細 胞 資 源 工 学
教 授 服 部 征 雄 ( 薬 学 博 士 )
助教授 横 津 隆 子 ( 学 術 博 士 ) 助 手 宮 代 博 継 ( 薬 学 博 士 ) 技 官 中 村 憲 夫 ( 学 術 博 士 )
本部門では,和漢薬資源の恒久的維持,育成を図るため,薬用生物に関する細胞工学的研究を 行なうと同時に,動植物細胞の持つ遺伝情報を解析して,その薬用資源開発への応用,あるいは 微生物および動物細胞を用いて生理活性物質の探索,和漢薬の薬効発現機構の解明を行なうこと を目指している。本年度の主な研究テーマと成果は下記の通りである。
I.腸内嫌気性菌によるバイオトランスフォーメーション
腸内細菌による
s e c o i s o l a r i c i r e s i n o ld i g l u c o s i d e
のe n t e r o l a c t o n e
(エストロジェン様作用物 質)への変換反応を検討し,各種生成物と主要な反応を触媒する菌種の単離,同定を行った。P e p t o s t r e p t o c o c c u s
は,芳香環のメトキシ基の脱メチル反応を行い,Eubαc t e r i u m
はカテコー ル型のパラ位水酸基の脱離反応を行うことが明らかにされた。また, C−
配糖体の関裂反応を検 討し,B αc t e r o i d e s
の一種がC −
配糖体m a n g i f e r i n
をn o r a t h y r i o l
に変換することを見いだした。II.薬物の代謝活性化に関与する腸内細菌遺伝子
S e n n o s i d e
およびs a i k o s a p o n i n
の加水分解に関与する腸内細菌由来の酵素遺伝子の解析を行っ fこ。m .
抗ウイルス薬の開発C r o t o n t i g l i u m
から種々のホルボール系の化合物を単離し,その抗HIV
作用およびp r o t e i n k i n a s e C
の活性化作用を検討し,1 2 ‑ 0 ‑ a c e t y l p h o r b o l ‑ 1 3 ‑ d e c a n o a t e
はp r o t e i nk i n a s e C
を活性 化することなく,強い抗HIV
作用を有することを見いだした。また,S t e p h αn iαc e p hα r αnthα
に 含まれるF K ‑ 3 0 0 0
の抗HSV
作用機序を検討した。N.腎疾患における病態の解明と治療薬の開発
増悪因子のフリーラジカルの関与について,細胞,臓器レベルで、検討するとともに,
G i n s e n o ‑
s i d e ‑ R d
,茶,地検,温牌湯などの役割を追求した。また温牌湯を中心とした長期にわたる漢方 治療は,慢性腎不全の進行抑制に有効であり,透析導入の遅延効果が期待できる成績を報告した。。 著 書
1 ) Kusumoto I . T . and H a t t o r i M . : S e a r c h i n g f o r Anti‑HIV Agents among t h e T r a d i t i o n a l M e d i c i n e s . e d . by Watanabe H . and Shibuya T . , Harwood Academic P u b l i s h e r s , Amsterdum, 1 9 9 9 , p p . 2 1 9 ‑ 2 3 5
2 ) I e n a g a
K., Mikami H. , T a k e u c h i S . , Nakamura K . , Yokozawa T . , Oura H . , Aoyagi
K.,Nakano
K.,and Endou H . : N Z ‑ 4 1 9 , an i n t r i n s i c a n t i o x i d a n t , a s a t h e a p e u t i c a g e n t a g a i n s t p r o g r e s s i v e c h r o n i c r e n a l f a i l u r e and g u a n i d i n o compounds. Guanidino Compound i n B i o l o g y and M e d i c i n e : 5
,e d s . by C l a r k J . F . , Mori
A.and I s h i d a M . , B l a c k w e l l S c i e n c e Pty L t d , A u s t r a l i a , 1 9 9 9 , p p . 1 3 1
同1 3 8 .
。 原 著
1 ) Yu Y . , Park J . , Lee J . , Kim G . , Jo S . , Byun M . , Miyashiro H . , and H a t t o r i M . : Screening o f some p l a n t e x t r a c t s f o r i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t s on HIV‑1 and i t s e s s e n t i a l enzymes. Kor. J . Pharmacogn., 2 9 : 3 3 8 ‑ 3 4 6 , 1 9 9 8 .
(昨年度未記載)I n o r d e r t o e l u c i d a t e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between a n t i ‑ H I V ‑ 1 enzyme a c t i v i t y and i n h i b i t i o n o f HIV‑1 r e p l i c a t i o n by n a t u r a l s o u r c e s , e x t r a c t s from some p l a n t s u s i n g a s f o o d s and o r i e n t a l m e d i c i n e s were t e s t e d f o r i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t s on t h e v i r a l r e p l i c a t i o n , r e v e r s e t r a n s c r i p t a s e (RT) , p r o t e a s e and α g l u c o s i d a s e .
Int h e anti‑RT t e s t , water e x t r a c t s o f F i c u s c αr i c α ( l e a f ) , Houttuyniαc o r d α t α
(a e r i a l p a r t ) and I x e r i s tamα g α ω αe n s i s ( a e r i a l p a r t ) showed more than 79% i n h i t i b i o n a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 1 0 0 μ g / m l . The p r o t e a s e and αglucosidase i n h i b i t i n g s a m p l e s i n t h e s c r e e n i n g were water e x t r a c t o f S y r i n g αd i l a tα t α ( l e a f ) and methanol e x t r a c t o f H i b i s c u s s y r iαc u s ( l e a f and s t e m ) , which showed more than 40% i n h i b i t i o n a t a c o n c e n t r a ‑ t i o n o f 1 0 0
μg / m l . I n t h e primary a n t i ‑ H I V ‑ 1 t e s t , water e x t r a c t s o f Equisetum αr u e n s e ( a e r i a l p a r t ) , H i b i s c u s s y r i αc u s C l e a f ) , I x e r i s t αmα g αwαe n s i s ( a e r i a l p a r t ) and P u e r
引r α t h u n b e r g iαnα ( l e a f ) showed t h e p o t e n t i n h i b i t i o n a g a i n s t HIV‑1 i n d u c e d c y t o p a t h i c e f f e c t s .
2 ) Hussein G . , Nakamura N . , Meselhy M. R . , and H a t t o r i M . : P h e n o l i c s from Mαy t e n u s s e n e g αl e n s i s . Phytochemistry, 5 0 : 6 8 9 ‑ 6 9 4 , 1 9 9 9 .
Two new m e t h y l a t e d f l a v a n ‑ 3 ‑ o l g l u c o s i d e s and a m e t h y l a t e d p r o a n t h o c y a n i d i n were i s o ‑ l a t e d from t h e MeOH e x t r a c t o f t h e stem‑bark o f M αy t e n u s s e n e g αl e n s i s , t o g e t h e r w i t h f i v e known compounds. The s t r u c t u r e s o f t h e new compounds were d e t e r m i n e d a s : ( ) ‑ 4 ' ‑ me t h y l e p i g a l l o c a t e c h i n 5‑0 − β − D ‑ g l u c o p y r a n o s i d e , ( + ) ‑ 4 ' ‑ m e t h y l g a l l o c a t e c h i n 3 ' ‑ 0 − β − D ‑ g l u ‑ c o p y r a n o s i d e and ( ) ‑ e p i c a t e c h i n ( 4 β
→8 )
(一)−4 ' ‑ m e t h y l e p i g a l l o c a t e c h i nby c h e m i c a l and s p e c t r o s c o p i c m e a n s . The MeOH and H20 e x t r a c t s showed moderate i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t s a g a i n s t HIV‑1 p r o t e a s e .
3 ) Matsuse I . T . , Lim Y . A . , H a t t o r i M . , Cor
・r e aM . , and Gupta M . P . A . : Search f o r a n t i ‑ v i r a l p r o p e r t i e s i n Panamanian m e d i c i n a l p l a n t s . The e f f e c t s on HIV and i t s e s s e n ‑ t i a l enzymes. Ethnopharmacology, 6 4 : 1 5 ‑ 2 2 , 1 9 9 9 .
