ᐔᚑ23ᐕᐲળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮ᆔ⸤ᬺോႎ๔ᦠ
ࠕࡔࠞ߮ࠗࠡࠬߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ
ߩᚻᴺߣታߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥ
غعႎ๔ᦠ⋡ᰴعغ
ߪߓߦ... i
1㧚⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥߩ⢛᥊⋡⊛... i
2㧚⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥߩᣇᴺ... ii
㧔1㧕☨⧷ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߦߟߡ... iii
㧔2㧕⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߦ㑐ㅪߒߚᬌᩏߦߟߡ... iii
㧔3㧕⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ╬ߩⷐߣᚻᴺ... iv
3㧚ᧄႎ๔ᦠߩ᭴ᚑ... iv
Σ㧚ࠕࡔࠞ߮ࠗࠡࠬߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ... 1
-㧝㧚ࠕࡔࠞߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ╬ߩ↪⁁ᴫ... 1
-㧔1㧕╷⹏ଔᐲߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩ⟎ߠߌ... 1
-㧔2㧕╷ಽ㊁ᬺ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦߩⷐ... 3
-㧔3㧕╷ಽ㊁⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩታᣉ... 20
-㧞㧚ࠗࠡࠬߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ╬ߩ↪⁁ᴫ... 68
-㧔1㧕╷⹏ଔᐲߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩ⟎ߠߌ... 68
-㧔2㧕╷ಽ㊁ᬺ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦߩⷐ... 71
-㧔3㧕╷ಽ㊁⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩታᣉ... 88
-II㧚ࠕࡔࠞޔࠗࠡࠬ߮ᚒ߇࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ╬ߦ㑐ㅪߒߚળ⸘ᬌᩏ╬ߩ⁁ᴫ ... 113
-㧝㧚ࠕࡔࠞߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ╬ߦ㑐ㅪߒߚળ⸘ᬌᩏ╬ߩ⁁ᴫ߮ႎ๔... 114
-㧔1㧕ᬌᩏ... 114
-㧔2㧕ᬌᩏߩోะ... 116
-㧔3㧕⋙ኤ✚⋙ߦࠃࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩ⋙ኤ... 123
-㧔3㧕ᬌᩏ⋙ኤߩ⚦ಽᨆ... 127
-㧞㧚ࠗࠡࠬߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ╬ߦ㑐ㅪߒߚળ⸘ᬌᩏ╬ߩ⁁ᴫ߮ႎ๔... 143
-㧔1㧕ᬌᩏ... 143
-㧔2㧕ᬌᩏߩోะ... 145
-㧔3㧕ᬌᩏߩ⚦ಽᨆ... 154
-㧟㧚ᚒ߇࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ╬ߦ㑐ㅪߒߚળ⸘ᬌᩏ... 176
-㧔1㧕ᣣ☨⧷ߩળ⸘ᬌᩏߩᲧセ... 176
