ㄽㄝ㸸ᕞ❧ᏛࡀධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ࠾࠸࡚ᐇࡍࡿ
ࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢྜ᠇ᛶࡘ࠸࡚
ʊFisher v. University of Texas at Austin,
136 S. Ct. 2198 (2016).ʊ
すᲄ ₶͊
Article㸸What does the Correct Standard of Strict
Scrutiny mean for Affirmative Action in Higher Education?
Jun SAIJO 1. ࡣࡌࡵ ࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢྜ᠇ᛶࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ྜ⾗ᅜ࠾࠸࡚ㄽத ࢆࡪதⅬࡣ࡞࠸1)ࠋࡑ࠺ゝࢃࢀ࡚ஂࡋ࠸⌧ᅾࡶࠊࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊࡑࡢྜ᠇ᛶࢆࡵࡄࡿ⃭ࡋ࠸ㄽதࢆࡧ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣓ࣜ࢝ྜ⾗ᅜ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤ(௨ୗࠊࠕ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࠖ␎グࡍࡿࠋ)ࡣ ࡘ࡚ࠊࠕே✀ࡲࡓࡣẸ᪘ࢆᇶ‽ࡋ࡚ᐇࡉࢀࡿඃ㐝ᥐ⨨ࡣࠊ࠸࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ ࡗ࡚ࡶᚲࡎࡶࡗࡶཝ᱁࡞ᑂᰝ(most searching examination)᭹ࡏࡋࡵࡽࢀ࡞ࡅ ࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖࡍࡿࠕ⩏(skepticism)ࠖ❧⬮ࡋ2)ࠊࠕᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯ࡢࡶ ࡛ࡢᑂᰝᇶ‽ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢศ㢮ࡼࡗ࡚ࡢே✀ࡢಶேࡀ┈ࢆ⿕ࡾࠊ ࡲࡓࡣ┈ࢆཷࡅࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡼࡗ࡚ᕥྑࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠖࡍࡿࠕ୍㈏ᛶ (consistency)ࠖࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡇࢆᐉ᫂ࡋࡓ3)ࠋࡑࢀ௨㝆ࠊࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢྜ᠇ᛶࢆࡵࡄࡿㄽதࡣࠊཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡀࡢࡼ࠺⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡁࠊ ࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࢆ୰ᚰᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ4)ࠋ
㛤ᘐᮇࠊ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡣࠊFisher v. University of Texas at Austin ࠾࠸࡚5)ࠊ ࡇࡢၥ㢟㛵ࡍࡿὀ┠ࡍࡁุ᩿ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋᮏ✏ࡣࠊᮏุỴࡀࣇ࣮࣐ࢸ ࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢྜ᠇ᛶࢆࡵࡄࡿㄽதࡢ࡞࡛ࡶࡘព⩏ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊⱝᖸࡢ᳨ウ ࢆ⾜࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
͊㏆␥ᏛᕤᏛ㒊ᩍ⫱᥎㐍ࢭࣥࢱ࣮
2. Fisher ௳ࡢᴫせ Fisher ௳࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆຍⅬせ⣲ࡋ࡚㢳៖ࡍࡿ Texas Ꮫ ࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡀ࣓ࣜ࢝ྜ⾗ᅜ᠇ἲಟṇ14 ᮲ࡢᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯(௨ୗࠊࠕᖹ➼ ಖㆤ᮲㡯ࠖ␎グࡍࡿࠋ)㐪ࡋ࡞࠸ྰࡀၥ㢟࡞ࡗࡓࠋTexas Ꮫࡢ ධᏛࢆㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓᮏ௳ཎ࿌ࡀࠊᙜヱไᗘࡣࠊே✀ࢆຍⅬせ⣲ࡋ࡚⪃៖ ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ᚿ㢪⪅ࡢྜྰࢆᕥྑࡋ࠺ࡿⅬ࠾࠸࡚ே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿูᢅ ࠸ࢆ⾜࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢྜ᠇ᛶࢆᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯ࡢࡶ࡛தࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ ࡿ6)ࠋ ᮏ௳࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡣࠊ2013 ᖺࠊཎ࿌ࡢᙇࢆ᩺ࡅࡓୗ⣭ᑂุỴ ࢆ◚Რࡋࠊᑂ⌮ࢆࡌࡿุỴࢆୗࡋࡓ(௨ୗࠊࠕFisherϨࠖ␎グࡍࡿࠋ)7)ࠋࡑ ࡢᚋࠊ㐃㑥➨5 ᕠᅇ༊᥍ッุᡤࡀࡧཎ࿌ࡢᙇࢆ᩺ࡅࡿุỴࢆୗࡋࡓࡇ ࢁࠊ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡣࠊࡧ㔞ୖッࢆㄆࡵࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ2016 ᖺ 6 ᭶ 23 ᪥ࠊTexas ᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡣᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯㐪ࡋ࡞࠸ࡋࠊཎ࿌ࡢᙇࢆ᩺ࡅࡿ ุỴࢆୗࡋࡓ(௨ୗࠊࠕFisherϩࠖ␎グࡍࡿࠋ)8)ࠋ 2.1. Texas ᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘ ᮏ௳࠾࠸࡚ၥ㢟࡞ࡗࡓ Texas ᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡣࠊ」㞧࡞⤒⦋ࢆࡓ ࡗ࡚ᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘ᭱ึࡢ㌿ᶵࢆࡶࡓࡽ ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ1996 ᖺࡢ Hopwood v. Texas9)࡛࠶ࡿࠋHopwood ุỴ௨๓ࡢᩘᖺ㛫 ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊTexas Ꮫࡣࠊ2 ࡘࡢ⪃៖せ⣲ࢆࡶධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤࢆᐇࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ࡑࢀࡣࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢཷ㦂ࡋࡓSAT(Scholastic Assessment Test)࡞࠸ࡋ ACT(American College Test)ࡢᚓⅬ࠾ࡼࡧ㧗➼Ꮫᰯ࠾ࡅࡿᏛᴗᡂ⦼ࢆࡶ⟬ฟࡉࢀࡿホ౯ Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿᏛᴗᡂ⦼ᣦᶆ(Academic Index)(௨ୗࠊࠕAIࠖ␎グࡍࡿࠋ)ࠊᚿ㢪⪅ ࡢே✀࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊHopwood ุỴ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㐃㑥➨ 5 ᕠᅇ༊᥍ッ ุᡤࡀࠊࠕTexas Ꮫ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝࡀᏛ⏕㞟ᅋࡢከᵝᛶࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵே✀ ࡲࡓࡣẸ᪘ࢆ⪃៖ධࢀࡿࡇࡣࠊ࠸࡞ࡿᙧ࡛࠶ࢀࠊྜ⾗ᅜ᠇ἲಟṇ14 ᮲ࡢ ồࡵࡿࡸࡴࡸࡲࢀࡊࡿ┈(compelling interest)࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ10)ุ᩿ࡋࡓࡇࢆ ཷࡅࠊTexas ᏛࡣࠊධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ࠾࠸࡚ᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇࢆࡾ ࡸࡵࡓࠋࡑࡢࢃࡾࠊTexas Ꮫࡣ᪂ࡓࠊAI ࠶ࢃࡏ࡚ࠊಶேᴗ⦼ᣦᶆ (Personal Achievement Index)(௨ୗࠊࠕPAIࠖ␎グࡍࡿࠋ)ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡀྠ Ꮫ㈉⊩ࡋ࠺ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆே≀యࢆࡳ࡚ホ౯ࡍࡿࡇࡋࡓࠋPAI ࡣࠊᑠㄽ ᩥ2 ᮏࡢホ౯Ⅼࠊ௨ୗࡢ㡯┠ᑐࡍࡿホ౯ࢆࡶࡋ࡚⟬ฟࡉࢀࡿホ౯Ⅼ࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ㡯┠ࡣࠊᚿ㢪⪅⤫⋡ຊࡀ࠶ࡿ(student’s leadership)ࠊᚿ㢪⪅ ⫋Ṕࡀ࠶ࡿࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡀዡᏛ㔠ࢆཷࡅࡓࡇࡀ࠶ࡿ(awards)ࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡀㄢእ
άືࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ(extracurricular activities)ࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡀᆅᇦዊάືࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ ࡇࡀ࠶ࡿ(community service)ࠊࡇࡢࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே࡞ࡾࢆぢᢤࡏ࡚ࡃࢀ ࡿ≉ู࡞(special circumstances)ࡀ࠶ࡿࠊ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࠸࠺≉ ู࡞ࡣࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡀ୍ேぶࡢᐙᗞ࡛ᡂ㛗ࡋࡓྰࠊᐙᗞ࡛ⱥㄒ௨እࡢゝ ㄒ ࡀ ⏝ ࠸ ࡽ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ྰ ࠊ ᚿ 㢪 ⪅ ࡀ 㓄 അ ⪅ ➼ ࡢ ᐙ ᪘ ᑐ ࡍ ࡿ ᢇ 㣴 ⩏ ົ (significant family responsibilities)ࢆ㈇ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྰࠊࡉࡽࡣࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢᐙ᪘ ࡢ⨨ࢀࡓ♫ⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗᆅ(socioeconomic condition)ࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢฟ㌟㧗➼Ꮫ ᰯࡢ♫ⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗᆅࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢSAT ࡞࠸ࡋ ACT ࡢᚓⅬࡀࡑࡢฟ㌟㧗➼Ꮫ ᰯ࠾ࡅࡿᖹᆒᚓⅬࡼࡾࡶ㧗࠸ྰ࠸࠺ࡇࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢࡢ ከࡃࡣࠊホ౯ࡢᑐ㇟ࡋࡓሙྜࠊࣇࣜ࢝⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ே࠾ࡼࡧࣄࢫࣃࢽࢵࢡ ➼ࡢ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᚿ㢪⪅᭷ࡣࡓࡽࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ Texas ᏛࡣࠊHopwood ุỴࡢᙳ㡪ࡼࡗ࡚పୗࡋࡓᙼࡽࡢධᏛ⋡ࢆྥୖࡉࡏ ࡿࡃࠊୖグࡢ≉ู࡞ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࢆ㐠⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡋࡓࡢ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡶࠊTexas Ꮫࡣࠊ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᚿ㢪⪅ࡢධᏛ ⋡ࢆྥୖࡉࡏከᵝᛶࢆቑ㐍ࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࠊዡᏛ㔠ไᗘࢆタࡋࡓࡾࠊ࣐ࣀࣜ ࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿ⏕ᚐࡢ㏻࠺㧗ᰯࡣࡓࡽࡁࡅ࡚ධᏛࢆᨭ࣭ಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡓࡵ ࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ(outreach program)ࢆάⓎ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ
Texas ᕞ㆟ࡶࡲࡓࠊHopwood ุỴᑐᛂࡋ࡚ࠊ1997 ᖺࠊᡂ⦼ୖ 10㸣ἲ(Top Ten Percent Law)ࡋ࡚▱ࡽࢀࡿἲᚊࢆไᐃࡋࡓ11)ࠋྠἲࡣࠊ୍ᐃࡢᇶ‽ࢆࡳࡓ ࡍ Texas ᕞࡢ㧗➼Ꮫᰯ࠾࠸࡚ᡂ⦼ࡀᏛᖺࡢୖ 10㸣ධࡿ⏕ᚐࡍ࡚ࠊ Texas Ꮫࢆྵࡴࡍ࡚ࡢᕞ❧ᏛࡢධᏛࢆ⮬ືⓗㄆࡵࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࡶࡗࡶࠊ⌧ᅾࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡢ㐺⏝ࢆཷࡅ࡚ Texas ᏛධᏛࡍࡿࡇࡀ ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࡣ᪂ධ⏕ࡢ75㸣㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ12)ࠊ㧗➼Ꮫᰯ࠾࠸࡚ᡂ⦼ࡀୖ 10㸣ධࡿ⏕ᚐ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ Texas ᏛࡢධᏛࡀಖドࡉࢀࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ Texas ᕞ㆟ࡣࠊTexas ᕞෆࡢከࡃࡢᆅᇦࡉࡽࡣ㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡀ౫↛ࡋ࡚ே✀ศ 㞳≧ែ࠶ࡿࡇࢆ㏫ᡭࡗ࡚ࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡼࡾࠊྠᕞෆࡢ㧗➼Ꮫᰯ ࡢᡂ⦼ୖ 10㸣ࡢ⏕ᚐධᏛᶵࢆ࠼ࡿࡇࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᵝࠎ࡞ே✀ࡢ⏕ᚐࢆ ධᏛࡉࡏࠊࡑ࠺ࡍࡿࡇ࡛Texas Ꮫ࠾ࡅࡿᏛ⏕㞟ᅋࡢே✀ⓗከᵝᛶࢆቑ㐍 ࡉࡏࡼ࠺ᅗࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊTexas Ꮫࡣࠊᡂ⦼ୖ 10㸣ἲࠊAI ࠾ࡼࡧ PAI ࢆే⏝ࡋࡓධᏛ ⪅㑅ᢤࢆᐇࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࠊྠᏛ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊHopwood ุỴ ┤ᚋࡣࠊࣇࣜ࢝⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡢᏛ⏕ࡣ᪂ධ⏕యࡢ 2.7㸣ࠊࣄࢫࣃࢽࢵࢡ ࡢᏛ⏕ࡣ᪂ධ⏕యࡢ 12.6%࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊୖグධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡀࡉࡽᨵኚࡉ ࢀࡿࡲ࡛ࡢ㛫ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᩘ್ࡀ4.5㸣 16.9%ࡲ࡛ୖ᪼ࡋࡓࠋ