Aqueous and m e t h a n o l i c e x t r a c t s o f 3 9 Panamanian m e d i c i n a l p l a n t s were t e s t e d f o r a n t i ‑
human immunodeficiency v i r u s (HIV) e f f e c t s . The e x t r a c t s were t e s t e d f o r t h e i n h i b i t i o n o f HIV i n d u c e d c y t o p a t h i c e f f e c t s i n c u l t u r e d c e l l s
,日I V ‑ r e v e r s et r a n s c r i p t a s e (RT) and HIV p r o t e a s e (PR) e n z y m e s . The water e x t r a c t o f t h e b r a n c h e s o f J αt r o p h α c u r e α s
( E u p h o r b i a c e a e ) i n h i b i t e d s t r o n g l y t h e HIV i n d u c e d c y t o p a t h i c e f f e c t s with low c y t o t o x i c i t y . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e water e x t r a c t s o f t h e whole p l a n t o f Chα m αe s y c e h y s s o p i f o l i α
(E u p h o r b i a c e a e ) , t h e l e a v e s o f C o r d i αs p i n e s c e n s ( B o r a g i n a c e a e ) and t h e a e r i a l p a r t s o f Hyptis Z a n t αn i f o l i α
(L a b i a t a e ) , and t h e methanol e x t r a c t o f t h e a e r i a l p a r t s o f T e t r α pt e r i s m αc r o c αr p α
(M a l p i g h i a c e a e ) were p o t e n t i n h i b i t o r s o f HIV‑RT ( I C 5 0 : 6 ‑ 8 μ g/
m l ) . S e v e n o u t o f 3 9 p l a n t s were found t o b e moderate i n h i b i t o r s o f HIV PR C I C 5 o : 4 3 ‑ 1 0 0
μ
g / m l ) . Furthermore, we r e p o r t on t h e r e s p e c t i v e i n h i b i t o r y s u b s t a n c e s o f J . c u r e αs , c .
h y s s o p i f o l i αand C . s p i n e s c e n s , and t h e i r p o s s i b l e mechanism o f a c t i o n .
4 ) Abdel‑Hafez A. A . , Meselhy M. R . , Nakamura N . , H a t t o r i M . , Watanabe H . , Murakami Y . , El‑Gendy M.A., Mahfouz N. M. and Mohamed T . A . : Anticonvulsant a c t i v i t y o f p a e o n i m e t a b o l i n ‑ 1 adducts obtained by i n c u b a t i o n o f p a e o n i f l o r i n and t h i o l compounds with L αc t ob αc i l l u s b r e v i s . B i o l . Pharm. B u l l . , 2 2 : 4 9 1 ‑ 4 9 7 , 1 9 9 9 . S e v e n t e e n t h i o p a e o n i m e t a b o l i n ‑ I a d d u c t s were o b t a i n e d a s mixtures o f d i a s t e r e o i s o m e r s a f t e r i n c u b a t i o n o f p a e o n i f l o r i n with L αc t o b αc i l l u s b r e u i s i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f v a r i o u s t h i o l s . The a n t i c o n v u l s a n t a c t i v i t y o f t h e a d d u c t s was i n v e s t i g a t e d i n mice u s i n g t h e maximal s u b ‑ c u t a n e o u s p e n t y l e n e t e t r a z o l s e i z u r e t e s t and sodium v a l p r o a t e C l . 5 mmoljkg) a s a p o s i t i v e c o n t r o l . T h i r t e e n a d d u c t s showed d o s e ‑ d e p e n d e n t p r o l o n g a t i o n o f l a t e n c i e s o f c l o n i c and t o n i c c o n v u l s i o n s . Maximal p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t c o n v u l s i o n s was e f f e c t i v e l y demonstrated by 8 ‑ ( n ‑ h e x y l t h i o ) p a e o n i m e t a b o l i n I ( 8 ) and 8 b e n z o y l t h i o p a e o n i m e t a b o l i n I ( 1 8 ) a t d o s e s o f 0 . 1 2 5 and 0 . 2 5 mmol/kg, r e s p e c t i v e l y , w h i l e 1 0 0 % p r o t e c t i o n was o n l y a c h i e v e d a t 0 . 5
CH3 Glc‑0 . . . . /ぺて一?
~よ」,... H ‑Glc
Bz‑o
_)''↓ /b ; o
1
3 , R = n p r o p y l 4 , R = i s o p r o p y l 5 , R = n ‑ b u t y l 6 , R = s e c ‑ b u t y l
7 , R = i s o ‑ b u t y l 8 , R
=n ‑ h e x y l
9 , R=allyl 1 0 , R = c y c l o p e n t y l
1 1 , R = c y c l o h e x y l
1 2 , R = p h e n y l 1 3 , R = o ‑ t o l y l 1 4 , R = m ‑ t o l y l 1 5 , R = p ‑ t o l y l 1 6 , R = 2 n a p h t h y l 1 7 , R = b e n z y l 1 8 , R = b e n z o y l 1 9 , R = a c e t y l
: : ; 可 − : : 日 。 ー H
写
H3
H ' 。
− − 一 一 H
C h a r t 1
2
mmol/kg o f 8 ‑ c y c l o p e n t y l t h i o p a e o n i m e t a b o l i n I and 8 ‑ ( p ‑ t o l y l t h i o ) p a e o n i m e t a b o l i n I
.The p r i n c i p a l a n t i c o n v u l s a n t a c t i v i t y o f t h e d i a s t e r e o i s o m e r s o f 8 and 1 8 was a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e i r 7 8 ‑ i s o m e r s [ E D 5 o v a l u e s o f 0 . 0 9 and 0 . 1 2 mmoljkg, and p r o t e c t i v e i n d i c e s o f 5 . 0 and 4 . 0 f o r 8
( 7 8 ) and 1 8 ( 7 8 ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y ] , w h i l e t h e 7R c o u n t e r p a r t s 1 8 ( 7 R ) and 1 8 ( 7 R ) showed a mus‑
c l e r e l a x a t i o n e f l f e c t .
5 ) Hussein G . , Miyashiro H . , Nakamura N . , H a t t o r i M . , Kawahata T . , Otake T . , Kakiuchi N . , and Shimotohno K . : I n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t s o f Sudanese p l a n t e x t r a c t s on
E王I V ‑ r e p l i c a t i o nand HIV‑1
.聞F o r t y ‑ e i g h t methanol and a q u e o u s e x t r a c t s from Sudanese p l a n t s were s c r e e n e d f o r t h e i r i n ‑ h i b i t o r y a c t i v i t y on v i r a l r e p l i c a t i o n . N i n e t e e n e x t r a c t s showed i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t s on HIV‑
i n d u c e d c y t o p a t h i c e f f e c t s (CPE) on MT‑4 c e l l s . The e x t r a c t s w e r e f u r t h e r s c r e e n e d a g a i n s t HIV‑1 p r o t e a s e (PR) u s i n g an HPLC a s s a y m e t h o d . Of t h e t e s t e d e x t r a c t s , t h e methanol e x ‑ t r a c t s o f Ac α c i α n i l o t i c α
(b a r k and p o d s ) , Euphorbiα gr α nu l a t α C l e a v e s ) , Mα y t e n u s s e n e g α l e n s i s ( s t e m ‑ b a r k ) and aqueous e x t r a c t s o f A . n i l o t i c α
(p o d s ) and M. s e n e g α l e n s i s ( s t e m ‑ b a r k ) showed c o n s i d e r a b l e i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t s a g a i n s t HIV‑1 PR. I n h i b i t o r y p r i n c i p l e s were i s o l a t e d from
孔1..s e n e g α l e n s i s and t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s were a l s o d i s c u s s e d .
6 ) Nawawi A . , Nakamura N . , H a t t o r i M . , Kurokawa M . , S h i r a k i K . : I n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t s of I n d o n e s i a n m e d i c i n a l p l a n t s on t h e i n f e c t i o n on h e r p e s simplex v i r u s type 1 . P h y t o t h e r . R e s . , 1 3 : 3 7 ‑ 4 1 , 1 9 9 9 .