-㧔2㧕ᚒ߇࿖ળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮ߦࠃࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߦ㑐ㅪߔࠆᬌᩏ... 177
-㧔3㧕ᚒ߇࿖ળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ╬ߦ㑐ㅪߔࠆᬌᩏႎ๔ߩᢛℂಽᨆ... 179
-III㧚߹ߣ... 191
-㧔1㧕ࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ߩᲧセ... 192
-㧔2㧕⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߦ㑐ߔࠆᬌᩏߩᲧセ... 198
-㧞㧚߹ߣ㧙ᚒ߇࿖ળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮߳ߩ␜ໂ㧙... 216
-ઃ㍳㧚⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ╬ߩⷐ߮ᚻᴺ... 219
-1㧚ၮᧄ⊛ᔨ... 220
-㧔1㧕ࡄ࠻ല₸ᕈ (Pareto Efficiency)... 220
-㧔2㧕ᡰᛄᗧᕁ㗵 (Willingness to Pay: WTP)... 222
-㧔3㧕ᯏળ⾌↪㧔Opportunity Cost㧕... 222
-㧔4㧕␠ળ⊛ഀᒁ₸ (Social Discount Rate)... 222
-2㧚⹏ଔၮḰ... 224
-㧔1㧕⾌↪ଢ⋉Ყ (Cost Benefit Ratio: B/C)... 224
-㧔2㧕⚐ଔ୯ (Net Present Value: NPV)... 224
-㧔3㧕ౝㇱ⋉₸ (Internal Rate of Return: IRR)... 225
-3㧚ଢ⋉ᛠីߩ೨ឭ... 228
-㧔1㧕ࠪࡖ࠼ࡊࠗࠬ (Shadow Price)... 228
-㧔2㧕ᶖ⾌⠪ᴺ (Consumers̉ Surplus Method)... 228
-㧔3㧕㗼␜ㆬᅢᴺ (Revealed Preference Method)ߣㆬᅢᴺ(Stated Preference Method)... 229
-4㧚ଢ⋉ߩ᷹ቯᣇᴺ... 230
-㧔1㧕ઍᦧᴺ (Replacement Cost Method)... 230
-㧔2㧕Ꮢ႐㘃ૃᴺ (Market Analogy Method)... 230
-㧔3㧕ਛ㑆⽷ᴺ (Intermediate Good Method)... 230
-㧔4㧕㒐ᓮᡰᴺ (Defensive Expenditures Method)... 231
-㧔5㧕࠻ࡌ࡞ࠦࠬ࠻ᴺ (Travel Cost Method)... 231
-㧔6㧕ࡋ࠼࠾࠶ࠢᴺ (Hedonic Price Method)... 232
-㧔7㧕ᗐᏒ႐⹏ଔᴺ (Contingent Valuation Method㧦CVM)... 234
-㧔8㧕ࠦࡦ࡚ࠫࠗࡦ࠻ಽᨆ (Conjoint Analysis)... 235
-5㧚⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩᒛ... 238
-㧔1㧕ᄙၮḰಽᨆ (Multi-Criteria Analysis)ߣലᨐ㗄⋡ߩ࠙ࠚࠗ࠻ઃߌ... 238
-㧔2㧕ᗵᐲಽᨆ(Sensitivity Analysis)ࠬࠢಽᨆ... 238
-6㧚ᚒ߇࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦ... 240
-㧔1㧕╷⹏ଔᐲߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩ⟎ߠߌ... 240
-㧔2㧕╷ಽ㊁ᬺ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦߩⷐ... 241
-ع৻ⷩ... 252
-ع↪⺆㓸... 259
-غعႎ๔ᦠⷐعغ
1
㧚⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥߩ⋡⊛
