4.1. Fisherϩཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡢཝ᱁ᗘ
ࠕᮏ௳࠾࠸࡚ᙜุᡤࡀඛุỴࢆୗࡋࡓⅬ௨㝆ࠊఱወጁ࡞ࡇࡀ㉳
ࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ246)ࠋࡇ࠺㏙ࡿAlitoุᐁࡣࠊFisherϩἲᘐពぢࡣྍゎ࡞ࡇ
ࠊFisherϨ࠾࠸࡚ᙉࡃྰᐃࡋࡓࡶࢃࡽࡎTexasᏛᩗㆡࢆᡶࡗࡓ
ࡍࡿ247)ࠋࡓࡋFisherϩἲᘐពぢࡣࠊFisherϨᛅᐇᚑ࠸TexasᏛᩗㆡ ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡃཝ᱁ࡉࢀࡓཝ᱁ᑂᰝࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡣ࠸࠸㞴࠸ࠋ
➨ 1ࠊFisherϩἲᘐពぢࡣࠊTexas Ꮫࠊࠕே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿศ㢮ࡓࡼ
ࡿ๓ࠊ⏝ྍ⬟࡞ே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁ࡛ࡣᐇຠᛶࡀ࡞࠸ࡇࢆド᫂ࡍࡿ㈐௵ࠖ248)
ࢆᯝࡓࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࡣ࠸࠸㞴࠸ࠋἲᘐពぢࡼࢀࡤࠊࠕドᣐࢆᑂᰝࡍࡿࠊཎ࿌
ࡀTexasᏛᚿ㢪ࡋࡓⅬ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊཎ࿌ࡢᥦࡍࡿ௦᭰ᡭẁࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ
ྠᏛࡢồࡵࡿከᵝᛶࡢࡶࡓࡽࡍㅖ┈ࢆ☜ಖࡋ࠺ࡿᐇຠⓗᡭẁ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓ
࠸࠺ࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠖࡉࢀࡿ249)ࠋࡲࡎࠊࡇࡢ୍⠇ࡀ♧ࡍࡼ࠺ࠊἲᘐ ពぢࡣࠊᮏ᮶TexasᏛࡀ㈇࠺ࡁド᫂㈐௵ࢆཎ࿌㈇ࢃࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࠋḟࠊࡇ ࡢࡼ࠺⤖ㄽࡍࡿࡽࡣࠊࡑࡢࡇࢆ᰿ᣐ࡙ࡅࡿドᣐࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿ
ࡀࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ドᣐࡀTexasᏛࡼࡗ࡚ᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇࡣAlitoุᐁ
ࡼࡾ⦷ࠎᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋἲᘐពぢࡢ࠸࠺ࠊࠕே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘ
㢗ࡿࡢඛ❧ࡕࠊከᵝᛶࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈ࢆᚓࡽࢀ࡞
ࡗࡓࡇࢆド᫂ࡍࡿ㔜࠸㈐௵ࠖ250)ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡓࡵࡣࠊTexas Ꮫࡣࠊᡂ⦼ୖ
10㸣ἲࡼࡗ࡚ྠᏛࡢධᏛࢆᯝࡓࡋࡓᏛ⏕ಶูホ౯ࡼࡗ࡚ධᏛࡋࡓᏛ
⏕࡛ከᵝᛶᐤࡍࡿᗘྜࡀࡢ⛬ᗘ␗࡞ࡿࡢࠊゝࡍࢀࡤࠊ୧⪅ࡢ㛫࡛
ᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈ࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡿࡇᑐࡋ࡚ࡢ⛬ᗘࡢ᭷ពᕪࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡢ
࠸࠺ࡇ㛵ࡍࡿドᣐࢆ♧ࡉ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡶ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊᡂ
⦼ୖ 10㸣ἲࡀᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈ࢆ࠾࠾ࡼࡑ‶㊊ࡺࡃ⛬ᗘ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࠺ࡿࡶࡢ
࡛࠶ࡿྰࢆࠊูゝࡍࢀࡤࠊྠἲࡀᐇຠᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ௦᭰ᡭẁ࡛࠶ࡿྰࢆホ ౯ࡍࡿࡇ⮬యࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊTexas Ꮫࡣࡇ ࡢドᣐࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ௨ୖࡢࡇ㚷ࡳࡿࠊTexas Ꮫࡣࠕே✀ࢆᇶ‽
ࡍࡿศ㢮ࡓࡼࡿ๓ࠊ⏝ྍ⬟࡞ே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁ࡛ࡣᐇຠᛶࡀ࡞࠸ࡇࢆド
᫂ࡍࡿ㈐௵ࠖ251)ࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡣ࠸࠼ࡎࠊྠࠊୖグࡢドᣐࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸
ࡶࢃࡽࡎᡂ⦼ୖ 10㸣ἲࡢ௦᭰ᡭẁࡋ࡚ࡢᐇຠᛶࢆྰᐃࡋࡓἲᘐព ぢࡣࠊࠕ‘ே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁ’ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࡶࠊ࠾࠾ࡼࡑ‶㊊ࡺࡃ⛬ᗘࠊチᐜࡋ࠺ࡿ௦ ൾ࡛㔜せ࡞┈ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠖྰࢆࠊࠕᏛᩗㆡࡏࡎධᛕ
ྫྷࠖ252)ࡋ࡚ࡣ࠸࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋGrutterุỴᆺࡢཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡀࠊᚿ㢪
⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘ௦᭰ࡋ࠺ࡿே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁࡢᏑྰࢆ┿ᦸ
ㄔᐇ᳨ウࡍࡿࡼ࠺Ꮫồࡵࡿࡍࡂ࡞ࡗࡓࡢᑐࡋࠊFisherϨࡼࡗ
࡚ཝ᱁ࡉࢀࡓཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡣࠊᐇຠᛶࡢ࠶ࡿே✀୰❧ⓗ࡞௦᭰ᡭẁࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸
ࡇࢆド᫂ࡍࡿࡇࡲ࡛Ꮫồࡵࡿࡶࡢ(ࡢࡣࡎ)࡛࠶ࡿ253)ࠋFisherϨࡢ♧ࡋࡓ ཝ᱁ࡉࢀࡓཝ᱁ᑂᰝࢆᚭᗏࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿ Alito ุᐁࡢぢᆅࡽࡍࢀࡤࠊἲ ᘐពぢࡣࠊࠕ“ே✀୰❧ⓗ࡞ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࢆⓎぢ࡛ࡁࢀࡤ⏦ࡋศ࡞ࡃ”ࠊᐇ⾜ྍ
⬟࡞ࢀࡤࡍࡄࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࢆᗫṆࡍࡿࡘࡶࡾ
࡛࠶ࡿࠊࡍࡿMichiganᏛ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝࡢゝⴥࢆ㢠㠃㏻ࡾཷࡅࡿࠖ254)
ࡋMichiganᏛ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝᩗㆡࡋࡓGrutterุỴἲᘐពぢᚄᗞ࡞࠸
ࡶࡢ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࢁ࠺255)ࠋ
➨2ࠊFisherϩἲᘐពぢࡣࠊࠕධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ㐣⛬ࡀࠊ“ྛᚿ㢪⪅ࡀಶேࡋ࡚ホ
౯ࡉࢀࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࡲࡓࡣẸ᪘ࡀྜྰࢆỴᐃࡍࡿᙺࢆᯝࡓࡍࡸࡾ᪉࡛ホ౯
ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡇࢆಖドࡍࡿ”ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆド᫂ࡍࡿࠖ256)㈐௵ࢆTexasᏛᯝ ࡓࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࡶ࠸࠸㞴࠸ࠋFisherϨἲᘐពぢࡼࡿࠊཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡣࠊࠕධᏛ⪅
㑅ᢤ㐣⛬࠾࠸࡚ࡣチᐜࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࡸࡾ᪉࡛ே✀ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡍࡿᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵 ࡢᙇࠖࡢ┿ഇࢆ☜ࡵࡿࡃࠊࠕᙜヱ㐣⛬ࡀᐇ㝿ࡢࡼ࠺ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
࠸࠺ࡇ㛵ࡍࡿドᣐࢆཝᐦᑂᰝࡍࡿࠖࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ257)ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵุᡤࡣࠊ ࠕ“Ꮫࡀㄔᐇ࡞᳨ウ(good faith consideration)ࢆ⤒ࡓ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚ே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿ
ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ุ᩿⮳ࡗࡓࡇࢆ☜ࡵ”ࡼ࠺ヨࡳࡿࠖࡔ ࡅ࡛ࡣ༑ศ࡛ࠊࠕධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ㐣⛬ࡀࠊ“ྛᚿ㢪⪅ࡀಶேࡋ࡚ホ౯ࡉࢀࠊᚿ㢪
⪅ࡢே✀ࡲࡓࡣẸ᪘ࡀྜྰࢆỴᐃࡍࡿᙺࢆᯝࡓࡍࡸࡾ᪉࡛ホ౯ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ
ࢆಖドࡍࡿ”ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࠖࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࠕᙜヱ㐣⛬ࡀᐇ㝿ࡢࡼ࠺
ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ㛵ࡍࡿドᣐࢆཝᐦᑂᰝࠖࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸
258)ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊFisherϩἲᘐពぢࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᑂᰝࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡣ࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ
Texas ᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ㐣⛬ࡢᐇែ㐪᠇ࡢ⩏ࡢ࠶ࡿࡇࢆ┳㐣ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ
࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠸࠺ၥࡀṧࡿࠋࡇࡇ࠸࠺㐪᠇ࡢ⩏ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊTexas Ꮫ ࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ࠾࠸࡚ே✀ࡀỴᐃⓗせ⣲࡞ࡾධᏛࢆᯝࡓࡋࡓᏛ⏕ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ
ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠸࠺ᛕࡣࠊ㐃㑥➨5ᕠᅇ༊᥍ッุᡤุỴ࠾࠸࡚Garza
ุᐁࡼࡾᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋGarza ุᐁࡼࢀࡤࠊཎ࿌ࡀ Texas Ꮫࡢධ Ꮫࢆㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓ2008ᖺࠊAI࠾ࡼࡧPAIᇶ࡙ࡃホ౯ࢆཷࡅ࡚ྠᏛ
ࡢධᏛࢆᯝࡓࡋࡓࣇࣜ࢝⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡢᏛ⏕ࡣ58ྡ࡛ࠊࣄࢫࣃࢽࢵࢡࡢᏛ
⏕ࡣ158ྡ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ259)ࠋࠕᙜุᡤࡣࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢAIࡢⅬᩘࡀ༑ศ㧗࠸ࡓࡵᙜ ヱⅬᩘࡢࡳ࡛ධᏛチྍࡀ࠼ࡽࢀࡿሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ
ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᙜุᡤࡣࠊḟࡢࡇࢆ♧ࡍ㈨ᩱࢆ࡞ࢇࡽᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑ
ࢀࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ58ྡࡢࣇࣜ࢝⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡢᏛ⏕158ྡࡢࣄࢫࣃࢽࢵࢡࡢ Ꮫ⏕ࡢ࠺ࡕఱྡࡀࠊே✀୰❧ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ AI ࡢᚓⅬᇶ࡙ࡁ⮬ືⓗධᏛࢆチྍ
ࡉࢀࡓࡢࠊࡉࡽࠊMichiganᏛ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘྠᵝࡢಶ
ேホ౯(holistic evaluation)ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ7ࡘࡢ“≉ู࡞”ࡢ1ࡘࡋ࡚ᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே
✀ࢆ⪃៖ධࢀࡿ PAI ࡢᚓⅬࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓᚋࠊఱྡࡀධᏛࢆチྍࡉࢀࡓࡢࠊ
࠸࠺ࡇࢆ♧ࡍ㈨ᩱ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ260)ࠋࠕTexas Ꮫࡀ㈨ᩱࢆಖᣢࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ ᙜุᡤࡣࠊධᏛࡋࡓࡇࢀࡽࡢᏛ⏕ࡢ࠺ࡕ࠸ࡎࢀࡢྜ᱁ุᐃ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡢ⛬
ᗘே✀ࡀᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࠊࡲࡓࡣࠊຍⅬせ⣲ࡋ࡚ே✀ࡀࢃࢀ࡞ࡗࡓ࡞
ࡽࡤධᏛ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺Ꮫ⏕ࡀࡇࡢ࡞ఱྡᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࢆࠊ▱
ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊTexasᏛࡀ58ྡࡢࣇࣜ࢝⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ே
ࡢᏛ⏕158ྡࡢࣄࢫࣃࢽࢵࢡࡢᏛ⏕ࡑࢀࡒࢀࢆྜ᱁ࡉࡏࡿ࠶ࡓࡾࠊே✀
Ỵᐃⓗ࡞㔜ࡳ࡙ࡅࢆ࠼ࡓ௬ᐃࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢᏛ⏕ࡣ౫↛ࡋ࡚ࠊTexas
ᕞෆࡽTexasᏛධᏛࡋࡓ᪂ධ⏕6322ྡࡢ࠺ࡕࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ0.92㸣2.5㸣
ࡋ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊຍⅬせ⣲ࡋ࡚࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ↓᮲௳࡛ධᏛ ࡀಖドࡉࢀࡿᆅ(condition)ࡋ࡚ே✀ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠊṇ┿ṇ㖭ࡢ᠇ἲ㐪ࡢᐃ࡛
࠶ࡿࠖ261)ࠋ௨ୖࡢGarzaุᐁࡢᣦࡣࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿTexasᏛ
ࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡀᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡇࡗ࡚ࢃࡎ࡞ຠᯝࡋ
ࡶࡓ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆᢈุࡍࡿᩥ⬦࠾࠸࡚࡞ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ
࡞࡛ࠊධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ࠾࠸࡚ே✀ࡀỴᐃⓗせ⣲࡞ࡾධᏛࢆᯝࡓࡋࡓᏛ⏕ࡀᏑ ᅾࡍࡿ࠸࠺ᛕࡀᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇὀ┠ࡍࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡢࡶ
࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᛕࢆᡶࡋࡻࡃࡍࡿࡓࡵTexas Ꮫࡣᚲせ࡞ドᣐࡢᥦ♧ࢆ
ồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡾ262)ࠊࡑ࠺ࡍࡿࡇࡇࡑࡀࡲࡉࠊࠕᙜヱ㐣⛬ࡀᐇ㝿
ࡢࡼ࠺ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ㛵ࡍࡿドᣐࢆཝᐦᑂᰝࠖ263)ࡍࡿ࠸࠺
ࡇࡢࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊFisherϩἲᘐពぢࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᑂᰝࢆ⾜ࡗ
࡚ࡣ࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
➨ 3 ࠊTexas ᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡢ┠ⓗࡀ᭕ᶍ⢶ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ
ࡂࡾࠊFisherϨࡀ♧ࡍࡼ࠺ࠊࠕከᵝᛶࡢࡶࡓࡽࡍᩍ⫱ୖࡢ┈ࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵ
Ꮫࡀே✀ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇࡀ“ᚲせྍḞ”ྰࠖࠊゝࡍࢀࡤࠊࠕᏛࡀே✀ࢆ
ᇶ‽ࡍࡿศ㢮ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡞ࡃ༑ศ࡞ከᵝᛶࢆᐇ⌧࡛ࡁࡿྰࢆධᛕᑂ ᰝࡍࡿࠖ264)ࡇ࡞ࠊࡑࡶࡑࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ265)ࠋ
Fisherϩἲᘐពぢࡶ☜ㄆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ࠾࠸࡚ᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀
ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾᏛ⏕㞟ᅋࡢከᵝᛶࢆ☜ಖࡋࠊࡶࡗ࡚ᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈ࢆᐇ
⌧ࡍࡿ࠸࠺┠ⓗࢆタᐃࡍࡿࡇࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ᑐࡋ࡚ᩗㆡࡀᡶ
ࢃࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸266)ࠋࡣ࠸࠼ࠊἲᘐពぢࡣࠊࠕཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡣࠊ“┠ⓗࡲࡓࡣ
┈ࡀ᠇ἲୖチᐜࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡶ㔜せ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࡇࠊࡉࡽ
ࠊே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿศ㢮ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇࡀᙜヱ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵ…ᚲせ
ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ”ࢆ᫂☜ド᫂ࡍࡿࡇࢆᏛồࡵࡿࠖࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵ267)ࠊ ࠕTexas Ꮫࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊ⌮ゎࡋ㞴࠸ࠊࡲࡓࡣ᫂☜࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸
ʊTexas Ꮫࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊࡑࢀࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡃ᥇⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘ
ᑐࡍࡿᑂᰝࢆྍ⬟࡞ࡽࡋࡵࡿ⛬ᗘホ౯ྍ⬟࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖࡋ
࡚ࡶ࠸ࡿ268)ࠋࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊAlito ุᐁࡼࢀࡤࠊࠕTexas Ꮫࡣࠊ࡞ࡐᚿ 㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࠸࠺ࡇࡃࢃ࠼ࠊ ࡑࡢ┠ⓗࡀ࠸ࡘ㐩ᡂࡉࢀࡓࢆࡢࡼ࠺ࡋุ࡚᩿ࡍࡿࡢ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ“᫂
☜”ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖ269)ࠋࡑࢀࡤࡾࠊἲᘐពぢࡀTexasᏛࡢᙇࢆㄆࡵࠊ ࠕ“ከᵝᛶࡼࡗ࡚ᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿ”࠸࠺ࡇࢆᘬࡁྜ࠸ฟ ࡍࡔࡅ࡛༑ศ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᙜヱ┈㈨ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡑࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡀᚲせ࡛࠶
ࡿྰࠊゝࡍࢀࡤᙜヱไᗘࡀᐇ㝿ᙜヱ┈㈨ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿྰࢆ
ุᡤࡀุ᩿ࡍࡿࡇࢆྍ⬟ࡍࡿఱࡽࡢホ౯ᇶ‽ࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿᚲせࡣ࡞
࠸ࠖࡋࡓࡓࡵ270)ࠊࠕᡭẁࡢཝᐦᛶᑂᰝࢆពࡢ࠶ࡿᙧ࡛⾜࠺ࡇࡣྍ⬟
࡛࠶ࡿࠖ271)ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ୍᪉࠾࠸࡚ࠊࠕᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿࡇࡀTexas
Ꮫࡢᙇࡍࡿチᐜࡉࢀ࠺ࡿ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵཝᐦタ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྰ
ࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿ㝿ࡣࠊุᡤࡀᩗㆡࢆᡶ࠺ࡇࡣ୍ษ࡞࠸(no deference is owed)ࠖ
ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡶ272)ࠊ᪉࠾࠸࡚ࠊࠕලయⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡶཝᐦ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊࡃ
ࢃ࠼࡚ࠊே✀ඃ㐝ᥐ⨨ࡢᐇ㛵ࡍࡿไ⣙ཎ⌮ࢆࡲࡗࡓࡃ♧ࡍࡇࢁࡀ࡞࠸ࠖ
273)┠ⓗࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿࡇࢆㄆࡵࢀࡤࠊࠕุᡤࡣࠊᏛࡢุ᩿ᩗㆡࡍࡿࡇࢆ
వ࡞ࡃࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡾࠊࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡣุᡤࡼࡿᑂ ᰝࡀཬࡤ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࠖ࡞ࡾࡡ࡞࠸274)ࠋཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡀཝ᱁࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ
ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊཝ᱁ᑂᰝࢆྍ⬟࡞ࡽࡋࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡞┠ⓗࡢ㏣ồࢆチࡍࡇࡣࠊ⫼
⌮࠸ࢃࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࢁ࠺275)ࠋ
௨ୖࡢㅖⅬ㚷ࡳࡿࠊFisherϩࡣࠊᡭẁࡢཝᐦᛶᑂᰝ࠾࠸࡚ࡣᩗㆡࡀᡶ
ࢃࢀࡿࡁ࡛࡞࠸ࡍࡿ FisherϨᆺࡢཝ᱁ࡉࢀࡓཝ᱁ᑂᰝ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡴࡋࢁ
GrutterุỴᆺࡢ⦆ࡸ࡞ཝ᱁ᑂᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ࠸࠼ࡼ࠺276)ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡉࡽὀ┠ࡍ
ࡁࡣࠊFisherϩἲᘐពぢࡀḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙ࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ᑐࡋ࡚ᩗㆡࢆᡶ
࠺ࡁࡇࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿ277)ࠋࠕᏛࡣࠊࡑࡢ㒊ศࡀࠊ“ᐈほⓗホ౯ ࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ⣲ᬕࡽࡋࡉࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ”ゐ▱ࡋ㞴࠸“ᅛ᭷ࡢᛶ㉁”
ࡼࡗ࡚≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋᏛ⏕㞟ᅋࡢከᵝᛶࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊࡑࡢࢹࣥࢸࢸ
࣮࠾ࡼࡧᩍ⫱┠ⓗࡢ୰᰾࠶ࡿゐ▱ࡋ㞴࠸≉㉁ࢆᐃ⩏ࡍࡿࡇࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
Ꮫᑐࡋ┦ᛂࡢᩗㆡࡀᡶࢃࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡣ࠸࠼ࠊከᵝᛶࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿ
ࡇ᠇ἲࡀᖹ➼࡞ྲྀࡾᢅ࠸࠾ࡼࡧᑛཝࢆಖ㞀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ୧❧ࡉࡏࡿࡇ
ࡣࠊ౫↛ࡋ࡚ࠊࢃࡀᅜࡢᩍ⫱ไᗘࡗ࡚ࡢ⤊ࢃࡾࡢ࡞࠸ᣮᡓ࡛࠶ࡾ⥆ࡅ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢᚤጁ࡞ᆒ⾮ࢆࡿࡇࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᕞ❧Ꮫࡣࠊᕞࡑࢀ⮬యྠᵝࠊ
“ᐇ㦂ࡢሙ(laboratories for experimentation)”ࡋ࡚ࡢᙺࢆᢸ࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠖ
278)ࠋࡇࡢ㒊ศࡣࠊุᡤࡣከᵝᛶࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡀ᥇⏝ࡍࡿᡭ ẁࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᩗㆡࡍࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺⌮ゎࡋ࠺ࡿ279)ࠋࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿ
ࡍࢀࡤ࡞࠾ࡉࡽࠊFisherϩἲᘐពぢࡣGrutterุỴᆺࡢ⦆ࡸ࡞ཝ᱁ᑂᰝࢆ⾜
ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࠸࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ
ࡶࡗࡶࠊFisherϩࡣࠊཝ᱁ࡉࢀࡓཝ᱁ᑂᰝࢆ⾜ࢃ࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣᮏ௳㝈ࡾ
ࡢࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋFisherϩἲᘐពぢࡣࠊTexasᏛࢆ
ࡣࡌࡵ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵㆙㚝ࢆ㬆ࡽࡍࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕᮏ
᪥ࠊᙜุᡤࡀTexasᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡢྜ᠇ᛶࢆ⫯ᐃࡋࡓࡽ࠸ࡗ࡚ࠊ ࡑࡢࡇࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶࠊྠᏛࡀධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࢆᨵⰋࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡃྠࡌไᗘ
౫ᣐࡋ࡚ࡶࡲࢃ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇࢆពࡋ࡞࠸ࠋධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡘ࠸࡚᩿
⇍៖ࡋෆ┬ࢆ⥅⥆ࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊTexasᏛࡀᘬࡁ⥆ࡁ㈇࠸⥆ࡅࡿ㈐ົ(ongoing
obligation)࡛࠶ࡿࠖ280)ࠋࡃࢃ࠼࡚Fisherϩἲᘐពぢࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺ࡶ㏙࡚࠸
ࡿࠋࠕTexasᏛࡣࠊᐃᮇⓗࢹ࣮ࢱࢆホ౯ࡋࠊᏛ⏕ࡢᐇయ㦂ࢆྫྷࡍࡿࡇࢆ
㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊே✀ࡀྠᏛࡢᙇࡍࡿࡸࡴࡸࡲࢀࡊࡿ┈ࢆࡳࡓࡍࡓࡵᚲせ
ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿ⠊ᅖࢆ㉸࠼࡚ࡑࡢᙺࢆᯝࡓࡉ࡞࠸ࡇࢆಖドࡋࡘࡘࠊ≧ἣࡢኚ
㚷ࡳࠊࡑࡢᡭἲࢆ┠ⓗ㐩ᡂࡢࡓࡵཝᐦタ࠼࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ
⌮⏤ࡼࡾࠊTexas Ꮫࡣࠊᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯ࡼࡗ࡚ㄢࡉࢀࡿไ⣙ࢆ᭱㝈ᑛ㔜 ࡋࡘࡘࠊཎ࿌ࡀྠᏛࢆᚿ㢪ࡋࡓⅬ௨㝆ྲྀᚓࡋࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࢆྫྷࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ
࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡢࡼ࠺࡞✀㢮ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ㞟ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡃࢃ࠼࡚ࡑࢀࡽ
ࢆࡢࡼ࠺⪃៖ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡣࠊTexas Ꮫࡀᚋཝ᱁ᑂᰝ⪏࠼ࡽࢀ
ࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࢆࡢࡼ࠺ᵓ⠏ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇࠊ㔜
࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࡇ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠖ281)ࠋࡇࡢ㒊ศࡣࠊุᡤࡀᚋࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣 ἲ➼ࡢᡭẁࡀᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘ௦᭰ࡍࡿᐇຠⓗᡭẁ
࠸࠼ࡿྰࢆドᣐᇶ࡙ࡁཝᐦ᳨ドࡍࡿࡇࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࡢࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠕ“ᐇ㦂ࡢሙ”ࠖ282)࠾ࡅࡿᐇ㦂ࡀࡢ⛬ᗘཝ᱁⤫ไࡉࢀࡿࡢࠊᚋࡢ㐃㑥
᭱㧗ุᡤࡢືྥࢆὀどࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡿࡲ࠸ࠋ
4.2. ཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡢཝ᱁ᗘࢆᕥྑࡍࡿࡶࡢ
ᚋࠊࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢྜ᠇ᛶᑐࡍࡿ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡢጼ ໃࢆᕥྑࡍࡿせ⣲ࡋ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡢࡀࠊ⤫㡿㑅ࡢᖐ㊅࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㐃㑥᭱㧗
ุᡤุᐁೃ⿵⪅ࢆᣦྡࡍࡿ⤫㡿ㄡࡀᑵ௵ࡍࡿࠊࡉࡽࡣᙜヱೃ⿵⪅ࡢ ᢎㄆᶒࢆ᭷ࡍࡿୖ㝔ࡢᵓᡂḟ➨࡛ࠊࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢྜ᠇ᛶ
㛵ࡍࡿ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡢጼໃࡀࡁࡃኚࡋ࠺ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
⌧ᅾࠊ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡣࠊࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥᑐࡋ࡚ྰᐃⓗ
࡞ぢゎࢆ᭷ࡍࡿุᐁࡀ3ྡ࠸ࡿࠋRoberts㤳ᖍุᐁࠊThomasุᐁࠊࡑࡋ
࡚Alitoุᐁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋRoberts㤳ᖍุᐁࡣࠊParents InvolvedุỴ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
ḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿᕪูࢆ⤊ࢃࡽࡏࡿ᪉ἲࡣࠊே✀ࢆᇶ
‽ࡍࡿูᢅ࠸ࢆࡸࡵࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ(The way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race)ࠖ283)ࠋࡇࡢゝⴥ⾲ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ
ୖグࡢุᐁࡽࡣࠊᅜᐙᶵ㛵ࡀே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿࡇࡣチࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡍࡿⅬ࠾
࠸࡚ࠊ㌶ࢆ୍ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢุᐁࡢぢゎࡣࠊᏛㄝୖࡣศ㢮ཎ⌮(anti-classification principle)
ࡋ࡚▱ࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࠊྠཎ⌮ࡼࢀࡤࠊே✀ࢆྵࡵࠊ୍ᐃࡢᇶ‽ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿศ㢮 ࡣࠊࠕಶேࡢ౯್ࢆ㈘ࡵࢫࢸࢢ࣐ࢆᙉࡵࡿࠖ284)ࡓࡵࠊࠕᅜᐙᶵ㛵ࡣࠊ⚗ࡌࡽࢀ
ࡓ୍ᐃࡢᇶ‽ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊබ↛ࠊࡲࡓࡣෆᐦ(overtly or surreptitiously)ேࠎ
ࢆศ㢮ࡋ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ285)ࡉࢀࡿࠋྠཎ⌮ࡼࡿࠊࠕᅜᐙᶵ㛵ࡀศ㢮ࢆ⾜
ཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡢཝ᱁ᗘࢆᕥྑࡍࡿࡶࡢ
࠺ࡇࠊࡉࡽࡣࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚ಶேࡀே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡋ࡚␗࡞ࡿྲྀࡾᢅ࠸ࢆ
ཷࡅࡿࡇࠖ286)ࡀࠊᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯ࡢᑐฎࡍࡁᐖᝏ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ
࡚ࠊᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯ࡣࠊࠕᅜᐙᶵ㛵ࡣᕷẸࢆಶேࡋ࡚ᢅࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽࡎࠊே✀
㞟ᅋࠊẸ᪘㞟ᅋࡲࡓࡣ᐀ᩍ㞟ᅋࡢ୍ဨࡋ࡚ᢅࡗ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ287)࠸࠺ࡇ
ࢆせㄳࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⌮ゎࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ௨ୖࡢศ㢮ཎ⌮ࡢぢᆅࡽࡍࢀࡤࠊ ᅜᐙᶵ㛵ࡀே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿศ㢮ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡢྜ᠇ᛶࡣࠊ࠸࡞ࡿሙྜ࠾࠸
࡚ࡶࢃࡋ࠸288)ࠋᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯ࡣࠊࠕே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡋ࡚ศ㢮ࢆ⾜࠺࠸࠺ᐇ㊶
ࢆᚋᢲࡋࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃᾘࡋཤࡿࡇࢆពᅗࡋ࡚ࠊ┈ࢆ⿕ࡾࡲࡓࡣ┈
ࢆཷࡅࡿ⪅ࡀࡢே✀࠸࠺ࡇࢃࡾ࡞ࡃࠊྠࡌᣊ᮰ຊࢆࡶࡗ࡚㐺⏝
ࡉࢀࡿࠖࡁ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚289)ࠊࠕ࠶ࡿಶே㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿሙྜูࡢே✀ࡢಶே㐺
⏝ࡉࢀࡿሙྜ࡛ࠊ␗࡞ࡿពࢆࡶࡗ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡢಶேࡶྠࡌಖ ㆤࡀ࠼ࡽࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊᖹ➼࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ290)ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲ 㡯ࡣࠕ㞟ᅋ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃಶேࢆಖㆤࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚291)ࠊṇࡋ࠸ྠ᮲㡯ゎ㔘ࡣࠊ ࠕࡍ࡚ࡢಶேࡀ࡞ྲྀᢅ࠸ࡽྠᵝࡢಖㆤࢆཷࡅࡿࠖࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࡞ࡅࢀ
ࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸292)ࠋศ㢮ཎ⌮ࡀࠊⰋᛶࡢ┠ⓗᇶ࡙ࡃࡶࡢࡉࢀࡿࣇ࣮࣐ࢸ
ࣦ࣭ࢡࢩ࡚ࣙࣥࠊே✀ᇶ࡙ࡃ༊ูࢆ⾜࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿⅬ࠾࠸࡚ࡑࡢྜ
᠇ᛶࡣࢃࡋ࠸ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ௨ୖࡢ⌮⏤ࡼࡿ293)ࠋ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡣࠊࡇࡢ
ศ㢮ཎ⌮ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡇࢆAdarandุỴ࠾࠸࡚ᐉ᫂ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡇ࠾࠸࡚㐃㑥
᭱㧗ุᡤࡣࠊࠕᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯ࡢࡶ࡛ࡢᑂᰝᇶ‽ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢศ㢮ࡼࡗ࡚
ࡢே✀ࡢಶேࡀ┈ࢆ⿕ࡾࠊࡲࡓࡣ┈ࢆཷࡅࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡼࡗ࡚ᕥ
ྑࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠖࡍࡿࠕ୍㈏ᛶࠖࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࠊே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿศ㢮ࡣࡍ࡚ཝ᱁ ᑂᰝ᭹ࡏࡋࡵࡽࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇࢆ294)ࠊゝࡍࢀࡤࠊࠕ┠ⓗࡘ࠸࡚
ࡶ ࡑ ࡢ 㐩 ᡂ ࡢ ࡓ ࡵ ᥇ ⏝ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ᡭ ẁ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ ヲ ⣽ ࡞ ྫྷ (detailed
examination)ࠖ295)ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ศ㢮ཎ⌮❧⬮ࡍࡿุᐁࡣᑐ↷ⓗࠊ⌧ᅾࠊ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡣࠊ
ࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥᑐࡋ࡚⫯ᐃⓗ࡞ぢゎࢆ᭷ࡍࡿุᐁࡀ4ྡ࠸ࡿࠋ
GinsburgุᐁࠊBreyerุᐁࠊSotomayorุᐁࠊࡑࡋ࡚Kaganุᐁ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋSotomayorุᐁࡼࡿࠊࠕࡑࡶࡑࡶ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ┈ࢆㄢࡍࡢ࡛ࡣ
࡞ࡃ┈ࢆ࠼ࡿࡇࢆᅗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⾜Ⅽᑐࡋ࡚ཝ᱁ᑂᰝࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࠖࡣࠊ ࠕᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯ࡢせㄳ⫼࠸࡚࠸ࡿ(departed)ࠖ296)࠸࠺ࠋࢆ㏉ࡏࡤࠊศ㢮 ཎ⌮ࡢࡼ࠺ࠊࠕ┈ࢆ⿕ࡾࡲࡓࡣ┈ࢆཷࡅࡿ⪅ࡀࡢே✀࠸࠺ࡇ
ࢃࡾ࡞ࡃࠖ297)ࠊᅜᐙᶵ㛵ࡼࡿே✀ᇶ࡙ࡃ༊ูࡣ୍ᵝྜ᠇ᛶࡢࢃࡋ
࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯ࡢゎ㔘ࢆㄗࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞
ࡿࠋࡇ࠺㏙ࡿSotomayorุᐁࡣࠊࠕே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿᕪูࢆ⤊ࢃࡽࡏࡿ᪉ἲ ࡣࠊே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿูᢅ࠸ࢆࡸࡵࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ298)ࡍࡿࡇࡣㄗࡾ࡛ࠊࠕே
✀ࡀၥ㢟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ(race matters)࠸࠺ཝ↛ࡓࡿ⌧ᐇࠖ299)ࢆཷࡅධࢀࡓ࠺࠼
࡛ࠊࠕே✀ᇶ࡙ࡃᕪูࢆ⤊ࢃࡽࡏࡿ᪉ἲࡣࠊே✀࠸࠺㢟ࡘ࠸࡚බ↛
ࡘ⋡┤ㄒࡾࠊᩘୡ⣖ࢃࡓࡿே✀ᕪูࡢࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓᖾ࡞ᙳ㡪ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࡑ ࡢࡇࢆᢎ▱ࡢ࠺࠼࡛ྜ⾗ᅜ᠇ἲࢆ㐺⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ300)ࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲ
ࡾࠊṇࡋ࠸ᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯ゎ㔘ࡢࡶ࡛ࡣࠊࠕᅜᐙᶵ㛵ࡢ⾜Ⅽࡀ“ே✀ⓗ࣐ࣀࣜ
ࢸࢆ㝖ࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠊࡑࢀࡶໟᦤࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ
”ࠖࢆ༊ูࡍࡿࡇࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ301)ࠋ
Ꮫㄝୖࡣᚑᒓཎ⌮(anti-subordination principle)ࡋ࡚▱ࡽࢀࡿ௨ୖࡢぢゎ
ࡼࢀࡤࠊࠕ࠶ࡿ♫㞟ᅋࢆᚑᒓࡉࡏࡿ┠ⓗࡲࡓࡣຠᯝࢆࡶࡘ࠸࡞ࡿ⾜Ⅽࡶࠖチ ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡀ302)ࠊࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢࡼ࠺ࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞┠ⓗࡲࡓ ࡣຠᯝࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸⾜Ⅽࡣチᐜࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࡇ࡞ࡿ303)ࠋྠཎ⌮࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࠕᅜ ᐙᶵ㛵ࡣࠊ㝖ࢆ⾜࠺ἲᨻ⟇ໟᦤࢆ⾜࠺ἲᨻ⟇ࢆ㐺ษ༊ูࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ
ࡿࠖࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚304)ࠊࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢࡼ࠺ࠊࠕே✀㛫ࡢᖹ
➼ࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࠕ“ᖹ➼ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵ”ே✀ࡀ⪃៖ධࢀࡽࢀ
ࡿ ሙ ྜ ࡣ ࠊ ே ✀ ᇶ ࡙ ࡃ ༊ ู ࢆ ᶵ Ე ⓗ ⚗ Ṇ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡣ 㐺 ษ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸(no automatic proscription is in order)ࠖ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿ305)ࠋParents InvolvedุỴ
ᑐពぢ࠾࠸࡚ Breyerุᐁࡀ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿศ㢮ࡀࠊ
࠶ࡿே✀㞟ᅋ┈ࢆ࠼ࡇࢀࢆ㝖ࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡞ࡽࠊࠕ“ᐇ㝿
ୖ⮴ⓗ࡞(fatal in fact)”ែᵝࡢཝ᱁ᑂᰝࠖࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࡀࠊᙼࡽࢆໟ ᦤࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡞ࡽࠊࠕ“ᐇ㝿ୖ⮴ⓗ࡞”ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ែᵝࡢཝ᱁ᑂ ᰝࠖࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿ306)ࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢྜ᠇ᛶࢆࡵࡄࡾࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ㐃㑥
᭱㧗ุᡤࡢุᐁࡣ㡯ᑐ❧ࡶ࠸࠼ࡿᵝ┦ࢆ࿊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋKennedy ุᐁ ࡣࠊᑵ௵௨᮶୍ᗘࡶࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࢆྜ᠇ุ᩿ࡋࡓࡇࡣ࡞
ࡗࡓࡀࠊFisherϩ࠾࠸࡚ึࡵ࡚ࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢྜ᠇ᛶࢆ
⫯ ᐃ ࡍ ࡿ ⮳ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ඛ ㏙ ࡢ ᑐ ❧ ᅗ ᘧ ࡢ ࡞ ࡛ ࡢ Ᏻ ᫆ ࡞ ⨨ ࡙ ࡅ ࢆ チ ࡉ ࡞ ࠸
Kennedyุᐁ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ307)ࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡏࡼࠊ⤫㡿㑅ࡢ⤖ᯝḟ➨࡛ࠊࡇࡢ≧
ἣࡣ୍ኚࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ308)ࠋ
1971ᖺ௨㝆ࠊ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡢุᐁࡣࠊᴫࡋ࡚78ṓ࡛ࡑࡢ⫋ࢆ㎡ࡋ࡚ࡁ ࡓࠋ᪂⤫㡿ࡢᑵ௵ࡍࡿ᮶ᖺࠊ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡣࡑࡢᖺ㱋ࢆ㉸࠼ࡿุᐁࡀ 3ྡ࠸ࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋGinsburgุᐁࠊKennedyุᐁࠊࡑࡋ࡚Breyerุᐁ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪂⤫㡿ࡣࠊࡇࡢ3ྡࡢุᐁࡢᚋ௵࠶ࡓࡿே≀ࢆᣦྡࡍࡿࡇ
࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋࡾࢃࡅ᪂⤫㡿ࡢ௵ᮇࡀ2ᮇཬࡪሙྜࡣࠊࡑࡢྍ⬟
ᛶࡣ୍ᒙ㧗ࡲࡿࡇ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋࡉࡽࠊObama⤫㡿ࡀScaliaุᐁࡢᚋ௵ೃ
⿵ ⪅ ࡋ ࡚ ᣦ ྡ ࡋ ࡓ ࡶ ࡢ ࡢ ୖ 㝔 ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡑ ࡢ ᢎ ㄆ ࡀ ࡞ ࡉ ࢀ ࡞ ࠸ ࡲ ࡲ ࡛ ࠸ ࡿ
Merrick Garland௦࠼࡚ࠊ᪂⤫㡿ࡀูࡢே≀ࢆೃ⿵⪅ࡋ࡚ᣦྡࡍࡿࡇ
࡞ࢀࡤࠊ᪂⤫㡿ࡼࡗ࡚ᣦྡࡉࢀ࠺ࡿ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤุᐁೃ⿵⪅ࡣ4ྡ
ࡢࡰࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ௬ඹඪࡢ⤫㡿ೃ⿵⪅ࡀ⤫㡿ᑵ௵ࡍࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊ
Scalia ุᐁࡢᚋ௵ࡋ࡚ྠุᐁྠࡌࡃศ㢮ཎ⌮❧⬮ࡍࡿே≀ࡀᣦྡ
ࡉࢀࠊࡉࡽࠊୖグࡢ3ྡࡢุᐁ௦࠼࡚ࠊศ㢮ཎ⌮❧⬮ࡍࡿே≀ࡀᣦ
ྡࡉࢀࡿࡇࡀணࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢᣦྡࡀዌຌࡍࢀࡤࠊࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡ ࢩࣙࣥࡣࡑࡢ⬦ࢆ⤯ࡓࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋᑐ↷ⓗࠊẸඪࡢ⤫㡿ೃ⿵⪅
ࡀ⤫㡿ᑵ௵ࡍࢀࡤࠊࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡣᏳὈࢆಖ㞀ࡉࢀࡿࡇ
࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊࡑࡢሙྜࠊScalia ุᐁࡢᚋ௵ࡋ࡚ྠุᐁࡣ
␗࡞ࡾᚑᒓཎ⌮❧⬮ࡍࡿุᐁࡀ௵ࡉࢀࢀࡤࠊKennedy ุᐁࡢᢞ⚊⾜
ືḟ➨࡛࠶ࡿࡣ࠸࠼ࠊࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢྜ᠇ᛶࢆ⫯ᐃࡍࡿ
ุᐁࡣ࡛᭱6ྡ࡞ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡇࢁࠊKennedyุᐁࡢᚋ௵ࡋ࡚ྠุ
ᐁࡼࡾࡶ✚ᴟⓗࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࢆ⫯ᐃࡍࡿุᐁࡀ௵ࡉࢀࠊ
GinsburgุᐁBreyerุᐁࡢᚋ௵ᙼࡽྠࡌࡃᚑᒓཎ⌮❧⬮ࡍࡿ
ุᐁࡀᑵ௵ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࢀࡤࠊࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡀࡇࢀࡲ࡛௨ୖ
チᐜࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡍࡽ࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୖࡢࡇࡽ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡼ࠺ࠊ⌧
ᅾὀ┠ࢆ㞟ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ⤫㡿㑅ࡣࠊ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡢᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯ゎ㔘ࡢ᰿ᗏ
ศ㢮ཎ⌮ᚑᒓཎ⌮ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡀᤣ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠊࡦ࠸࡚ࡣࣇ
࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢྜ᠇ᛶࡀ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡼࡗ࡚ཝ᱁ၥࢃࢀࡿࡇ
࡞ࡿྰࢆ༨࠺ࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ 4.3. ே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁඃඛ⏝ཎ๎ࡢᚋ
ᚋࠊࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢྜ᠇ᛶᑐࡍࡿᑂᰝࡢ࠶ࡾࡼ࠺ࡀኚ
ࡍࡿྰ࠸࠺ࡇྠᵝὀ┠ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡀࠊே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁඃඛ⏝ཎ
๎ࡀᚋࡢࡼ࠺㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋඛ㏙ࡢ࠾ࡾࠊFisherϨ
࠾࠸࡚㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡣࠊࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࢆᐇࡍࡿ㧗➼ᩍ
⫱ᶵ㛵ᑐࡋࠊே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁࡢඃඛ⏝ࢆồࡵࡓࠋFisherϩ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㐃㑥
᭱㧗ุᡤࡣࠊࡑࡢせồࡢཝ᱁ᗘࢆ⦆ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊ⌧ᅾࡢࡇࢁࠊᐇຠⓗ࡞
ே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁࡢᏑྰࢆၥ㢟ࡍࡿጼໃ⮬యኚࢃࡾࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᐇຠⓗ࡞ே✀୰
❧ⓗᡭẁࡢᏑྰࡀࡢ⛬ᗘཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡉࢀࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡶၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑ
ࢀ௨ୖၥ㢟ࡍࡁࡀࠊձࡑࡶࡑࡶே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁ࡞Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡢࠊղே
✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁࡢ⏝ࢆồࡵࡿࡇ⮬యࡀチࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠊ࠸࠺ࡇ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
4.3.1. ே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁࡢᏑྰ
Alito ุᐁᑐពぢࡀࠊᡂ⦼ୖ 10㸣ἲࢆே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁࡋ࡚⨨࡙ࡅ
࡚࠸ࡿࡢᑐࡋࠊFisherϩἲᘐពぢࡣࠊྠἲࡢࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᤊ࠼᪉␗ㄽࢆၐ࠼
࡚࠸ࡿࠋἲᘐពぢࡣࠊࠕᡂ⦼ୖ 10㸣ἲࡢୖ㝈ࢆ᧔ᗫࡋࠊྠἲࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ʊဨ
࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡲ࡛ࡶʊࡼࡾከࡃࡢᚿ㢪⪅ࢆTexasᏛධᏛࡉࡏࡿࠖ309)ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ
ࡍࡿཎ࿌ࡢᙇᑐࡋࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕᇶᮏⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ࡋ࡚ࠊཎ࿌
ࡣࠊḟࡢᐇࢆ┳㐣ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡣᩥ㠃ୖ୰❧ⓗ࡛ࡣ࠶
ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞┠ⓗࡀ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᚿ㢪⪅ࡢධᏛ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿ
ࡇ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆᢤࡁࡋ࡚ࡣྠἲࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠸࠺
ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ310)ࠋࡓࡋࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡣࠊᩥ㠃ୖே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿศ㢮ࢆ
⾜࠺ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠸࠺Ⅼ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊே✀୰❧ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ311)ࠋࡣ࠸࠼ࠊྠἲ ࡣࠊ≉ᐃࡢே✀㞟ᅋࡢᐖࢆ㢳៖ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࠾࠸࡚ࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶே✀୰❧ⓗ
ࡣ࠸࠼࡞࠸ഃ㠃ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚ࡶ࠸ࡿࠋᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡣࠊTexasᕞෆࡢከࡃࡢᆅᇦ ࡉࡽࡣ㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡀ౫↛ࡋ࡚ே✀ศ㞳≧ែ࠶ࡿࡇࢆ㏫ᡭࡗ࡚ࠊྠᕞ ෆࡢ㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡢᡂ⦼ୖ 10㸣ࡢ⏕ᚐධᏛᶵࢆ࠼ࡿࡇࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᵝࠎ࡞
ே✀ࡢ⏕ᚐࢆධᏛࡉࡏࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊTexas Ꮫ࠾ࡅࡿᏛ⏕㞟ᅋࡢே✀ⓗከ ᵝᛶࢆቑ㐍ࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ312)ࠋࡇࡢࡇ㚷ࡳࢀࡤࠊἲᘐ ពぢࡢᣦࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠊࠕᡂ⦼ୖ 10㸣ἲࡀไᐃࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊே✀ࢆ㢳ࡳ࡞
ࡗࡓࡽ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊே✀ࢆព㆑ࡋࡓࡽ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚313)ࠊࠕTexas
Ꮫࡀࡼࡾ୍ᒙᡂ⦼ୖ 10㸣ἲ౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࢀࡤྠᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ ࡣࡼࡾே✀୰❧ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡞ࡿࠖ࠸࠺ࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸314)ࠋ
ᐇࡣࠊᡂ⦼ୖ 10㸣ἲࢆே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁࡋ࡚⨨࡙ࡅࡿࡇࡢḭ▇ᛶࡣࠊ
᪤Ginsburgุᐁࡼࡗ࡚ᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋGinsburgุᐁࡣࠊFisherϨ
ᑐពぢࡢ࡞࡛ࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡣࠊே✀ࢆព㆑ࡋࡓࡀࡺ࠼ไᐃࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛
࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࠕ㥟㫽ࡢࡼ࠺⌧ᐇࢆ┤どࡋ࡞࠸ே≀(ostrich)࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࡂࡾࠊே✀୰
❧ⓗ࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡑࡢᡭẁࢆࠊே✀ࢆព㆑ࡋ࡞࠸(race unconscious)ᡭẁ⪃
࠼ࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ315)ࠋFisherϩἲᘐពぢࡣࠊGinsburg ุᐁࡢ ࡇࡢᣦೌࡗࡓࡶࡢ࠸࠼ࡼ࠺316)ࠋ
ࡓࡔࠊKennedy ุᐁࡀࡇࡢᣦࢆཷࡅධࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊ
ၥࡀṧࡿࠋGinsburgุᐁࡢぢᆅࡽࡍࢀࡤࠊTexasᏛࡀHopwoodุỴ௨ 㝆ᐇࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠕே✀୰❧ⓗ࡞ಶேホ౯ࠖࡣ317)ࠊᩥ㠃ୖே✀୰❧ⓗ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ
ே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊᙜヱᡭẁࡣ࣐ࣀ
ࣜࢸ㞟ᅋ≉᭷ࡢࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊࠕ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍ
ࡿᚿ㢪⪅“㔮ࡾྜ࠸(disproportionately)”᭷ࡣࡓࡽࡃຠᯝࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠖ
ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ318)ࠋᙜヱᡭẁࡀࠕ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᚿ㢪⪅ࡢධᏛ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࠖ
ࡇࢆពᅗࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࡣࠊFisherϩἲᘐពぢࡶㄆࡵࡿࡇࢁ࡛࠶
ࡿ319)ࠋࡉࡽࠊTexas Ꮫࡀ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᚿ㢪⪅ࡢධᏛࢆᨭ࣭
ಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡢ୍⎔ࡋ࡚ࠊࠕ3ࡘࡢዡᏛ㔠ไᗘࢆ᪂タࡋࠊ≉ᐃᆅᇦ
ࢆᡤ⟶ࡍࡿධᏛࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࢆ᪂㐀ࡋࠊᏛ⏕ເ㞟ண⟬ࢆ50ࢻࣝቑຍࡉࡏࡓࡇ
ࡃࢃ࠼ࠊ1000௨ୖࡢᏛ⏕ເ㞟⾜ࢆ㛤ദࡋࡓࠖࡇࡶࡲࡓࠊᩥ㠃ୖே✀୰❧ⓗ
࡛ ࡣ ࠶ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊࠕ ࣐ ࣀ ࣜ ࢸ 㞟 ᅋ ᒓ ࡍ ࡿ ᚿ 㢪 ⪅ ࡢ ධ Ꮫ ⋡ ࢆ 㧗 ࡵ ࡿ(boost
minority enrollment)ࠖࡇࢆᅗࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵ320)ࠊே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁࡣ
࠸࠸㞴࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊGinsburgุᐁࡢぢᆅ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࠕ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋ
ᒓࡍࡿᚿ㢪⪅ࡢධᏛ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࠖ321)࠸࠺ே✀ࢆព㆑ࡋࡓ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓ
ࡵ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿᡭẁࡣࠊᩥ㠃ୖࡣே✀୰❧ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡋ࡚ࡶࠊே✀୰❧
ⓗᡭẁࡓࡾ࠼࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
௨ୖࡢGinsburgุᐁࡢぢゎࡣࠊKennedyุᐁࡢぢゎࡣ୧❧ࡋࡀࡓ࠸ࡶ
ࡢࡢࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡇࢁࠊGinsburg ุᐁࡢぢゎྠㄪࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊ
KennedyุᐁࡀFisherϨἲᘐពぢ࠾࠸࡚ࠊࠕཝ᱁ᑂᰝᇶ‽ࡣࠊே✀ࢆᇶ‽
ࡍࡿศ㢮ࡓࡼࡿ๓ࠊ⏝ྍ⬟࡞ே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁ࡛ࡣᐇຠᛶࡀ࡞࠸ࡇࢆド
᫂ࡍࡿ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞㈐௵ࢆTexasᏛㄢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ㏙322)ࠊே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁࡢ
⏝ࢆඃඛࡉࡏࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࡋࡓࡇࢆྰᐃࡍࡿࡇࡶ࡞ࡾࡡ࡞࠸ࠋ
Ginsburgุᐁࡢぢゎࡼࢀࡤࠊࠕ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᚿ㢪⪅ࡢධᏛ⋡ࢆ
㧗ࡵࡿࠖ323)࠸࠺ே✀ࢆព㆑ࡋࡓ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁ࡞ࠊ ࡑࡶࡑࡶᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࡶࡋKennedyุᐁࡀGinsburg
ุᐁぢゎࢆྠࡌࡃࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࠊFisherϨἲᘐពぢ࠾࠸࡚ Kennedyุᐁࡣࠊ Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡣࡎࡢ࡞࠸ே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁࡢᏑྰࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡼ࠺㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ồࡵ
ࡓࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡛ࡣࠊFisherϨ࠾࠸࡚⮬㌟ࡀ♧ࡋࡓே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁඃඛ
⏝ཎ๎ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀࠊࡁ࡞▩┪ࢆᢪ࠼ࡿࡇ࡞ࢁ࠺324)ࠋ
ᑐ↷ⓗࠊே✀ࢆព㆑ࡋࡓ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁ࡞Ꮡᅾࡋ
࡞࠸ࡍࡿGinsburgุᐁࡢぢゎ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞▩┪ࡣ⏕ࡌ࡞࠸ࠋࡑ
ࢀࡇࢁࠊྠุᐁࡢぢゎ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࠕ“᫂ⓑᕪูⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㐣ཤࡢ”ṧ
(lingering effects)ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ“ఱୡ⣖ࡶࢃࡓࡾἲࡀㄆࡵ࡚ࡁࡓᖹ➼”ࡢࡶ
ࡓࡽࡍ㑇⏘ᕞ❧Ꮫࢆྵࡴᅜᐙᶵ㛵(government actors)ࡣ┠ࢆ▂ࡿᚲせࡀ࡞
࠸ࠖࡓࡵࠊࡴࡋࢁࠊࠕ᠇ἲୖチᐜࡉࢀ࠺ࡿ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡢ࡞࡛ࡣࠊ“ே✀ࢆ⪃៖ධ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ⋡┤᫂ࡽࡍࡿᡭẁࡢ࠺ࡀࡑࡢࡇࢆ㞃ࡍᡭẁࡼࡾࡶࡢ ࡒࡲࡋ࠸”ࠖ325)ࠋGinsburg ุᐁࡗ࡚ࠊᕪูࡢ≛≅࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ㞟ᅋ᭷
࡞ຠᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡓࡵ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿᡂ⦼ୖ 10㸣ἲࡢࡼ࠺࡞ே✀୰❧ⓗᡭ ẁࡣࠊ㎽㐲࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࠕ“ពᅗⓗࡑࡢ┿ពࡀ᫂░ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺
㞴Ⅼ(the disadvantage of deliberate obfuscation)”ࡀ࠶ࡿࠖ326)ࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
KennedyุᐁࡀᚋࠊGinsburgุᐁぢゎࢆࡶࡍࡿࡢࠊࡑ
ࢀࡶே✀୰❧ⓗࡉࢀࡿᡭẁୖグࡢ㞴Ⅼࡀ࠶ࡿࡶࢃࡽࡎᙜヱᡭẁࡢ
ඃඛ⏝ࢆ᥎ዡࡋ⥆ࡅࡿࡢ327)ࠊ࠸ὀ┠ࡉࢀࡿࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
4.3.2. ே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁࡢ⏝ࡢྍྰ
ࠕ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᚿ㢪⪅ࡢධᏛ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࠖ328)࠸࠺ே✀ࢆព㆑
ࡋࡓ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡼࡾࡶࠊே✀ࢆ㢳៖
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆྍどࡋࠊࡑࡢࡇࢆ๓㠃ᢲࡋฟࡍᡭẁࡢ࠺ࡀ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿ
ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀࠊே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁඃඛ⏝ཎ๎ᑐࡍࡿGinsburgุᐁࡢ ᢈุ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡢࡼ࠺ᩥ㠃ୖே✀୰❧ⓗ࡞ᡭẁ
ࡼࢁ࠺ࡀࠊே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆࡼࡾྍどࡍࡿᡭẁࢆ⏝࠸ࡼ࠺ࡀࠊ࠸
ࡎࢀࡏࡼࠊே✀ࢆព㆑ࡋࡓ┠ⓗࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿࡇ⮬యࡀᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯ゐࡍ
ࡿࡍࡿᢈุࡶ࠶ࡿ329)ࠋ
㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡣࠊWashington v. Davis࠾࠸࡚ࠊே✀ᕪูⓗ࡞┠ⓗ⏤᮶ ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࡞࠸ࡂࡾࠊ࠶ࡿἲࢆே✀ᕪูⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸
ࡋࡓ330)ࠋࡉࡽ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡣࠊࡇࡢᕪูⓗ࡞┠ⓗࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊ ࠕ࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢ㞟ᅋ┈࡞ຠᯝࡀཬࡪࡶࢃࡽࡎ࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢ୍㐃ࡢ⾜Ⅽ ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓ࠸࠺ࡲࡽࡎࠊᑡ࡞ࡃࡶ㒊ศⓗࡣࠊᙜヱ㞟ᅋ┈࡞
ຠᯝࡀཬࡪࡽࡇࡑᙜヱ⾜Ⅽࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࠖ࠸࠼࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
331)ࠋ௨ୖࡢࡇࢆࡩࡲ࠼ࡿࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡣே✀ᕪูࢆ⾜࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ
ࡍࡿᢈุࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࡶ࠺࡞ࡎࡅࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࠕ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᚿ 㢪⪅ࡢධᏛ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࠖ332)ࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡍࡿᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡣࠊࣇࣜ࢝⣔
࣓ࣜ࢝ே࠾ࡼࡧࣄࢫࣃࢽࢵࢡࡢධᏛ⪅ᩘࢆቑຍࡉࡏࡿࡇࢆពᅗࡍࡿ㠃࡛ࠊ ᑡ࡞ࡃࡶ㒊ศⓗࡣࠊᙼࡽ௨እࡢே✀ࡢධᏛ⪅ᩘࢆῶᑡࡉࡏࡿࡇࢆពᅗࡋ
࡚ไᐃࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠸࠺ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ333)ࠋ
ࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊࡾࢃࡅ Alito ุᐁࡗ࡚ࡣࠊࡼࡾ῝้ཷࡅࡵࡽࢀࡿ
ࡁࡶࡢࡢࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊAlito ุᐁࡣࠊFisherϩᑐពぢ࠾࠸
࡚ḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋἲᘐពぢࡀࠕᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿ
Texas ᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡀᡂຌࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡢドᣐࡋ࡚ྠᏛ࠾ࡅࡿ
ࣇࣜ࢝⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ே࠾ࡼࡧࣄࢫࣃࢽࢵࢡࡢᏛ⏕ࡢᩘࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆᘬ
↷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࠖ⾲ࡉࢀࡿ࠾ࡾࠊࠕTexasᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡣ᫂ࡽࠊ
ࣇࣜ࢝⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ே࠾ࡼࡧࣄࢫࣃࢽࢵࢡࡢᚿ㢪⪅ࡢྜ᱁⋡ࢆࡢᚿ㢪⪅ࡼࡾ
ࡶ㧗ࡵࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࣇࣜ࢝⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ே࠾ࡼࡧࣄࢫࣃࢽࢵࢡࡢᏛ⏕ࡢᩘࢆ
ቑຍࡉࡏࡿࡇࢆពᅗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ334)ࠋࠕྜ᱁ᐃဨࡀ㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ๓ᥦ
ࡍࢀࡤࠊࣇࣜ࢝⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ே࠾ࡼࡧࣄࢫࣃࢽࢵࢡࡢᚿ㢪⪅ࡢධᏛ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿ
ࡇࡣྍ㑊ⓗࠊྠࡌࡔࡅධᏛ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡽࢀࡿࡇࡣ࡞࠸ࡢᚿ㢪⪅ᑐࡋࠊ
ே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁࡢ⏝ࡢྍྰ
ྜ᱁⋡ࢆపୗࡉࡏࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚┈ࢆ࠼ࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠖ335)ࠋAlito ุ
ᐁࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺㏙ࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊࠕTexasᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡣࢪ⣔࣓ࣜ
࢝ேࡢᚿ㢪⪅ࢆᕪูࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ᩿ࠖࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ336)ࠋἲᘐពぢᑐࡍࡿࡇࡢ ᢈุࢆ㢠㠃㏻ࡾཷࡅࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲᑐࡋ࡚ࡶྠᵝࡢᢈุࡀྥ
ࡅࡽࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡶࡲࡓࠊྜ᱁ᐃဨࡀ㝈ࡽ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ๓ᥦࡍࢀࡤࠊࣇࣜ࢝⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ே࠾ࡼࡧࣄࢫࣃࢽࢵࢡࡢᚿ 㢪⪅ࡢධᏛ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡇᘬࡁ࠼ࠊྍ㑊ⓗࠊྠࡌࡔࡅධᏛ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵ
ࡽࢀࡿࡇࡣ࡞࠸ࡢᚿ㢪⪅ᑐࡋࠊྜ᱁⋡ࢆపୗࡉࡏࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚┈
ࢆ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲ⮬యࡀᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯
㐪ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࡞࠸࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡣࠊAlitoุᐁࡢぢᆅ࠾࠸࡚ࡶ᳨ウࢆせࡍ
ࡿࡶࡢࡢࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿ337)ࠋ
ࡇࡢၥ㢟ࢆព㆑ࡋ࡚ࠊKennedyุᐁࡣࠊἲᘐពぢ࠾࠸࡚ࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣 ἲࡢྜ᠇ᛶ⩏ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᣦࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕཎ࿌ࡀTexasᏛධ Ꮫ࡛ࡁࡓྍ⬟ᛶᑐࡋ࡚ࡶࡗࡶࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋࡓྠᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไ ᗘࡢᵓᡂせ⣲ࡣࠊࡑࡢ㐣⛬࠾࠸࡚ᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿಶேホ౯ไᗘ࡛ࡣ
࡞ࡃࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋཎ࿌ࡣࠊ༞ᴗࡋࡓ㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡢᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ධ ࡗ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊ᪂ධ⏕యࡢ75㸣௨ୖࢆ༨ࡵࡿࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡢ㐺⏝
ࢆ ཷ ࡅ ࡓ ྜ ᱁ ⪅ ࡋ ࡚ ࡢ ᆅ ࢆ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ(categorically ineligible for more than three-fourths of the slots in the incoming freshman class)ࠋࡑ
࠺ࡍࡿࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡀࡁࢃࡵ࡚ጇᙜ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡘࡲ
ࡾࠊGrutter௳࠾࠸࡚ࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡼ࠺ࠊTexas Ꮫࡀᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆຍ
Ⅼせ⣲ࡋ࡚㢳៖ࡍࡿಶேホ౯(race-conscious holistic review)ࢆ⏝࠸࡚᪂ධ⏕
ဨࢆ㑅ᢤࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡞ࡽࡤࠊཎ࿌ࡀTexasᏛධᏛ࡛ࡁࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣ㧗ࡗࡓࡢ
࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠊࠋཎ࿌ࡀTexasᏛྜ᱁࡛ࡁࡓྍ⬟ᛶ࠶ࡲࡾࡁ
࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ(outsized effect on petitioner’s chances of admission)ࡶ
ࢃࡽࡎࠊཎ࿌ࡣࠊࡑࡢ㐺ἲᛶࢆதࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲ ࡣࠊᮏ௳ッゴࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊᗄศ⮬↛ᡤࡢ๓ᥦࡋ࡚(somewhat artificially, as a given premise)ᢅࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ338)ࠋ
ࡶࡗࡶࠊKennedyุᐁࡣ㐣ཤࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡢྜ᠇ᛶࢆ᰿ᣐ࡙ࡅࡿ
ࡇ࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿぢゎࢆᢨ℡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋParents Involved௳࠾࠸࡚ࠊKennedy
ุᐁࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿศ㢮ࡣࠊࠕࡸࡴࡸࡲࢀࡊ
ࡿ┈ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ᭱ᚋࡢᡭẁࠖࡋ࡚⏝ࡉࢀࡿሙྜ㝈ࡾṇᙜࡉࢀ
࠺ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚339)ࠊࠕே✀ࡼࡿಶேࡢ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅᇶ࡙ࡁ␗࡞ࡿྲྀࡾᢅ࠸ࢆࡍ
ࡿࡇ௨እࡢᡭẁࡀࠊࡲࡎࡣ࠸ᑾࡃࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ340)ࠋᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡀࠊ ࠕඣ❺࣭⏕ᚐࡢᵓᡂࡀཎᅉ࡛ࠊᙼࡽᖹ➼࡞ᩍ⫱ࢆཷࡅࡿᶵࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ
ࡀ୍ᐃࡢᏛᰯ࠾࠸࡚㜼ᐖࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆᠱᛕࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࠊᙜヱᶵ㛵ࡣࠊே✀
ࡼࡿಶேࡢศ㢮࣭≉ᚩ࡙ࡅ(systematic, individual typing by race)ࡢࡳᇶ࡙࠸
࡚ඣ❺࣭⏕ᚐࡑࢀࡒࢀ␗࡞ࡿྲྀࡾᢅ࠸ࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡃᴫᣓⓗ࡞ែᵝ࠾࠸࡚
ᙜヱၥ㢟ᑐฎࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢே✀ࢆព㆑ࡋࡓ᪉⟇ࢆ⮬⏤⪃ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠖ
341)ࠋࡼࡾලయⓗࡣࠊᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡣࠊࠕᏛᰯࢆ᪂㐀ࡍࡿ㝿ᡓ␎ⓗ❧ᆅࢆ㑅ࡪ ࡇࠊ㏆㞄༊ᇦࡢேཱྀ⤫ィࢆᴫ␎ⓗㄆ㆑ࡋࡘࡘ㏻Ꮫ༊ࡢ⥺ᘬࡁࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࠊ
≉ู࡞ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ㈨※ࢆศ㓄ࡍࡿࡇࠖ➼ࡢᡭẁࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠕከᵝ࡞⫼ᬒࢆࡶ
ࡘ⏕ᚐ࠾ࡼࡧከᵝ࡞ே✀ࡢ⏕ᚐࢆ㞟ࡵࡿ࠸࠺┠ⓗࠖࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ
342)ࠋࠕࡇࢀࡽࡢᡭẁࡣࠊே✀ࢆព㆑ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⮬ศࡣே✀ࡼࡗ࡚
༊ูࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔ⏕ᚐࡑࢀࡒࢀㄆ㆑ࡉࡏࡿࠊศ㢮ᇶ࡙ࡃ
␗࡞ࡿྲྀࡾᢅ࠸(different treatment based on a classification)ࢆ⾜࠺ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ
343)ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ὀ┠ࡍࡁࡣࠊKennedyุᐁࡀࠊ⮬㌟ࡢ♧ࡋࡓᡭẁࡼࡗ࡚ே
✀ࢆព㆑ࡋࡓ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿሙྜࡣཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿᚲせࡣ࡞࠸
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ344)ࠋูゝࡍࢀࡤࠊKennedy ุᐁࡣࠊࠕ⮬ศࡣே✀ࡼ
ࡗ࡚༊ูࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔ⏕ᚐࡑࢀࡒࢀㄆ㆑ࡉࡏࡿࠊศ㢮ᇶ
࡙ࡃ␗࡞ࡿྲྀࡾᢅ࠸ࢆ⾜࠺ࠖ345)ᡭẁࡼࡽ࡞࠸ࡂࡾࠊே✀ࢆព㆑ࡋࡓ┠ⓗࢆ
㏣ồࡍࡿవᆅࢆẚ㍑ⓗᗈࡃㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୖࡢࡇࡽࡍࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢ
ࡼ࠺࡞ᡭẁ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡂࡾᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡣཝ᱁ᑂᰝࢆචࢀࠊࡦ࠸࡚ࡣ
ྜ᠇ࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࡇ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡇࡢၥ㢟ᑐࡍࡿKennedyุᐁࡢぢゎࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡳ࠼ࡿࡢࡀࠊྠ
ุᐁࡀᮏ௳࠾࠸࡚ࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡀࠕཎ࿌ࡀTexasᏛྜ᱁࡛ࡁࡓྍ
⬟ᛶ࠶ࡲࡾࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ346)ࡇࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࠊ ࠕTexas Ꮫࡀࡼࡾ୍ᒙᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲ౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࢀࡤྠᏛࡢධᏛ
⪅㑅ᢤࡣࡼࡾே✀୰❧ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡞ࡿ༢⣧ᙇࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖ347)
ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪤㏙ࡢ࠾ࡾࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡣࠊከࡃࡢࣇࣜ࢝
⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ே࠾ࡼࡧࣄࢫࣃࢽࢵࢡࡢᚿ㢪⪅ࢆTexas ᏛධᏛࡉࡏࡿࡇᡂ
ຌࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㠃࡛ࠊᙼࡽ௨እࡢே✀ࡢᚿ㢪⪅ࡢྠᏛࡢධᏛࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆῶࡌ
࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࠾࠸࡚ࠊᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯ゐࡍࡿ࠾ࡑࢀࡀ࠶ࡿࠋKennedy ุᐁࡣ
ᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡢࡇࡢᐇែࢆ㔜どࡋࡓࡓࡵࠊᚋᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚
௨ୖࡢᩘࡢࣇࣜ࢝⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ே࠾ࡼࡧࣄࢫࣃࢽࢵࢡࡢᚿ㢪⪅ࢆTexas Ꮫ
ධᏛࡉࡏࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡇᑐࡋ㆙㚝ࢆ㬆ࡽࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᐇࡣྠᵝ ࡢᠱᛕࡣࠊ᪤㐃㑥➨5ᕠᅇ༊᥍ッุᡤࡼࡗ࡚ࡶ⾲᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㐃㑥➨
5 ᕠᅇ༊᥍ッุᡤุỴ࠾࠸࡚ࠊHigginbothamุᐁࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸
ࡿࠋࠕᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡢ㐺⏝ࢆཷࡅ࡚TexasᏛධᏛࡋࡓᏛ⏕ࡀTexasᕞᅾ ఫࡍࡿ᪂ධ⏕ࡢ࡞༨ࡵࡿྜࡣࠊ1998ᖺ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ41㸣࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ2008
ᖺ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ81㸣ࡢࡰࡿࠋࡇࡢࡲࡲࡢ≧ែࡀ⥆ࡅࡤࠊே✀⤫ィࡽᑟࢀࡓ
ᩘ್┠ᶆࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢດຊࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊࡉࡽࡣࠊே✀ࢆ
⪃៖ࡍࡿ㝿ࡣಶே↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࠸࠺⌧ᅾࡢつ⠊ⓗせㄳࡀ බ↛↓どࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡼ࠺࡞༳㇟ࡀࡲࡍࡲࡍࡶࡓࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࡶࡋࢀ
࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇࢆ㔜どࡍࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤒⦋ࡢᏑᅾࡣࠊࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫ
ࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡓࡵே✀ࢆά⏝ࡍࡿᚲせᛶࡀኻࢃࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺༴㝤ᛶࢆࡣࡗ ࡁࡾ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ348)ࠋࠕ“ᩥ㠃ୖ୰❧ⓗ࡛(Facially neutral)”࠶ࡿࡇࡣࠊᖹ➼
ಖㆤἲ⌮࠾ࡅࡿᛮ㆟࡞ຠᯝࡢ࠶ࡿ࠾Ᏺࡾࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ(talismanic ring in the law)࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣேࢆᝨࢃࡏࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋᮏ௳࠾࠸࡚ࡣࡑ࠺࡛࠶
ࡿࠖ349)ࠋᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡣࠊᩥ㠃ୖࡣே✀୰❧ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢᐇែ࠾࠸࡚
ࡣࡶࡣࡸࠊ⮬ศࡣே✀ࡼࡗ࡚TexasᏛࡢධᏛࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆᕥྑࡉࢀࡿࡇ
࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔᚿ㢪⪅ࡑࢀࡒࢀㄆ㆑ࡉࡏࡿࡶࡢࠊゝࡍࢀࡤࠊࠕ⮬ศࡣ
ே✀ࡼࡗ࡚༊ูࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔ⏕ᚐࡑࢀࡒࢀㄆ㆑ࡉࡏࡿࠊ ศ㢮ᇶ࡙ࡃ␗࡞ࡿྲྀࡾᢅ࠸ࢆ⾜࠺ࠖ350)ࡶࡢ࡞ࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺
ࠋKennedyุᐁࡀᡂ⦼ୖ10%ἲࡢᐇែࢆࡇࡢࡼ࠺៧៖ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶
ࢀࡤࠊཎ࿌ࡢᙇἢ࠺ᙧ࡛ࠕᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡢୖ㝈ࢆ᧔ᗫࡋࠊྠἲࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚
ʊဨ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡲ࡛ࡶʊࡼࡾከࡃࡢᚿ㢪⪅ࢆ Texas ᏛධᏛࡉࡏࡿࠖࡇࡣ
351)ࠊྠุᐁࡢぢᆅࡽࡍࢀࡤࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࢆே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁࡍࡿࡇ
ࡢᛕࡀ῝ࡲࡿࡤࡾࠊྠἲࡢྜ᠇ᛶࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆ༴࠺ࡃࡍࡿࡇࡶ࡞ࢁ
࠺ࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁඃඛ⏝ཎ๎ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊே✀ࢆព㆑ࡋࡓ┠ⓗ
ࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿࡇ⮬యࡀᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯㐪ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡍࡿ᰿ᮏⓗ࡞ᢈ
ุࡀྥࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢᢈุࡣࡾࢃࡅࠊFisherϨ࠾࠸࡚ே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁඃඛ
⏝ཎ๎ࢆᙉㄪࡋࡓKennedyุᐁࠊྠุᐁ௨ୖFisherϩᑐពぢ࠾
࠸࡚ྠཎ๎ࡢཝ᱁࡞㐺⏝ࢆᙇࡋࡓ Alito ุᐁࡗ࡚ࠊ㔜࡞ࡶࡢࡢࡣࡎ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡀᚋࠊࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡢࡼ࠺ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴࡢࠊ࠸
ὀ┠ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
5. ࡴࡍࡧ࠼࡚
ṇࡋ࠸ཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࠋ㛗ࡁࢃࡓࡗࡓᮏ௳ッゴࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ၥ 㢟࡛࠶ࡾ⥆ࡅࡓࡢࡣࠊࡲࡉࡇࡢࡇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
Ꮫ⏕㞟ᅋࡢከᵝᛶࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡍᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈ࡣࠊࡸࡴࡸࡲࢀࡊࡿ┈ࡓࡾ
࠺ࡿࡢࠋே✀୰❧ⓗ࡞௦᭰ᡭẁࡢᏑྰࡣࡢ⛬ᗘཝᐦၥࢃࢀࡿࡁࠋே
✀୰❧ⓗ࡞ᡭẁ࡞ࡑࡶࡑࡶᏑᅾࡋ࠺ࡿࡢࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣࠊṇࡋ࠸ཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡢ࠶
ࡾࡼ࠺ࢆ⪃✲ࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛㑊ࡅ࡚㏻ࡿࡇࡢ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽᚋࡣ
ࡼࡾཎ⌮ⓗࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡀධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ࠾࠸࡚ᐇࡍࡿࣇ࣮࣐ࢸ
ࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࢆཝ᱁ᑂᰝ᭹ࡏࡋࡵࡿࡇ⮬యࢆࡸࡵࡿࠊࡑࢀࡶࡼࡾཝ ᱁࡞ཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡇࢀࢆ᭹ࡏࡋࡵࡿࡁࠊ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡢ᫂☜࡞ែᗘỴᐃࡀ
⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢㅖⅬࡘࡁ Fisherϩࡢ♧ࡋࡓุ᩿ࡣࠊᮏ௳㝈ࡾࡢᬻᐃⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࠸
࠺ഃ㠃ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡉࡽ࡞ࡿㄽதࡢవᆅࢆṧࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࣇ࣮࣐ࢸ
ࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢྜ᠇ᛶࢆࡵࡄࡿㄽதࡢ⤊Ṇ➢ࡣࠊࡋࡤࡽࡃᡴࡓࢀࡑ࠺
࡞࠸ࠋ
1) See Erwin Chemerinsky, Making Sense of the Affirmative Action Debate, 22 Ohio N.U.L. Rev. 1159, 1159 (1996).