Water and methanol e x t r a c t s o f 3 0 t r a d i t i o n a l m e d i c i n a l p l a n t s , c o l l e c t e d i n I n d o n e s i a , were t e s t e d f o r t h e i r a n t i HSV‑1 a c t i v i t y . The e x t r a c t s o f e i g h t p l a n t s p e c i e s showed p o t e n t a c t i v ‑ i t y on t h e p l a q u e a s s a y a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 1 0 0
μg/mL. The t h e r a p e u t i c e f f i c a c y o f s e v e n s e l e c t e d p l a n t s was d e m o n s t r a t e d by u s i n g a mouse HSV‑1 i n f e c t i o n a s s a y , b o t h t h e metha‑
n o l e x t r a c t s o f t h e f r u i t o f M e l a l e u c α l e u c a d e n d r o n ( M y r t a c e a e ) and t h e p e r i c a r p o f Nephelium Z a p p α ceum ( S a p i n d a c e a e ) s i g n i f i c a n t l y p r o l o n g e d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f s k i n l e s i o n s and r e d u c e d t h e m o r t a l i t y .
7 ) Ma C . , Nakamura N . , Miyashiro H . , H a t t o r i M . , and Shimotohno K . : I n h i b i t o r y e f ‑ f e c t s o f c o n s t i t u e n t s from Cynomorium songaricum and r e l a t e d t r i t e r p e n e d e r i v a ‑ t i v e s on HIV‑1 p r o t e a s e . Chem. Pharm. B u l l . , 4 7 : 1 4 1 ‑ 1 4 5 , 1 9 9 9 .
From C H 2 C l 2 and MeOH e x t r a c t s o f t h e s t e m s o f Cynomorium s o n g α r i c u m R U P R .
( C y n o m o r i a c e a e ) , u r s o l i c a c i d and i t s hydrogen malonate w e r e i s o l a t e d a s i n h i b i t o r s o f
human i m m u n o d e f i c i e n c y v i r u s t y p e 1 ( H I V ‑ 1 ) p r o t e a s e , w i t h 5 0 % i n h i b i t o r y c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
( I C 5 0 ) o f 8 and 6
μM, r e s p e c t i v e l y . Amongst v a r i o u s s y n t h e s i z e d d i c a r b o x y l i c a c i d h e m i e s t e r s
o f r e l a t e d t r i t e r p e n e s , i n h i b i t o r y a c t i v i t y t e n d e d t o i n c r e a s e i n t h e o r d e r o f o x a l y l , m a l o n y l ,
s u c c i n y l and g l u t a r y l h e m i e s t e r s , f o r t r i t e r p e n e s s u c h a s u r s o l i c a c i d , o l e a n o l i c a c i d and
b e t u l i n i c a c i d . The most p o t e n t i n h i b i t i o n was o b s e r v e d f o r t h e g l u t a r y l h e m i e s t e r s , w i t h an
I C 5 o o f 4 μM.
From t h e w a t e r e x t r a c t o f t h e s t e m s o f C . s o n g α r i c u m , f l a v a n ‑ 3 ‑ o l p o l y m e r s , c o n s i s t i n g o f e p i c a t e c h i n a s t h e i r e x t e n d e r f l a v a n u n i t s , were a l s o found t o b e p o t e n t i n h i b i t o r y p r i n c i p l e s a g a i n s t HIV‑1 p r o t e a s e .
8 ) Nawawi A . , Ma C . , Nakamura N . , H a t t o r i M . , Kurokawa M . , S h i r
叫d K . , Kashiwaba N . , and Ono M . : A n t i ‑ h e r p e s simplex v i r u s a c t i v i t y o f a l k a l o i d s i s o l a t e d from S t e p h α n i a c e p h a r α
,n t h a . B i o l . Pharm. B u l l . , 2 2 : 2 6 8 ‑ 2 7 4 , 1 9 9 9 .
By s c r e e n i n g w a t e r and MeOH e x t r a c t s o f 3 0 C h i n e s e m e d i c i n a l p l a n t s f o r t h e i r a n t i ‑ h e r p e s s i m p l e x v i r u s (HSV)‑1 a c t i v i t y , a MeOH e x t r a c t o f t h e r o o t t u b e r s o f S t e p h α n i α c e p h α r α n t h α HAYATA showed t h e most p o t e n t a c t i v i t y on t h e p l a q u e r e d u c t i o n a s s a y with an I C s o v a l u e o f 1 8 . 0
μg / m l . Of 4 9 a l k a l o i d s i s o l a t e d from t h e MeOH e x t r a c t , 1 7 a l k a l o i d s were found t o b e a c t i v e a g a i n s t HSV‑1, i n c l u d i n g 1 3 b i s b e n z y l i s o q u i n o l i n e , 1 p r o t o b e r b e r i n e , 2 morphinane and 1 p r o a p o r p h i n e a l k a l o i d s , w h i l e b e n z y l i s o q u i n o l i n e and hasubanane a l k a l o i d s were i n a c ‑ t i v e . Although N ‑ m e t h y l c r o t s p a r i n e was a c t i v e a g a i n s t HSV‑1, a s w e l l a s HSV‑1 thymidine k i n a s e d e f i c i e n t ( a c y c l o v i r r e s i s t a n t t y p e , HSV‑1 TK ) and HSV‑2 C I C s o v a l u e s o f 8 . 3 , 7 . 7 and 6 . 7 μg/ml, r e s p e c t i v e l y ) , i t was c y t o t o x i c . FK‑3000 was found t o b e t h e most a c t i v e a g a i n s t HSV‑1, HSV‑1 TK and HSV‑2 C I C s o v a l u e s o f 7 . 8 , 9 . 9 and 8 . 7 μg/ml) with i n v i t r o t h e r a p e u ‑ t i c i n d i c e s o f 9 0 , 7 1 and 8 1 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . FK‑3000 was found t o b e a promising c a n d i d a t e a s an anti‑HSV a g e n t a g a i n s t HSV‑1, a c y c l o v i r (ACV) r e s i s t a n t ‑ t y p e HSV‑1 and HSV‑2.
9 ) Min B . , H a t t o r i M . , Lee H . , and Kim Y . : I n h i b i t o r y c o n s t i t u e n t s a g a i n s t HIV‑1 pro
・t e a s e from Ag α s t α c h e r u g o s α . A r c h . Pharm. R e s . , 2 2 : 7 5 ‑ 7 7 , 1 9 9 9 .
Two d i t e r p e n o i d compounds, a g a s t a n o l ( 1 ) and a g a s t a q u i n o n e ( 2 ) , were i s o l a t e d from t h e r o o t s o f Ag α s t α c h e r u g o s α
(L a b i a t a e ) . Compounds 1 and 2 showed s i g n i f i c a n t i n h i b i t o r y e f ‑ f e c t s a g a i n s t human i m m u n o d e f i c i e n c y v i r u s t y p e 1 ( H I V ‑ 1 ) p r o t e a s e a c t i v i t y w i t h I C 5 0 v a l ‑ u e s o f 3 6 0 and 8 7
μM, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
1 0 ) Tezuka Y . , Terazono M . , Kusumoto T . I . , Kawashima Y . , Hatanaka Y . , Kadota S . , H a t t o r i M . , Namba T . , Kikuchi T . , Tanaka K . , and Supriyatna S . : H e l i s t e r c u l i n s A and B , two new ( 7 . 5
,8 . 2
)・n e o l i g n a n s ,and h e l i s o r i n , t h e f i r s t ( 6 . 4
,7 . 5
,8 . 2
)−n e o l i g n a n , from t h e I n d o n e s i a n m e d i c i n a l p l a n t H e l i c t e r e s i s o r α . H e l v . Chim. A c t a , 8 2 : 4 0 8 ‑ 4 1 7 , 1 9 9 9 .
