛ ࠊ
60 min
ẖ ࡢ ᐃ ᮇ ⓗ ࡞ ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί㸦 ㏫ ὶ Ὑ ί 㸧ࢆ ⮬ ື ࡛ ᐇ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ⭷ ᕪ ᅽ ࡣ ⭷ ࣔ ࢪ ࣗ ࣮ ࣝ ࡢ ཎ Ỉ ഃ㸦 ୍ ḟ ഃ 㸧 タ ⨨ ࡋ ࡓ ᅽ ຊ ィ 㸦P1
㸧 ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 Ỉ ഃ 㸦 ḟ ഃ 㸧 タ ⨨ ࡋ ࡓ ᅽ ຊ ィ 㸦P2
㸧 ࡛ ィ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ᅽ ຊ ࡢ ᕪ ࡋ ࡚ ồ ࡵ ࡓ ࠋ ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί ࡣ ࠊ ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί Ỉ ᵴ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 Ỉ ࢆ ᡤ ᐃ 㔞 ㈓ ␃ ᚋ ࠊ500 kPa
ࡢ ୍ ᐃ ᅽ ࡛ ຍ ᅽ ࡋ ࠊ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 Ỉ ഃ ࡽ ཎ Ỉ ഃ ㏫ ὶ ࡉ ࡏ ࡿ ㏫ ᅽ ࣭ ㏫ ὶ Ὑ ί ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ࢭ ࣝ ෆ ࡢ ᅛ ᙧ ≀ࢆ ຍ ᅽ ✵ Ẽ
200 kPa
࡛ ᢲ ࡋ ฟ ࡍ ࢚ ࣈ ࣟ ࣮ ࡛ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ Ꮫ ⓗ ᙉ ㏫ Ὑ 㸦
CEB
㸧 ࡣ ࠊ ⭷ ᛶ ⬟ ᅇ ࡢ ࡓ ࡵ ⸆ ရ Ὑ ί ࡛ ⏝ ࡋ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ◲ 㓟 ḟ ள ሷ ⣲ 㓟 ࢼ ࢺ ࣜ ࢘ ࣒ Ỉ ⁐ ᾮ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡓ ࠋ ◲ 㓟 ࡣ ↓ ᶵ ᛶ ࡢ
ࣇ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ≀ ㉁ ࡢ 㝖 ཤ ࢆ ࠊ ḟ ள ሷ ⣲ 㓟 ࢼ ࢺ ࣜ ࢘ ࣒ Ỉ ⁐ ᾮ ࡣ ᭷ ᶵ ᛶ ࡢ
ࣇ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ≀ ㉁ ࡢ 㝖 ཤ ࢆ ┠ ⓗ ⏝ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ
Chapter 7 Membrane filtration combined with chemical enhanced backwashing
Ỉ㉁ศᯒ᪉ἲ
⁐ ゎ ᛶ ᡂ ศ ࡢ ࢁ 㐣 ࡣ ࠊ㕲 ࠊ࣐ ࣥ ࢞ ࣥ ࠊ ࣝ ࣑ ࢽ ࢘ ࣒ ࡢ 㔠 ᒓ 㢮 ࡛ ࡣ
5C
ࡢ ࢞ ࣛ ࢫ ⧄ ⥔ ࢁ ⣬ 㸦 ࢻ ࣂ ࣥ ࢸ ࢵ ࢡ110 mm
㸧ࠊDOC
࡛ ࡣ0.45 μm
ࡢPVDF
࣓ ࣥ ࣈ ࣞ ࣥ ࣇ ࣝ ࢱ ࣮㸦 ࣑ ࣜ ࣏ ࣐ ࣞ ࢡ ࢫ-HV PVDF-0.45 μm
㸧ࠊUV260
࡛ ࡣ1 μm
ࡢ ࢞ ࣛ ࢫ ⧄ ⥔ ࢁ ⣬㸦GL