ྜ ྰ ุ ᐃ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ே ✀ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ Ẹ ᪘ ࢆ ⪃ ៖ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ᥦ (Proposal to Consider Race and Ethnicity in Admissions)(௨ୗࠊࠕ2004 ᖺᥦࠖ␎グࡍࡿࠋ) 㢟ࡍࡿᩥ᭩ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊTexas Ꮫࡣࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ⪃៖ධࢀࡿධᏛ⪅㑅 ᢤไᗘࢆᑟධࡍࡿࡇࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ2004 ᖺᥦඛ❧ࡕ Texas Ꮫ ࡀᐇࡋࡓㄪᰝࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ௨ୗࡢࡇࡀุ᫂ࡋࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊձ2002 ᖺ⛅ࡢⅬ࡛ࠊ5 ྡࡽ 24 ྡࡢᒚಟ⪅ࡢ࠸ࡿᑠつᶍࡢㅮ⩏⛉┠ࡢ 90㸣࠾࠸࡚ ࡣࠊࣇࣜ࢝⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡢᏛ⏕ࡣ1 ྡࡶ࠸࡞࠸ࠊࡲࡓࡣ 1 ྡࡋ࠾ࡽࡎࠊ 46㸣࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢪ⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡢᏛ⏕ࡀ 1 ྡࡶ࠸࡞࠸ࠊࡲࡓࡣ 1 ྡࡋ ࠾ࡽࡎࠊ43㸣࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࣄࢫࣃࢽࢵࢡࡢᏛ⏕ࡀ 1 ྡࡶ࠸࡞࠸ࠊࡲࡓࡣ 1 ྡࡋ࠸࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇࠊղᏛෆࡢከᵝᛶ࠾ࡼࡧᩍᐊ࠾ࡅࡿከᵝᛶ㛵ࡍ ࡿ༳㇟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡣᏙ❧ឤࢆぬ࠼ࡿ⟅࠼ࠊከ ᩘࡢᏛ⏕ࡀࠊ༑ศ࡞ᩘࡢ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡀᩍᐊෆ࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ ከᵝᛶࡀ࠶ࢀࡤࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿࡣࡎࡢᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈ࢆᐇឤ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸⪃࠼࡚࠸ ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊTexas Ꮫࡣࠊ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟 ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢᩘࡀࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫ㐩ࡋ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊࡇࢀࢆᨵၿࡍࡿ ࡣධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ࠾࠸࡚ே✀ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇࡀᚲせྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿ⤖ㄽࡍࡿ⮳ ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊTexas ᏛࡣࠊPAI ࢆ⟬ฟࡍࡿ㝿⪃៖ࡉࢀࡿ≉ู࡞ ࡢ1 ࡘᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆྵࡵࡿࡇࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀࠊᮏ௳࠾࠸ ࡚தⅬ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 2.2. Grutter ุỴ FisherϨ Texas Ꮫࡀᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆຍⅬせ⣲ࡋ࡚㢳៖ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࢆᑟ ධࡋࡓࡇࡣࠊGratz v. Bollinger13)࠾ࡼࡧGrutter v. Bollinger14)࠾ࡅࡿ㐃㑥᭱ 㧗ุᡤࡢุỴࡶࡁࡃᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡣࠊ๓⪅࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ ≉ᐃࡢே✀ⓗ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᚿ㢪⪅ᶵᲔⓗຍⅬࡍࡿ Michigan ᏛࡢᏛ㒊ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࢆ㐪᠇ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊᚋ⪅࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡀࡑ ࡢಶᛶࢆⓎࡋ࡚Ꮫࡢồࡵࡿከᵝᛶᐤࡋ࠺ࡿྰࢆ⥲ྜⓗุ᩿ࡍࡿ 㝿ᩘከࡃࡢຍⅬせ⣲ࡢ1 ࡘࡋ࡚ே✀ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿ Michigan Ꮫ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ ࣝࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࢆྜ᠇ࡋࡓࠋTexas ᏛࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢุỴ౫ᣐࡋࡘࡘࠊ ᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆຍⅬせ⣲ࡋ࡚㢳៖ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࢆᑟධࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ௨ୖࡢࡇ㚷ࡳࢀࡤࠊMichigan Ꮫ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘ㢮 ఝࡍࡿTexas Ꮫࡢࡑࢀࡢྜ᠇ᛶࡣࠊGrutter ุỴࢆᡤࡢࡶࡢࡍࡿࡂࡾࠊ ẚ㍑ⓗᐜ᫆㤳⫯ࡉࢀࡼ࠺ࠋࢆ㏉ࡏࡤࠊTexas ᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡀᖹ➼ ಖㆤ᮲㡯㐪ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀࡣGrutter ุỴࡀㄗࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ ពࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋࠕཎ࿌ࡽࡀṇࡋ࠸࡞ࡽࠊGrutter ุỴࡣㄗࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ15)
ุỴ Ϩ ࠸࠺ゝⴥࡀ♧ࡍ࠾ࡾࠊGrutter ุỴཎ࿌ࡢ❧ሙࡣ୧❧ࡋࡀࡓ࠸ࡼ࠺ᛮࢃ ࢀࡿࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊཎ࿌ࡣࠊGrutter ุỴࡣㄗࡾ࡛࠶ࡿ(そࡉࢀࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ) ࡣᙇࡏࡎ16)ࠊGrutter ุỴࡢ♧ࡋࡓุ᩿ᯟ⤌ࡢࡶ࠾࠸࡚ࡶ Texas Ꮫࡢ ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡣᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯㐪ุ᩿ࡉࢀࡿࡁࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿᙇࡋࡓࡢ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 2.2.1. Grutter ุỴࡢ♧ࡋࡓุ᩿ᯟ⤌ 㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡣࠊGrutter ุỴ࠾࠸࡚ࠊせࠊ௨ୗࡢㅖⅬࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ ձࠕᙜุᡤࡣࠊᅜᐙᶵ㛵ࡼࡿே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿศ㢮ࡣࡍ࡚“ཝ᱁ᑂᰝ ᭹ࡏࡋࡵࡽࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸”ุ᩿ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇࡣࠊᙜヱศ㢮ࡣ ࡸࡴࡸࡲࢀࡊࡿ┈ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡓࡵཝᐦタ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ(narrowly tailored to further compelling governmental interests)ሙྜࡂࡾྜ᠇࡛࠶ࡿ ࠸࠺ࡇࢆពࡍࡿࠖ17)ࠋ ղࠕMichigan Ꮫ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝࡣࠊධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ㐣⛬࠾࠸࡚ᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿࡇࡢṇᙜ⌮⏤ࡋ࡚“Ꮫ⏕㞟ᅋࡢከᵝᛶࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍᩍ⫱ୖ ࡢㅖ┈”ࢆᚓࡿࡇࢆ࠶ࡆ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᮏ᪥ࠊᙜุᡤࡣࠊMichigan Ꮫࣟ ࣮࣭ࢫࢡ࣮ࣝࡣᏛ⏕㞟ᅋࡢከᵝᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇࡘࡁࡸࡴࡸࡲࢀࡊࡿ ┈ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿุ᩿ࡍࡿࠖ18)ࠋᏛ⏕㞟ᅋࡢከᵝᛶࡢࡶࡓࡽࡍᩍ⫱ୖࡢ ㅖ┈ࡣࠊ➨1 ࠊࠕ“ே✀┦ࡢ⌮ゎ”ࢆಁ㐍ࡋࠊே✀㛵ࡍࡿ೫ぢࢆᡴ ◚ࡍࡿ୍ຓ࡞ࡾࠊ“Ꮫ⏕ࡀ␗࡞ࡿே✀ࡢಶேࢆࡼࡾ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺ࡍ ࡿ”ࠖࡇ19)ࠊ➨2 ࠊࠕ“᭱㝈ከ✀ከᵝ࡞⫼ᬒࢆࡶࡘ”Ꮫ⏕ࡀ㞟ࡲࢀࡤࠊ“ᩍ ᐊ࠾ࡅࡿウ㆟ࡣࠊࡼࡾάⓎ࡞ࠊࡼࡾ⏕Ẽࡢࡳ࡞ࡂࡿࠊࡼࡾ୍ᒙၨⓎⓗ࡛ ⯆῝࠸ࡶࡢ࡞ࡿ”ࠖࡇ20)ࠊ➨3 ࠊࠕᏛ⏕㞟ᅋከᵝᛶࡀ࠶ࢀࡤࠊ“ࡲ ࡍࡲࡍከᵝࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ⫋ሙ♫ࡼࡾࡼࡃ㐺ᛂ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺Ꮫ⏕ࢆカ⦎ ࡋࠊࡉࡽᙼࡽࢆᑓ㛛ᐙࡋ࡚ࡼࡾ࠺ࡲࡃカ⦎ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠖࡇ21)ࠊ ➨4 ࠊࠕᣦᑟ⪅⥆ࡃ㏵ࡀ࠶ࡾ࠶ࡽࡺࡿே✀࠾ࡼࡧẸ᪘ࡢ᭷⬟ࡘ㐺 ᱁ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿಶே┠ぢ࠼ࡿᙧ࡛㛤ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡇࡼࡾࠊࠕᕷẸࡢ┠ ࡽࡳ࡚ṇᙜᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ୍⩌ࡢᣦᑟ⪅ࢆ㣴ᡂࡍࡿࠖࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡿࡇ 22)ࠊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࠕᏛ⏕㞟ᅋࡢከᵝᛶࡣᩍ⫱┠ⓗࡗ࡚Ḟࡏ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ ࡛࠶ࡿࡍࡿMichigan Ꮫ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝࡢᩍ⫱ୖࡢุ᩿ࡣࠊᙜุᡤࡀ ᩗㆡࡍࡁࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ23)ࠋࠕMichigan Ꮫ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝࡣከᵝ࡞Ꮫ⏕㞟 ᅋ㛵ࡍࡿࡸࡴࡸࡲࢀࡊࡿ┈ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡍࡿᙜุᡤࡢ⤖ㄽࡣࠊ Ꮫ⏕㞟ᅋࡢከᵝᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇࡣMichigan Ꮫ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝ࠸࠺⤌ ⧊ᅛ᭷ࡢ┠ⓗࡢ᰾ᚰ㒊ศ࠶ࡾࠊ“ドࡢ࡞ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡂࡾ(a showing to the contrary)”ࠊMichigan Ꮫࡢ⾜Ⅽࡣ“ㄔᐇ(good faith)”࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ“᥎ᐃࡉ
ࢀࡿ(presumed)”ࡍࡿᙜุᡤࡢぢゎࡼࡗ࡚ᑟࢀࡿࠖ24)ࠋ ճMichigan Ꮫ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝࡣࠊࠕ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢᩘࡀ ࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫ฿㐩ࡍࢀࡤࠊᏛ⏕㞟ᅋࡢከᵝᛶࡼࡗ࡚ᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ ┈ࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠖࡍࡿ25)ࠋ࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊධᏛ⪅ᩘࡢ㐣ᑠ ࡞࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢᩘࡀࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫ㐩ࡍࢀࡤࠊ ࠕᙼࡽᩍᐊ࠾ࡅࡿཧຍࢆಁࡋࠊᙼࡽࡀᏙ⊂ឤࢆぬ࠼ࡎࡍࡴࠖࡤࡾ 26)ࠊࠕᙼࡽࡀ⮬ศࡢே✀ࢆ௦ᘚࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡼ࠺ឤࡌࡎࡍࡴࠖ27)ࠊ ࠕ ࣐ ࣀ ࣜ ࢸ 㞟 ᅋ ᒓ ࡉ ࡞ ࠸ Ꮫ ⏕ ࡀ“‘ ࣐ ࣀ ࣜ ࢸ ࡢ ほ Ⅼ (minority viewpoint)’”࡞Ꮡᅾࡏࡎࡴࡋࢁᙼࡽࡢ࡞ࡶᵝࠎ࡞ほⅬࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ ࢆᏛࡪࡓࡵࠊே✀ᇶ࡙ࡃ೫ぢࡀᙳ㡪ຊࢆኻ࠺ࠖ28)ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ ࡼ࠺ࠊࠕ“‘ࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫ’”ࡣࠊ“‘᭷ព⩏࡞ᩘ(meaningful numbers)’” ࡲࡓࡣ“‘Ꮫ⏕ࡀ᭷ព⩏࡞ᩘᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ(meaningful representation)’”ࢆព ࡍࡿࠖࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ29)ࠊࠕᩘࡲࡓࡣྜ⨨ࡁ࠼࡚ᩘ㔞ࡍࡿࠖࡇࡢ࡛ ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸30)ࠋࠕࡴࡋࢁࠊMichigan Ꮫ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝࡢ࠸࠺ࢡࣜࢸ ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫ࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡣࠊከᵝᛶࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿࡇࡀணࡉࢀ ࡿᩍ⫱ୖࡢ┈㛵㐃ࡅࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࠖ31)ࠋMichigan Ꮫ ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝࡼࢀࡤࠊࠕྜྰุᐃࡀࡋ࡚Ꮫ㒊ẁ㝵࠾ࡅࡿGPA ࠾ ࡼࡧLSAT ࡢᚓⅬᇶ࡙࠸࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠊධᏛ⪅ᩘࡢ㐣ᑠ࡞࣐ࣀࣜࢸ 㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢᩘࡀࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫ฿㐩ࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ ࠺ࡽࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࡀ⪃៖ࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖࡉࢀࡿ32)ࠋ մࠕMichigan Ꮫ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝࡣࠊ“㠀ᖖᏛၥⓗ㐺ᛶࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࡶᖜᗈ࠸ከᵝᛶࢆഛ࠼࡚ࡶ࠸ࡿᏛ⏕㞟ᅋࢆ㞟ࡵࡿ”࠸࠺┠ⓗࡢ୍㒊 ࡋ࡚ࠊ“࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿධᏛ⪅ࡢᩘࢆ‘ࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫ’฿ 㐩ࡉࡏ”ࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋMichigan Ꮫ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝࡢ┈ࡣࠊ༢“࠶ ࡿ≉ᐃࡢ㞟ᅋࡀࡑࡢே✀ࡲࡓࡣẸ᪘ⓗฟ⮬(ethnic origin)ࡢࡳࢆ⌮⏤Ꮫ⏕ 㞟ᅋࡢ࡞࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢྜࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ែࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿ”࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛ ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡇࢆ⾜࠼ࡤࠊ࠶ࡽࡉࡲே✀ᆒ⾮≧ែࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡑ ࠺ࡍࡿ(outright racial balancing)ࡢࡶྠ↛࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ᫂ࡽ࡞᠇ἲ㐪 (patently unconstitutional)࡛࠶ࡿࠖ33)ࠋ