ᧄ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥߪޔ☨࿖ޔ⧷࿖ࠍ⺞ᩏኻ⽎࿖ߣߒߡޔฦ࿖ߩ⋭ᐡ߿ᣇᐭ߇ታᣉߒߡࠆ
ᬺߦߟߡߩ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆޔ߮ߘࠇߦኻᔕߒߡฦ࿖ળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮߇ⴕ߁⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߦ 㑐ㅪߒߚᬌᩏ⋙ᩏ⹏ଔߩታᣉ⁁ᴫ╬ߦߟߡޔᚒ߇࿖ߩ⁁ᴫߣኻᲧߒߟߟ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥߔ ࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅޔᓟޔᚒ߇࿖ߩળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮߇⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߦ㑐ㅪߒߚળ⸘ᬌᩏࠍⴕ߁㓙ߦޔ ෳ⠨ߣߒᓧࠆ↪ߥᖱႎࠍឭଏߔࠆߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆޕ
2
㧚⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥߩᣇᴺ
ᧄ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥߪޔᢥ₂ࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻⺞ᩏࠍਥߣߒߡࠆޕ
ฦ࿖ߩ⋭ᐡ߅ࠃ߮ᣇᐭ߇ታᣉ㧔߽ߒߊߪࠦࡦࠨ࡞࠹ࠖࡦࠣળ␠╬ߦᆔ⸤㧕ߒߚ⾌↪
ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩࡐ࠻ߦߟߡߪޔฦᐭᯏ㑐ߩࡎࡓࡍࠫ╬߆ࠄ㓸ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ ขࠅ߹ߣߚޕ
ฦ࿖ળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮߇ⴕ߁⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߦ㑐ㅪߔࠆᬌᩏࡐ࠻ߦߟߡߪޔ☨࿖ળ⸘ᬌᩏ
㒮⧷࿖ળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮ߩࡎࡓࡍࠫ㍳ᖱႎߦࠃߞߡขࠅ߹ߣߚޕ
ߥ ߅ ޔ ⺞ ᩏ ⎇ ⓥ ࠍ ㅴ ࠆ ߦ 㓙 ߒ ߡ ߪ ޔ ቇ ⼂ ⚻ 㛎 ⠪ ╬ ࠍ ᆔ ຬ ߣ ߔ ࠆ ⺞ ᩏ ⎇ ⓥ ᆔ ຬ ળ 㧔 ᓟ
ㅀ㧕ࠍ⸳⟎ߒޔᒰᆔຬળߩ⼏⺰ߦၮߠߡႎ๔ᦠࠍᚑߒߚޕ
3
㧚⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥߩ⚿ᨐ
ع╙ + ┨ ࠕࡔࠞ߮ࠗࠡࠬߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ
࿁ߩ⺞ᩏߦ߅ߡߪޔ☨⧷ਔ࿖ߦ߅ߡޔ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ߇╷ಽᨆߦ↪ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁
ߦߥߞߚ⚻✲ޔ߅ࠃ߮ߩ╷⹏ଔᐲߩਛߢߩ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩ⟎ߠߌޔㆡ↪ኻ⽎ࠍ ⏕ߒޔਔ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩಽ㊁ࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦࠍⷰߒߚޕߐࠄߦޔਔ࿖ߩ⋭ ᐡ߅ࠃ߮ᣇᐭ߇ታᣉߒߚ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩࡐ࠻ߩ߁ߜޔ␠ળ⾗ᧄޔⅣႺޔ㒐ἴޔ㒐 ⴡ⺞㆐ಽ㊁ࠍਛᔃߦޔଢ⋉㗄⋡߿ߘߩ᷹ቯᣇᴺ╬ߦߟߡಽᨆࠍⴕߞߚޕ