During a c h e m i c a l s t u d y o f I n d o n e s i a n m e d i c i n a l p l a n t s , we examined t h e c o n s t i t u e n t s o f f r u i t s o f H e l i c t e r e s i s o r α L . ( S t e r c u l i a c c a e ) o n e o f t h e famoms Jamu m e d i c i n e s . From a water e x t r a c t o f t h e f r u i t s , we i s o l a t e d t h r e e new n e o l i g n a n s , h e l i s t e r c u l i n s A ( 1 ) and B ( 2 ) and h e l i s o r i n ( 3 ) , and e l u c i d a t e d t h e i r s t r u c t u r e s by s p e c t r a l a n a l y s e s . H e l i s t e r c u l i n s A
(1)and B ( 2 ) a r e ( 7 . 5
,8 . 2 ' ) ‑ n e o l i g n a n s w i t h a b i c y c l o [ 2 . 2 . 2 ] o c t e n e C‑framework, w h i l e h e l i s o r i n
( 3 ) i s a ( 6 . 4 ' , 7 . 5
,8 . 2 ' ) ‑ n e o l i g n a n w i t h a v e r y r a r e 4 , 4 a , 9 , 9 a ‑ t e t r a h y d r o ‑ 3 , 9 ‑ m e t h a n o ‑ 3 H ‑
f l u o r e n e C ‑ f r a m e w o r k . The n a t u r a l p r o d u c t w i t h t h e l a t t e r C‑framework h a s no l i t e r a t u r e
p r e c e d e n t . The n e o l i g n a n s 1 〜 3 showed weak i n h i b i t o r y a c t i v i t y a g a i n s t r e v e r s e t r a n s c r i p t a s e
from a v i a n m y e l o b l a s t o s i s v i r u s .
1 1 ) Kawata Y . , Ma C . , Meselhy M. R . , Nakamura N . , Wang H . , H a t t o r i M., Namba T . , Satoh K . , and K u r a i s h i Y . : Conversion o f a c o n i t i n e t o l i p o a c o n i t i n e by human i n ‑ t e s t i n a l b a c t e r i a and t h e i r a n t i n o c i c e p t i v e e f f e c t s i n m i c e . J . T r a d . M e d . , 1 6 : 1 5 ‑ 2 3 , 1 9 9 9 .
A c o n i t i n e was s u b s t a n t i a l l y c o n v e r t e d t o l i p o a c o n i t i n e (LA) a f t e r i n c u b a t i o n w i t h human i n ‑ t e s t i n a l b a c t e r i a . The F r i t FAB LC/MS and GC/MS i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e f a t t y a c i d c o m p o s i ‑ t i o n o f LA was s i m i l a r t o c e l l u l a r f a t t y a c i d s o f t h e b a c t e r i a l s t r a i n u s e d ; major f a t t y a c i d s i n LA p r o d u c e d by B α c t e r o i d e s f r α g i l i s were a n t e i s o C 1 5 : 0 , n ‑ C l 5 : 0 and
rレ C 1 6 : 0 ,w h i l e LA p r o d u c e d by K l e b s i e l l α pneumoni αe o r by f e c a l f l o r a c o n t a i n e d n ‑ C 1 6 : 0 a s t h e major f a t t y a c i d . LA from C l o s t r i d i u m b u t y r i c u m c o n t a i n e d C 1 8 : 1 , C 1 8 : 0 , C 1 6 : 1 , C 1 6 : 0 . LA was a l s o o b ‑ t a i n e d a f t e r i n c u b a t i o n o f a c o n i t i n e w i t h s t e r i l e b a c t e r i a l c e l l s o r a p r e c i p i t a t e o f d i s r u p t e d b a c t e r i a l c e l l s i n p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r . A c o n i t i n e a t a d o s e o f 0 . 1 mg/kg, s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d t h e n o c i c e p t i v e t h r e s h o l d i n m i c e w i t h n o c i c e p t i v e h y p e r s e n s i t i v i t y , w h i l e 8 ‑ 0 ‑ o l e o y l b e n z o y l a c o n i n e (OBA) was a c t i v e b u t t o x i c a t a h i g h e r d o s e o f 3 . 0 mg/kg, and 8 ‑ 0 ‑ p a l m i t o y l b e n z o y l a c o n i n e (PBA) was o n l y a c t i v e a t a d o s e o f 3 0 mg/kg. T h e s e f i n d i n g s s u g ‑ g e s t t h a t OBA and PBA do n o t p l a y an i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n t h e a n t i n o c i c e p t i v e a c t i o n o f a c o n i t e t u b e r and t h e a l k a l o i d a c o n i t i n e .
1 2 ) Kakiuchi N . , Nishikawa S . , H a t t o r i M . , and Shimotohno K . : A high throughput assay o f t h e h e p a t i t i s C v i r u s n o n s t r u c t u r a l p r o t e i n 3 s e r i n e p r o t e i n a s e . J . V i o l . Methods, 8 0 : 7 7 ‑ 8 4 , 1 9 9 9 .
A s i m p l e a s s a y was d e v e l o p e d b a s e d on i n t r a m o l e c u l a r f l u o r e s c e n c e r e s o n a n c e e n e r g y t r a n s ‑ f e r f o r d e t e c t i o n o f t h e a c t i v i t y o f h e p a t i t i s C v i r u s (HCV) s e r i n e p r o t e i n a s e . Two q u e n c h e d ‑ f l u o r o g e n i c s u b s t r a t e s , ( 7 ‑ m e t h o x y c o u m a r i n ‑ 4 ‑ y 1 ) a c e t y 1 (Mea) A s p ‑ A s p ‑ I l e ‑V a l ‑ P r o ‑ C y s ‑ S e r ‑ M e t ‑ S e r ‑ ( 2 , 4 ‑ d i n i t r o p h e n y l , Dnp) Lys ( M e a ‑ A s p ‑ A s p ‑ I l e ‑ V a l ‑ P r o ‑ C y s ‑ S e r ‑ M e t ‑ S e r ‑ Lys[Dn p ] , QF ‑ 1 ) and Mea‑Asp‑Asp‑I l e ‑ V a l ‑P r o ‑ C y s ‑ S e r ‑Met‑Lys (Dn p ) ‑Arg
・Arg (QF
岨2 ) , which d e r i v e d from t h e NSSA/5B j u n c t i o n o f t h e HCV p o l y p r o t e i n , w e r e d e s i g n e d . K i n e t i c s t u d i e s r e v e a l e d t h a t QF‑1 and QF‑2 had h i g h a f f i n i t y f o r a r e c o m b i n a n t e n z y m e , which i s a f u s i o n p r o t e i n o f m a l t o s e b i n d i n g p r o t e i n and a l m o s t e n t i r e n o n s t r u c t u r a l p r o t e i n (MBP‑
N S 3 ) , w i t h Km v a l u e s c o m p a r a b l e t o t h a t o f l o n g e r s u b s t r a t e b a s e d on t h e same c l e a v a g e s i t e .
QF‑1 and QF‑2 were c l e a v e d by MBP‑NS3 e f f i c i e n t l y w i t h k c a t v a l u e s o f 7 . 5 and 4 . 2 m i n ' ‑ ‑ 1 , r e ‑
s p e c t i v e l y . QF‑2 was a l s o found t o b e a good s u b s t r a t e o f ANS3, which c o n t a i n e d s e r i n e
p r o t e i n a s e p a r t o f NS3 w i t h k c a t v a l u e o f 4 . 3 min 1 The c . l e a v a g e r e a c t i o n i s d e t e c t e d c o n t i n u ‑
o u s l y by t h e e l e v a t i o n o f t h e f l u o r e s c e n c e due t o r e l e a s e from q u e n c h i n g . The f l u o r e s c e n c e o f
t h e s u b s t r a t e s i n c r e a s e s i n p r o p o r t i o n t o p r o g r e s s o f t h e c l e a v a g e r e a c t i o n under t h e s t a n ‑
d a r d c o n d i t i o n s . T h i s method was a p p l i e d f o r s c r e e n i n g o f HCV s e r i n e p r o t e a s e i n h i b i t o r s
u s i n g a f l u o r e s c e n c e m u l t i w e l l p l a t e r e a d e r . A group o f n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g p r o d u c t s ,
f l a v o n o i d s , was s u b j e c t e d t o b e s c r e e n e d . Two f l a v o n o i d s o u t o f 2 5 were f o u n d t o i n h i b i t t h e
enzyme m o d e r a t e l y a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 1 0 0
μM. The d a t a a g r e e d w i t h t h o s e o b t a i n e d by h i g h ‑ p e r f o r m a n c e l i q u i d chromatography (HPLC). T h i s method i s s u i t e d t o s e n s i t i v e q u a n t i t a t i o n o f t h e enzyme r e a c t i o n a s w e l l a s t h e h i g h throughput a n a l y s i s o f t h e i n h i b i ‑ t o r s .
1 3 ) Tanikawa K . , Goto H . , Nakamura N . , Tanaka N . , H a t t o r i M . , I t o h T . , and Terasawa K . : Endotherium‑dependent v a s o d i l a t o r e f f e c t o f t a n n i n e x t r a c t from Cinnamonomi Cortex on i s o l a t e d r a t a o r t a . J . T r a d . M e d . , 1 6 : 4 5 ‑ 5 0 , 1 9 9 9 .
Cinnamonomi C o r t e x ( t h e bark o f C i n nαmom um c αs s i a BLUME) i s a c r u d e drug t h a t i s w i d e l y u s e d i n s p i c e s and m e d i c a l p r o d u c t s . Although improvement o f b l o o d f l o w by t h i s p l a n t component h a s l o n g b e e n known, t h e r e h a v e b e e n no r e p o r t s c o n c e r n i n g t h e mechanism i n v o l v e d . We s t u d i e d t h e v a s o d i l a t o r a c t i o n s o f t h i s drug e s p e c i a l l y f o c u s i n g on t h e r o l e o f e n ‑ d o t h e l i u m i n t h e i s o l a t e d v a s c u l a r b e d . Tannin from Cinnamonomi C o r t e x (TCC) r e l a x e d p r o s t a g l a n d i n F z α − p r e c o n t r a c t e d r i n g p r e p a r a t i o n s o f r a t a o r t a w i t h i n t a c t e n d o t h e l i u m . TCC d i d n o t c a u s e r e l a x a t i o n o f s p e c i m e n s w i t h o u t e n d o t h e l i u m , and TCC‑induced r e l a x a t i o n was i n h i b i t e d by p r e t r e a t m e n t w i t h 1 0 4 M ̲ N C T ‑ n i t r o ‑ l ‑ a r g i n i n e methyl e s t e r . D i m e r , t r i m e r , t e t r a m e r , and pentamer components o f TCC a l s o p r o d u c e d e n d o t h e l i u m ‑ d e p e n d e n t v a s o d i l a t i o n . S t r o n g e r r e l a x a t i o n was c a u s e d by h i g h e r m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t t a n n i n s , and e n d o ‑ t h e l i u m ‑ d e p e n d e n t v a s o d i l a t i o n e v e n a p p e a r e d a t low c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . I n c o n c l u s i o n , we found t h a t TCC e x h i b i t s an e n d o t h e l i u m ‑ d e p e n d e n t v a s o d i l a t i o n i n t h e i s o l a t e d r a t a o r t a mainly v i α e n d o t h e l i u m ‑ d e r i v e d NO. NO‑mediated e n d o t h e l i u m ‑ d e p e n d e n t r e l a x a t i o n seems t o b e more p o t e n t f o r TCC w i t h h i g h e r m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t than t h a t w i t h l o w e r m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t .
1 4 ) Tohda C . , Nakamura N . , Komatsu K . , and H a t t o r i M . : T r i g o n e l l i n e ‑ i n d u c e d n e u r i t e outgrowth i n human neuroblastoma SK‑N‑:SH c e l l s . B i o l . Pharm. B u l l . , 2 2 : 6 7 9 ‑ 6 8 2 , 1 9 9 9 .
E x t e n s i o n o f d e n d r i t e s and axons i n n e u r o n s may compensate and r e s c u e damaged n e u r o n a l
networks i n t h e d e m e n t i a b r a i n . Our aim i s t o i s o l a t e and i d e n t i f y c o n s t i t u e n t s o f c o f f e e
b e a n s e x h i b i t i n g n e u r i t e outgrowth a c t i v i t y . Among t h e e x t r a c t s o f raw and r o a s t e d c o f f e e
b e a n s , a methanol f r a c t i o n o f t h e e t h a n o l e x t r a c t ( 1 μ g/ml) o f raw b e a n s i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i ‑
c a n t l y t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f c e l l s w i t h n e u r i t e s i n human neuroblastoma SK‑N‑SH c e l l s . Among
s u b f r a c t i o n s o f t h i s methanol f r a c t i o n was a b a s i c f r a c t i o n ( 5 μ g/ml) which e x h i b i t e d s i g ‑
n i f i c a n t n e u r i t e outgrowth a c t i v i t y . F i n a l l y , t r i g o n e l l i n e i n t h e b a s i c f r a c t i o n was i d e n t i f i e d
t o b e a c t i v e a s f a r n e u r i t e e x t e n s i o n was c o n c e r n e d . Treatment w i t h t r i g o n e l l i n e ( 3 0 μ M) i n ‑
c r e a s e d t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f c e l l s w i t h n e u r i t e s a t 3 and 6 d a f t e r t r e a t m e n t . I
n ad d i t i o n , t h e
number o f n e u r i t e s r e a c t i n g p o s i t i v e l y t o p h o s p h o r y l a t e d n e u r o f i l a m e n t ‑ H was i n c r e a s e d by
t r e a t m e n t w i t h 3 0 μ M t r i g o n e l l i n e f o r 6 d , s u g g e s t i n g enhancement o f a x o n a l e x t e n s i o n .
T h e s e r e s u l t s show t h a t t r i g o n e l l i n e promotes f u n c t i o n a l n e u r i t e o u t g r o w t h .
1 5 ) Fan W . , Tezuka Y . , Xiong Q . , Hattori M . , Namba T . , and Kadota S . : Apocynins A‑
D: New phenylpropanoid‑substituted f l a v a n ‑ 3 ‑ o l i s o l a t e d from l e a v e s o f Apocynum venetum (Luobuma‑Ye). Chem. Pharm. B u l l . , 4 7 : 1 0 4 9 ‑ 1 0 5 0 , 1 9 9 9 .
Four new p h e n y l p r o p a n o i d
引i b s t i t u t e df l a v a n ‑ 3 ‑ o l s c a l l e d a p o c y n i n s A‑D ( 1 〜 4 ) have b e e n i s o l a t e d from t h e l e a v e s o f Apocynum venetum ( A p o c y n a c e a e ) , t o g e t h e r with two known p h e n y l p r o p a n o i d ‑ s u b s t i t u t e d f l a v a n ‑ 3 ‑ o l s , c a t e c h i n ‑ [ 8 , 7 ‑ e ] ‑ 4 α
ベ3 , 4 ‑ d i h y d r o x y p h e n y l ) ‑ d i h y dro‑2(3H)‑pyranone ( 5 ) and c i n c h o n a i n I a ( 6 ) , and f o u r known f l a v a n ‑ 3 ‑ o l s , (~)-epicatechin,
(+)司
c a t e c h i n ,
(一)−e p i g a l l o c a t e c h i n ,and ( + ) ‑ g a l l o c a t e c h i n . T h e i r s t r u c t u r e s were e l u c i d a t e d on t h e b a s i s o f s p e c t r a l a n a l y s i s , i n c l u d i n g 2D NMR and CD s p e c t r a . They showed h e p a t o p r o t e c t i v e a c t i v i t y a g a i n s t D ‑ g a l a c t o s a m i n e (D‑GalN) /tumor n e c r o s i s f a c t o r − α
(TN F
−α
−)i n d u c e d c e l l d e a t h i n primary c u l t u r e d mouse h e p a t o c y t e s .