յࠕ┠ⓗ㐩ᡂࡗ࡚ཝᐦタ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡓࡵࡣࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘ(race-conscious admissions program)ࡣࠊᙜไ (quota system)ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ʊࡘࡲࡾࠊධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘ ࡣ“୍ᐃࡢᮃࡲࡋ࠸≉ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡋ࡚ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿᚿ㢪⪅ࡽࢆࠊࡑࢀ௨ እࡢࡍ࡚ࡢᚿ㢪⪅ࡢ➇தࡽ㝸࡚ࡿ”ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋᏛࡣࠊ “ྜ᱁ᯟ(available seats)ࢆࡵࡄࡿࡢࡍ࡚ࡢᚿ㢪⪅ࡢ➇தࡽ࠶ࡿ≉ᐃ
ࡢᚿ㢪⪅ࢆ㝸࡚ࡿࡇ”࡞ࡃࠊே✀ࡲࡓࡣẸ᪘ࢆᙜヱᚿ㢪⪅ࡢྜྰุᐃ㛵 ࡍࡿホ౯ࢹ࣮ࢱ࠾ࡅࡿ“‘ຍⅬせ⣲(plus)’”ࡋ࡚ࡢࡳ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋูゝࡍࢀࡤࠊධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡣࠊ“ྛᚿ㢪⪅ࡢಶูࡢ≉ᛶ(particular qualifications)㚷ࡳ࡚ከᵝᛶ┤᥋㛵㐃ࡍࡿࡍ࡚ࡢせ⣲ࢆ⪃៖ධࢀࡓ ࠺࠼࡛ࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢせ⣲ᚲࡎࡋࡶྠࡌ㔜ࡳ࡙ࡅࢆ࠼ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ ࡑࢀࡽࡢせ⣲ࢆྠࡌ⪃៖ࡢಋୖ㍕ࡏࡿ(place them on the same footing for consideration)༑ศᰂ㌾࡞”ࡶࡢ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ34)ࠋゝࡍࢀࡤࠊ ࠕPowell ุᐁࡀ Bakke ุỴ࠾࠸࡚᫂ࡽࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ┿ಶேࢆホ ౯ࡍࡿ(truly individualized consideration)ࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊே✀ࢆᰂ㌾࡛ᶵᲔⓗ࡛ ࡣ࡞࠸ែᵝ࡛⏝࠸ࡿࡇࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ㺃㺃㺃[୰␎]㺃㺃㺃Ꮫࡣࠊᚿ㢪⪅ဨ ࢆಶูಶேホ౯ࡍࡿᩥ⬦࠾࠸࡚“ຍⅬ”せ⣲ࡋ࡚ே✀ࡲࡓࡣẸ᪘ࢆࡼ ࡾᰂ㌾㢳៖ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ35)ࠋ
նࠕᡭẁࡢཝᐦᛶᑂᰝ(Narrow tailoring)ࡣࠊ࠶ࡾ࠶ࡽࡺࡿே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁࢆ ࠸ᑾࡃࡍࡇࢆせồࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡃࢃ࠼࡚ࠊᡭẁࡢཝᐦᛶᑂᰝࡣࠊ Ꮫᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ༟㉺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ホ౯(reputation for excellence)ࢆ⥔ᣢࡍ ࡿࡇࠊ࠶ࡽࡺࡿே✀㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿಶேᩍ⫱ᶵࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ㄋ ⣙(commitment)ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡇࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࢆ㑅ࡪࡼ࠺㏕ࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋ㺃㺃㺃 [୰␎]㺃㺃㺃ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᡭẁࡢཝᐦᛶᑂᰝࡣࠊᏛࡢ㏣ồࡍࡿከᵝᛶࢆᐇ ⌧ ࡋ ࠺ ࡿ ᐇ ຠ ⓗ ࡞ ே ✀ ୰ ❧ ⓗ ᡭ ẁ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ┿ ᦸ ㄔ ᐇ ᳨ ウ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ (serious, good faith consideration)ࢆồࡵࡿࠖ36)ࠋ
շࠕᙜุᡤࡣࠊ“ᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯ࡢ᰾ᚰ࠶ࡿ┠ⓗࡣࠊே✀ᇶ࡙ࡁᅜᐙᶵ㛵 ࡀ⾜࠺ࡍ࡚ࡢᕪูࢆᗫṆࡍࡿࡇ”࡛࠶ࡿࡇ␃ពࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㺃㺃㺃[୰ ␎]㺃㺃㺃ࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࢆᐇࡍࡿࡇࡢ࡛ࡁࡿ ᮇ㛫ࡣࠊ㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢせㄳࡣࠊே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿ ศ㢮ࡣࡑࡢ┠ⓗࡀࢀࡸࡴࡸࡲࢀࡊࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࡁࢃࡵ࡚༴㝤 ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊᙜヱ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵồࡵࡽࢀࡿ⠊ᅖࢆ㉸࠼࡚⏝ ࠸ࡽࢀ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋே✀ඃ㐝ᥐ⨨ࢆᜏஂⓗṇ ᙜ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡞ ࡿ ⌮ ⏤ ࢆ ⚄ ⪷ ど ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ (Enshrining a permanent justification for racial preferences)ࡣࠊࡇࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞ᖹ➼ಖㆤࡢཎ⌮㐪⫼ࡍ ࡿࡇ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋᙜุᡤࡣࠊᅜᐙᶵ㛵ࡀே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿሙྜࡣᖖࡑ ࡢ⤊ᮇࡀㄽ⌮ⓗᑟࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸(must have a logical end point) ࡍࡿせㄳࡽே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࢆච㝖ࡍࡁ⌮⏤ࢆぢ࠸ࡔࡍ ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖ37)ࠋ
㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡣࠊ௨ୖࡢㅖⅬࢆᣲࡆࠊࠕᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯ࡣࠊMichigan Ꮫࣟ ࣮࣭ࢫࢡ࣮ࣝࡀᏛ⏕㞟ᅋࡢከᵝᛶࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿᩍ⫱ୖࡢ┈ࢆᚓࡿࡇ
㛵ࡍࡿࡸࡴࡸࡲࢀࡊࡿ┈ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡓࡵྜྰุᐃ࠾࠸࡚ཝᐦタ ࠼ ࡽࢀࡓ ࡸࡾ ᪉࡛ே ✀ࢆ ⪃៖ࡍ ࡿࡇ ࢆ⚗ Ṇࡋ ࡚࠸࡞ ࠸ࠖ ࡋࡓ ࠺࠼ ࡛38 )ࠊ ࠕMichigan Ꮫ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡣࠊ┠ⓗ㐩ᡂྥࡅ࡚ཝᐦ タ࠼ࡽࢀࡓไᗘࡢ㢧ⴭ࡞≉ᚩ(hallmarks)ࢆഛ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠖᣦࡋ39)ࠊᙜヱไᗘ ࡣᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯㐪ࡋ࡞࠸ุ᩿ࡋࡓࠋ 2.2.2. FisherϨࡢ♧ࡋࡓุ᩿ᯟ⤌ ᮏ௳࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㐃㑥ᆅ᪉ุᡤࡶ㐃㑥➨5 ᕠᅇ༊᥍ッุᡤࡶࠊGrutter ุ Ỵೌ࠸ࠊTexas ᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡣᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯㐪ࡋ࡞࠸ุ᩿ࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿ40)ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊFisherϨ࠾࠸࡚㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢୗ⣭ᑂ ุỴࡣࠊࠕṇࡋ࠸ཝ᱁ᑂᰝᇶ‽ࢆ㐺⏝ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖࡋ41)ࠊࡉࡽ࡞ࡿᑂ⌮ࢆᑾࡃ ࡉࡏࡿࡃཎᑂุỴࢆ◚ᲠࡋࡇࢀࢆᕪࡋᡠࡍุỴࢆୗࡋࡓ42)ࠋ ἲᘐពぢࡀၥ㢟どࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊཎᑂุỴࡢḟࡢⅬ࡛࠶ࡿ43)ࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊྠุỴࡀࠊ Texas Ꮫࡣᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࢆㄔᐇ(in good faith)ᵓ ⠏ࡋ㐠⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ᥎ᐃࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊᙜヱ᥎ᐃドࡍࡿ㈐௵ࢆཎ࿌ㄢࡍ ࡶ44)ࠊࠕᡭẁࡢཝᐦᛶᑂᰝࡣʊࡸࡴࡸࡲࢀࡊࡿ┈㛵ࡍࡿᑂᰝྠࡌࡃ ʊ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡢᩗㆡࢆᡶ࠸ࡘࡘ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠖ45)ࡋࡓⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋἲᘐពぢࡣࠊࡸࡴ ࡸࡲࢀࡊࡿ┈ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡓᡭẁࡀ┠ⓗ㐩ᡂࡢࡓࡵཝᐦ タ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆド᫂ࡍࡿࡢࡣTexas Ꮫࡢ㈐௵࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ┠ⓗᑂ ᰝࡣ␗࡞ࡾ46)ࠊุᡤࡀᡭẁࡢཝᐦᛶᑂᰝ࠾࠸࡚ྠᏛࠕᩗㆡࢆᡶ࠺ࡇ ࡣࡲࡗࡓࡃ࡞࠸(receives no deference)ࠖࡋࡓ47)ࠋ ἲᘐពぢࡼࢀࡤࠊᩗㆡࢆᡶࢃࡎ࡞ࡉࢀࡿᡭẁࡢཝᐦᛶᑂᰝࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢ ࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨1 ࠊࠕᡭẁࡢཝᐦᛶᑂᰝࡣࠊከᵝᛶࡢࡶࡓࡽࡍᩍ⫱ୖࡢ ┈ࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵᏛࡀே✀ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇࡀ“ᚲせྍḞ(necessary)”ྰࠖࠊ ゝࡍࢀࡤࠊࠕᏛࡀே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿศ㢮ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡞ࡃ༑ศ࡞ከᵝᛶࢆᐇ ⌧࡛ࡁࡿྰࢆධᛕᑂᰝࡍࡿࠖࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ48)ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵุᡤࡣࠊࠕᏛࡀ “ ᐇ ຠ ⓗ ࡞ ே ✀ ୰ ❧ ⓗ ᡭ ẁ ࢆ ┿ ᦸ ㄔ ᐇ ᳨ ウ ࡋ ࡓ (serious, good faith consideration of workable race-neutral alternatives)”ྰࠖࠊࡉࡽࡣࠊࠕ‘ே✀୰ ❧ⓗᡭẁ(nonracial approach)’ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࡶࠊ࠾࠾ࡼࡑ‶㊊ࡺࡃ⛬ᗘࠊチᐜࡋ࠺ ࡿ ௦ ൾ ࡛(about as well and at tolerable administrative expense) 㔜 せ ࡞ ┈ (substantial interest)ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠖྰࢆࠊࠕᏛᩗㆡࡏࡎධ ᛕྫྷࠖࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸49)ࠋ➨2 ࠊཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡣࠊࠕධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ㐣⛬࠾ ࠸࡚ࡣチᐜࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࡸࡾ᪉࡛ே✀ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡍࡿᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡢᙇࠖࡢ┿ ഇ ࢆ ☜ ࡵ ࡿ ࡃ ࠊࠕ ᙜ ヱ 㐣 ⛬ ࡀ ᐇ 㝿 ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ᶵ ⬟ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ(works in practice)࠸࠺ࡇ㛵ࡍࡿドᣐࢆཝᐦᑂᰝࡍࡿࠖࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ50)ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ
Ϩࡢ♧ࡋࡓุ᩿ᯟ⤌ ุᡤࡣࠊࠕ“Ꮫࡀㄔᐇ࡞᳨ウࢆ⤒ࡓ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚ே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไ ᗘ(race-conscious admissions)ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ุ᩿⮳ࡗࡓࡇࢆ☜ࡵ”ࡼ࠺ ヨࡳࡿࠖࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ༑ศ࡛ࠊࠕධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ㐣⛬ࡀࠊ“ྛᚿ㢪⪅ࡀಶேࡋ࡚ホ ౯ࡉࢀࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࡲࡓࡣẸ᪘ࡀྜྰࢆỴᐃࡍࡿᙺࢆᯝࡓࡍࡸࡾ᪉࡛ホ౯ ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡇࢆಖドࡍࡿ”ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࠖࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࠕᙜヱ㐣⛬ࡀᐇ 㝿ࡢࡼ࠺ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ㛵ࡍࡿドᣐࢆཝᐦᑂᰝࠖࡋ࡞ࡅ ࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸51)ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊᡭẁࡢཝᐦᛶᑂᰝ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊTexas Ꮫࡣࠊࠕே ✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿศ㢮ࡓࡼࡿ๓ࠊ⏝ྍ⬟࡞ே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁ࡛ࡣᐇຠᛶࡀ࡞ ࠸ࡇࢆド᫂ࡍࡿ㈐௵ࠖ52)ࡃࢃ࠼ࠊࠕධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ㐣⛬ࡀࠊ“ྛᚿ㢪⪅ࡀಶே ࡋ࡚ホ౯ࡉࢀࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࡲࡓࡣẸ᪘ࡀྜྰࢆỴᐃࡍࡿᙺࢆᯝࡓࡍࡸࡾ᪉ ࡛ホ౯ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡇࢆಖドࡍࡿ”ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆド᫂ࡍࡿࠖ53)㈐௵ࢆᯝࡓࡉ࡞ ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊ㐃㑥➨5 ᕠᅇ༊᥍ッุᡤࡣࠊGrutter ุỴ ࠾࠸࡚㏙ࡽࢀࡓࠕཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡢせồࡍࡿཝ᱁࡞㈐௵ࢆTexas Ꮫᯝࡓࡉࡏ ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ54)ࠋ 2.2.3. Grutter ุỴ FisherϨࡢ┦㛵ಀ FisherϨࡣࠊୗ⣭ᑂุỴࡀᡭẁࡢཝᐦᛶᑂᰝ࠾࠸࡚ Texas Ꮫᩗㆡࢆᡶࡗ ࡓⅬࢆᣦࡋ࡚ࠊGrutter ุỴࡢ♧ࡋࡓࠕṇࡋ࠸ཝ᱁ᑂᰝᇶ‽ࢆ㐺⏝ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖ ࡋࡓ55)ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊୗ⣭ᑂุỴࡀGrutter ุỴࡢゎ㔘㐺⏝ࢆㄗࡗࡓࡍࡿ ࡇࡣࠊၥࡀṧࡿࠋࡴࡋࢁࠊ௨ୗࡢㅖⅬ╔┠ࡍࡿࠊୗ⣭ᑂุỴࡣGrutter ุỴࢆᮏ௳ᛅᐇ㐺⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࡳ࠼ࡿࠋ ➨1 ⅬࡣࠊFisherϨᑐពぢ࠾࠸࡚ Ginsburg ุᐁࡀࠊࠕ⚾ࡢぢゎ࠾࠸࡚ ࡣࠊGrutter ุỴࢆ㐺⏝ࡍࢀࡤࠊTexas ᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡣྜ᠇࡛࠶ࡿࠖ ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ56)ࠋGrutter ุỴ࠾࠸࡚ἲᘐពぢຍࢃࡗࡓ Ginsburg ุᐁࡀࡇࡢࡼ࠺㏙ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃࡶྠุᐁࡢ⌮ゎ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ Grutter ุỴࡣࠊุᡤࡀᡭẁࡢཝᐦᛶᑂᰝ࠾࠸࡚ᩗㆡࡍࡁࡇࢆồࡵ࡚࠸ ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ ➨2 Ⅼࡣࠊ㐃㑥➨ 5 ᕠᅇ༊᥍ッุᡤุỴࡀࠊGrutter ุỴἲᘐពぢࡀࠕド ࡢ࡞ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡂࡾࠊᏛࡢ⾜Ⅽࡣㄔᐇ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ᥎ᐃࡍࡿࠖ㏙࡚࠸ ࡿࡇ౫ᣐࡋࡘࡘ57)ࠊᡭẁࡢཝᐦᛶᑂᰝ࠾࠸࡚Texas Ꮫᩗㆡࢆᡶࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ58)ࠋࡓࡋࠊGrutter ุỴ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊἲᘐពぢࡢ⾜ࡗ ࡓཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡣࠕ๓ࢆࡳ࡞࠸ᩗㆡⓗ࡛(unprecedented in its deference)ࠖ࠶ࡗ ࡚59)ࠊࡑࢀࡣཝ᱁ᑂᰝ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡍࡿᢈุࡀᑐពぢࡼࡾ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᏛ ㄝ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊGrutter ุỴࡣᡭẁࡢཝᐦᛶᑂᰝ࠾࠸࡚ࡶ Michigan Ꮫ࣮࣭ࣟ ࢫࢡ࣮ࣝᩗㆡࢆᡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡳࡿぢゎࡀ᰿ᙉࡃᙇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ60)ࠋ