ߘߩ⚿ᨐޔ☨⧷ਔ࿖ߩࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦߦ߅ߡ߽ޔಽᨆߩၮᧄᣇ㊎ࠍ␜ߔߦ⇐߹ࠆ߽ߩ߆ ࠄޔ⚦ㇱߩ⸳ቯᢙ୯߹ߢቯߡࠆ߽ߩ߹ߢ߇ࠆߎߣ߿ޔታᣉᯏ㑐Ფߦ⚦ㇱߩଢ⋉㗄 ⋡ߦߪᏅ⇣߇ࠆߎߣ߇⏕ߐࠇߚޕᚒ߇࿖ߣߩኻᲧߢߪޔᬺࡌ࡞ࠃࠅ߽ᄢ߈ߥࡊࡠ ࠣࡓࡌ࡞ߢ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ߇ታᣉߐࠇߡࠆ߇Ყセ⊛ᄙߊࠄࠇߚޕ
㧨ᧄ⺞ᩏߢขࠅߍߚฦ࿖ਛᄩᐭᣇᐭታᣉߩ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ㧪
☨ ࿖ ⧷ ࿖
ะಽᨆ 27 17
ع╙II┨ ࠕࡔࠞޔࠗࠡࠬ߮ᚒ߇࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ╬ߦ㑐ㅪߒߚળ⸘ᬌᩏ ╬ߩ⁁ᴫ
☨⧷ਔ࿖ߩળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮ߩోߩ⚵❱ߣᬌᩏะࠍ⏕ߦߒߚߢޔߘࠇߙࠇߩળ⸘
ᬌᩏ㒮߇ታ㓙ߦⴕߞߡࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ╬ߦኻߔࠆᬌᩏߩേะߦߟߡᢛℂߒߚ 1
ޕ
ᬌ ᩏ ߪ ޔ ␠ ળ ⾗ ᧄ ޔ Ⅳ Ⴚ ޔ 㒐 ἴ ޔ 㒐 ⴡ ⺞ ㆐ ಽ ㊁ ࠍ ਛ ᔃ ߦ ޔ ޟ ⾌ ↪ ଢ ⋉ ಽ ᨆ 㧔Cost
Benefit Analysis㧕ޠ߿ޟ⾌↪ലᨐಽᨆ㧔Cost Effectiveness Analysis㧕ޠ╬ߩ↪⺆ࠍਔ࿖
ᬌᩏ㒮ߩᬌᩏࡐ࠻߆ࠄޔⷙࠍᬌᩏኻ⽎ߣߒߚ߽ߩߢߪߥવ⛔⊛ߥࠍਛᔃߦㆬ ቯߒޔฦߣ߽ޔ⚻✲ޔᬌᩏᣇᴺޔᬌᩏ⚿ᨐޔ൘๔ౝኈߩὐ߆ࠄขࠅ߹ߣߚޕ
ߘߩ⚿ᨐޔਔ࿖ߣ߽ޔචಽߦ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ╬ࠍታᣉߒߡߥᬺታᣉ⋭ᐡߦኻߒߡޔ ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ╬ߩ⚦ߥታᣉࠍ൘๔ផᅑߔࠆ߇ᄙߊࠄࠇߚ߇ޔ⧷࿖ળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮ߢߪޔ ฦ⋭ᐡ߇ታᣉߒߚ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩ⚿ᨐࠍ↪ߥ߇ࠄޔᬌᩏ㒮߇ౣ⸘▚ࠍⴕޔ㗴ὐ⺖ 㗴ࠍᜰ៰ߒޔ⸘▚ᣇᴺ߿ᬺౝኈߩᡷༀࠍଦߒߡࠆ߽ࠄࠇߚޕ
ߥ߅ޔ☨⧷ਔ࿖ߣᲧセߔࠆߚߦޔᚒ߇࿖ߩ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߦ㑐ㅪߒߚળ⸘ᬌᩏߩߦ ߟߡ߽ᢛℂߔࠆߎߣߣߒߚ
㧨ᧄ⺞ᩏߢขࠅߍߚ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ㑐ㅪߩળ⸘ᬌᩏ㧪
☨ ࿖ ⧷ ࿖
ะಽᨆ 16
2
10
⚦ಽᨆ 4
3
3
ع╙III┨ ߹ߣ
ߎࠇ߹ߢߩᢛℂ⚿ᨐࠍၮߦߒߡޔ☨⧷ਔ࿖ߩ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ߩ⸘᷹ኻ
⽎㗄⋡߿⸘᷹ᣇᴺޔ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩ⹏ଔၮḰࠍᚒ߇࿖ߣߩᲧセߩߢขࠅ߹ߣߚޕ߹ߚޔ ᓟߩᚒ߇࿖ߩળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߦ㑐ㅪߒߚᬌᩏߦኻߔࠆ␜ໂࠍขࠅ߹ߣ ߚޕ
☨⧷ߩ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆታᣉ߆ࠄߪޔනߦᬺࡌ࡞ߢߩ⹏ଔޔᬺណᛯߩߚߩ࠷࡞
ߦ⇐߹ࠄߕޔࠃࠅ⦟ᣉ╷ߩ┙᩺ߦ⾗ߔࠆࠃ߁ޔ⋭ᐡࡌ࡞ߪ߽ߣࠃࠅળ⸘ᬌᩏߦ߅ߡ ߽ઍᦧ᩺ߩᬌ⸛ࠍᒝߊ᳞ߡࠆᆫ߇␜ߐࠇߡߚޕ