1 6 ) Min B . , Jung H . , Lee J . , Kim Y . , Bok S . , Ma C . , Nakamura N . , H a t t o r i M . , and Bae K . : I n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t o f t r i t e r p e n e s from Cr α t a e g u s p i n α t i f i d αon H I V ‑ p r o t e a s e . Planta Medica, 6 5 : 3 7 4 ‑ 3 7 5 , 1 9 9 9 .
The methanol e x t r a c t s o f t h e l e a v e s o f Cr α t α e g u s p i n α t i f i d αshowed p o t e n t i n h i b i t o r y a c t i v i ‑ t i e s a g a i n s t HIV ‑ 1 p r o t e a s e a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 1 0 0 μ g / m l . The s u b s e q uen t f r a c t i o n a t i o n and i s o l a t i o n o f t h e e x t r a c t g a v e two a c t i v e compounds. T h e i r s t r u c t u r e s were i d e n t i f i e d a s u v a o l ( 1 ) and u r s o l i c a c i d ( 2 ) by s p e c t r a l d a t a . These a c t i v e compounds i n h i b i t HIV‑1 p r o t e ‑ a s e with I C " n v a l u e s o f 5 . 5 and 8 . 0 μ M, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
1 7 ) E l
−品1ekkawyS . , Meselhy M. R . , Nakamura N . , H a t t o r i M . , Kawahata T . , and Otake T . : 12‑0
酬A c e t y l p h o r b o l ‑ 1 3 ‑ d e c a n o a t ep o t e n t l y i n h i b i t s c y t o p a t h i c e f f e c t s o f human immunodeficiency v i r u s type 1 ( H I V ‑ 1 ) , without a c t i v a t i o n o f p r o t e i n k i n a s e C . Chem. Pharm. B u l l . , 4 7 : 1 3 4 6 ‑ 1 3 4 7 , 1 9 9 9 .
H3C
今 Glc‑0,, . .Bz‑0
Ch 紅 t2
1
2
3 , R = n ‑ p r o p y l
4 , R = i s o
・p r o p y l
5 , R = n ‑ b u t y l
6 , R = s e c ‑ b u t y l
7 , R = iSO b u t y l
8 , R = n ‑ h e x y l
9 , R = a l l y l
1 0 , R = c y c l o p e n t y l
1 1 , R = c y c l o h e x y l
1 2 , R = p h e n y l
1 3 , R = o ‑ t o l y l
1 4 , R = m ‑ t o l y l
1 5 , R = p ‑ t o l y l
1 6 , R = 2 ‑ n a p h t h y l
1 7 , R = b e n z y l
1 8 , R = b e n z o y l
1 9 , R = a c e t y l
Through b i o a c t i v i t y g u i d e d f r a c t i o n a t i o n , e i g h t p h o r b o l d i e s t e r s , i n c l u d i n g f i v e new o n e s ( 1 〜 5 ) , were i s o l a t e d from t h e s e e d s o f C r o t o n t i g l i u m c o l l e c t e d i n E g y p t . 1 2 ‑ 0 ‑ A c e t y l p h o r b o l ‑ 1 3 ‑ d e c a n o a t e ( 6 ) and 1 2 0 ‑ d e c a n o y l p h o r b o l 1 3 ( 2 m e t h y l b u t y r a t e ) ( 4 ) p o t e n t l y i n h i b i t e d t h e H l V ‑ 1 ‑ i n d u c e d c y t o p a t h i c e f f e c t on MT‑4 c e l l s C I C 1 0 0 v a l u e s o f 7 . 6 μ g /ml and 7 . 8 1 μ g / m l , and CCo v a l u e s o f 6 2 . 5 μ g/ml and 3 1 . 3 μ g / m l , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) w i t h o u t a c
』t i v a t i n g p r o t e i n k i n a s e C .
1 8 ) Yang X . , Zhao J . , Cui Y . , Liu X . , Ma C . , H a t t o r i M . , and Zhang L . : Anti‑HIV‑1 p r o ‑ t e a s e t r i t e r p e n o i d saponins from t h e s e e d s o f A e s c u l u s c h i n e n s i s . J . Natural P r o d u c t s , 6 2 : 1 5 1 0 ‑ 1 5 1 3 , 1 9 9 9 .
E i g h t b i o a c t i v e t r i t e r p e n o i d s a p o n i n s ( 1 〜 8 ) were i s o l a t e d from t h e s e e d s o f A e s c u l u s c h i n e n s i s , f o u r o f which a r e n o v e l compounds. The major s a p o n i n s were i d e n t i f i e d a s e s c i n
Ia( 1 ) , I b ( 2 ) , i s o e s c i n
Ia( 3 ) and I b ( 4 ) , w h i l e t h e new compounds were i d e n t i f i e d a s 2 2 α − t i g ‑ l o y 1 ‑ 2 8 ‑ a c e t y 1 p r o t o a e s c i g e n i n ‑ 3 β
−0
[−β
−D ‑ g l u c o p y r a n o s y l C l ‑ 2 )
[]β
−D ‑ g l u c o p y r a n o s y l C l ‑ 4
)]ーβ
−D ‑ g l u c o p y r a n o s i d u r o n i c a c i d ( e s c i n IV c , 5 ) , 2 2 α
−a n g e l o y l 2 8 a c e t y l p r o t o a e s c i g e n i n ‑ 3 β
−0
[−β
−D ‑ g l u c o p y r a n o s y l C l ‑ 2
)][β
−D g 1 u c o p y r a n o s y 1 C l ‑ 4
])β
−D ‑ g l u c o p y r a n o s i d u r o n i c a c i d ( e s c i n IV d , 6 ) , 2 8 t i g l o y l p r o t o a e s c i g e n i n ‑ 3 β
−0
[−β
−D ‑ g l u c o p y r a n o s y l C l ‑ 2
)][β
−D ‑ g l u c o p y ‑ r a n o s y l ( 1 ‑ 4
)]−β
−D ‑ g l u c o p y r a n o s i d u r o n i c a c i d ( e s c i n I V e , 7 ) , and 2 8 ‑ a n g e l o y l p r o t o a e s c i g e ‑ n i n ‑ 3 β
−0 ‑ [ / 3 ‑ D ‑ g l u c o p y r a n o s y l ( 1 ‑ 2
)][β D g l u c o p y r a n o s y l C l ‑ 4
)]−β
−D ‑ g l u c o p y r a n o s i d uro n i c a c i d ( e s c i n I V f , 8 ) . The s t r u c t u r e s were d e t e r m i n e d by c h e m i c a l and s p e c t r o s c o p i c meth‑
o d s . A l l t h e a b o v e compounds were e v a l u a t e d f o r t h e i r i n h i b i t o r y a c t i v i t y a g a i n s t HIV‑1 p r o ‑ t e a s e .
1 9 ) Min B . , Bae K . , Kim Y . , Miyashiro H . , H a t t o r i M. and Shimotohno K . : S c r e e n i n g o f Korean p l a n t s a g a i n s t human immunodeficiency v i r u s t y p e 1 p r o t e a s e . P h y t o t h e r . R e s . , 1 3 : 6 8 0 ‑ 6 8 2 , 1 9 9 9 .
With t h e aim o f f i n d i n g n o v e l anti‑human i m m u n o d e f i c i e n c y v i r u s a g e n t s from n a t u r a l p r o d u c t s , 9 3 MeOH e x t r a c t s o f Korean p l a n t s were s c r e e n e d f o r t h e i r i n h i b i t o r y a c t i v i t i e s a g a i n s t HIV‑1 p r o t e a s e . The most p o t e n t i n h i b i t i o n was shown by t h e r o o t o f R o d i o l α r o s e α w i t h 7 0 . 4 % i n h i b i t i o n a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 1 0 0 μ g/mL.