ࢧ ࢚ ࣥ ࢫ ࢚ ࢟ ࢡ ࣟ ࢩ ࣜ ࣥ ࢪ ࢹ ࢫ ࢡ25 mm
㸧 ࢆ ⏝ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ሷ ⣲ せ ồ 㔞 ࡛ ࡣ ḟ ள ሷ ⣲ 㓟 ࢼ ࢺ ࣜ ࢘ ࣒ࢆ ✀ ࠎ ࡢ ὀ ධ ⋡ ࡛ ῧ ຍ ࡋ Ỉ
20
Υ ࡛16
㛫 ᛂ ࡉ ࡏ ࡓ ᚋ ࠊDPD
ᾮ య ヨ ⸆ ⦆ ⾪ ᾮ ࢆ ῧ ຍ ࡋ Ⓨ Ⰽ ࡉ ࡏ ࡚ ṧ ␃ ሷ ⣲ ࢆ ᐃ 㸦 Ỉ 㐨 ᶵ ᕤ 㸪 ṧ ሷ ࢳ࢙ ࢵ ࢝ ࣮
CRP-1000
㸧ࡋ ࠊሷ ⣲ ὀ ධ ⋡ 㐟 㞳 ṧ ␃ ሷ ⣲ ࡢ ࣉ ࣟ ࢵ ࢺ ᅗ ࢆ స ᡂ ࡋ ṧ ␃ ሷ ⣲ ࡋ ࡚0.1 mg/L
࡞ ࡿ ሷ ⣲ ὀ ධ 㔞 ࢆ ሷ ⣲ せ ồ 㔞 ࡋ ࡚ ồࡵ ࡓ ࠋ
⸴ 㢮 ᩘ ࡣ ୖ Ỉ ヨ 㦂 ἲ 1 9 ) ‽ ࡌ ࡚ 㸪ࢢ ࣝ ࢱ ࣝ ࣝ ࢹ ࣄ ࢻ
1 %
࡛ ᅛ ᐃ ࡋ ࠊ ᯟ ⏺ ⥺ ධ ࡾ ࢫ ࣛ ࢻ ࢞ ࣛ ࢫ ࢆ Ỉ ᖹ ྎ ⨨ ࠸ ࡚30
ศ 㟼 ⨨ ᚋ ࠊ ┦ ᕪ ⨨ 㢧 ᚤ 㙾 㸦 ࢜ ࣜ ࣥ ࣃ ࢫ 㸪
BX-50
㸧 ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡚ ᳨ 㙾 ࡋ ィ ᩘ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ⸴ 㢮 ࡢ ィ ᩘ ࠶ ࡓ ࡾ ࠊ ⣒ ≧ య ࡣ ┤ 㙐 ᆺ100 μm
㛗 ࡀ1
༢ 㸦Unit
㸧ࠊ ⼺ ᪕ ᆺ1
ᕳ ࡀ1
༢ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ⸴ 㢮 ⥲ ᩘ 㸦Total algae count
㸧 ࡣ ࠊ ⸛ ⸴ ⥘ 㸦Cyanophyceae
㸧ࠊ ࢡ ࣜ ࣉ ࢺ ⸴ ⥘ 㸦Cryptophyceae
㸧ࠊ 㠴 ẟ ⸴ ⥘ 㸦Dinophyceae
㸧ࠊ㯤 㔠 ⸴ ⥘㸦Chrysophyceae
㸧ࠊ⌛ ⸴ ⥘㸦Bacillariophyceae
㸧ࠊࣘ ࣮ ࢢ ࣞ ࢼ ⸴ ⥘㸦
Euglenophyceae
㸧ࠊ⥳ ⸴ ⥘㸦Chlorophyceae
㸧ࡢ ྜ ィ ࡛⾲ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ
࡞ ࠾ ࠊ Ỉ ㉁ ศ ᯒ 㡯 ┠ ࡣ ࠊ ➨
5
❶ ♧ ࡋ ࡓ 㡯 ┠ ྠ ᵝ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ Ỉ ㉁ ศ ᯒ 㡯 ┠ࢆ ཧ ↷ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ࠸ ࠋChapter 7 Membrane filtration combined with chemical enhanced backwashing
⤖ᯝ⪃ᐹ
⭷ᕪᅽ࠼ࡿᙳ㡪 㻔㻝㻕㻌 ⭷ᕪᅽ䛺䛹䛾᥎⛣㻌
2013
ᖺ2
᭶ ࡽ2014
ᖺ11
᭶ ࡢ ࢜ ࣥ ࣛ ࣥ ィ ࡼ ࡿ ཎ Ỉ ⃮ ᗘ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧpH
ࡢ ᥎ ⛣ ࢆFig. 7.2
ࠊ ⸴ 㢮 ࡢ ィ ᩘ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ࢜ ࣥ ࣛ ࣥ ィ ࡼࡿ ཎ Ỉ Ỉ ࡢ ᥎ ⛣ ࢆ
Fig. 7.3