2) Adarand Constructors v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200, 223 (1995).
3)Id. at 224.
4) See Kermit Roosevelt III & Patricia Stottlemyer, The Fight for Equal Protection:
Reconstruction-Redemption Redux, 83 U. Chi. L. Rev. Online 36, 37-38 (2016).
5) Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 136 S. Ct. 2198 (2016).
6) See id. at 2207.
7) Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 133 S. Ct. 2411 (2013). ᮏุỴࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ ௨ୗࡢᩥ⊩ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ᭷⃝▱ᏊࠕᏛධᏛࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣈ࣭ࢡ ࢩࣙࣥࠖ㜰Ꮫ41ᕳ2ྕ1㡫௨ୗ(2015ᖺ)ࠊⱱᮌὒᖹࠕᡭẁᑂᰝࡢཝ᱁
Affirmative Actionࠖ᱒ⶱ21ᕳ2ྕ1㡫௨ୗ(2015ᖺ)ࠊྜྷ⏣ோ⨾ࠗᖹ➼ᶒࡢࣃ
ࣛࢻࢡࢫ࠘129㡫௨ୗ(ࢼ࢝ࢽࢩࣖฟ∧ࠊ2015ᖺ)ࠊᣋ✏ࠕ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵࠾
ࡅࡿࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢྜ᠇ᛶ㛵ࡍࡿุἲ⌮ࡢ⌧ᅾࠖ㏆␥
ᏛᕤᏛ㒊⣖せேᩥ࣭♫⛉Ꮫ⠍43ྕ13㡫௨ୗ(2013ᖺ)ࠋ
8) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2207. ᮏุỴࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ௨ୗࡢᩥ⊩ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋᯘ
ၨ࿃ࠕከᵝ࡞Ꮫ⏕ࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡓࡵே✀ࢆ⪃៖せ⣲ࡢ୍ࡘࡍࡿࢸ࢟ࢧࢫ
Ꮫࡢධヨไᗘ(ࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣈࢡࢩࣙࣥ)ࢆྜ᠇ࡋࡓุࠖ2304ྕ 19㡫௨ୗ(2016ᖺ)ࠊⱱᮌὒᖹࠕᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ࠾ࡅࡿAffirmative Action
ཝᐦ࡞ཝ᱁ᑂᰝࠖ᱒ⶱ23ᕳ1ྕ49㡫௨ୗ(2016ᖺ)ࠋ
9) Hopwood v. Texas, 78 F.3d 932 (5th Cir. 1996).
10) Id. at 944.
11) Tex. Educ. Code Ann. § 51.803 (West 2009).
12) Tex. Educ. Code Ann. §51.803(a-1) (West 2015).
13) Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244 (2003). Michigan ᏛࡢᏛ㒊ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡢ
ྜ᠇ᛶࡀதࢃࢀࡓᮏ௳࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࠕࡍ࡚ࡢ“༑ศ࡞ᩘࡢධᏛ⪅ࡋฟ࡚
࠸࡞࠸࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋ(underrepresented minority)”ᒓࡍࡿᚿ㢪⪅ᑐࡋࠊ
ே✀ࡢࡳࢆ⌮⏤ࡋ࡚ࠊධᏛࢆㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࡓࡵᚲせ࡞Ⅼᩘࡢ5ศࡢ1࡛࠶
ࡿ20Ⅼࢆ⮬ືⓗ࠼ࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࠖࡣࠊே✀࠸࠺⪃៖せ⣲ࢆỴᐃⓗ
࡞ࡶࡢࡍࡿຠᯝࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢࠕಶูࡢホ౯ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖࡓ
ࡵࠊࠕᩍ⫱ୖࡢከᵝᛶ㛵ࡍࡿ┈ࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵཝᐦタ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞
࠸ࠖࡉࢀࡓࠋId. at 270-272.
14) Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003). Grutter ุỴ࠾ࡼࡧ Gratz ุỴࡘ࠸
࡚ࡣ௨ୗࡢᩥ⊩ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ᳜ᮌ῟ࠕࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣈ㺃ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢ
᳨ウʊࠗཝ᱁ᑂᰝ࠘ࠗከᵝᛶ࠘ࠖᕞ32ᕳ1ྕ118㡫௨ୗ(2004ᖺ)ࠊ
ἑ⚽ࠕ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵࠾ࡅࡿࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖἑ⚽
⦅࣓ࠗࣜ࢝᠇ἲุࡢ≀ㄒ࠘3㡫௨ୗ(ᡂᩥᇽࠊ2014ᖺ)ࠊ⣬㇂㞞Ꮚࠕ
Ꮫࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖ⡿ἲ2004ᖺ1ྕ53㡫௨ୗ(2004ᖺ)ࠊ Ᏻすᩥ㞝ࠕ࣑ࢩ࢞ࣥᏛ࠾ࡅࡿࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖࢪࣗࣜ1260
ྕ227㡫௨ୗ(2004ᖺ)ࠊྜྷ⏣ோ⨾ࠕ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵࠾ࡅࡿࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣈ࣭
ࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖ㛵ᮾᏛ㝔13ᕳ3ྕ49㡫௨ୗ(2003ᖺ)ࠋ
15) Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 645 F. Supp. 2d 587, 612 (2009).
16) FisherϨཱྀ㢌ᘚㄽ࠾࠸࡚ࠊཎ࿌Fisher௦⌮ே࡛࠶ࡿBert W. Reinࡣࠊࠕᡃࠎ ࡣࠊGrutterุỴ࠾࠸࡚㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡀỴ╔ࢆࡘࡅࡓㄽⅬ㛵ࡍࡿุ᩿ࢆ
ኚ᭦ࡋࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚ࡣ࠸࡞࠸ࠊࡁࢃࡵ࡚ὀព῝ࡃ㏙࡚ࡁࡓࠖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ Transcript of Oral Argument at 8, Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 133 S. Ct.
2411 (2013) (No. 11-345).
17) Grutter, 539 U.S. at 326.
18)Id. at 328.
19)Id. at 330.
20) Id.
21) Id.
22) Id. at 332.
23)Id. at 328.
24)Id. at 329.
25)Id. at 318. ࡞࠾ࠊMichiganᏛ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟
ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢᩘࡀࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫ฿㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྰࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿ
ࡓࡵࠊࠕ᪂ධ⏕ࡢே✀ᵓᡂ࠾ࡼࡧẸ᪘ᵓᡂࢆグ㘓ࡋ⥆ࡅࡿ࠸ࢃࡺࡿẖ᪥ࡢグ 㘓(daily reports)ࠖࡀ⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇࡀࠊMichiganᏛ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ
࣮ࣝࡣே✀ᆒ⾮≧ែࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡑ࠺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠸࠺ᛕࢆ⏕ࡌ ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋSee id. at 391-392.
26)Id. at 318.
27)Id. at 318-319.
28)Id. at 319-320.
29)Id. at 318.
30)Id. at 318-319.
31)Id. at 330.
32)Id. at 318.
33) Id. at 329-330.
34)Id. at 334.
35)Id.
36)Id. at 339.
37)Id. at 341-342.
38)Id. at 330-332.
39)Id. at 334.
40) 㐃㑥ᆅ᪉ุᡤࡣࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10ࣃ࣮ࢭࣥࢺἲࡢᏑᅾࢆ㝖ࡅࡤࠊTexas Ꮫ ࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡀ Michigan Ꮫ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝࡢࡑࢀ㓞ఝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ
ࢆᣦࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊࠕGrutter ุỴࡀ⌧ᅾ࠾࠸࡚ࡶጇᙜᛶࢆኻࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸
ࡂࡾࠊTexas Ꮫ࠾ࡅࡿ⌧⾜ࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡣྜ᠇࡛࠶ࡿࠖ㏙࡚
࠸ࡿࠋFisher, 645 F. Supp. 2d, 612-613. 㐃㑥➨5ᕠᅇ༊᥍ッุᡤࡶࡲࡓࠊࠕᡂ
⦼ୖ10ࣃ࣮ࢭࣥࢺἲࢆࡉ࡚࠾ࡃࡍࢀࡤࠊᙜヱุ᩿ࡀṇࡋ࠸ࡇࡣ᫂ⓑ࡛
࠶ࡿࠖ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋFisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 631 F.3d 213, 217-218 (5th Cir. 2011).
41) Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at 2415.
42) FisherϨ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊKennedyุᐁࡀἲᘐពぢࢆᇳ➹ࡋࠊࡇࢀRoberts㤳
ᖍุᐁࠊScaliaุᐁࠊThomasุᐁࠊBreyerุᐁࠊAlitoุᐁࠊSotomayor
ุᐁࡀຍࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋScaliaุᐁThomasุᐁࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀ⤖ᯝྠពព ぢࢆᇳ➹ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋࠊGinsburgุᐁࡀᑐពぢࢆᇳ➹ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Kaganุᐁࡣࠊᮏ௳ࡢᑂ⌮࠾ࡼࡧุỴຍࢃࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
43) Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at 2420.
44) Fisher, 631 F.3d at 231-232.
45) Id. at 232. 㐃㑥ᆅ᪉ุᡤࡶྠᵝࠊGrutterุỴࡀࠕࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ከᵝᛶࡀ
Ꮫࡢᩍ⫱ⓗ(educational mission)ࡣྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࡍࡿᩍ⫱ⓗุ᩿ࡣࠊ ᙜุᡤࡀᑛ㔜ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ᰿ᣐࡋ࡚ࠊࠕุᡤࡣࠊ ࡉࡽከᵝᛶࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿྰࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿࡇࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᏛᑐࡋ࡚
࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡢᩗㆡࢆᡶ࠺ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋFisher, 645 F. Supp. 2d at 603.
46)See Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at 2419.
47) Id. at 2420.
48) Id.
49) Id.
50) Id. at 2421.
51) Id. at 2420-2421.
52) Id. at 2420.
53) Id.
54) Id. at 2415.
55) Id.
56) Id. at 2434 n.4.
57) Grutter, 539 U.S. at 329.
58) Fisher, 631 F.3d 231-232 n.102.
59) Grutter, 539 U.S. at 380.
60) ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ぢゎࡢ୍ࡋ࡚ࠊSeeOzan O. Varol, Strict in Theory, But Accommodating in Fact?, 75 Mo. L. Rev. 1243, 1252-1257 (2010). ཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡢཝ ᱁ᗘࢆࡵࡄࡿぢゎࡢᑐ❧ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢᩥ⊩ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋSonu Bedi, Beyond Race, Sex, and Sexual Orientation 129 (Cambridge University Press 2013).
ᯇⱱグࠕᖹ➼ಖㆤ⌮ㄽࡢᒎ㛤ࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣈ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖ⡿ἲ2009 ᖺ1ྕ27㡫௨ୗ(2009ᖺ)ࠊⱱᮌὒᖹࠕAffirmative Actionࡢྖἲᑂᰝᇶ‽ࠖ
GEMCjournal3ྕ158㡫௨ୗ(2010)ࠋ
61) Grutter, 539 U.S. at 393. Kennedyุᐁࡣࠊἲᘐពぢࡣࠕ࠾ࡊ࡞ࡾ(perfunctory) ௨እࡢ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ᑂᰝࠖࡋ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡋ࡚③Ⅿᢈุࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ Id. at 388.
62) Id. at 388-389.
63) Id. at 389.
64) See id. at 393. KennedyุᐁࡢᠱᛕࡣࠊMichiganᏛ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝࡢᙇ
ࢆ㢠㠃㏻ࡾཷࡅࡾᩗㆡࡋࡓᑂᰝࢆ⾜࠼ࡤࠊࠕே✀ࢆྜྰุᐃࡢ㒊ศ࠾
࠸࡚⮬ືⓗ࡞ຍⅬせ⣲ࡋ࡚ࠊᙜไ༊ูࡍࡿࡇࡢ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ᩘ್┠ᶆࢆ
㐩ᡂࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿヨࡳࠖࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕே✀ᆒ⾮≧ែࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡑ࠺ࡍࡿヨࡳࢆ㯲 ㄆࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡾࡡ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋSee id. at 389. Rehnquist㤳ᖍ
ุᐁࡶࡇࡢࡇࢆᠱᛕࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋSee id. at 379.
65) Id. at 394.
66) Id.
67) Petition for Writ of Certiorari at 35, Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 133 S.
Ct. 2411 (2013) (No. 11-345). ཎ࿌ࡣࠊࠕ㐃㑥➨5ᕠᅇ༊᥍ッุᡤุỴࡼࡗ
࡚ドࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊཝ᱁ᑂᰝࢆ⾜࠺㏙ࡿࡇࠊᐇ㝿ཝ᱁ᑂᰝ
ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡣࠊࡁࢃࡵ࡚␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿࠖࡍࡿࠋId. at 23.
68) Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 758 F.3d 633 (5th Cir. 2014).
69)Id. at 642.
70)Id. at 662.
71)Id.
72) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. 2207.
73) FisherϨ࠾ࡅࡿᑂ⌮࠾ࡼࡧุỴຍࢃࡗࡓScaliaุᐁࡣࠊ2016ᖺ2᭶ࠊ
ᛴ㏽ࡋࡓࡓࡵࠊFisherϩࡢᑂ⌮࠾ࡼࡧุỴࡣࠊ7ྡࡢุᐁࡼࡾ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋ
74) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2207.
75)Id. at 2207-2208.
76)Id. at 2208.
77)Id.
78)Id.
79)Id. at 2210.
80)Id. at 2207.
81)Id. at 2211.
82)Id. at 2210.
83)Id. at 2214.
84)Id. at 2215.
85)Id.
86)Id.
87)Id. at 2220.
88)Id. at 2221-2222.
89)Id. at 2222.
90)Id. at 2236.
91)Id.
92)Id.
93)Id. at 2210.
94)Id.
95)Id.
96) Transcript of Oral Argument, supra note 16, at 46.
97)See id. Roberts㤳ᖍุᐁࡣࠊࠕᙜุᡤࡢ௵ົࡣࠊඛࡼࢀࡤࠊTexasᏛ
ࡀே✀ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇࡀࡸࡴࡸࡲࢀࡊࡿ┈ࡗ࡚ཝᐦタ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࡶ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿྰࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋTexasᏛࡢ᫂ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡸࡴ
ࡸࡲࢀࡊࡿ┈ࡣࠊTexasᏛ࠾ࡅࡿ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢ
ᩘࢆࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫ฿㐩ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊTexasᏛࡣࠊࢡࣜࢸ
࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫࡀఱࢆࡲࡗࡓࡃ♧ࡑ࠺ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋᙜุᡤࡣࠊඛᚑ ࡗ࡚࡞ࡍࡁ௵ົࢆࡢࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚⾜࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࡢࠖ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
98) Id. at 47.
99) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2208.
100)Id. at 2211.
101)Id.
102)Id.
103)Id.
104)Fisher, 758 F.3d at 667.
105)Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2222.
106)Id. at 2222-2223.
107)Id. ; See also Fisher, 758 F.3d at 661-662, 666-667. ᕪᡠᑂุỴᑐពぢ࠾࠸
࡚Garzaุᐁࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕἲᘐពぢࡣࠊ┠ⓗ㐩ᡂࡢࡓࡵ
ᡭẁࡀཝᐦタ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྰࢆホ౯ࡍࡿࡓࡵTexasᏛࡀ“ࢡࣜ
ࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫ”࠸࠺┠ⓗࢆᐃ⩏࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇࢆ┳㐣ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡇࡀᮏ௳࠾ࡅࡿ᭱㔜せⅬ(crux)࡛࠶ࡿ—TexasᏛࡣࠊࡑࡢ㏣ồࡍ
ࡿ┠ⓗࢆ᭷ព⩏࡞ࡸࡾ᪉࡛ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡢࡶ࡛┠ⓗ㐩ᡂࡢࡓ
ࡵᡭẁࡀཝᐦタ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆド࡛᫂ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖࠋId. at 666.
108) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2223.
109)Id. at 2210.