➨3 ⅬࡣࠊFisherϨἲᘐពぢࢆᇳ➹ࡋࡓ Kennedy ุᐁࡀࠊGrutter ุỴ࠾ ࡅࡿᑐពぢࡢ࡞࡛ࠊἲᘐពぢࡣᡭẁࡢཝᐦᛶᑂᰝ࠾࠸࡚ࡶᩗㆡࢆᡶࡗ࡚ ࠾ࡾࠕ᭷ព⩏࡞ཝ᱁ᑂᰝࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖᢈุࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ61)ࠋKennedy ุᐁࡣࠊἲᘐពぢࡀࠕධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ㐣⛬ࡣ᠇ἲୖࡢせㄳࢆࡳࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡍࡿ Michigan Ꮫ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝࡢゝ㉁(assurances)ࢆཷࡅධࢀࠖ62)ࠊࠕMichigan Ꮫ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡀࡢࡼ࠺㐠⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺⌧ᐇ ࢆ┤どࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖ63)ࡇࢆᢈุࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋKennedy ุᐁࡣࠊࠕྛᚿ㢪⪅ࡀಶ ேࡋ࡚⪃៖ࡉࢀࠊே✀ࡀྜྰุᐃ࠾ࡅࡿỴᐃⓗせ⣲(predominant factor)࡞ ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇࠖࡀಖドࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྰࢆࠊཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵 ᩗㆡࡏࡎධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡢ㐠⏝ᐇែࡲ࡛❧ࡕධࡗ᳨࡚ドࡍࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ ࡍࡿ64)ࠋ௨ୖࡢࡇࡃࢃ࠼ࠊKennedy ุᐁࡣࠊἲᘐពぢࡀḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙ ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡶᢈุࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊἲᘐពぢࡀࠊࠕ“ᙜุᡤࡣࠊ‘ே✀୰❧ⓗ ࡞ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ᪉ᘧࢆぢฟࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࢀࡤ⏦ࡋศ࡞ࡃ’ࠊᐇ⾜ྍ⬟࡞ࢀࡤࡍࡄ ࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࢆᗫṆࡍࡿࡘࡶࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࠸࠺ Michigan Ꮫ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝࡢゝⴥࢆ㢠㠃㏻ࡾ࠺ࡅࡿ”ࠖ㏙ࡓࡇ࡛ ࠶ࡿ65)ࠋᑐ↷ⓗKennedy ุᐁࡣࠊࠕุᡤࡀே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไ ᗘ(race-based admissions schemes)ᑐࡋ࡚ཝ᱁࡞ᑂᰝᇶ‽(searching standard)ࢆ 㐺⏝ࡍࢀࡤࠊᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡣ┿ே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁࢆ⪃✲ࡍࡿࡇࢆవ࡞ࡃࡉࢀ ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠖ㏙࡚࠸ࡿ66)ࠋࡇࡢゝⴥࡀ♧ࡍࡼ࠺ࠊKennedy ุᐁࡣࠊே✀ ୰❧ⓗ࡞ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡢᏑྰࢆධᛕ᳨ドࡍࡿཝ᱁ᑂᰝࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢ ே✀ࢆຍⅬせ⣲ࡋ࡚㢳៖ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡽࡢ᧔㏥ࢆ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ಁ ࡋࠊே✀୰❧ⓗ࡞ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࢆࡑࢀ௦᭰ࡉࡏࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊGrutter ุỴ࠾ࡅࡿ Kennedy ุᐁᑐពぢࡣࠊFisherϨἲᘐព ぢ࠾࠸࡚Kennedy ุᐁࡀୗ⣭ᑂุỴྥࡅࡓᢈุࡁࡃ㔜࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋୗ⣭ᑂุỴࡣࠊGrutter ุỴᛅᐇᚑ࠸ᩗㆡᆺࡢཝ᱁ᑂᰝࢆ⾜࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ ࡗࡓࡽࡇࡑࠊFisherϨ࠾࠸࡚ࠊKennedy ุᐁࡢᇳ➹ࡋࡓἲᘐពぢࡼࡾࠊ Grutter ุỴἲᘐពぢྠᵝᢈุࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ௨ୖࡢㅖⅬࢆࡩࡲ࠼ࡿࠊḟࡢၥࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊᐇࡣGrutter ุỴ⮬య ࡀࠊᡭẁࡢཝᐦᛶᑂᰝ࠾࠸ุ࡚ᡤࡀᩗㆡࡍࡁࡇࢆồࡵࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠊࡲࡓࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࡋ࡚ゎ㔘ࡋ࠺ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ ࡞࠸ࠊ࠸࠺ၥ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ௳࠾࠸࡚ཎ࿌ࡣࠊࡇࡢၥࡀゎᾘࡉࢀࡿࡇ ࢆồࡵ࡚ࠊࠕ㐃㑥➨5 ᕠᅇ༊᥍ッุᡤࡼࡿ Grutter ุỴࡢゎ㔘ࡀṇࡋ࠸ࡢ࡛ ࠶ࢀࡤࠊGrutter ุỴࡣ᫂☜ࡉࢀࡿࡁࠊࡲࡓࡣ⪃ࡉࢀࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ ᙇࡋࡓ67)ࠋFisherϨࡣࡇࢀᛂࡌࡿࡢࡼ࠺ࠊྠุỴࡢ♧ࡋࡓุ᩿ᯟ⤌ࢆᨵ ࡵࠊࡲࡓࡣࡑࡢ᫂☜࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㒊ศࢆ᫂☜ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡢཝ
᱁ࢆᅗࡗࡓ࠸࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋGrutter ุỴࡀそࡉࢀࡿࡇࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊࡇ࠺ ࡋ࡚ࠊTexas ᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡢྜ᠇ᛶࡣࠊGrutter ุỴࡢ♧ࡋࡓุ᩿ᯟ⤌ ࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶࡴࡋࢁFisherϨࡢ♧ࡋࡓุ᩿ᯟ⤌ࡢࡶ࡛ࠊࡧ㐃㑥➨ 5 ᕠᅇ༊ ᥍ッุᡤࡼࡗุ࡚᩿ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 2.3. Fisherϩ ᕪᡠᑂ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㐃㑥➨5 ᕠᅇ༊᥍ッุᡤࡣࠊࡧཎ࿌ࡢᙇࢆ᩺ࡅࡿุ Ỵࢆୗࡋࡓ68)ࠋἲᘐពぢࢆᇳ➹ࡋࡓPatrick E. Higginbotham ุᐁࡣࠊࠕ㐃㑥᭱ 㧗ุᡤࡣࠊGrutter ุỴ࠾ࡅࡿ Kennedy ุᐁᑐពぢࢆ๓㠃ᢲࡋฟࡋ࡚ࠊ ከᵝᛶ࠸࠺チᐜࡉࢀ࠺ࡿ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵ Texas Ꮫࡢ᥇⏝ࡍࡿᡭẁ ࡘࡁ㐃㑥ᆅ᪉ุᡤ࠾ࡼࡧᙜุᡤࡢ⾜ࡗࡓᑂᰝࢆᢈุࡋࡓࠖ㏙ࠊࠕᙜุ ᡤ ࡢ ㈐ ົ ࡣ ࠊTexas Ꮫ ࡢ ධ Ꮫ ⪅ 㑅 ᢤ ไ ᗘ ࢆ ཝ ᱁ ᑂ ᰝ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ (exacting scrutiny)࡛࠶ࡿࠖࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛69)ࠊࡧᙜヱไᗘࢆྜ᠇ࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋࠊ ᑐពぢࢆᇳ➹ࡋࡓEmilio M. Garza ุᐁࡣࠊࠕἲᘐពぢࡣࠊTexas Ꮫࡢ⏝࠸ࡿ ே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿศ㢮ࡣ┠ⓗ㐩ᡂࡢࡓࡵཝᐦタ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿุ᩿ࡍࡿࡇ ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊチࡉࢀࡊࡿࡇࠊTexas Ꮫࡢᙇᩗㆡࢆᡶ࠸⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ ࡋࠊࠕࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᩗㆡࡣFisherϨࡼࡗ࡚࠼ࡽࢀࡓᡄࡵ⫼ࡃࡶࡢ࡛ ࠶ࡿࠖᢈุࡍࡿ70)ࠋᑐពぢࡣࠊࠕ㐺ษ࡞ཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡣࠊ⮬㌟ࡢ᥇⏝ࡍࡿᡭẁ ࡣ┠ⓗ㐩ᡂࡢࡓࡵཝᐦタ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡍࡿ Texas Ꮫࡢᙇ“ࡲࡗࡓ ࡃᩗㆡࢆᡶࢃ࡞࠸(no deference)”ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡼࡿࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ 㢳៖ࡍࡿ Texas ᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡣཝ᱁ᑂᰝ⪏࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ ⤖ㄽࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࠖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ71)ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊᕪᡠᑂ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊTexas ᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡀཝ᱁ࡉࢀࡓཝ᱁ᑂᰝ⪏࠼࠺ࡿࡶࡢྰ࠸࠺Ⅼ ࢆࡵࡄࡾぢゎࡀᑐ❧ࡋࡓࠋ ࡑࡢᚋࠊᗘࡢ㔞ୖッࢆㄆࡵࡓ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡣࠊ2016 ᖺ 6 ᭶ 23 ᪥ࠊTexas ᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡣᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯㐪ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡋ࡚ࠊཎᑂุ ỴࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿุỴࢆୗࡋࡓ72)ࠋᮏุỴ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊKennedy ุᐁࡀἲᘐពぢ ࢆᇳ➹ࡋࠊࡇࢀGinsburg ุᐁࠊBreyer ุᐁࠊSotomayor ุᐁࡀຍࢃࡗ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋࠊThomas ุᐁࡀᑐពぢࢆᇳ➹ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠊAlito ุᐁࡶᑐពぢࢆᇳ➹ࡋࠊࡇࢀRoberts 㤳ᖍุᐁࠊThomas ุᐁࡀຍࢃࡗ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊKagan ุᐁࡣᮏ௳ࡢᑂ⌮࠾ࡼࡧุỴຍࢃࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸73)ࠋ 2.3.1. ἲᘐពぢࡢᴫせ ձࠕᙜุᡤࡣࠊ㐃㑥➨5 ᕠᅇ༊᥍ッุᡤุỴᑐࡍࡿ㔞ୖッࢆㄆࡵࠊྠ ุỴࢆ◚Რࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ㐃㑥➨5 ᕠᅇ༊᥍ッุᡤุỴࡀࠊTexas Ꮫ
ࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡢྜ᠇ᛶࢆホ౯ࡍࡿ㝿ࠊ㐣ᗘᩗㆡⓗ࡞ࠊྠᏛࡀㄔ ᐇάືࡋࡓྰࢆၥ㢟ࡍࡿᑂᰝᇶ‽(overly deferential “good-faith” standard)ࢆ㐺⏝ࡋࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙜุᡤࡣࠊṇࡋ࠸ᑂᰝᇶ‽ࡢࡶ࡛ᙜ ⪅ࡽࡢᙇࢆホ౯ࡉࡏࡿࡃࠊᮏ௳ࢆ㐃㑥➨5 ᕠᅇ༊᥍ッุᡤᕪࡋ ᡠࡍࡇࡋࡓࠖ74)ࠋ ղࠕFisherI ࡣࠊᕞ❧Ꮫࡢᐇࡍࡿࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢྜ᠇ᛶࢆ ホ౯ࡍࡿࡇ┤᥋㛵㐃ࡍࡿࠊ⤖ㄽࢆᑟࡃ3 ࡘࡢཎ⌮(controlling principles) ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠖ75)ࠋ ղ-ϸࠕ➨ 1 ࠊ“ே✀࠸࠺≉ᚩࡀ␗࡞ࡿྲྀࡾᢅ࠸ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࢆṇᙜࡍࡿ㛵 㐃ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ᰿ᣐ(relevant basis for disparate treatment)࡞ࡿࡇࡣࡲࡎ࡞ ࠸ࡓࡵ”ࠊ“ᏛࡣࠊࡑࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ㐣⛬ࡀཝ᱁ᑂᰝ⪏࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ ࡞࠸ࡂࡾࠊே✀ࢆ⪃៖ධࢀ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸”ࠋཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡣࠊ“‘┠ⓗࡲࡓ ࡣ┈ࡀ᠇ἲୖチᐜࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡶ㔜せ࡞(substantial)ࡶ ࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࡇ’ࠊࡉࡽࠊே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿศ㢮ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇࡀᙜヱ┠ ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵ…ᚲせྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ”ࢆ᫂☜(with clarity)ド᫂ ࡍࡿࡇࢆᏛồࡵࡿࠖ76)ࠋ ղ-Ϲࠕ➨ 2 ࠊFisherI ࡣࠊ“‘Ꮫ⏕㞟ᅋࡢከᵝᛶࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿᩍ⫱ୖࡢ ┈’ࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿࡍࡿุ᩿ࡣ…ุᡤࡀ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡣ ᑛ㔜ࡍࡿࡇࡢ㐺ษ࡞ᩍ⫱ⓗุ᩿࡛࠶ࡿ”࠸࠺ࡇࢆ☜ㄆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ Ꮫࡣࠊᙜไ(fixed quota)ࢆᐇࡍࡿࡇࡶࠊ“‘Ꮫ⏕㞟ᅋࡢ࡞࠶ࡿ≉ ᐃࡢ㞟ᅋࡀ༢ே✀ࡲࡓࡣẸ᪘ⓗฟ⮬ࢆ⌮⏤ࡋ࡚࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢྜྵࡲ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡇ’ࡋ࡚ከᵝᛶࢆᐃ⩏ࡍࡿ”ࡇࡶチࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ୍ᗘᏛࡀࠊᙜヱᩍ⫱ⓗุ᩿ࢆ᰿ᣐ࡙ࡅࡿ“⌮࡞ࡗࡓ ㄝ᫂(reasoned, principled explanation)”ࢆ⾜࠼ࡤࠊ“Ꮫࡀ⮬ࡽࡢ⤒㦂࠾ࡼ ࡧᑓ㛛ᢏ⾡ⓗุ᩿ᇶ࡙ࡁୗࡋࡓࠊᏛ⏕㞟ᅋࡢከᵝᛶࡣᩍ⫱┠ⓗ㈨ࡍ ࡿࡍࡿ⤖ㄽᑐࡋ࡚”ᩗㆡࡀᡶࢃࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ77)ࠋ ղ-Ϻࠕ➨ 3 ࠊFisherI ࡣࠊTexas Ꮫࡀᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿࡇࡀチᐜࡉ ࢀ࠺ࡿ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵཝᐦタ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྰࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿ㝿 ࡣᩗㆡࡣᡶࢃࢀ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇࢆ᫂☜ࡋࡓࠋFisherI ࡀㄝ᫂ࡋࡓ࠾ ࡾࠊᏛࡣࠊ“ே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁ”ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠊከᵝᛶࡢࡶࡓࡽࡍᩍ⫱ୖࡢ ㅖ┈㛵ࡍࡿ┈ࢆ“࠾࠾ࡼࡑ‶㊊ࡺࡃ⛬ᗘࠊチᐜࡋ࠺ࡿ௦ൾ࡛”ಁ 㐍ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇࢆド᫂ࡍࡿ㈐௵ࢆ㈇࠺ࠋ“ᡭẁࡢཝᐦᛶ ᑂᰝࡣࠊ࠶ࡾ࠶ࡽࡺࡿே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁࢆ࠸ᑾࡃࡍࡇࢆせồࡍࡿࡶ ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸”ࡋࠊ“Ꮫᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ༟㉺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ホ౯ࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡇ ࠊ࠶ࡽࡺࡿே✀㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿಶேᩍ⫱ᶵࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ㄋ⣙
ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡇࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࢆ㑅ࡪࡼ࠺㏕ࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸”ࡀࠊ“⏝ྍ⬟࡛ (available)”ࡘ“ᐇຠᛶࡢ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿ(workable)”“ே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁ”࡛ࡣ“ ༑ศ࡛࠶ࡿ”ࡇࢆド᫂ࡍࡿ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞㈐௵ࢆᏛㄢࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ78)ࠋ ճࠕᮏ௳࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᙜุᡤࡣࠊㄽⅬࢆࡼࡾ⊃ࡃ㝈ᐃࡏࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࠋ㸸ࡘࡲ
ࡾᙜุᡤࡣࠊࡍ࡚ࡢྜ⌮ⓗ᥎ㄽࢆཎ࿌᭷࡞ࡿࡼ࠺⾜࠸ࡘࡘࠊ ཎ࿌ࡀࠊᅽಽⓗ࡞ドᣐ(preponderance of the evidence)ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊTexas Ꮫ ࡢධᏛࢆㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓᙜࡢࡑࡢⅬ࠾࠸࡚ᖹ➼࡞ྲྀࡾᢅ࠸ࢆᣄ ྰࡉࢀࡓ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ♧ࡏ࡚࠸ࡿྰࠊ࠸࠺ㄽⅬࡢࡳࢆᢅ࠺ࠖ79)ࠋ մࠕྜྰุᐃࢆᐇࡍࡿTexas Ꮫ⫋ဨࡣࠊ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᚿ㢪⪅ ࡢࡶࡘṇࡢ≉ᚩ(positive feature)ࡋ࡚ே✀ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡀࠊே ✀ࡀᚿ㢪⪅ࡢಶேホ౯(holistic-review calculus)࠾ࡅࡿ“⪃៖せ⣲ࡢ࡞ࡢ ⪃៖せ⣲ࡢ࡞ࡢ⪃៖せ⣲”ࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࡇࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ␗ㄽࡀ࡞࠸ࠋࡃࢃ࠼ ࡚ࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࡣᩥ⬦ᛂࡌ࡚⪃៖ධࢀࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊᏛ⏕ᩘ ࡢ㐣ᑠ࡞࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋ(underrepresented minorities)ᒓࡍࡿᚿ㢪⪅㛵 ࡍࡿᶵᲔⓗ࡞ຍⅬせ⣲(mechanical plus factor)ࡋ࡚ᢅࢃࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ 80)ࠋ յ2004 ᖺᥦ࠾࠸࡚♧ࡉࢀࡓ Texas ᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡢࠕ┠ⓗࡣࡍ࡚ࠊ ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ࡇࡀࡽࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᙜุᡤࡀඛ࠾࠸࡚ㄆࡵ࡚ࡁࡓ“ࡸࡴࡸ ࡲࢀࡊࡿ┈”ೌࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ81)ࠋࠕᏛ㒊ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ࠾࠸࡚ᚿ㢪⪅ ࡢே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿࡇࢆṇᙜࡍࡿࡸࡴࡸࡲࢀࡊࡿ┈ࡣࠊ࣐ࣀࣜ ࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᚿ㢪⪅ࢆ୍ᐃᩘධᏛࡉࡏࡿࡇ㛵ࡍࡿ┈࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᏛࡣࠊ“Ꮫ⏕㞟ᅋࡢከᵝᛶࡼࡗ࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿᩍ⫱ୖࡢ ㅖ┈”ࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵࡢᡭẁࡋ࡚ᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘ ࢆタࡅࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙜุᡤࡀ㏙࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺ࠊከᵝ࡞Ꮫ ⏕ࢆධᏛࡉࡏࡿࡇࡣࠊ“ே✀┦ࡢ⌮ゎࢆಁ㐍ࡋࠊே✀ᇶ࡙ࡃ೫ぢࢆᡴ ◚ࡍࡿࡇࡢ୍ຓ࡞ࡾࠊࡉࡽࠊᏛ⏕ࡀ␗࡞ࡿே✀ࡢಶேࢆࡼࡾࡼࡃ⌮ ゎࡍࡿࡇࢆྍ⬟࡞ࡽࡋࡵࡿ”ࠋྠࡌࡃ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡢࡣࠊ“Ꮫ⏕㞟ᅋࡢከᵝ ᛶࡀᏛ⩦ᡂᯝࢆᨵၿࡋࠊࡲࡍࡲࡍከᵝࡍࡿ⫋ሙ♫ྥࡅ࡚Ꮫ⏕ࢆࡼ ࡾࡼࡃカ⦎࡛ࡁࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ”ࠋ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢධ Ꮫ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡇࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈㈨ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠖ82)ࠋ նࠕཎ࿌ࡢᙇࡍࡿ௦᭰ᡭẁࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ—ᮏ௳ッゴࡢ࡞᳨࡛ウࡉࢀࠊࡲࡓࡣ ㆟ㄽࡉࢀࡓࡢᡭẁࡶࡲࡓ—ࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆ⏝࠸ࢀࡤ Texas Ꮫࡀ 2008 ᖺⅬ ࠾࠸࡚ゎ㔘ࡋ᫂☜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡑࡢᩍ⫱┠ᶆࢆ㐩ᡂࡋ࠺ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺“⏝ ྍ⬟࡞”ࠊ“ᐇຠᛶࡢ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿ”ᡭẁ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡀド᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ ࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊTexas Ꮫࡣࠊཎ࿌ࡀྠᏛྜ᱁࡞ࡗࡓⅬ࠾࠸࡚㐠
Ⴀࡋ࡚࠸ࡓධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡀ┠ⓗ㐩ᡂࡢࡓࡵཝᐦタ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ ࢆド᫂ࡍࡿ㈐௵ࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ83)ࠋ շࠕᮏ᪥ࠊᙜุᡤࡀTexas ᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡢྜ᠇ᛶࢆ⫯ᐃࡋࡓࡽ ࠸ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢࡇࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶࠊྠᏛࡀධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࢆᨵⰋࡍࡿࡇ࡞ ࡃྠࡌไᗘ౫ᣐࡋ࡚ࡶࡲࢃ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇࢆពࡋ࡞࠸ࠋධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ ไᗘࡘ࠸࡚᩿⇍៖ࡋෆ┬ࢆ⥅⥆ࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊTexas Ꮫࡀᘬࡁ⥆ࡁ ㈇࠸⥆ࡅࡿ㈐ົ(ongoing obligation)࡛࠶ࡿࠖ84)ࠋ 2.3.2. Thomas ุᐁᑐពぢࡢᴫせ ձࠕAlito ุᐁࡀㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ࠾ࡾࠊᮏ᪥ࡢᙜุᡤࡢุỴࡣࠊཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡣ┦ ࠸ࢀ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊே✀㛵ࡍࡿᝏࡋࡁᐃ(pernicious assumptions)౫ ᣐࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊᙜุᡤࡢඛࡢከࡃࡽ㐓⬺ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ85)ࠋ ղࠕ⚾ࡣࠊḟࡢࡇࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࡓࡵಶูពぢࢆᇳ➹ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ“ᕞࡀ 㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ࠾࠸࡚ே✀ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇࡣᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯 ࡼࡗ࡚↓᮲௳⚗Ṇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ”࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ“ྜ⾗ᅜ᠇ἲࡣࠊே✀ ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿศ㢮ࢆᣄྰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊᅜᐙᶵ㛵ࡀᕷẸࢆே✀ࡈ ࡢྡ⡙(racial registers)Ⓩ㍕ࡋࠊ┈ࡲࡓࡣ┈ࢆ࠼ࡿࡇே✀ ࢆ㛵㐃࡙ࡅࡿᖖࠊ࠶ࡽࡺࡿே✀ࡢಶேࡀ༝ࡋࡵࡽࢀࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿ”ࠖ86)ࠋ 2.3.3. Alito ุᐁᑐពぢࡢᴫせ ձࠕᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿTexas ᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡣࠊཝ᱁ᑂᰝ⪏࠼ ࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠖ87)ࠋ ղࠕ“࠶ࡾ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᩥ⬦”࠾࠸࡚ࠊே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿศ㢮ࡣࠊࡢᡭẁࡍ ࡚ࡀዌຌࡋ࡞ࡗࡓሙྜࡢ“᭱ᚋࡢᡭẁ(last resort)”ࡋ࡚ࡢࡳチᐜࡉࢀࡿࠋ “ཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡣࠊཝᐦ࡞ᑂᰝ(searching examination)࡛࠶ࡗ࡚”ࠊド᫂“㈐௵ࢆ ㈇࠺ࡢࡣᅜᐙᶵ㛵࡛࠶ࡿ”ࠋࡇࡢ㈐௵ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡓࡵࡣࠊᅜᐙᶵ㛵ࡣࠊ“‘┠ ⓗࡲࡓࡣ┈ࡀ᠇ἲୖチᐜࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡶ㔜せ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ ࡿࡇ’ࠊࡉࡽࠊே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿศ㢮ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇࡀᙜヱ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍ ࡿࡓࡵ…ᚲせྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ᫂☜ド᫂ࡋ”࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ88)ࠋ ճࠕᮏ௳࠾࠸࡚ࠊTexas Ꮫࡣࠊே✀ඃ㐝ᥐ⨨(racial preferences)ࢆᐇࡍࡿࡇ
㛵ࡍࡿ┈ࢆ᫂☜ᐃ⩏࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚ࠊᡭẁࡢཝᐦ ᛶᑂᰝ(narrow tailoring inquiry)ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊTexas Ꮫ ࡣࠊཝ᱁ᑂᰝ⪏࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠖ89)ࠋ
մ-ϸࠕGrutter ุỴࡢࡶ࡛ࡣከᵝᛶࡼࡗ࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈ 㛵ࡍࡿໟᣓⓗ࡞┈(generic interest)ࢆᘬ↷ࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛㊊ࡾࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼ
ุᐁᑐពぢࡢᴫせ ุᐁᑐពぢࡢᴫせ ࠾࠸࡚Texas Ꮫࡀṇࡋ࠸ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࢀ࡛ࡶ࡞࠾ࠊྠᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅 ᢤไᗘࡣཝ᱁ᑂᰝ⪏࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊᙜヱไᗘࡣ┠ⓗ㐩ᡂࡢ ࡓࡵཝᐦタ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ90)ࠋ մ-Ϲࠕᡭẁࡢཝᐦᛶᑂᰝࡣࠊ“Ꮫࡀே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿศ㢮ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡞ࡃ ༑ศ࡞ከᵝᛶࢆᐇ⌧࡛ࡁࡿྰࢆධᛕᑂᰝࡍࡿ”ࡇࢆồࡵࡿࠋ “‘“ே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁ…ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࡶࠊ࠾࠾ࡼࡑ‶㊊ࡺࡃ⛬ᗘࠊチᐜࡋ࠺ࡿ ௦ൾ࡛㔜せ࡞┈ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ”’࡞ࡽࠊTexas Ꮫࡣࠊᚿ㢪⪅ ࡢே✀ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸”ࠖ91)ࠋ մ-Ϻࠕᮏ௳࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊTexas Ꮫࡣࡑࡢ┠ⓗࢆࠊே✀୰❧ⓗ࡞ಶேホ౯ (race-blind, holistic review)ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅 ᢤไᗘྠࡌࡼ࠺ᑡ࡞ࡃࡶ“࠾࠾ࡼࡑ‶㊊ࡺࡃ⛬ᗘ”㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇ ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡍࡿドᣐࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡃࢃ࠼࡚ࠊTexas ᏛࡣࠊྠᏛ ࡢධᏛࢆᨭ࣭ಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࢆᙉࡍࡿࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲ ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ධᏛࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢᩘࡢୖ㝈ࢆ᧔ᗫࡍࡿࠊࡲࡓࡣᚿ㢪⪅ࡢ♫⤒῭ ⓗせ⣲ᑐࡍࡿホ౯ࡢ㔜ࡳ࡙ࡅࢆቑࡍ➼ࡢࡢᡭẁࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࡑࡢ┠ⓗࢆ 㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ92)ࠋ 3. Kennedy ุᐁἲᘐពぢ Alito ุᐁᑐពぢࡢᑐ❧Ⅼʊʊཝ᱁ࡉࢀ ࡓཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡢ㐺⏝ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ Fisherϩ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊKennedy ุᐁࡢᡭࡼࡿἲᘐពぢ Alito ุᐁࡢᡭ ࡼࡿᑐពぢࡀࠊཝ᱁ࡉࢀࡓཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡢලయⓗ࡞㐺⏝ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࢆࡵࡄࡾᑐ ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୧⪅ࡢᑐ❧ࡣࠊཎᑂุỴࢆそࡍࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࡍࡿཎ࿌ࡢᙇࢆ᩺ ࡅࡿࡁྰࢆࡵࡄࡾ⧞ࡾᗈࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௨ୗࠊཎ࿌ࡢ⾜ࡗࡓ4 ࡘࡢᙇ ༶ࡋࡓᙧ࡛ࠊἲᘐពぢᑐពぢࡢᑐ❧Ⅼࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠋ 3.1. Texas ᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡢ┠ⓗࡣ᫂☜㸽 ཎ࿌ࡣࠊࠕTexas Ꮫࡣࠊࡸࡴࡸࡲࢀࡊࡿ┈ࢆ༑ศ࡞᫂☜ࡉࢆࡶࡗ࡚ᐃ⩏ ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖᢈุࡍࡿ93)ࠋཎ࿌ࡼࡿࠊࠕTexas Ꮫࡣࠊ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋ ᒓࡍࡿᚿ㢪⪅ࡢධᏛ⋡ࡀࡢ⛬ᗘ㐩ࡍࢀࡤ“ࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫ”ࡀ☜ಖࡉ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠼ࡿࡢࢆࠊࡼࡾཝᐦ♧ࡉ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ࠸࠺94)ࠋ࠸ ࠺ࡢࡶࠊࠕTexas Ꮫࡢ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞┠ⓗࡀࡼࡾ᫂☜࡞ពࢆࡶࡘࡶࡢ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ ุᡤࡣࠊྠᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡀᙜヱ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵཝᐦタ࠼ࡽ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྰࢆホ౯ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ95)ࠋ ࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊFisherϨࡢཱྀ㢌ᘚㄽ࠾࠸࡚᪤ࡾ࠶ࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋRoberts 㤳ᖍุᐁࡣࠊࠕᙜุᡤࡣࠊTexas Ꮫࡀࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫࢆᐇ⌧ࡋࡓࡇ
ࢆࡢⅬ࡛▱ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࠖ96)ၥࢆᢞࡆࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ 㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢᩘࡀࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫ฿㐩ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ከᵝᛶ ࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࠊࡑࢀకࡗ࡚ᩍ⫱ୖࡢ┈ࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿ࠸࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊே✀ ࢆ⪃៖ධࢀࡿࡇࡀᙜヱ┈ࢆᚓࡿ࠸࠺┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵཝᐦタ࠼ ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྰࢆᑂᰝࡍࡿࡣࠊ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢᩘࡀࡢ⛬ ᗘ࡞ࢀࡤࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫࢆ㐩ᡂࡋࡓ࠸࠼ࡿࡢࡀศࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡇࢆ Texas Ꮫࡀ᫂☜ࡋ࡞࠸ࡂࡾࠊุᡤࡀᑂᰝࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ ⮬యࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀࠊRoberts 㤳ᖍุᐁࡢ㉁ၥࡢ᪨࡛࠶ࡿ97)ࠋࡶࡋ ࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫ࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡢᐃ⩏ࢆᏛጤࡡࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊᏛࡣࡑࢀ⮬య ࡀ‶㊊ࡍࡿࡲ࡛㝿㝈࡞ࡃே✀ࢆ⪃៖ධࢀࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࠊุᡤࡣᏛᑐࡋ 㝿㝈࡞ࡃᩗㆡࢆᡶࢃࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋRoberts 㤳ᖍุᐁࡀᣦ ࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠊࠕGrutter ุỴࡣࠊே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿሙྜࡣࡑࡢ⤊ᮇࡀㄽ⌮ⓗ ᑟࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡀࠊࡇࢀ࡛ࡣࠊࠕ࠸ࡘࡀࡑࡢࠊㄽ⌮ⓗ ᑟࢀࡿ⤊ᮇ࡞ࡢࠖࡀ᫂࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ98)ࠋ ࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊFisherϨࡣࠊࠕཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡣࠊ“‘┠ⓗࡲࡓࡣ┈ࡀ᠇ἲୖチ ᐜࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡶ㔜せ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࡇ’ࠊࡉࡽࠊே✀ࢆᇶ‽ ࡍࡿศ㢮ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇࡀᙜヱ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵ…ᚲせྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ” ࢆ᫂☜ド᫂ࡍࡿࡇࢆᏛồࡵࡿࠖࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡍࡿ99)ࠋFisherϩἲᘐពぢ ࡶࡲࡓࠊࠕTexas Ꮫࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊ⌮ゎࡋ㞴࠸ࠊࡲࡓࡣ᫂☜࡞(elusory or amorphous) ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ʊTexas Ꮫࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊࡑࢀࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡃ᥇⏝ࡉࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ධ Ꮫ ⪅ 㑅 ᢤ ไ ᗘ ᑐ ࡍ ࡿ ᑂ ᰝ ࢆ ྍ ⬟ ࡞ ࡽ ࡋ ࡵ ࡿ ⛬ ᗘ ホ ౯ ྍ ⬟ ࡞ (measurable)ࡶࡢ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖࡍࡿࡶ100)ࠊࠕከᵝᛶࡼࡗ࡚ᩍ ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿࡇ㛵ࡍࡿ┈ࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ༑ศ࡛࠶ ࡿࠖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ101)ࠋࡶࡗࡶࠊFisherϩἲᘐពぢࡣࠊࠕTexas Ꮫࡣࠊලయⓗ ࡘཝᐦ࡞┠ⓗࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡍࡿ102)ࠋFisherϩἲᘐពぢࡀࡇ࠺ุ᩿ࡍࡿ⮳ ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢ⌮⏤ࡼࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊTexas Ꮫࡀ 2004 ᖺᥦ࠾࠸࡚ࠊࠕࡑ ࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᐇ⌧ࡋࡼ࠺ດࡵࡿᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ౯್ࠖࡋ࡚ࠊࠕ೫ぢ ࢆゎᾘࡍࡿࡇࠊ“‘ே✀┦ࡢ⌮ゎࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡇ’”ࠊ“‘ࡲࡍࡲࡍከᵝࡍࡿ⫋ ሙ♫’”ྥࡅ࡚Ꮫ⏕㞟ᅋࢆカ⦎ࡍࡿࡇࠊ“‘ᅜẸࡢ┠ࡽࡳ࡚ṇᙜᛶࢆ᭷ ࡍࡿ୍⩌ࡢᣦᑟ⪅ࡓࡕࢆ㣴ᡂࡍࡿࡇ’”ࠖࠊࡉࡽࡣࠊࠕάⓎពぢࢆࡋᵝࠎ ࡞ᩥゐࢀࡿࡇࡢ࡛ࡁࡿᏛၥⓗ⎔ቃࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇࠖ➼ࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇ ࢀࡽࡢ┠ⓗࡣࡍ࡚ࠊ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡀࠕඛ࠾࠸࡚ㄆࡵ࡚ࡁࡓ“ࡸࡴࡸࡲ ࢀࡊࡿ┈”ೌࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ103)ࠋ ࡇࢀᑐࡋࠊAlito ุᐁᑐពぢࡣࠊᕪᡠᑂุỴ࠾ࡅࡿ Garza ุᐁᑐ ពぢࢆᘬ⏝ࡋࡘࡘࠊἲᘐពぢࢆḟࡢࡼ࠺ᢈุࡍࡿࠋࠕᡭẁࡢཝᐦᛶᑂᰝ࠾ࡅ
ࡿド᫂㈐௵ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡓࡵࡣࠊTexas Ꮫࡣࠊࡑࡢ┠ⓗࢆ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘ᭷ព⩏࡞ࡸ ࡾ᪉࡛ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋTexas Ꮫࡀࡑࡢ┠ⓗࢆ᫂☜ࡋ࡞࠸ሙྜࠊ ᙜุᡤࡣࠊ┠ⓗ㐩ᡂࡢࡓࡵᡭẁࡀཝᐦタ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྰࢆཝᐦᑂ ᰝࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋTexas Ꮫࡀࡑࡢ┠ⓗࢆᐈほⓗ᫂☜࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ ሙྜࠊᙜุᡤࡣࠊྠᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡀࡑࡢ┠ⓗཝᐦ‘㐺ྜࡍࡿ’ࡶ ࡢྰࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋTexas Ꮫࡀ‘ࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫ’ࡀఱࢆ ồࡵࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࢆㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ሙྜࠊᙜุᡤࡣࠊྠᏛࡀ‘ࢡࣜࢸ࢝ ࣭࣐ࣝࢫ’ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿࡇࡀᚲせྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿ ྰࡶࠊᐇຠᛶࡢ࠶ࡿே✀୰❧ⓗ࡞௦᭰ᡭẁࡀ࠶ࡿྰࡶุ᩿ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖ104)ࠋ௨ୖࡢᘬ⏝ࡼࡾࡘࡘAlito ุᐁࡣࠊࠕࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫࡣ ఱࠊࡲࡓࡣࡢࡼ࠺ࡍࢀࡤࡑࢀࢆホ౯ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࢆ㐺ᗘ᫂☜ ▱ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊุᡤࡣࠊே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿࡇࡀ“‘ᚲせྍḞ࡛’” ࠶ࡿྰࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᚲせ࡞“ධᛕ࡞ᑂᰝ”ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖࡍࡿ105)ࠋ ⥆ࡅ࡚ Alito ุᐁࡣࠊἲᘐពぢࢆ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺ᢈุࡍࡿࠋࠕTexas ᏛࡢධᏛ ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡀ┠ⓗ㐩ᡂࡢࡓࡵཝᐦタ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྰࢆุᡤࡀホ౯ࡍ ࡿࡣࠊྠᏛࡀලయⓗ࡞┈ࢆ᫂♧ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖࡀࠊ೫ぢࢆゎᾘࡍ ࡿࡇࠊே✀┦ࡢ⌮ゎࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡇ➼ࡢTexas Ꮫࡢ♧ࡋࡓ┠ⓗࡣࠊࠕ㈹㈶ ࡍࡿ㊊ࡿ┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡣ࠸࠼ࠊලయⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡶཝᐦ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊࡃࢃ ࠼࡚ࠊே✀ඃ㐝ᥐ⨨ࡢᐇ㛵ࡍࡿไ⣙ཎ⌮(limiting principle)ࢆࡲࡗࡓࡃ♧ࡍ ࡇࢁࡀ࡞࠸ࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ೫ぢࡀ༑ศゎᾘࡉࢀࡓྰࢆุᡤࡣࡢࡼ࠺ ࡍࢀࡤุ᩿ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊே✀┦ࡢ⌮ゎࡀ༑ศ 㐩ᡂࡉࢀࡓྰࢆุᡤࡣࡢࡼ࠺ࡍࢀࡤุ᩿ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺ ࠖ106)ࠋࠕࡇࢀࡽࡢ₍↛ࡋࡓ┠ⓗ(nebulous goals)ࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵᚲせྍḞ ࡛࠶ࡿࠖTexas Ꮫ⮬㌟ࡀᙇࡋࡉ࠼ࡍࢀࡤᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿࡇࡀ ṇᙜࡉࢀࡿ࠸࠺ࡢ࡞ࡽࠊࠕᡭẁࡢཝᐦᛶᑂᰝࡣពࡢ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡞ࡿࠋุ ᡤࡣࠊᏛࡢุ᩿ᩗㆡࡍࡿࡇࢆవ࡞ࡃࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡾࠊࣇ࣮࣐ࢸ ࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡣุᡤࡼࡿᑂᰝࡀཬࡤ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺(will be completely insulated from judicial review)ࠖ107)ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ែࡣࠊࠕ“‘ᮏ᮶ⓗ ྜ᠇ᛶࡢࢃࡋ࠸(inherently suspect)’”ศ㢮ࢆ㐺ἲ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿᙇࡍࡿᅜ ᐙᶵ㛵ᑐࡋ┣┠ⓗᩗㆡࡍࡿࡇࢆᣄྰࡋ࡚ࡁࡓᩘ༑ᖺࡶࢃࡓࡿඛࠖ ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡋࠊࠕ㐃㑥➨ 5 ᕠᅇ༊᥍ッุᡤࡀ㐺ษࡶ“Texas Ꮫࡣ ே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿศ㢮ࢆㄔᐇ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡋ࡚ྠᏛᩗㆡࡋࡓ”ࡇࢆ ᢈุࡋࡓࠖᙜุᡤࡢFisherϨ▩┪ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ108)ࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊἲᘐពぢAlito ุᐁᑐពぢࡣࠊTexas ᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไ ᗘࡢ┠ⓗࡢ᫂☜ᛶࢆࡵࡄࡾᑐ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡶࡗࡶࠊ୧⪅ࡣ୍⮴ࡍࡿⅬࡶ࠶
ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫ࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆᩘ㔞ⓗᐃ⩏ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ ࡑࡢ᫂☜ࢆᅗࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬࡘ࠸࡚ࠊἲᘐពぢ ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢධᏛ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡇ ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈㈨ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࢁ࠺ࡀࠊཎ࿌ࡢᙇࡍࡿࡼ࠺ ࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊ⣧⢋࡞ᩘ㑏ඖࡍࡿࡇࡢ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞┠ⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡲࡓࡑ࠺ ࡉࢀࡿࡁ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡇࢁࠊᏛࡀ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᚿ㢪⪅ ࢆ࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢᩘḧࡍࡿࡇࠊࡲࡓࡣᙼࡽࡘ࠸࡚ᙜไࢆᐇࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡇ ࡣ⚗Ṇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊᙼࡽࡢධᏛ⋡ࡀࡢ⛬ᗘࡢỈ‽㐩ࡍࢀࡤከᵝᛶࡢ ࡶࡓࡽࡍᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈ࢆᚓࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࢆTexas Ꮫࡀල యⓗ♧ࡉ࡞࠸ࡇࢆ㠀㞴ࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖ109)ࠋAlito ุᐁࡶࡲࡓࠊࠕᙜ ุᡤࡢඛࡣ Texas Ꮫᑐࡋ“࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࢆ୍ᐃᩘධ Ꮫࡉࡏࡿࡇ㛵ࡍࡿ┈”ࢆṇ☜♧ࡍࡼ࠺ồࡵ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡍࡿⅬ࠾࠸࡚ ࡣࠊἲᘐពぢྠពࡍࡿࠖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ110)ࠋ ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿධᏛ⪅ࡢᩘࡘ࠸࡚ᩘ್┠ᶆࢆタᐃࡍࢀࡤ111)ࠊධ Ꮫ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡼࡗ࡚㐩ᡂࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿ┠ⓗࢆᐃ⩏࡛ࡁ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ ཝ᱁ᑂᰝࢆྍ⬟࡞ࡽࡋࡵࡿࡍࡿᢈุࡉࡽࡉࢀࡿࡇࡣ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡣ࠸ ࠼ࠊࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫࢆࡇࡢࡼ࠺ᐃ⩏ࡍࢀࡤࠊTexas ᏛࡣධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไ ᗘࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᙜไࢆᐇࡋࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠊࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫ ࡢᐇ⌧ࢆྡ┠ࡋ࡚ே✀ᆒ⾮≧ែࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡑ࠺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠊ࠸ ࠺ᢈุࢆᣍࡃࡇ࡞ࡾࡡ࡞࠸112)ࠋࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫ࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡢ᫂☜ᛶ ࢆࡵࡄࡾࠊTexas Ꮫࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ඵ᪉ሰࡀࡾࡶ࠸࠺ࡁ≧ἣ࠾ࢀ࡚࠸ ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ113)ࠋ Texas Ꮫࡣࠊࡉࡋ࠶ࡓࡾᮏ௳࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣࢆ⬺ࡍࡿࡇࡀ ࡛ࡁࡓࠋࡣ࠸࠼ࠊᚋࠊGrutter ุỴࡢጇᙜᛶࡀၥࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࢀࡤࠊᏛ⏕ 㞟ᅋࡢከᵝᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿ࠸࠺┠ⓗࡢ ṇᙜᛶ⮬యࡀதࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࢁ࠺114)ࠋGrutter ุỴࡀᏛ⏕㞟ᅋࡢከᵝᛶࡼࡗ ࡚⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿᩍ⫱ୖࡢ┈ࢆࠕࡸࡴࡸࡲࢀࡊࡿࡶࡢㄆࡵࡓⅬ࠾࠸࡚ᖹ ➼ಖㆤࡢㅖཎ⌮(principles of equal protection)▩┪ࡋ࡞࠸ྰࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ ぢゎࡢ┦㐪ࡀ࠶ࡿࠖࡀࠊࠕᮏ௳ᙜ⪅ࡽࡣࠊGrutter ุỴࡢ♧ࡋࡓᙜヱゎ㔘ࢆ ࡧྫྷࡍࡿ(revisit that aspect of Grutter’s holding)ࡼ࠺ࠊᙜุᡤồࡵ࡚ࡣ࠸࡞ ࠸ࠖ115)ࠋᮏ௳ࡣࡑࡢࡓࡵ Grutter ุỴࡢጇᙜᛶࢆ⪃ࡍࡿᶵ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡗ ࡓࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ116)ࠋ௬ Grutter ุỴࡢጇᙜᛶࡀᚋதࢃࢀ࡞࠸ࡋ࡚ ࡶࠊྠุỴೌ࠸ࠊࠕࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫ࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡣࠊከᵝᛶࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡳฟ ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡀணᮇࡉࢀࡿᩍ⫱ୖࡢ┈㛵㐃ࡅࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࠖ 117)ࡍࡿࡇࡀチࡉࢀࡿࠊࡉࡽࠊᙜヱ┈ࡣࡑࡢෆᐜࡀᗄศ᫂☜࡛࠶
ࡗ࡚ࡶཝ᱁ࠕᑂᰝࢆྍ⬟࡞ࡽࡋࡵࡿ⛬ᗘホ౯ྍ⬟࡞ࡶࡢࠖ118)࠸࠸࠺ࡿ ࠸࠺ࡇࡀࠊᚋࡶၥ㢟࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋGrutter ุỴࡀࠕᅜᐙᶵ㛵ࡀே✀ࢆ㢳 ៖ࡍࡿሙྜࡣᖖࡑࡢ⤊ᮇࡀㄽ⌮ⓗᑟࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ119)㏙࡚ ࠸ࡿࡇࢆ᰿ᣐࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ⤊ᮇࢆㄽ⌮ⓗᑟࡃࡇࡢ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸᭕ᶍ⢶ࡋ ࡓ┠ⓗࢆᥖࡆࡿࡇࡣチࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡍࡿᙇࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡼ࠺ࠋGrutter ุỴࡣࠊ୍ ᪉࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᏛ⏕㞟ᅋࡢከᵝᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈ࢆᐇ⌧ ࡍࡿ࠸࠺┠ⓗࡀࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࢆṇᙜࡋ࠺ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ ࢆㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ᪉࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡢṇᙜ⌮⏤ࡣไ⣙ཎ⌮ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ ࡿࡋ࡚ࡶ࠸ࡿࠋ୧⪅ࢆࡢࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚୧❧ࡉࡏࡿࡀࠊᚋࡶၥࢃࢀࡿࡇ ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ 3.2. ࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫࡣ᪤ᐇ⌧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸽 ཎ࿌ࡼࢀࡤࠊࠕTexas Ꮫࡀࠊே✀୰❧ⓗ࡞ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ᭱ᚋࡢ ᖺ࡛࠶ࡿ2003 ᖺࡣ㐜ࡃࡶࠊᐇୖࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫࢆᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ ࡣࠊධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ㛵ࡍࡿྠᏛ⮬㌟ࡢ⤫ィࡼࡾド᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ120)ࠋࡃࢃ࠼ ࡚ࠊTexas Ꮫࡣࠊࠕ2003 ᖺࠊ“ࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࢆᐇ࡛ࡁ࡞ ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡇࡼࡾኻࡗࡓࡶࡢࢆᐇୖᇙࡵྜࢃࡏࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ”㧗ࡽ ᐉゝࡋ࡚ࠖ࠾ࡾࠊࠕྠᏛࡀࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠖࡇ ࢆ⮬ㄆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ121)ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࠕTexas Ꮫࡣࠊᡂ⦼ୖ 10%ἲ࠾ࡼࡧே✀୰❧ ⓗ࡞ಶேホ౯(race-neutral holistic review)ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ 2003 ᖺࡲ࡛᪤“ࢡࣜࢸ ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫࢆ㐩ᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ”ࡓࡵࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ⪃៖ධࢀࡿᚲせࡣࡶࡣࡸ࡞ ࠸ࠖࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿ122)ࠋࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊࠕTexas Ꮫࡣࠊ࡞ࡐࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫ ࢆ࠸ࡲࡔᐇ⌧࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢࢆド᫂ࡍࡿ㈐௵ࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡋࠊே✀ඃ㐝 ᥐ⨨ࢆᐇࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᚿ㢪⪅ࡢධᏛ⋡ࡀྠᏛࡢᩍ ⫱┠ᶆࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡢᚲせ࡞Ỉ‽฿㐩ࡋ࡞࠸ࡍࡿ᧦ㆤࡋ࠼࡞࠸⤖ㄽࢆṇᙜ ࡍࡿࠊఱࡽࡢドᣐୖࡢ᰿ᣐ(evidentiary basis)ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚ࡶ࠸࡞࠸ʊࡋࡶࡑࢀ ࡣ“ᙉᅛ࡞” ドᣐୖࡢ᰿ᣐ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ʊࠖ123)ࠋ ἲᘐពぢࡣࠊཎ࿌ࡢࡇࡢᙇࡘ࠸࡚ḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕTexas Ꮫࡣ ᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘ㢗ࡿࡢඛ❧ࡕࠊከᵝᛶࡼࡗ࡚⏕ ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈ࢆᚓࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࡇࢆド᫂ࡍࡿ㔜࠸㈐௵ࢆ㈇࠺ࠊ ࡍࡿⅬ࠾࠸࡚ཎ࿌ࡣṇࡋ࠸ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊཎ࿌ࡀTexas ᏛࡢධᏛࢆ ᚿ㢪ࡋࡓⅬ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚ྠᏛࢆ㠀㞴ࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗ ࡓ࠸࠺ࡇࡀࠊドᣐࡼࡾ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ124)ࠋ࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊἲᘐពぢࡼࢀ ࡤࠊࠕTexas Ꮫࡣࡑࡢ᪉㔪ࢆኚ᭦ࡍࡿඛ❧ࡕࠊ“◊ಟࠊពぢ⫈ྲྀ࠾ࡼࡧࢹ ࣮ࢱࡢ᳨ウ(retreats, interviews, [and] review of data)ࢆྵࡴᩘ࢝᭶ࢃࡓࡿ◊