2 0 ) Yokozawa T . and Owada S . : E f f e c t o f g i n s e n o s i d e ‑ R d i n c e p h a l o r i d i n e ‑ i n d u c e d r e n a l d i s o r d e r . Nephron, 8 1 : 2 0 0
四2 0 7 ,1 9 9 9 .
To d e t e r m i n e whether g i n s e n o s i d e ‑ R d a m e l i o r a t e s t h e r e n a l i n j u r y i n d u c e d by c e p h a l o r i d i n e ,
t h e e f f e c t o f c e p h a l o r i d i n e was i n v e s t i g a t e d i n r a t s g i v e n g i n s e n o s i d e ‑ R d p r e c e d i n g
c e p h a l o r i d i n e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and i n c o n t r o l r a t s g i v e n no g i n s e n o s i d e ‑ R d . I n c o n t r o l r a t s ,
b l o o d , r e n a l and u r i n a r y p a r a m e t e r s and t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f a n t i o x i d a t i v e enzymes i n r e n a l t i s ‑
s u e d e v i a t e d from t h e normal r a n g e , i n d i c a t i n g d y s f u n c t i o n o f t h e k i d n e y s . I n c o n t r a s t ,
when g i n s e n o s i d e ‑ R d was g i v e n o r a l l y f o r 3 0 c o n s e c u t i v e d a y s p r i o r t o c e p h a l o r i d i n e i n j e c ‑
t i o n , t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e a n t i o x i d a t i o n enzymes s u p e r o x i d e d i s m u t a s e and c a t a l a s e were
h i g h e r , w h i l e malondialdehyde l e v e l s i n serum and r e n a l t i s s u e were l o w e r i n t h e t r e a t e d r a t s than i n t h e c o n t r o l s . The urea n i t r o g e n and c r e a t i n i n e l e v e l s i n serum were d e c r e a s e d i n r a t s g i v e n g i n s e n o s i d e ‑ R d . D e c r e a s e d u r i n e v o l u m e , i n c r e a s e d u r i n a r y o s m o t i c p r e s s u r e , and d e c r e a s e d u r i n a r y l e v e l s o f g l u c o s e , p r o t e i n , sodium and potassium demonstrated a p r o t e c t i v e a c t i o n a g a i n s t t h e r e n a l d y s f u n c t i o n c a u s e d by c e p h a l o r i d i n e . I n a d d i t i o n , i t was demon s t r a t e d t h a t g i n s e n o s i d e ‑ R d a f f e c t e d c u l t u r e d proximal t u b u l e c e l l s e x p o s e d t o c e p h a l o r i d i n e .
2 1 ) Yokozawa T . , Dong E . , Kawai Y . , Gemba M. and Shimizu M . : P r o t e c t i v e e f f e c t s o f some f l a v o n o i d s on t h e r e n a l c e l l u l a r membrane. Exp. T o x i c . P a t h o l . , 5 1
:ト1 4 ,1 9 9 9 . By a s s a y i n g l a c t a t e dehydrogenase and malondialdehyde l e a k a g e from LLC‑PK1 c e l l s i n c u l ‑ t u r e , a s t u d y was c o n d u c t e d t o c l a r i f y whether f l a v o n o i d compounds a m e l i o r a t e r e n a l c e l l u l a r i n j u r y The c e l l s were c u l t u r e d with v a r i o u s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f s a m p l e s under r o u t i n e c o n d i t i o n s . The r e s u l t s demonstrated t h a t b a i c a l i n , c i r s i m a r i t i n , 6 ‑ h y d r o x y l u t e o l i n , l u t e o l i n , p l a n t a g i n i n , r h o i f o l i n , s o r b a r i n , a f z e l i n , h y p e r i n , i s o q u e r c i t r i n , i s o r h a m n e t i n , k a e m p f e r i t r i n , kaempferol 7 ‑ g l u c o s i d e , oxyayanin A , q u e r c e t i n , q u e r c i t r i n , rhamnetin and r u t i n e x e r t e d marked p r o t e c t i v e e f f e c t s on t h e c e l l s , whereas a c a c e t i n , a p i g e n i n , a p i i n , c i r s i l i n e o l , genkwanin, p e c t o l i n a r i n and t e t r a m e t h y l q u e r c i t i n had v i r t u a l l y no e f f e c t .
Int h e l i g h t o f t h e s e f i n d i n g s , we p r o p o s e t h a t t h e g e n e r a l c a p a b i l i t y o f t h e s e compounds i s l a r g e l y d e c i d e d by t h e number and p o s i t i o n o f p h e n o l i c hydroxyl groups l i n k e d t o t h e s t r u c t u r a l b a c k b o n e .
2 2 ) Yokozawa T . , Liu Z . W . , Chen C . P . and Tanaka T . : Evaluation o f c a f f e i c a c i d ana‑
l o g u e s using a c u l t u r e d r e n a l e p i t h e l i a l c e l l l i n e , LLC‑PK1
・Pharm.Pharmacol.
Commun., 5 : 3 6 5 ‑ 3 7 0 , 1 9 9 9 .
The e f f e c t s o f s e v e r a l c a f f e i c a c i d a n a l o g u e s i s o l a t e d from S a l v i a e M i l t i o r r h i z a e Radix c s αl v iαm i l t i o r r h i zαBunge) on t h e c u l t u r e d r e n a l e p i t h e l i a l c e l l l i n e , LLC P K 1 , were s t u d i e d . I n c u b a t i o n o f t h e c e l l s with d i f f e r e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h e s e compounds f o r 4 8 h markedly s u p p r e s s e d l a c t a t e dehydrogenase l e a k a g e , which was e l i c i t e d when t h e c e l l s were e x p o s e d t o hypoxia/reoxygenation o r c e p h a l o r i d i n e . The most a c t i v e compounds were magnesium l i t h o s p e r m a t e B and l i t h o s p e r m i c a c i d B , two t e t r a m e r s o f c a f f e i c a c i d , f o l l o w e d by l i t h o s p e r m i c a c i d ( t r i m e r ) and r o s m a r i n i c a c i d ( d i m e r ) . C a f f e i c a c i d showed poor a c t i v i t y . These r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t c a f f e i c a c i d a n a l o g u e s , i n p a r t i c u l a r magnesium l i t h o s p e r m a t e B and l i t h o s p e r m i c a c i d B , e x e r t a d i r e c t p r o t e c t i v e e f f e c t on r e n a l c e l l s .
2 3 ) Yokozawa T . , Lee K . I . , Kashiwagi H . , Cho E . J . and Chung H . Y . : Antioxidant a c t i v ‑
i t y o f h e r b a l t e a s a v a i l a b l e on t h e Korean market. J . Food S c i . N u t r . , 4 : 9 2 ‑ 9 6 , 1 9 9 9 .
The e f f e c t s o f aqueous e x t r a c t s o f Korean commercial t e a s on e x c e s s i v e f r e e r a d i c a l s were e x ‑
amined u t i l i z i n g s p i n t r a p p i n g , 1 , 1 ‑ d i p h e n y l ‑ 2 ‑ p i c r y l h y d r a z y l ( D P P H ) r a d i c a l and l i p i d
p e r o x i d a t i o n . A p o t e n t s c a v e n g i n g e f f e c t o f green t e a and o r i e n t a l senna t e a was found
using s p i n t r a p p i n g . The most e f f e c t i v e t e a a g a i n s t t h e DPPH r a d i c a l was g r e e n t e a ,
f o l l o w e d i n o r d e r by p i n e l e a f t e a , C h i n e s e g u t t a p e r c h a t e a and o r i e n t a l senna t e a . S i m i l a r l y t o t h e e f f e c t s o f DPPH r a d i c a l , g r e e n t e a , p i n e l e a f t e a , C h i n e s e g u t t a p e r c h a t e a and o r i e n t a l senna t e a had an i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t on l i p i d p e r o x i d a t i o n . These f i n d i n g s p r e d i c t t h a t Korean t e a i s a promising m a t e r i a l f o r s c a v e n g i n g f r e e r a d i c a l s , and f o r c u r i n g d i s e a s e s r e l a t e d t o f r e e ‑ r a d i c a l r e a c t i o n s .