110)Id. at 2222.
111)ࡶࡗࡶࠊGrutterุỴࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢᩘ್┠ᶆࢆタᐃࡍࡿࡇࡣチᐜࡉࢀ࠺
ࡿࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡋࠊGrutterุỴࡣࠊࠕ“Ꮫ⏕㞟ᅋࡢ࡞࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢ 㞟ᅋࡀ༢ே✀ࡲࡓࡣẸ᪘ⓗฟ⮬ࢆ⌮⏤ࡋ࡚࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢྜྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡇ”ࠖࡣࠕே✀ᆒ⾮≧ែࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࠶ࡽࡉࡲ࡞⾜
Ⅽࡶྠ↛ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ᫂ࡽ࡞᠇ἲ㐪࡛࠶ࡿࠖ㏙ࠊᙜไ(ே✀
ᆒ⾮≧ែࡢฟ)ࡀチᐜࡉࢀ࠼࡞࠸ࡇࢆ᫂☜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋGrutter, 539 U.S.
at 329-330. ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊGrutterุỴࡣྠḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙ࠊ࣐ࣀࣜ
ࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿධᏛ⪅ࡢᩘ㛵ࡍࡿᩘ್┠ᶆࢆタᐃࡍࡿࡇࢆチᐜࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋࠕ㐺ษ⌮ゎࡍࢀࡤࠊ“ᙜไ”ࡣࠊ“ࡶࡗࡥࡽ୍ᐃࡢ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟 ᅋ”୍ᐃࡢỴࡲࡗࡓᩘࡲࡓࡣẚࡍࡿᶵࡀ“␃ಖࡉࢀ”࡚࠸ࡿไᗘࡢࡇ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙜไࡣࠊ“‘ᐇ⌧ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽࡎࠊࡲࡓ㉸࠼ࡿࡇࡢ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸Ỵ
ࡲࡗࡓᩘࡲࡓࡣྜࢆタᐃࡍࡿ’”ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ“ྜ᱁ᯟࢆࡵࡄࡿࡢࡍ
࡚ࡢೃ⿵⪅ࡢ➇தࡽᙜヱಶேࢆ㐽᩿ࡍࡿ”ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᑐ↷ⓗࠊ“チᐜ ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿ┠ᶆ(goal)ࡣ...ᙜヱ┠ᶆࡑࢀ⮬యࡼࡗ࡚⏬ᐃࡉࢀࡿ⠊ᅖࡲ
ࡿࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡓࡵ...ㄔᐇດຊࡍࡿࡇࡢࡳࢆせồࡍࡿ”ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ ᡤࡢ࠸࡞ࡿ࠾࠸࡚ࡶ”ຍⅬ”せ⣲ࡋ࡚ே✀ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇࢆチ ᐜࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡛ࡶ࡞࠾ࠊྛೃ⿵⪅ࡀ”㈨㉁ࡢ࠶ࡿࡢࡍ࡚ࡢ
ೃ⿵⪅➇㉮ࡍࡿ”ࡇࢆಖドࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖࠋId. at 335.
112) ࡇࡢࡇࡣࠊFisherϨࡢཱྀ㢌ᘚㄽ࠾࠸࡚Sotomayorุᐁࡼࡾᣦࡉࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋSee Transcript of Oral Argument, supra note 16, at 19-20. ࡞࠾ࠊGrutter
ุỴࡣࠊࠕ“Ꮫ⏕㞟ᅋࡢ࡞࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢ㞟ᅋࡀ༢ே✀ࡲࡓࡣẸ᪘ⓗฟ⮬ࢆ
⌮⏤ࡋ࡚࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢྜྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡇ”ࠖࡣࠕே✀ᆒ⾮≧
ែࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࠶ࡽࡉࡲ࡞⾜Ⅽࡶྠ↛ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ᫂ࡽ࡞᠇
ἲ㐪࡛࠶ࡿࠖ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋGrutter, 539 U.S. at 329-330.
113) See Michael C. Dorf, The Recent Supreme Court Affirmative Action Oral Argument Zeroes in on the Concept of "Critical Mass", JUSTIA.COM VERDICT (Oct. 17, 2012),
http://verdict.justia.com/2012/10/17/the-recent-supreme-court-affirmative-action-oral-argument-zeroes-in-on-the-concept-of-critical-mass
114)ࡇࡢࡇ㛵㐃ࡋ࡚ࠊ࠼ࡤGarzaุᐁࡣࠊ㐃㑥➨5ᕠᅇ༊᥍ッุᡤุ
Ỵ࠾࠸࡚ࠊᏛ⏕㞟ᅋࡢከᵝࡼࡗ࡚ᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈ࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡿࡍࡿࠊ
GrutterุỴἲᘐពぢࡢ౫ᣐࡍࡿ๓ᥦࡣࠊලయⓗドᣐࡼࡿ᳨ドࡢྍ⬟࡞
ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿㄽ㞴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋSee Fisher, 631 F.3d at 255. See also Fisher, 758 F.3d at 664 n.4.
115)Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at 2419. FisherϨࡣࠊᮏ௳࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊGrutterุỴࢆࠕᡤ
ࡢࡶࡢࡋ࡚(as given)ᢅ࠺ࠖࡶ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋId. at 2417.
116)See Brief for Respondents at 27-29, Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 136 S.
Ct. 2198 (2016) (No. 14-981).
117) Grutter, 539 U.S. at 330.
118) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2211.
119) Grutter, 539 U.S. at 341-342.
120) Brief for Petitioner at 46, Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 136 S. Ct. 2198 (2016) (No. 14-981).
121)Id. at 46 n.8.
122) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2211.
123) Brief for Petitioner, supra note 120, at 45-46.
124) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2211.
125)Id.
126)Id. at 2212.
127)Id.
128)Id.
129)Id.
130)Id. at 2236.
131)Id.
132)Id. at 2237.
133)Id. at 2215.
134)See id. at 2225-2226, 2235-2236. ࡞࠾ࠊᩍᐊ࠾ࡅࡿከᵝᛶ(classroom
diversity)ᑐࡍࡿAlitoุᐁࡢᢈุࡣከᒱࢃࡓࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊୗ⣭ᑂุỴ
࠾࠸࡚ࡶヲ⣽㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⣬ᖜࡢไ⣙ࡼࡾឡࡍࡿࠋୗ⣭ᑂุỴ
࠾ࡅࡿ㆟ㄽࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᣋ✏࣭๓ᥖὀ(7)69-76㡫ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ
135)See Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2225-2226, 2236. Alitoุᐁࡣࡉࡽࠊ௨ୗࡢⅬࢆᣦ
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕTexasᏛࡣࠊከᵝᛶࡼࡗ࡚ᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈ࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀ
ࡿࡇࡘ࠸࡚┈ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓ ࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢ࢟ࣕࣥࣃࢫ࠾ࡼࡧᩍᐊ࠾ࡅࡿᩘ௨እࡢఱࢇὀពࢆ
ᡶࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋTexasᏛࡢ2004ᖺᥦࡣࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀
ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡢṇᙜ⌮⏤ࡋ࡚Ꮫ⏕㞟ᅋ࠾ࡼࡧᵝࠎ࡞ㅮ⩏
⛉┠ࡢே✀ᵓᡂࡢᩘ್ホ౯ࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋᘬ⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᡭ ἲࡼࡾ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡋࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋTexasᏛ ࡣࠊከᵝᛶࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ ༢⣧࡞ே✀ᵓᡂㄪᰝ(racial census)౫ᣐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠖࠋId. at
2225. ᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡢ┠ⓗࡀࠊᏛ⏕㞟ᅋࡢከᵝᛶ
ࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡇ࠶ࡿࡢ࡞ࡽࠊᙜヱ ไᗘࡢᡂྰࢆホ౯ࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛㔜どࡉࢀࡿࡁࡣࠊᙜヱไᗘࡀᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈
ࢆᐇ㝿⏕ࡳฟࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿྰ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊᙜヱไᗘࡼࡗ࡚࣐
ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢᩘࡀቑຍࡋࡓྰ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣐
ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢᩘࢆᙉㄪࡍࢀࡤࡍࡿࠊAlitoุᐁࡀ♧၀ ࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠊධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠕᏛ⏕㞟ᅋࡢ࡞࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢ㞟ᅋࡀ ༢ே✀ࡲࡓࡣẸ᪘ⓗฟ⮬ࢆ⌮⏤ࡋ࡚࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢྜྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺
ࡍࡿࡇࠖ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠸࠺ᛕࡀ῝ࡲࡿࡇ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋSee Kenneth L. Marcus, Diversity and Race-Neutraity, 103 Nw. U. L. Rev. Colloquy 163, 165-168 (2008). ࠶ࢃࡏ࡚ࠊᣋ✏ࠕPost-racialismࡢ௦࠾ࡅࡿᖹ➼ಖ ㆤἲ⌮㸫ே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁඃඛ⏝ཎ๎ࢆᶵ⦕ࡋ࡚㸫ࠖᯇⱱグࠊ㛗㇂㒊ᜤ
⏨ࠊΏ㎶ᗣ⾜⦅ࠗ⮬⏤ࡢἲ⌮ 㜰ᮏᫀᡂඛ⏕ྂ⛥グᛕㄽᩥ㞟࠘635㡫௨ୗ(ᡂ
ᩥᇽࠊ2015ᖺ)ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ
136) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2225. AlitoุᐁࡣࠊParents InvolvedุỴ࠾ࡅࡿ
Roberts㤳ᖍุᐁࡢゝⴥࢆᘬ⏝ࡋࡘࡘࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕ“ᵝࠎ
࡞ே✀ࡢ㔮ࡾྜ࠸ࡀࢀ࡚ࡳ࠼ࡿࡇ(proportional representation of various races)࠸࠺ࡓࡔࡑࢀࡔࡅࡢࡇ㛵㐃࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡓ”┈ࡣࠊ“…᭱ึࡣࠊே
✀ࡢ㐪࠸ᇶ࡙ࡃぢゎࢆ㐺ᗘΰࡊࡾྜࢃࡏ(appropriate mixture of racial
views)ࠊᙜヱไᗘࡀࡑࡇࡽࡑࡢ≧ែ(that mixture)ࢆᫎࡋ⥆ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺
ࡍࡿࡓࡵ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡓே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿศ㢮ࢆࠊ↓㝈⏝࠸ࡿࡇࢆ᰿ᣐ
࡙ࡅࡿࡇ࡞ࡿ”ࠋᙜุᡤࡀFisherϨ࠾࠸ุ࡚᩿ࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ“‘ே✀
ᆒ⾮≧ែࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡇࡣࠊ‘ே✀ࡢከᵝᛶ’ྡ⛠ࢆኚ᭦ࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࠊ‘᫂
ࡽ࡞᠇ἲ㐪’ࡽࡸࡴࡸࡲࢀࡊࡿᕞࡢ┈ኚࢃࡾࡣࡋ࡞࠸’”ࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࠖࠋId. ; See also Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 730. ࡞࠾ࠊே✀ᆒ⾮≧ែࢆ
⏕ࡳฟࡍࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞᠇ἲ㐪࡛࠶ࡿ⌮⏤ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊRoberts㤳ᖍุᐁ ࡣࠊParents InvolvedุỴ࠾࠸࡚ḟࡢࡼ࠺ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕே✀ᆒ⾮≧ែ
ࢆࡘࡃࡾࡔࡍࡇࢆࡸࡴࡸࡲࢀࡊࡿᕞࡢ┈ࡋ࡚ཷࡅධࢀࢀࡤࠊ“ྜ⾗
ᅜ᠇ἲࡀᖹ➼ಖㆤࢆಖ㞀ࡋࡓࡇࡢ᰾ᚰࡣࠊᅜᐙᶵ㛵ࡣᕷẸࢆಶேࡋ࡚
ᢅࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ࠶ࡿே✀ࠊ࠶ࡿ᐀ᩍࠊ࠶ࡿᛶูࡲࡓࡣ࠶ࡿᅜ⡠ࡽ࡞
ࡿ㞟ᅋࡢ୍ဨࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡋ࡚ᢅࡗ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡍࡿ༢⣧࡞せㄳࡀ Ꮡࡍࡿ”࠸࠺ࡇࢆᙜุᡤࡀ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋㄆࡵ࡚ࡁࡓࡇࡣṇᑐࠊ
࣓ࣜ࢝♫యࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ே✀㛫ࡢ㔮ࡾྜ࠸ࢆࡿࡇࢆṇᙜࡍࡿࡇ
࡞ࡿࠖࠋࠕே✀ᆒ⾮≧ែࢆࡘࡃࡾࡔࡍࡇࢆᮏ㉁ⓗࡸࡴࡸࡲࢀࡊࡿ┠ⓗ
ࡋ࡚ㄆࡵࢀࡤࠊ“࣓ࣜ࢝♫࠾࠸࡚ࡣᖖே✀ࡀពࢆࡶࡘࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ
࠸࠺☜ಙࢆᐇୖࡶࡓࡏࡿ”ࡇ࡞ࡾࠊࡉࡽࡣࠊ“‘ே㛫ࡢே✀ࡢࡼ࠺
࡞ពࢆ࡞ࡉ࡞࠸せ⣲ࢆᅜᐙᶵ㛵ࡢពᛮỴᐃࡽ㝖ࡍࡿ’࠸࠺
‘᭱⤊┠ᶆ’ࡣỴࡋ࡚㐩ᡂࡉࢀ࡞࠸࠸࠺☜ಙࢆᐇୖࡶࡓࡏࡿ”ࡇ࡞
ࡿࠖࠋId. at 730.
137) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2214. AlitoุᐁࡼࢀࡤࠊࠕTexasᏛࡣࠊ“ከᵝᛶࡼ
ࡗ࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀ࠺ࡿᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈ࡀᐇ㝿⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࣐ࣀࣜ
ࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡀ㐺ษ࡞ᩘᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ”ࡋ࡚“ࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫ”
ࢆᐃ⩏ࡋࠊ“ᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈ࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀศࡗࡓ”Ⅼ࡛“࣐
ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢᩘࡀࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫ฿㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ▱
ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ”ᐉゝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡉࢀࡿࠋἲᘐពぢࡣᑐ↷ⓗࠊAlito
ุᐁࡣࠊTexasᏛࡢࡇࡢᙇࢆࠊࠕᡃࠎࢆಙࡌ࡚ࡶࡽ࠸ࡓ࠸(Trust us)ࠖ
ゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡶྠ↛࡛࠶ࡿࡋ୍࡚㋾ࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊTexasᏛࡣࠊࠕ⮬㌟
ࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࢆุᡤࡼࡿ᭷ព⩏࡞ᑂᰝࡽ㐽᩿ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊពᅗⓗ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᫂☜࡞┈ࢆタᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ③Ⅿᢈุࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋId. at
2222. TexasᏛࡀே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚㐩ᡂࡋ࠺ࡿᩍ⫱┠ᶆࢆタᐃ
ࡍࡿࡇᑐࡋࠊᙉ࠸ಙឤ࡞࠸ࡋ㆙ᡄឤࢆ㟢ࡍࡿAlitoุᐁࠊᑐ↷
ⓗࠊࠕุᡤࡀ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡣᑛ㔜ࡍࡿࡇࡢ㐺ษ࡞ᩍ⫱ⓗ
ุ᩿࡛࠶ࡿࠖࡋ࡚ࡇࢀࢆᑛ㔜ࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿἲᘐពぢࡢᑐ❧ࡣࠊᏛࡀᩍ⫱
ᶵ㛵ࡋ࡚ᢸ࠺ࡁᙺࢆࡢ⛬ᗘᗈࡃㄆࡵࡿ࠸࠺ࡇᑐࡍࡿぢゎ ࡢ┦㐪ࢆᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠼ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢࡇ㛵㐃ࡋ࡚ࠊ
୰ᯘᬡ⏕ࠕ⤥ⓗస⏝ࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢ㛵ಀࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ ぬ᭩ࠖᮾ77ᕳ6ྕ149㡫௨ୗ(2014ᖺ)ࠊ୰ᯘᬡ⏕ࠕ᠇ἲᏛࡢ㛵ಀ
ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢணഛⓗ⪃ᐹࠖᮾ79ᕳ5ྕ1㡫௨ୗ(2015ᖺ)ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ
138) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2208.
139)Id. at 2212.
140)Id. at 2208.
141) ⱱᮌ࣭๓ᥖὀ(8)60㡫ࡶྠᵝࡢᣦࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
142) Transcript of Oral Argument, supra note 16, at 49-50.
143) Grutter, 539 U.S. at 336.
144)㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡀ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢᩘὀ┠ࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊ 㔜せ࡞ព⩏ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋGrutterุỴࡣࠊࡸࡴࡸࡲࢀࡊࡿ┈ࡢ1ࡘࡋ࡚ࠊ ᣦᑟ⪅⥆ࡃ㏵ࡀே✀࣭Ẹ᪘ࢃࡽࡎࡍ࡚ࡢಶே㛤ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
࠸࠺☜ಙࢆㄡࡶࡀࡶ࡚ࡿࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࠕᕷẸࡢ┠ࡽࡳ࡚ṇᙜ ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ୍⩌ࡢᣦᑟ⪅ࢆ㣴ᡂࡍࡿࠖࡇࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋId. at 332. Grutter
ุỴࡣࠊࠕ“ከᵝᛶ”ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡇ㛵ࡍࡿᕞࡢ┈ࢆࠊ࠸࡞ࡿ㞟ᅋࡶබ
ⓗ⏕ά(public life)ࡢཧຍࡽ㝖ࡉࢀࡎࠊ♫ࡽࡢᏙ❧⪅(outsider)ࠊࡍ
࡞ࢃࡕ⣭ᕷẸࡋ࡚ࡢᆅ(second-class status)᱁ୗࡆࡉࢀ(relegated)
࡞࠸ࡇࢆಖドࡍࡿࡇ㛵ࡍࡿ┈ࡋ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ⌧ᅾࡣ༑
ศ࡞ᩘࡢᅜᐙࡢᣦᑟ⪅(national leadership)ࢆ㍮ฟ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸㞟ᅋ࡛࠶ࡿ
ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᙜヱᆅᑵࡃᶵࡀ⮬ศࡓࡕࡣ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺☜ಙࢆேᢪࡏ
ࡿࡇ㛵ࡍࡿ┈ࡋ࡚ࡶᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࠋࡸࡴࡸࡲࢀࡊࡿ┈ࡢෆᐇ
ࢆࡇࡢࡼ࠺ᐃ⩏ࡍࡿGrutterุỴࡢぢᆅࡽࡍࢀࡤࠊᣦᑟ⪅ࡢ㣴ᡂࢆᢸ࠺
㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵࠾࠸࡚࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢᩘࡀ࠶ࡲࡾ㊊
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࡣࠊࡸࡴࡸࡲࢀࡊࡿ┈ࢆᐇ⌧࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ホ౯ࡉࢀࡿ
ࡇ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜࡣࠊᙜヱ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿಶேࡣࠊ ᣦᑟ⪅ᑵࡃᶵࡀ⮬ศࡓࡕࡶ㛤ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺☜ಙࢆࡶ࡚࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ
ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡀ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢᩘࢆ༑ศ☜ಖ
࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿྰࡣࠊ௨ୖࡢព࠾࠸࡚㔜せ࡞ព⩏ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋSee Reva B.