♧ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ⸴ 㢮 ᩘ ࡣ Ꮨ ⠇ ኚ ື ࡀ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ ቑ ῶ ᙳ 㡪 ࢆ ࠼ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ⌛ ⸴ 㗰㸦Bacillariophyceae
㸧ࡣ ᙜ ึ10,000 cell/mL
⛬ ᗘ ࡛ ᥎ ⛣ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ࡀ 㸪 Ỉ ప ୗ ᮇ ධ ࡗ ࡓ
2013
ᖺ11
᭶ ࡽ ᛴ ⃭ ቑ ຍ ࡋ ࡚40,000 cell/mL
㐩 ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ୍ ᪉ ࠊ ⸛ ⸴ ⥘ 㸦Cyanophyceae
㸧 ࡣ5,000-10,000 cell/mL
࡛ ᥎ ⛣ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ࠋ⣔ ิ 㛫 ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ⭷ ࣇ ࢘ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ ഴ ྥ ࡢ 㐪 ࠸ ࢆ ☜ ㄆ ࡍ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί ᚋ ࡢ Ỉ ⿵ ṇ ⭷ ᕪ ᅽ 㸦
TMP
㸧 ࢆFig. 7.4
♧ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ᅗ ୰Pause
ࡣ ఇ ᪥ ࡼ ࡿ 㐃 ⥆ ᐇ 㦂 ࡢ ఇ Ṇ ࢆ ࠊ
ࡣA
⣔ ิ㸦System A
㸧ࡢ ⭷ ࢆ ࠊۻ ࡣB
㸪C
⣔ ิ 㸦System B, C
㸧 ࡢ ⭷ ࢆ ♧ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋA
⣔ ิ 㸦 ๓ ሷ ⣲+
จ 㞟+
⭷ ࢁ 㐣 㸧 ࡢ ⭷ ᕪ ᅽ 㸦 ᅗ ୰ ڹ 㸧 ࡣ
2013
ᖺ10
᭶ ࡲ ࡛ Ᏻ ᐃ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊ11
᭶ ධ ࡗ ࡚ ࡽ ▷ ᮇ 㛫 ࡛ ୖ ᪼ ࡋ ࡓ ࡢ ࡛ ᪂ ࡋ ࠸ ⭷ ࡋ ࠊ ┤ ࡕ ᐇ 㦂
ࢆ 㛤 ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ࡑ ࡢ ᚋ ࡣ
2-3
ࣧ ᭶ ࡛ ⭷ ࢆ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ࡞ ࠾ ࠊ 㛢 ሰ ࡋ ࡓ ࢭ ࣑ࣛ ࢵ ࢡ ⭷ ࡣ ◲ 㓟 ⁐ ᾮ㸦
0.01 mol/L
㸧ࠊḟ ள ሷ ⣲ 㓟 ࢼ ࢺ ࣜ ࢘ ࣒ Ỉ ⁐ ᾮ㸦3000 mg-Cl
2/L
㸧 ࡑ ࢀ ࡒ ࢀ ᡤ ᐃ 㛫 ᾐ ₕ ࡍ ࡿ ⸆ ရ Ὑ ί ࡼ ࡾ ࠊ ⣧ Ỉ ㏱ 㐣 ὶ ᮰ ࢆ ᅇ ࡉ ࡏ ࡚ ᗘ ᐇ 㦂 ౪ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋB
⣔ ิ 㸦 ᚤ ⢊ Ⅳ+
จ 㞟+
⭷ ࢁ 㐣+CEB,
ᅗ ୰ ۑ 㸧 C
⣔ ิ 㸦 จ 㞟+
⭷ ࢁ 㐣+CEB,