2 4 ) Chen C . P . , Yokozawa T . and Chung H . Y . : I n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t o f c a f f e i c a c i d analogues i s o l a t e d from S a l v i a e M i l t i o r ・ r h i z a e Radix a g a i n s t 1 , 1
・d iphenyl
圃2
圃p i c r y l h y d r a z y l r a d i c a l . Exp. T o x i c . P a t h o l . , 5 1 : 5 9 ‑ 6 3 , 1 9 9 9 .
C a f f e i c a c i d and i t s f o u r polymers i s o l a t e d from S a l v i a e M i l t i o r r h i z a e Radix were examined f o r t h e i r a c t i v i t y o f s c a v e n g i n g f r e e r a d i c a l s i n a 1 , 1 ‑ d i p h e n y l ‑ 2 ‑ p i c r y l h y d r a z y l (DPPH) r a d i ‑ c a l g e n e r a t i n g s y s t e m . The r e s u l t s showed t h a t t h e polymers o f c a f f e i c a c i d i n h i b i t e d t h e DPPH r a d i c a l more s t r o n g l y than c a f f e i c a c i d . The s t r o n g e s t a c t i v i t y was d i s p l a y e d by two t e t r a m e r s , l i t h o s p e r m i c a c i d Band i t s Mg2+ s a l t . The t r i m e r O i t h o s p e r m i c a c i d ) and dimer ( r o s m a r i n i c a c i d ) showed s i m i l a r e f f i c i e n c y .
Inc o m p a r i s o n , c a f f e i c a c i d was l e s s e f f i c i e n t i n s c a v e n g i n g f r e e r a d i c a l s . D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e a c t i v i t y o f c a f f e i c a c i d d e r i v a t i v e s o f s m a l l m o l e c u l e s r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e o ‑ d i h y d r o x y l group was t h e most i m p o r t a n t a c t i v e s t r u c t u r e o f c a f f e i c a c i d d e r i v a t i v e s f o r s c a v e n g i n g o f f r e e r a d i c a l s . Lack o r s u b s t i t u t i o n o f t h i s s t r u c t u r e r e s u l t e d i n marked r e d u c t i o n o r e v e n l o s s o f t h e a c t i v i t y . S t r u c t u r a l m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s i d e c h a i n o f c a f f e i c a c i d p r o d u c e d s l i g h t c h a n g e s i n a c t i v i t y . The p r e s e n t r e s u l t s demonstrate t h a t a s a t u r a t e d group c o n n e c t e d t o t h e a r o m a t i c r i n g has s l i g h t l y h i g h e r i n h i b i t o r y a c t i v i t y a g a i n s t t h e DPPH r a d i c a l than an u n s a t u r a t e d g r o u p .
2 5 ) Kye L S . , Jeon Y . S . , No J . K . , Kim Y . J . , Lee K . H . , Shim K . H . , Kim J . , Yokozawa T . and Chung H . Y . : R e a c t i v e oxygen scavenging a c t i v i t y o f g r e e n t e a p o l y p h e n o l s . K o r . J . G e r o n t o l . , 9 : 1 0 ‑ 1 7 , 1 9 9 9 .
R e a c t i v e oxygen s p e c i e s (ROS), s u c h a s 0 2 , H 2 0 2 , and ・ OH,m e d i a t e r e a c t i o n s which c a n r e ‑
s u l t i n t h e damage o f c r i t i c a l b i o l o g i c a l m o l e c u l e s i n c l u d i n g DNA and c e l l u l a r p r o t e i n . I n t h e p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s , g r e e n t e a p o l y p h e n o l s were found t o c o n t a i n b i o l o g i c a l and p h a r m a c o l o g i ‑ c a l a c t i v i t i e s t h a t many c o n t r i b u t e t o c h e m o p r e v e n t i v e e f f e c t s . However, a l m o s t no i n f o r m a ‑ t i o n was known on e f f e c t s o f g r e e n t e a components a g a i n s t e a c h s p e c i f i c ROS s u c h a s ・ OH, 02 and H 2 0 2 . The p u r p o s e o f t h i s p r e s e n t study was t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e ROS s c a v e n g i n g e f ‑ f e c t s o f g r e e n t e a p o l y p h e n o l s a g a i n s t e a c h s p e c i e s o f ROS u s i n g DCFDA a s s a y . Green t e a p o l y p h e n o l s , ( ) ‑ e p i c a t e c h i n 3 ‑ 0 ‑ g a l l a t e (ECG), ( ) ‑ g a l l o c a t e c h i n 3 ‑ 0 ‑ g a l l a t e (GCG),
(一)−e p i g a l l o c a t e c h i n 3 ‑ 0 ‑ g a l l a t e (EGCG),
(一)−e p i g a l l o c a t e c h i n(EGC), ( ‑ ) ‑ e p i c a t e c h i n (EC) and ( + ) ‑ c a t e c h i n ( C ) s i g n i f i c a n t l y showed ROS s c a v e n g i n g a c t i v i t y i n l i v e r and k i d n e y homogen‑
a t e . E s p e c i a l l y , ECG, GCG and EGCG showed t h e p o t e n t ROS s c a v e n g i n g a c t i v i t y , which i n
白d i c a t e s t h a t t h e g a l l o y l group may b e a c t i v e c h e m i c a l moiety t h a t i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h i s
s c a v e n g i n g a c t i v i t y . We a l s o examined t h e e f f e c t s o f ECG, GCG and EGCG on ROS t o e l u c i ‑
d a t e t h e s c a v e n g i n g a c t i v i t y a g a i n s t 02 , ・ OHand/or H 2 0 2 . As t h e r e s u l t s , ECG, GCG, and
EGCG remarkably s c a v e n g e d t h e ROS. These r e s u l t s s u g g e s t t h a t g r e e n t e a p o l y p h e n o l s , ECG, GCG, and EGCG h a v i n g m u l t i p l e g a l l o y l groups and f l a v a n ‑ 3 ‑ o l , show p o t e n t a n t i o x i d a t i v e a c t i o n through ROS s c a v e n g i n g a c t i v i t y .
2 6 ) Kye L S . , Jeon Y . S . , Soung D . Y . , Rhee S . H . , Kim J . , Yokozawa T . , Chung H.Y. and Lee K . H . : C y t o p r o t e c t i v e mechanisms o f g r e e n t e a p o l y p h e n o l s i n c u l t u r e d l i v e r c e l l s . J . K o r . A s s o c . Cancer P r e v . , 4
:ト1 6 ,1 9 9 9 .
Oxygen i s e s s e n t i a l f o r human l i f e , y e t i t i s dangerous t o a l l a e r o b i c o r g a n i s m s . T h i s i s b e ‑ c a u s e some oxygen i s m e t a b o l i z e d t o o x y g e n ‑ d e r i v e d f r e e r a d i c a l s and o t h e r f r e e r a d i c a l s p e ‑ c i e s w h i c h , i n e x c e s s , c a n c a u s e t h e c e l l i n j u r y and b e o p p o s e d by a n t i o x i d a n t d e f e n c e s y s t e m s . N i t r i c o x i d e (NO
・)i s known t o t h e o x i d a n t i n j u r y v i a p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e p o t e n t o x i d a n t p e r o x y n i t r i t e (ONOO ) . I n t h i s s t u d y , 3 ‑ m o r p h o l i n o s y d n o n i m i n e ( S I N ‑ 1 ) , 2 , 2 ‑ a z o b i s [ 2 , 4 ‑ d i m e t h y l v a l e r o n i t r i l e ] (AMVN), sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e ( S N P ) , H202 and t e r t ‑ b u t y l h y d r o p e r o x i d e C t
町BHP)which c a n p r o d u c e i n t r a c e l l u l a r f r e e r a d i c a l s , t h e c a u s e o f t i s ‑ s u e damage and l i p i d p e r o x i d a t i o n , were u s e d f o r e l u c i d a t i n g c y t o p r o t e c t i v e mechanisms o f
(一)−