Siegel,Equality Talk: Antisubordination and Anticlassification Values in Constitutional Struggles over Brown, 117 Harv. L. Rev. 1470, 1538-1540 (2004).
ⱱᮌ࣭๓ᥖὀ(8)62-63㡫ࡶྠᵝࡢᣦࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊGrutterุỴἲᘐព ぢࡣࠊ࣐ࣀࣜࢸࡀᣦᑟ⪅ࡋ࡚ࡢᆅ࠾ࡼࡧᕷẸᑐࡋ࡚ᙳ㡪ຊࢆࡶࡘ ᆅࡽ⣔⤫ⓗ㝖ࡉࢀࡿࡇࢆᢚṆࡍࡿࡇࢆࡸࡴࡸࡲࢀࡊࡿ┈
ࡽ࠼ࡿⅬ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࣐ࣀࣜࢸࡀ⣭ᕷẸࡢᆅ㏣࠸ࡸࡽࢀࡿࡇ
ࡢᢚṆࢆ㛵ᚰࡍࡿᚑᒓཎ⌮㏻ᗏࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᚑᒓཎ⌮ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ ᚋࡢ4.2࠾࠸࡚ゝཬࡍࡿࠋ
145) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2212.
146) ᮏ௳ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ௨ୗࡢᩥ⊩ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋⱂ⃝ⱥ᫂ࠕே✀ูᏛゎᾘᥐ⨨
ྜ⾗ᅜ᠇ἲࠖᵽཱྀ⠊㞝⦅࣓ࠗࣜ࢝ἲุⓒ㑅࠘86㡫௨ୗ㸦᭷ᩫ㛶ࠊ 2012ᖺ㸧ࠊ⁀⟺ᑗஅࠕึ୰➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵࠾ࡅࡿே✀⤫ྜࡢࡺࡃ࠼ࠖἑ
⦅࣭๓ᥖὀ(14)47㡫௨ୗ㸦ᡂᩥᇽࠊ2014ᖺ㸧ࠊ⸨ᶞஓࠕᏛᰯ࠾ࡅࡿே✀
⤫ྜࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥ(୍)ࠊ(࣭)ࠖ⟃Ἴ࣮ࣟ2ྕ69㡫(2007 ᖺ)ࠊ3ྕ161㡫(2008ᖺ)ࠊྜྷ⏣࣭๓ᥖὀ(7)113㡫௨ୗࠋ
147) Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 733.
148) Id. at 734.
149) Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at 2420.
150) ࡇࡢၥ㢟ࢆᣦࡍࡿぢゎࡣከ࠸ࡀࠊࡑࡢ࠺ࡕࡢ1ࡘࡋ࡚ࠊSeeKimberly A.
Pacelli,CASE NOTE: Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin: Navigating the Narrows between Grutter and Parents Involved, 63 Me. L. Rev. 569 (2011). Garza
ุᐁࡶࡲࡓࠊ㐃㑥➨5ᕠᅇ༊᥍ッุᡤุỴ࠾࠸࡚ࠊminimal effect⌮ ㄽࢆ㐺⏝ࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊTexasᏛࡢධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡣ┠ⓗ㐩ᡂࡗ࡚ཝᐦ
タ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋSee Fisher, 631 F.3d at 259-263.
151) Brief for Petitioner, supra note 120, at 46-47.
152) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2237-2238.
153) Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 790.
154) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2212.
155)Id. ࡣ࠸࠼ࠊࢃࡎ࡞ேᩘ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠊே✀ࡀỴᐃⓗせ⣲࡞ࡗ࡚ධᏛࢆ
ᯝࡓࡋࡓᏛ⏕ࡀ࠸࡞࠸࠺ࢆཝᐦᑂᰝࡍࡿࡇࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ
࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢࡇࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᚋࡢ4.1࠾࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࠋ
156)See id. at 2238.
157) ྠ⌮ㄽࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᣋ✏࣭๓ᥖὀ(135)651㡫௨ୗࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ
158) Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 734-735.
159)Id. at 790.
160) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2212.
161)See Brief of Legal Scholars Deffending Diversity in Higher Education as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondents at 22, Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 136 S. Ct. 2198 (2016) (No. 14-981). ࡇࢀࡼࡿࠊ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍ
ࡿᏛ⏕ࡢᩘࡀࡾࢃࡅᑡ࡞࠸ᵝࠎ࡞ሙ࠾࠸࡚ᙼࡽࡀάືࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊ ࠕ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡣẚ㍑ⓗᑡ࡞࠸ᩘ࡛ࡶࠊᏛෆࡢከᵝᛶ
᭷ព⩏࡞ຠᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠖࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ぢᆅࡽࡍࢀ
ࡤࠊ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢᩘࡀࢃࡎቑຍࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡶᩍ⫱ୖ
ࡢㅖ┈ࡣᐇ⌧ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࡽࠊே✀ࢆຍⅬせ⣲ࡋ࡚⪃៖ࡍࡿධᏛ
⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡀᏛ⏕㞟ᅋࡢከᵝᛶࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡇࡗ࡚ࢃࡎ࡞ຠᯝࡋ
ࡶࡓ࡞࠸᩿ࡌࡿࡇࡣၥࡀṧࡿࠋSeeVinay Harpalani, Diversity Within Racial Groups and the Constitutionality of Race-Conscious Admissions, 15 U. Pa.
J. Const. L. 463, 532 n.311 (2012). ࡶࡗࡶࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿධᏛ⪅
㑅ᢤไᗘࡼࡗ࡚ᩍᐊ࠾ࡅࡿከᵝᛶ(classroom diversity)ࢆቑ㐍ࡍࡿࡇ
ࢆㄆࡵࡿࠊඛ㏙ࡢ࠾ࡾࠊᏛࡣࡑࢀ⮬యࡀ‶㊊ࡍࡿࡲ࡛㝿㝈࡞ࡃே✀ࢆ
⪃៖ධࢀࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࠊࡑࡢࡇᑐࡋุᡤࡣ㝿㝈࡞ࡃᩗㆡࢆᡶࢃ࡞ࡅ
ࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࡍࡿᢈุࢆཷࡅࡿࡇ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ
162) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2212.
163)Id. at 2212-2213.
164)Id. at 2213.
165)Id.
166)Id.
167)Id.
168)Id.
169)Id.
170)Id.
171)Id. ἲᘐពぢࡣࠊGratzุỴ࠾ࡅࡿGinsburgุᐁពぢࢆᘬ⏝ࡋࡘࡘࠊࠕࡶ
ࡗࡥࡽᏛᖺ࠾ࡅࡿᡂ⦼㡰౫ᣐࡍࡿධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡣࠊᚿ㢪⪅᭷ᐖ࡞
ࣥࢭࣥࢸࣦࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࠖᣦࡋ࡚ࡶ࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡼࢀࡤࠊࠕ୧ぶࡀே
✀ศ㞳≧ែ࠶ࡿࠊᐇ⦼ࡢࡉࡩࡿࢃ࡞࠸Ꮫᰯ⮬ศࡢᏊࡶࢆ㏻ࢃࡏ⥆
ࡅࡿࡇࢆຓ㛗ࡋࠊࡉࡽࡣࠊGPAࢆపୗࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸
㞴ࡋ࠸⛉┠ࢆᏛ⏕ࡀࡿࡇࢆᛮ࠸ࡲࡽࡏࡿࠖࡇ࡞ࡿࡉࢀࡿࠋId.
at 2214. ; See also Gratz, 539 U.S. 244 at 303 n.10.
172) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at2213. ᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡢࡼ࠺࡞ไᗘഛࢃࡿࡇࡢ㞴Ⅼࡣࠊ
᪤GrutterุỴ࠾࠸࡚ࡶᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋGrutterุỴἲᘐពぢࡣࠊࠕᡂ
⦼ୖ୍ᐃྜࡢ⏕ᚐ⮬ືⓗᏛࡢධᏛチྍࢆ࠼ࡿᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣 ἲࡢࡼ࠺࡞ไᗘࡣࠊ“Ꮫࡀࠊே✀ⓗࡳ࡚ከᵝ࡞ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊᏛࡀ౯್
ࢆ࠾ࡃ࠶ࡾ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ≉ᛶ㛵ࡋ࡚ከᵝ࡞Ꮫ⏕㞟ᅋࢆ㞟ࡵࡿࡓࡵᚲせ
ྍḞ࡞ಶேホ౯(individualized assessments)ࢆᐇࡍࡿࡇࢆጉࡆࡡ࡞࠸”ࠖ
ࡍࡿࠋGrutter, 539 U.S. at 340. Michael Dorfࡶྠᵝࡢᣦࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋSee Michael Dorf, Fisher and the Future of Affirmative Action, Dorf on Law (Aug. 22, 2012),
http://www.dorfonlaw.org/2012/08/fisher-and-future-of-affirmative-action.html
ࡃࢃ࠼࡚Michael Dorfࡣࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡢࡼ࠺࡞ไᗘࡣே✀ࡢከᵝᛶࢆ
ಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡇࢁࡴࡋࢁࡇࢀࢆኻࢃࡏ࡚ࡋࡲ࠸ࡡ࡞࠸ࡋ࡚ࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺
ㄝ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡀᏛ࠾࠸࡚ே✀㠃࠾ࡅࡿከᵝᛶࢆಁ
㐍࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊ⏕ᚐࡢ㒊ศࡀ≉ᐃࡢே✀ࡽ࡞ࡾࠊ࠸ࢃࡤᐇୖࡢே
✀ศ㞳≧ែ࠶ࡿ㧗➼ᏛᰯࡀTexasᕞෆከᩘᏑᅾࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ
࠺࡞≧ែ࠶ࡿ㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡢᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ࡣ≉ᐃࡢே✀ࡢ⏕ᚐࡀከᩘྵࡲ
ࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊᙜヱ㧗➼ᏛᰯࢆྵࡵᗈࡃTexasᕞෆࡢ㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡽᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣 ࡢ⏕ᚐࢆධᏛࡉࡏࡿࡽࡇࡑࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡣࠊே✀㠃࠾ࡅࡿከᵝᛶ
ࢆಁ㐍ࡋ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୖࡢࡇࢆࡩࡲ࠼ࡿࠊࡶࡋ㧗➼Ꮫᰯ࠾࠸
࡚ே✀⤫ྜࡀ㐩ᡂࡉࢀ࡚ࡺࡃࠊ㧗➼Ꮫᰯࡢ⏕ᚐ㛫࡛ே✀ᛂࡌ࡚Ꮫຊ᱁ᕪ ࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜࡣࡾࢃࡅࠊᏛຊࡢຎᚋࡋࡀࡕ࡞ே✀ⓗ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓ ࡍࡿ⏕ᚐࡀᡂ⦼ୖ 10㸣ἲࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᏛධᏛࢆᯝࡓࡍࡇࡣᅔ㞴࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡇࡢࡶMichael Dorfࡣࠊே✀⤫ྜࡢ㐍ࢇࡔᏛࡢᏛ㒊(undergraduate
institutions)ࡽᏛ⏕ࢆເࡿ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝ࠾࠸࡚ᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࢆ⏝࠸
ࢀࡤࠊᏛຊࡢຎᚋࡋࡀࡕ࡞ே✀ⓗ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢᩘࡣῶᑡ ࡋࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝࡣࠊGrutterุỴࡢ࠸࠺ࠊࠕᕷẸࡢ┠ࡽࡳ࡚
ṇᙜᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ୍⩌ࡢᣦᑟ⪅ࢆ㣴ᡂࡍࡿࠖ࠸࠺ᩍ⫱ⓗࢆᯝࡓࡏ࡞ࡃ࡞
ࡿࡶᣦࡍࡿࠋ
173) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2213. ࡇࡢࡼ࠺㏙ࡿἲᘐពぢࡣࠊࠕ“ே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁ”
ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠊከᵝᛶࡢࡶࡓࡽࡍᩍ⫱ୖࡢㅖ┈㛵ࡍࡿ┈ࢆ“࠾࠾ࡼࡑ‶
㊊ࡺࡃ⛬ᗘࠊチᐜࡋ࠺ࡿ௦ൾ࡛”ಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖྰࢆホ౯ ࡍࡿ࠶ࡓࡾࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲ࠸࠺௦᭰ᡭẁࡼࡗ࡚ኻࢃࢀࡿከᵝᛶࢆ
ࠕチᐜࡋ࠺ࡿ௦ൾࠖࡣᤊ࠼࡚࠸࡞࠸࠸࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋᑐ↷ⓗࠊAlitoุᐁ ࡣࠊࡇࢀࢆࠕチᐜࡋ࠺ࡿ௦ൾࠖᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡤࡾࠊࡴࡋࢁᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀
ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿࡇࡢࡶࡓࡽࡍ௦ൾࡢ࠺ࡀࡁ࠸ホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ
࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊAlitoุᐁࡣࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿࡇࡀTexasᏛࡢ ከᵝᛶࡶࡓࡽࡍຠᯝࡢᑠࡉࡉࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿྠࠊࡑࡢࡇࡀ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡿ
ᐖᝏࡢ㔜ࡉࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋSee id. at 2237-2238. ࡞࠾ࠊTexas
Ꮫࡣࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿࡁ࡛࡞࠸(↓どࡍࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ)ࡍࡿཎ
࿌ࡢᙇᑐࡋࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡣḟࡢࡇࢆ
ᙉㄪࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ“ே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿศ㢮ࡀ⚗ࡌࡽࢀࡿࡓࡿ⌮⏤ࡢ 1ࡘࡣࠊᙜヱศ㢮ࡣ⮬㌟ࡢ┿౯࠾ࡼࡧᮏ㉁(merits and essential qualities)࡛ࡣ
࡞ࡃฟ⮬(ancestry)ࡼࡗุ࡚᩿ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿಶேࡢᑛཝ౯್ࢆ㈘ࡵ
ࡿ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ”࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㺃㺃㺃[୰␎]㺃㺃㺃TexasᏛࡀಶேࡢฟ
⮬ࡲࡓࡣே✀࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃಶேయὀពࢆᡶ࠺ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓࡢ ࡣࠊࡲࡉࡋࡃࡇࢀࡀ⌮⏤࡛࠶ࡿࠋཎ࿌ࡣࠊ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࠊᏛ⏕ࡢ≉᭷ࡢ
⫼ᬒࠊ⤒㦂࠾ࡼࡧぢᆅ࠸࠺ࡑࡢಶᛶࢆʊᑡ࡞ࡃࡶࣇࣜ࢝⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ே
࠾ࡼࡧࣄࢫࣃࢽࢵࢡࡢᏛ⏕ࡢࡑࢀʊࢆᏛࡣ↓どࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ุ
᩿ࡍࡿࡼ࠺ồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡇࢁࠊཎ࿌ࡣࠊ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿ
ಶேࡣࠊࡢࡼ࠺࡞⫼ᬒࢆࡶࡕࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤒㦂ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡼ࠺ࠊⓙࡀྠࡌࡼ
࠺⪃࠼ࠊࡑࡢ⫙ࡢⰍࡼࡗ࡚つᐃࡉࢀࡿࡢࡼ࠺ࠊࡑࡢᕪ␗ࢆ↓どࡋ࡚ࠊ
༑ศ࡞ᩘࡢᏛ⏕ࢆ㍮ฟ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋࢆࠊከᵝᛶࢆホ౯ࡍࡿ
ࡓࡵࡢ“࣐ࣀࣜࢸ”࠸࠺⏬୍ࡉࢀࡓ⤫ィࡢ࡞࡛࠸ࡗࡋࡻࡃࡓᢅ
ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㺃㺃㺃[୰␎]㺃㺃㺃ཎ࿌ࡣࠊ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࠊ“࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢᆅᇦ࠾
࠸࡚ᡂ㛗ࡋࡓࡇࠊࡲࡓࡣ࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢ⫋ᴗ⤒㦂ࡢ࠶ࡿࡇࡀಶேࡢぢゎᙳ 㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࡇࡕࡻ࠺ྠࡌࡼ࠺ࠊᖾ࡞ࡇே✀ࡀ౫
↛ࡋ࡚ၥ㢟࡞ࡾ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿᡃࠎ⮬㌟ࡢ♫࠾࠸࡚ே✀ⓗ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ
࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺≉᭷ࡢ⤒㦂ࡶࡲࡓࠊಶேࡢぢゎᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸”
࠸࠺ࡇࢆྰᐃࡍࡿࡼ࠺ồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋಶேࢆே✀࠸࠺ࢹࣥࢸࢸ
࣮ࢆ࠼ࡽࢀࡓᏑᅾ㑏ඖࡍࡿࡇࡀᙜヱಶேࡢᑛཝࢆ㈘ࡵࡿࡢࡕࡻ
࠺ྠࡌࡼ࠺ࠊ࠶ࡿಶேࡢே✀ࡀᙜヱಶேࡢ⤒㦂࠾ࡼࡧぢゎࢆᙧసࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡇࢆ↓どࡍࡿࡇࡶᙜヱಶேࢆ㈘ࡵࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㺃㺃㺃[୰
␎]㺃㺃㺃TexasᏛࡀධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤ࠾࠸࡚ே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡑࢀ
ࡒࢀࢆ၏୍↓ࡢࡶࡢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡍ࡚ࡢせ⣲ࢆ⪃៖ධࢀࡿࡇࡼࡗ
࡚ࠊࡑࡢಶᛶࢆᑛ㔜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖࠋBrief for Respondent, supra note 116, at 35-36.
174) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2214.
175)Id.
176)Id. at 2208.
177)Id. at 2236.
178)Id.
179)Id. at 2238.
180)Id. at 2210.
181)Id. at 2238. ࡇࡇ࡛AlitoุᐁࡣࠊParents Involved ุỴ࠾࠸࡚Kennedy
ุᐁࡀ㏙ࡓࠊࠕ“ุᡤࡣࠊᅜᐙᶵ㛵ࡢ⾜Ⅽࢆཝ᱁ᑂᰝ᭹ࡏࡋࡵࡿሙྜࠊ
᫂☜࡞Ⅼࢆᅜᐙᶵ㛵᭷ゎ㔘ࡋ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸”ࠖ࠸࠺ゝⴥࢆᘬ⏝ࡋ
࡚ࠊἲᘐពぢࢆᢈุࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋParents Involved, 551 U.S. at 786.
182) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2222. ; See also Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at 2419.
183) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2238-2239. AlitoุᐁࡣࠊࠕTexasᏛࡣࠊྠᏛࡢධ Ꮫࢆᨭ࣭ಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࢆᙉࡍࡿࠊᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚
ධᏛࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢᩘࡢୖ㝈ࢆ᧔ᗫࡍࡿࠊࡲࡓࡣᚿ㢪⪅ࡢ♫⤒῭ⓗせ⣲ᑐࡍ
ࡿホ౯ࡢ㔜ࡳ࡙ࡅࢆቑࡍ➼ࡢࡢᡭẁࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࡑࡢ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇࡀ
࡛ࡁࡓࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠖࡶ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋId. at 2236.
184)Id. at 2209.
185)Id.
186)Id. at 2211.
187)Id. at 2209.
188)Id.
189)Id.
190)Id.
191)Id. at 2238-2239.
192)Id. at 2209.
193) Brief for Respondent, supra note 116, at 22.
194) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2239.
195)Id. at 2239-2240.
196)Id. at 2241.
197)Id.
198)Id. at 2241-2242. Alitoุᐁࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ㈨ᩱࢆά⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ
ࠕTexasᏛࡣ┦ᙜࡢ㈨※ࢆ㈝ࡸࡉ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ 㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿᇶ‽ࡀཝ᱁ᑂᰝᇶ‽࡛࠶ࡿࡇࠊ㛵㐃ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿሗࡢࡍ࡚ࢆ
TexasᏛࡀಖ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ᐇ㚷ࡳࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀࡣ㐺ṇ࡞㈇ᢸ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᐇㄆᐃ㛫࠾ࡼࡧປຊࡀࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡣࠊⳘ࡞ண⟬ࢆࡶࡘTexas
Ꮫࡢᙇࢆㄆࡵࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ண⟬ࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸ཎ࿌ࡢᙇࢆ᩺ࡅࡿ᰿ᣐࡋ
࡚ࡣࠊወጁ࡛࠶ࡿࠖࡍࡿࠋId. at 2242.
199)Id.
200)Id.
201)Id. at 2209.
202)Id. at 2239.
203)Id. at 2211. ; See also Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at 2420.
204)Id. at 2239.
205)Id.
206)Id. at 2242.
207)Id. at 2209.
208)Id. at 2242.
209) ྠࡌࡇࡀᕪᡠᑂࡢ㐃㑥➨5ᕠᅇ༊᥍ッุᡤุỴࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ࠸࠼ࡿࠋྠ
ุỴ࠾࠸࡚ἲᘐពぢࢆᇳ➹ࡋࡓHigginbothamุᐁࡣࠊࠕ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤ ࡣࠊGrutterุỴ࠾ࡅࡿKennedyุᐁᑐពぢࢆ๓㠃ᢲࡋฟࡋ࡚ࠊከ ᵝᛶ࠸࠺チᐜࡉࢀ࠺ࡿ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵTexasᏛࡢ᥇⏝ࡍࡿᡭẁ
ࡘࡁ㐃㑥ᆅ᪉ุᡤ࠾ࡼࡧᙜุᡤࡢ⾜ࡗࡓᑂᰝࢆᢈุࡋࡓࠖ㏙࡚࠸
ࡿࠋFisher, 758 F.3d at 642. ᑐពぢࢆᇳ➹ࡋࡓGarzaุᐁࡶࡲࡓࠊ
ࠕFisherϨࡣุἲ⌮ࡀỴᐃⓗኚࡋࡓࡇ(decisive shift in the law)ࢆ♧
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡍࡿⅬ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⚾ࡣἲᘐពぢྠពࡍࡿࠖ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋId.
at 665 n.5.
210)See Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2210, 2213.
211)See id. at 2209.
212) Grutter, 539 U.S. at 329.
213) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2215.
214)Id. at 2210.
215) KennedyุᐁࡣࠊGrutterุỴᑐពぢ࠾࠸࡚ḟࡢࡼ࠺ἲᘐពぢࢆᢈ
ุࡋࠊே✀୰❧ⓗ࡞௦᭰ᡭẁࡢᏑྰࢆཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡍࡁࡇࢆㄝ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ࠕุᡤࡀே✀ࢆព㆑ࡋࡓධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘᑐࡋ࡚ཝ᱁࡞ᑂᰝᇶ‽ࢆ㐺⏝
ࡍࢀࡤࠊᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡣ┿ே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁࢆ⪃✲ࡍࡿࡇࢆవ࡞ࡃࡉࢀࡿ
ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᑐ↷ⓗࠊἲᘐពぢࡣࠊMichiganᏛ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝࡀே✀୰❧
ⓗᡭẁࡘ࠸࡚ㄔᐇ᳨ウࡋࡓ⮬ࡽ᫂ゝࡍࢀࡤࡑࢀ࡛‶㊊ࡍࡿࡘࡶࡾ࡛
࠶ࡿࠖࠋGrutter, 539 U.S. at 394.
216) Alitoุᐁᑐពぢࡀయ⌧ࡍࡿ࠾ࡾࠊᚋࠊุᡤࡀே✀୰❧ⓗ࡞௦᭰
ᡭẁࡢᐇຠᛶࢆཝᐦᑂᰝࡍࢀࡤࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢே✀ࢆຍⅬせ⣲ࡋ࡚⪃៖ࡍࡿ
ධᏛ⪅㑅ᢤไᗘࡢ㐠⏝ࡣྍ⬟࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡇࡢヲ⣽ࡘ࠸
࡚ࡣࠊᣋ✏࣭๓ᥖὀ(135)648㡫௨ୗࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ
217) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2220.
218)Id. at 2231.
219)Id.
220)Id.
221)Id.
222)Id.
223)Id.
224)Id. at 2233.
225)Id.
226)Id.
227)Id. at 2231.
228)Id. at 2232.
229)Id.
230)Id. at 2231.
231)Id.
232)Id. at 2220.
233)Id. at 2231.
234)Id. at 2233.
235)Id. at 2213.
236)Id. at 2231.
237) Alitoุᐁࡣࡇࡢࡶࠊἲᘐពぢḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᢈุࢆᢞࡆࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Alitoุᐁࡣࠊࠕࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡣᙜึࠊ࡞ቃ㐝⨨
ࢀࡓேࠎࢆᩆ῭ࡍࡿࡓࡵ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡓᥐ⨨࡛࠶ࡿࠖࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊࠕ㈋ࡋ ࡃࠊ࡞ቃ㐝⨨ࢀࡓ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋᒓࡍࡿᚿ㢪⪅ࢆධᏛࡉࡏࡿഴ
ྥࡢ࠶ࡿᥐ⨨ࡀ㐺ษ࡛࠶ࡿࠖゝࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠊࣇ࣮࣐ࢸ
ࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥ࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡣኚᐜࡋࠊࡶࡣࡸᡭ㈇࠼࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡞ࡗ
࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡍࡿࠋId. at 2232. Alitoุᐁࡼࡿࡇࡢᢈุ㛵㐃ࡋ࡚ࠊ
Richard KahlenbergࡣࠊFisherϩ࠾࠸࡚㐪᠇ุ᩿ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࢀࡤࠊTexas
Ꮫࡣே✀㠃࠾ࡅࡿከᵝᛶࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡼࡾపᡤᚓᒙࡽᏛ⏕ເ㞟
ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡼࡾࠊே✀㠃࠾ࡅࡿከᵝᛶࡣࡶࡕ
ࢁࢇࠊ♫⤒῭㠃࠾ࡅࡿከᵝᛶࡶᐇ⌧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࡍࡿࠋSee Richard Kahlenberg, Symposium: A win for wealthy students, SCOTUSblog (Jun.
23, 2016, 9:10 PM),
http://www.scotusblog.com/2016/06/symposium-a-win-for-wealthy-students/
238)Id. at 2213.
239) Fisher, 758 F.3d at 653.
240)Id.
241)Id.
242) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2220.
243)Id. at 2231.
244)Id. at 2238.
245)Id. at 2231.
246)Id. at 2215.
247)Id.
248) Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at 2420.
249) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2212.
250)Id. at 2211.
251) Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at 2420.
252) Id.
253) Compare Fisher, 133 S Ct at 2420, with Grutter, 539 U.S. at 339. ; See Tomiko Brown-Nagin, Rethinking Proxies for Disadvantage in Higher Education: A First Generation Students' Project, 2014 U. Chi. Legal F. 433, 460-461 (2014).
254) Grutter, 539 U.S. at 343.
255) GrutterุỴࡣࠊ㧗➼Ꮫᰯ࠾ࡅࡿᡂ⦼ୖ୍ᐃྜࡢ⏕ᚐ⮬ືⓗᏛ
ࡢධᏛチྍࢆ࠼ࡿᡂ⦼ୖ10㸣ἲࡢࡼ࠺࡞ไᗘࡢே✀୰❧ⓗᡭẁࡋ
࡚ࡢᐇຠᛶࡘ࠸࡚ࠊMichiganᏛ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝࡀᙜヱไᗘ㛵ࡋ࡚ᐇ 㝿⾜ࡗࡓ᳨ウ࣭ホ౯ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆᑂᰝࡋ࡚ࡣ࠾ࡽࡎࠊ⊂⮬ࡢほⅬࡽ᳨ウࢆຍ
࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋSee George La Noue & Kenneth L. Marcus, "Serious Consideration" of Race-neutral Alternatives in Higher Eduaction, 57 Cath. U.L. Rev. 991,
1001-1002 (2008). ࡑࡢ࠺࠼࡛GrutterุỴࡣࠊࠕᙜヱไᗘࡀ௬ே✀୰❧ⓗ࡞
ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ௬ᐃࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᙜヱไᗘࡣࠊᏛࡀࠊே✀ⓗࡳ࡚ከᵝ࡞ࡔࡅ࡛
࡞ࡃࠊᏛࡢホ౯ࡍࡿ࠶ࡾ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ㈨㉁㛵ࡋ࡚ከᵝ࡞Ꮫ⏕㞟ᅋࢆ㞟ࡵࡿ
ࡓࡵᚲせྍḞ࡞ಶேホ౯ࢆᐇࡍࡿࡇࢆጉࡆࡡ࡞࠸ࠖࡋࠊᙜヱไ ᗘࡢᐇຠᛶࢆྰᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋGrutter, 539 U.S. at 340.
256) Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at 2420.
257) Id. at 2421.
258) Id. at 2420-2421.
259) See Fisher, 631 F.3d at 260-261.
260)Id. at 261.
261)Id.
262)See Gruter, 539 U.S. at 390-391. KennedyุᐁࡣࠊGrutterุỴᑐពぢ࠾
࠸࡚ࠊࠕཝ᱁ᑂᰝࡣࠊMichiganᏛ࣮࣭ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝᑐࡋࠊᚿ㢪⪅ࡢಶேホ ౯ࢆࡲࡗࡓࡃ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠸࠺᠈ ࢆそࡍࡇࢆồࡵࡿࡶ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
263) See Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at 2420-2421.
264) Id.
265)See Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2222. Alitoุᐁࡣࠊࠕࢡࣜࢸ࣭࣐࢝ࣝࢫࡣఱࠊ
ࡲࡓࡣࡢࡼ࠺ࡍࢀࡤࡑࢀࢆホ౯ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࢆ㐺ᗘ᫂☜
▱ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊุᡤࡣࠊே✀ࢆ㢳៖ࡍࡿࡇࡀ“‘ᚲせྍḞ࡛’”
࠶ࡿྰࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᚲせ࡞“ධᛕ࡞ᑂᰝ”ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖࡍࡿࠋ Id.
266)See id. at 2208. ; See also Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at 2419.
267) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2208.
268)Id. at 2211.
269)Id. at 2223.
270)Id. at 2215.
271)Id. at 2223.
272)Id. at 2208.
273)Id. at 2223.
274)Id. at 2222-2223. ; See also Fisher, 758 F.3d at 661-662, 666-667. ᯘ࣭๓ᥖὀ
(8)20㡫ࡣࠊࡇࡢⅬࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࠕከᵝᛶࡢ☜ಖ࠸࠺┠ⓗࡀㄆᐃࡉࢀࢀࡤࠊᩗ
ㆡⓗࢫࢱࣥࢫࡀࢭࢵࢺࡉࢀࡓୖ࡛ࠊᡭẁᑂᰝࡘ࡞ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࠖᣦࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋ
275) ࡞࠾ࠊGrutterุỴᑐពぢ࠾࠸࡚KennedyุᐁࡀࠊࠕᏛ࠾ࡅࡿධᏛ
⪅㑅ᢤࡢᩥ⬦࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊே✀㠃࠾ࡅࡿከᵝᛶ࠸࠺┠ⓗࡣᙜุᡤࡢ▱
ࡾ࠺ࡿ⤒㦂ⓗᐇᇶ࡙ࡁチᐜࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᙜヱ┠ⓗࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿ
᪉⟇ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᩗㆡࡀᡶࢃࢀ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖࡋࠊࠕᩗㆡࡣࠊཝ᱁ᑂᰝ
ࡣṇᑐࡢ(antithetical)ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡣ┦࠸ࢀ࡞࠸ࠖ㏙࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡇࢆ㉳ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋGrutter, 539 U.S. at 388, 394.
276)See Roosevelt & Stottlemyer, supra note 4, at 41. ; See also Peter N. Kirsanow, Race Discrimination Rationalized Again, 2015-2016 Cato Supreme Court Review 59, 65-66, 77 (2016).
277)See Erwin Chemerinsky, The year the law did not change, ABA JOURNAL (Jun 30, 2016),
http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/chemerinsky_the_year_the_law_did_not_
change Erwin ChemerinskyࡣࠊࠕFisherϩ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡣࠊ⌧ᅾ
ࡢุἲ⌮(existing law)ࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࡀࠊKennedyุᐁࡢᡭࡼࡿἲᘐព ぢయࡢ㞺ᅖẼࡣࠊࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࢆࡼࡾ✚ᴟⓗチᐜࡍࡿ
ࡘࡶࡾࡀุᡤ࠶ࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖࡍࡿࠋ
278) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2214.
279)See Erwin Chemerinsky, The 2016 Election, the Supreme Court, and Racial Justice, 83 U. Chi. L. Rev. Online 49, 54 (2016). Erwin ChemerinskyࡣࠊࠕKennedyุ
ᐁࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ୍࡛ᗘࡓࡾࡶࠊࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢྜ᠇ᛶࢆ⫯
ᐃࡋࡓࡇࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋKennedyุᐁࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ୍࡛ᗘࡓࡾࡶࠊᩍ⫱ᶵ 㛵ᩗㆡࢆᡶ࠺ᚲせᛶࡲࡓࡣከᵝᛶࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ᪉⟇ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᐇ㦂
ࢆチᐜࡍࡿᚲせᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㏙ࡓࡇࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠖ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
280) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2215.
281)Id. at 2210.
282)Id. at 2214.
283)Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 748.
284) See Scott Grinsell, “The Prejudice of Caste”㸸The Misreading of Justice Harlan and the Ascendency of Anticlassification, 15 Mich. J. Race & L. 317, 318 (2010).
285) Jack M. Balkin & Reva B. Siegel, The American Civil Rights Tradition:
Anticlassification or Antisubordination?, 58 U. Miami L. Rev. 9, 10 (2003). “ෆᐦ
(surreptitiously)”࠸࠺ゝⴥࡀࡅຍ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊᩥ㠃ୖࡣே✀ࡼ
ࡿศ㢮ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊே✀ࢆᇶ‽ࡋู࡚ᢅ࠸ࢆࡍࡿ࠸࠺ᝏ㉁࡞
┠ⓗ(invidious purpose)ࡼࡗ࡚ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿἲࡶࡲࡓࠊศ㢮ཎ⌮
㐪⫼ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋSee id.࡞࠾ࠊ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุᡤࡣࠊ
Washington v. Davis࠾࠸࡚ࠊே✀ᕪูⓗ࡞┠ⓗ⏤᮶ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࡞࠸ࡂ
ࡾࠊ࠶ࡿἲࢆே✀ᕪูⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡢࡀᖹ➼ಖㆤ ࡢᇶᮏཎ⌮࡛࠶ࡿࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋSee Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229, 240 (1976).
286) Pamela S. Karlan, What Can Brown Do For You?: Neutral Principles and the Struggle over the Equal Protection Clause, 58 Duke L.J. 1049, 1061 (2009).
287) Missouri v. Jenkins 515 U.S. 70, 120-21 (1995).
288)See Pamela S. Karlan, Constitutional Law as Trademark, 43 UC Davis L. Rev. 385, 402 (2009).
289) Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, 134 S. Ct. 1623, 1644 (2014).
290)Id.
291)Id.
292) Karlan, supra note 286, at 1062. ; Siegel, supra note 144, at 1473. Reva B. Siegel
ࡶྠᵝࠊศ㢮ཎ⌮ࡣࠊⰋᛶࡢ(benign)ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࡞ࢁ࠺ࠕே✀
ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿ࠶ࡾ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᙧែࡢศ㢮ࡽಶேࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࠖࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ
ࡍࡿࠋ
293)See Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at 2417. ࡞࠾ࠊFisherϨ࠾࠸࡚Thomasุᐁࡣࠊே✀
ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿศ㢮ࡀⰋᛶࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡣỴࡋ࡚࡞࠸႑◚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ See id. at 2430. ; See also Fisher, 136 U.S. at 2215.
294) Adarand, 515 U.S. at 224.
295)Id. at 236.
296) Schuette, 134 S. Ct. at1672.
297)Id. at 1644.
298) Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 748.
299) Schuette, 134 S. Ct. at 1676.
300)Id.
301) Karlan, supra note 286, at 1062.
302) See Jack M. Balkin, What Brown v. Board of Education Should Have Said 56 (New York University Press). ; Siegel, supra note 144, at1472-1473. Reva B
Siegelࡼࢀࡤࠊᚑᒓཎ⌮ࡣࠊࠕᕞࡀࠊṔྐୖᢚᅽࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㞟ᅋࢆຎ➼
ࡢ♫ⓗᆅ␃ࡵ࠾ࡃࡇ࡞ࡿ(enforce the inferior social status)⾜Ⅽࠖࢆ
⾜࠺ࡇࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿࠋ
303) See Balkin, supra note 302, at 56. ; Helen Norton, The Supreme Court’s