✲ㄪᰝ࠾ࡼࡧウ㆟”ࢆᐇࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊྠᏛ࠾ࡅࡿ༑ศ࡞ே✀ⓗከᵝᛶࡣ “ே✀୰❧ⓗ࡞᪉⟇ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ㤳ᑿࡼࡃᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ ࡗࡓ”⤖ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿ125)ࠋ ἲᘐពぢࡣࡉࡽࠊTexas Ꮫࡢୖグࡢุ᩿ࡣ௨ୗࡢㅖⅬࡼࡗ࡚ࡶ᰿ᣐ࡙ ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡍࡿࠋ➨1 ࠊࠕTexas Ꮫࡢᥦ♧ࡋࡓேཱྀ⤫ィ㈨ᩱࡼࡿࠊ࣐ ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᚿ㢪⪅ࡢྠᏛࡢධᏛ⋡ࡀ1996 ᖺࡽ 2002 ᖺࡲ୍࡛ ㈏ࡋ࡚≧ἣ࠶ࡗࡓࡇࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ126)ࠋࠕேཱྀ⤫ィࡣࠊࡑࢀࡢࡳ࡛ ⤖ ㄽ ࢆ Ỵ ᐃ ࡍ ࡿ ࢃ ࡅ ࡛ ࡣ Ỵ ࡋ ࡚ ࡞ ࠸ ࡀ ࠊ 㐣 ᑡ ࡞ ぢ ᆅ(underrepresented perspectives)ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇࡢ࡛ࡁࡿᏛ⏕ࢆ Texas ᏛࡀධᏛࡉࡏࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ ྰࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿ┠Ᏻ(gauge)ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡢព⩏ࡀ࠶ࡿࠖ127)ࠋ➨ 2 ࠊ ࠕHopwood ุỴ௨㝆 Texas Ꮫࡢ㐠⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡼࡗ࡚ධᏛࢆ ᯝࡓࡋࡓ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡀᏙ⊂ឤ࠾ࡼࡧᏙ❧ឤࢆぬ࠼࡚࠸ࡓ ࡍࡿドᣐࡀࠖࠊTexas Ꮫࡼࡾ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ128)ࠋ➨3 ࠊ2002 ᖺ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ ࠕ5 ྡ௨ୖࡢᒚಟ⪅ࡢ࠸ࡿᏛ㒊㛤ㅮㅮ⩏⛉┠ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊࣇࣜ࢝⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡢ Ꮫ⏕ࡀ1 ྡ௨ୖᒚಟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡣ 21㸣ࡋ࡞ࡗࡓࠖ࠺࠼ࠊࠕ1996 ᖺ࠾ ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ5 ྡ௨ୖࡢᒚಟ⪅ࡢ࠸ࡿᏛ㒊㛤ㅮㅮ⩏⛉┠ࡢ࠺ࡕࣄࢫࣃࢽࢵࢡࡢᏛ⏕ ࡀ1 ྡࡓࡾࡶ࠸࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡀ 10㸣࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࠊ2002 ᖺ࠾࠸࡚ ࡣࡇࢀࡀ20㸣࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠖ129)ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊἲᘐពぢࡣࠊ➨1 ࠊ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ 㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᚿ㢪⪅ࡢධᏛ⋡ࡀࡿࢃ࡞࠸ࡇࢆ♧ࡍேཱྀ⤫ィࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ➨ 2 ࠊ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡀᏙ⊂ឤ࠾ࡼࡧᏙ❧ឤࢆぬ࠼࡚࠸ࡓ࠸࠺ ᐇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ➨3 ࠊከᩘࡢㅮ⩏⛉┠࠾࠸࡚ே✀㠃࡛ࡢከᵝᛶࡀḞࡅ࡚࠸ ࡓ࠸࠺ᐇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊTexas Ꮫࡢ᥇⏝ࡋࡓே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁࡣዌຌࡋ࡞ࡗ ࡓࡍࡿ⤖ㄽࢆ⿵ᙉࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࢀᑐࡋࠊAlito ุᐁࡣࠊᑐពぢ࠾࠸࡚௨ୗࡢ␗ㄽࢆၐ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ Alito ุᐁࡣࡲࡎࠊἲᘐពぢࡀࠕ“‘“ே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁ…ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࡶࠊ࠾࠾ࡼࡑ ‶㊊ࡺࡃ⛬ᗘࠊチᐜࡋ࠺ࡿ௦ൾ࡛㔜せ࡞┈ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ”’࡞ࡽࠊ Texas Ꮫࡣࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸”ࠖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ☜ㄆࡍ ࡿ130)ࠋࡑࡢ࠺࠼࡛Alito ุᐁࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕᮏ௳࠾࠸࡚ ࡣࠊTexas Ꮫࡣࡑࡢ┠ⓗࢆࠊே✀୰❧ⓗ࡞ಶேホ౯ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே ✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘྠࡌࡼ࠺ᑡ࡞ࡃࡶ“࠾࠾ࡼࡑ‶㊊ࡺࡃ⛬ᗘ ”㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡍࡿドᣐࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡃࢃ࠼࡚ࠊTexas Ꮫࡣࠊ ྠᏛࡢධᏛࢆᨭ࣭ಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࢆᙉࡍࡿࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲ ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ධᏛࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢᩘࡢୖ㝈ࢆ᧔ᗫࡍࡿࠊࡲࡓࡣᚿ㢪⪅ࡢ♫⤒῭ⓗせ⣲ ᑐࡍࡿホ౯ࡢ㔜ࡳ࡙ࡅࢆቑࡍ➼ࡢࡢᡭẁࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࡑࡢ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇ ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ131)ࠋAlito ุᐁࡼࡿࠊࠕTexas Ꮫࡣࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே
✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡢ࠺ࡀே✀୰❧ⓗ࡞ಶேホ౯ࡼࡾࡶᐇຠⓗከ ᵝᛶ࠸࠺┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡢドᣐࢆࡲࡗࡓࡃ♧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ ཝ᱁ᑂᰝᇶ‽ࡼࡗ࡚ㄢࡉࢀࡿ㔜࠸ド᫂㈐௵ࢆᯝࡓࡏ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖࡉࢀࡿ132)ࠋ ࡃࢃ࠼࡚Alito ุᐁࡣࠊἲᘐពぢࡀ Texas Ꮫࡢ᥇⏝ࡋࡓே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁࡣ ዌຌࡋ࡞ࡗࡓ⤖ㄽࡍࡿ࠶ࡓࡾࠊ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᚿ㢪⪅ࡢධᏛ ⋡ࡀࡿࢃ࡞࠸ࡇࢆ♧ࡍேཱྀ⤫ィࠊ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡀᏙ⊂ឤ ࠾ࡼࡧᏙ❧ឤࢆぬ࠼࡚࠸ࡓ࠸࠺ᐇࠊࡉࡽࡣࠊከᩘࡢㅮ⩏⛉┠࠾࠸࡚ே ✀㠃࡛ࡢከᵝᛶࡀḞࡅ࡚࠸ࡓ࠸࠺ᐇࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆᢈุࡍࡿࠋAlito ุᐁࡼࢀࡤࠊࡇࢀࡽࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶࠊ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢᩘࡀ ࡢ⛬ᗘ㐩ࡍࢀࡤከᵝᛶࡀᐇ⌧ࡉࢀࡓ࠸࠼ࡿࡢࢆලయⓗᣦࡋ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛ ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣࡍ࡚ࠊTexas Ꮫࡢ㏣ồࡍࡿࠕ┈㈨ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡑࡢධ Ꮫ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿྰࠊゝࡍࢀࡤᙜヱไᗘࡀᐇ㝿ᙜヱ┈㈨ ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿྰࢆุᡤࡀุ᩿ࡍࡿࡇࢆྍ⬟ࡍࡿఱࡽࡢホ౯ᇶ‽ࠖ ࡓࡾ࠼࡞࠸ࡓࡵ133)ࠊุᡤࡀࡇࢀࡽࢆཧ↷ࡋࡘࡘཝ᱁ᑂᰝࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡣࡑࡶࡑ ࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ134)ࠋࡉࡽࡇࡢࡇ㛵㐃ࡋ࡚ࠊAlito ุᐁࡣࠊୖグࡢேཱྀ ⤫ィࡑࡢࡢᐇࢆࡶࡗ࡚ከᵝᛶࡀ༑ศ࡛࠶ࡿྰࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿࡇࢆ Texas ᏛチࡏࡤࠊྠᏛࡣ⮬㌟ࡀ‶㊊ࡍࡿࡲ࡛࠸ࢃࡤ⼥㏻↓☀ᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ 㢳៖ࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡾࠊࠕ࠶ࡽࡉࡲே✀ᆒ⾮≧ែࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡑ࠺ࡍࡿࡇ ࠖࡍࡽྍ⬟࡞ࡿࡍࡿ135)ࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡀ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋᣦࡋ࡚ࡁ ࡓ࠾ࡾࠊࠕ᫂ࡽ࡞᠇ἲ㐪࡛࠶ࡿࠖ136)ࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊAlito ุᐁࡣࠊᏛ⏕㞟ᅋࡢከᵝᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ᩍ⫱ ୖࡢㅖ┈ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿ࠸࠺᫂░࡞┠ⓗࢆᐜㄆࡍࢀࡤࠊᙜヱ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁ ࡚࠸ࡿྰࡢุ᩿ࢆTexas Ꮫጤࡡࡿࡇ࡞ࡾࠊࡦ࠸࡚ࡣྠᏛࡀ㐪᠇ ࡞┠ⓗࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿࡇࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕ࠶ࡽࡉࡲே✀ᆒ⾮≧ែࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡑ࠺ ࡍࡿࡇࠖࢆุᡤࡀ㯲ㄆࡍࡿࡇࡍࡽ࡞ࡾࡡ࡞࠸ࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋࠊ ἲᘐពぢࡣࠊ௨ୖࡢᢈุᛂ⟅ࡍࡿࡢࡼ࠺ḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕᏛࡣࠊ ࡑࡢ㒊ศࡀࠊ“ᐈほⓗホ౯ࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ⣲ᬕࡽࡋࡉࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿ”ゐ▱ࡋ㞴࠸(intangible)“ᅛ᭷ࡢᛶ㉁(qualities)”ࡼࡗ࡚≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋᏛ⏕ 㞟ᅋࡢከᵝᛶࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊࡑࡢࢹࣥࢸࢸ࣮࠾ࡼࡧᩍ⫱┠ⓗࡢ୰᰾࠶ࡿ ゐ ▱ ࡋ 㞴 ࠸ ≉ ㉁ ࢆ ᐃ ⩏ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ࠊ Ꮫ ᑐ ࡋ ┦ ᛂ ࡢ ᩗ ㆡ (Considerable deference)ࡀᡶࢃࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ137)ࠋࡇࡢ୍⠇ࡣࠊᏛ⏕㞟ᅋ ࡢከᵝᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆධᏛ ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡢ┠ⓗᤣ࠼ࡿྰࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊᙜヱ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿྰ ࡢุ᩿ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊᏛࡢ㔞ጤࡡࡿࡁࡇࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ㄞࡵ ࡿࠋࡶࡗࡶࠊἲᘐពぢࡣࠊࠕᏛࡣࠊᙜไࢆᐇࡍࡿࡇࡶࠊ“‘Ꮫ⏕㞟ᅋࡢ
࡞࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢ㞟ᅋࡀ༢ே✀ࡲࡓࡣẸ᪘ⓗฟ⮬ࢆ⌮⏤ࡋ࡚࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢ ྜྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡇ’ࡋ࡚ከᵝᛶࢆᐃ⩏ࡍࡿ”ࡇࡶチࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠖ ࡋ138)ࠊࡑࡢ㔞ᑐࡍࡿṑṆࡵࢆ⏝ពࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡣ࠸࠼ࠊἲᘐពぢࡣࠊTexas Ꮫࡀࠊࠕ㐣ᑡ࡞ぢᆅࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇࡢ࡛ࡁࡿᏛ⏕ࢆྠᏛࡀධᏛࡉࡏࡽࢀ࡚࠸ ࡿྰࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿ┠Ᏻࠖࡋ࡚ࠕேཱྀ⤫ィࠖࢆά⏝ࡍࡿࡇࢆㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ139)ࠋ Texas Ꮫࡀேཱྀ⤫ィࢆཧ↷ࡋࡘࡘࠊ༑ศ࡞ᩘࡢᏛ⏕ࡢ࠸࡞࠸࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟 ᅋᒓࡍࡿᚿ㢪⪅ࢆධᏛࡉࡏࡿࡇࡀチࡉࢀࡿ࡞ࡽࠊࡑࡢࡇࠊࠕᏛ⏕㞟ᅋࡢ ࡞࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢ㞟ᅋࡀ༢ே✀ࡲࡓࡣẸ᪘ⓗฟ⮬ࢆ⌮⏤ࡋ࡚࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢ ྜྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡇࠖ140)ࡢᕪࡣࠊ⣬୍㔜ࡶ࡞࠸࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶ㐣ゝ࡛ࡣ ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࢁ࠺141)ࠋ Sotomayor ุᐁࡣࠊFisherϨࡢཱྀ㢌ᘚㄽ࠾࠸࡚ࠊࠕ࠸ࡘࠊࡢࡼ࠺࡞ẁ㝵 ࡛ࠊุᡤࡣࠊே✀ࢆ⪃៖ධࢀࡿࡇࡀᚲせྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࡍࡿᏛࡢุ᩿ ᩗㆡࢆᡶ࠺ࡇࢆࡸࡵࡿࡁࠖࠊࡉࡽࠊࠕࡑࡢุ᩿ࢆࡍࡿࡓࡵ㐺⏝ࡍ ࡁᇶ‽ࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࠖ࠸࠺ࡇࡀࠊࠕᮏ௳࠾ࡅࡿࡶࡗࡶ㔜せ࡞ၥ㢟 (bottom line)࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ㏙࡚࠸ࡿ142)ࠋGrutter ุỴࡀ㏙ࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ ᶵ 㛵ࡀ࣐ ࣀ ࣜࢸ 㞟ᅋ ᒓࡍ ࡿᏛ ⏕ࡢࠕ“ᩘ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡢὀពࢆᡶ࠺ࡇ (Some attention to numbers)”ࢆࡋࡓࡽ࠸ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࢀ௨ୖࡢࡇࢆࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ ᰂ㌾࡞ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡀ◳┤ⓗ࡞ᙜไኚㇺࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖࡍ ࡿࡋ࡚ࡶ143)ࠊุᡤࡀ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡇࡲ࡛ᩗㆡࢆᡶ࠺ࡁࡀࠊᚋࡶ ၥ㢟࡞ࢁ࠺144)ࠋ 3.3. ᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿࡇࡣࢃࡎ࡞ຠᯝ(minimal impact)ࡋ࡞࠸ ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸽 ཎ࿌ࡣࠊࠕᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊTexas Ꮫࡢᙇࡍࡿ“ࡸࡴࡸ ࡲࢀࡊࡿ┈ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡇᑐࡋ࡚‘ࢃࡎ࡞ຠᯝ(minimal impact)’”ࡋࡶ ࡓ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿࡇࡣᚲせྍḞ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖࡍࡿ145)ࠋཎ࿌ࡢ౫ ᣐࡍࡿࡇࡢࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ minimal effect ⌮ㄽࡣࠊParents Involved ุỴ࠾ࡅࡿ Roberts 㤳ᖍุᐁἲᘐពぢ➃ࢆⓎࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠุỴࡣࠊே✀⤫ྜࢆᯝ ࡓࡍࡓࡵᏛᰯ࠾ࡅࡿே✀ẚ⋡ࢆㄪ⠇ࡍࡿࡃே✀ࢆ⪃៖せ⣲ࡢ1 ࡘࡋ࡚ ඣ❺࣭⏕ᚐࢆᏛᰯࡾࡿไᗘࡀᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯㐪ࡍࡿࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ 146)ࠋParents Involved ุỴ࠾࠸࡚ Roberts 㤳ᖍุᐁࡣࠊᙜヱไᗘࡣࠕᏛᰯ㛫 ࡛ᑡᩘࡢඣ❺࣭⏕ᚐࢆ⛣ືࡉࡏࡓࡔࡅࡢ⤖ᯝ⤊ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠖᣦࡋࡓ࠺࠼ ࡛ࠊࠕඣ❺࣭⏕ᚐࡢᏛᰯࡢࡾࡾࢃࡎ࡞ຠᯝࡋࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࠸ ࠺ࡇࡣࠊࡢᡭẁࡢ࠺ࡀࡼࡾຠᯝⓗ࡛࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࠖ147) ࡶࠊࠕே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿศ㢮ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿᚲせྍḞᛶ(necessity)ၥࢆᢞ