ᅗ ୰ ۍ 㸧 ࡢ ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί Ꮫ ⓗ ᙉ ㏫ Ὑ ࡢ ᅇ ᩘ ࡣ
2013
ᖺ2
᭶20
᪥ ࡼ ࡾ12
ᅇ 1
ᅇ ࠊ56
ᅇ 1
ᅇ ࠊ84
ᅇ 1
ᅇ 㛫 㝸 ࢆ ᗈ ࡆ ࡚ ࠸ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋB, C
⣔ ิ ࡶ ⭷ ᕪ ᅽ ࡣ7
᭶
1
᪥ ࡽ ቑ ຍ ࡋ9
᭶2
᪥ 100 kPa
㐩 ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ࡑ ࡇ ࡛ ࠊ ⭷ ᕪ ᅽ ࢆ ᅇ ࡉ ࡏ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ
CEB
ࡢ 㢖 ᗘ ࢆ ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί1
ᅇ ẖ ኚ ᭦ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ࡑ ࡢ ⤖ ᯝ ࠊ⭷ᕪ ᅽ ࡀ ప ୗ ࡋ ࠊ⭷ ᛶ ⬟ ࢆ ᅇ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࡇ ࢆ ☜ ㄆ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋᅇ ᚋ ࠊ
12, 4, 12
ᅇ ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί ᅇ ᩘ ࢆ ኚ ᭦ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ⥆ ࠸ ࡚ ⭷ ᕪ ᅽ ࡢ ୖ ᪼ ཎ ᅉ ࡀ ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί CEB
ࡢ 㛫 㝸 ࢆ ᗈ ࡆ ࡓ ࡇ ࡼ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࢆ ☜ ㄆ ࡍ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࠊ2014
ᖺ5
᭶ A, B, C
⣔ ิ ࡶ ⭷ ࡋ ࠊ≀ ⌮ Ὑ ί CEB
ࡢ 㛫 㝸 ࢆ12
ᅇ 1
ᅇ ᅛ ᐃ ࡋ ࡚ ᐇ 㦂 ࢆ 㛤 ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ࡑ ࡢ ⤖ ᯝ ࠊ2014
ᖺ11
᭶ ࡲ ࡛ Ᏻ ᐃ ࡋ ࡓ ⭷ ࢁ 㐣 ᛶ ࢆ ☜ ㄆ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ࡛ ࡁ ࡓ ࠋ ࡞ ࠾ ࠊ2013
ᖺ8
᭶ ࠊ ྠ ᖺ11
᭶ ࠊ2014
ᖺ5
᭶ ࡢ ⌛ ⸴ 㢮 ቑ Ṫ ᮇ ⭷ ᕪ ᅽ ୖ ᪼ ᮇ 㛵 㐃 ᛶ ࡀ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࠊ ⸴ 㢮 ⮬ ㌟ ࡸ⸴ 㢮 ࡀ ⏕ ⏘ ࡍ ࡿ ᭷ ᶵ ≀ ࡀ ⭷ ᕪ ᅽ ᙳ 㡪 ࢆ ࠼ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ࢃ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ
Chap
pter 7
F
Membran
Fig. 7.4 Fig. 7.3 Ch
Fig. 7.2
ne filtration