߹ߚޔᣣ☨⧷ߕࠇߩ࿖ߦ߅ߡ߽ޔ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩ♖ᐲࠍะߐߖࠆߚߦߪޔ╙ਃ ⠪ߦࠃࠆᬌ⸽㧔ౣ㧕߇น⢻ߣߥࠆࠃ߁ߦ▚ቯᣇᴺ߿࠺࠲ࠍ㐿␜ߔࠆߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߢࠆ ߎߣ߇␜ໂߐࠇߚޕ
1 ☨࿖ߦߟߡߪޔ⋭ᐡߩ⋙ኤ✚⋙ߦࠃࠆ⋙ኤ߽ኻ⽎ߦߚޕ
2 ߁ߜޔ5ߪ⋭ᐡߩ⋙ኤ✚⋙ߦࠃࠆ⋙ኤߢࠆޕ
ߪߓߦ
1
㧚⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥߩ⢛᥊⋡⊛
ᚒ߇࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ╷⹏ଔߢߩ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩታᣉߦߟߡߪޔ1949 ᐕߩᡷ⦟ᴺߦၮ
ߠ߈ޔᡷ⦟ᴺᣉⴕ╙2 ᧦╙3 ภߢޟᬺߩߔߴߡߩല↪߇ߔߴߡߩ⾌↪ࠍߟߋߥ߁
ߎߣޠߣቯࠄࠇߚߎߣ߇ྊ⍫ߣߐࠇࠆޕߒ߆ߒޔታޔ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ߇╷⹏ଔߦ↪
ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚߩߪ1990ᐕઍߩᓟඨߦߥߞߡ߆ࠄߢࠆޕ
1996ᐕ1216ᣣߦⴕᡷ㕟ᆔຬળ߆ࠄឭߐࠇߚޟⴕ㑐ਈߩࠅᣇߦ㑐ߔࠆၮḰޠ
ߩਛߢޔᬺߩല₸ᕈࠍ⹏ଔߔࠆߚߦ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩណ↪߇ឭ⸒ߐࠇޔ⠉ 1997 ᐕ
125ᣣߦޔᒰᤨߩᯅᧄ㚂⋧߇ᣂⷙᬺߩណᛯߦ㓙ߒߡޟ⾌↪ኻലᨐಽᨆޠࠍⴕ߁ߎ
ߣࠍᜰ␜ߒߚߎߣ߇⊒┵ߣߥࠅޔฦ⋭ᐡߩᬺ⹏ଔࡌ࡞ߢߩ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩᵴ↪߇ᐢ߹
ߞߚޕ2001ᐕߦߪޔⴕᯏ㑐߇ⴕ߁╷ߩ⹏ଔߦ㑐ߔࠆᴺᓞ㧔ᐔᚑ13ᐕᴺᓞ╙86ภ㧕ߦ
ၮߠ߈✚ᬺ⾌10ంએߩ߽ߩ㧔ᴺ╙9᧦ޔหᴺᣉⴕ╙3᧦㧕╬ߦߟߡ೨⹏ଔ߇
⟵ോߠߌࠄࠇޔߘߩㆊ⒟ߢ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ߇↪ߐࠇࠆߎߣߣߥߞߚޕએᓟޔ࿖ㅢ⋭߿ ㄘᨋ᳓↥⋭╬ߩᬺࠍᚲ▤ߔࠆ⋭ᐡࠍਛᔃߦ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߪᐲൻߐࠇޔߢߪฦ ⋭ᐡ߇ⷙࠍᣂ⸳ߔࠆᤨߩⷙᓇ㗀ಽᨆߣߒߡ߽↪ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡࠆޕ
ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄޔ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߪฦ⋭ᐡ߇ߘࠇߙࠇߩၮḰߢޘߦታᣉߒߡࠆߚޔ⾌ ↪ ߿ ଢ ⋉ ߣ ߒ ߡ ⸘ ߔ ߴ ߈ 㗄 ⋡ ߦ Ꮕ ⇣ ߇ ࠄ ࠇ ߚ ࠅ ޔ ⹏ ଔ ᚻ ᴺ ߩ ㆡ ุ ߿ ਥ ⷐ ߥ ࡄ ࡔ ࠲⸳ቯ୯ߩᅷᒰᕈߦߟߡߪޔචಽߦᲧセᬌ⸛߇ⴕࠊࠇߡߥޕ
৻ᣇޔᚒ߇࿖ળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮ߢߪޔᱜ⏕ᕈޔวⷙᕈޔ⚻ᷣᕈޔല₸ᕈޔലᕈߘߩઁળ⸘ᬌ ᩏᔅⷐߥⷰὐ߆ࠄᬌᩏࠍⴕ߁ߣߐࠇߡ߅ࠅޔ․ߦ⚻ᷣᕈല₸ᕈലᕈߩⷰὐ߆ࠄⴕ ߁ᬌᩏߦ߅ߡߪޔฦ⋭ᐡ߇ታᣉߒߚ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩᅷᒰᕈࠍ್ᢿߔࠆߎߣ߽᳞ࠄࠇߡ ࠆޕ
એߩ⁁ᴫࠍ〯߹߃ޔᧄ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥߢߪޔᓟߩᚒ߇࿖ળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ
ߦ㑐ߔࠆળ⸘ᬌᩏߩข⚵ߦ⾗ߔࠆߚޔ☨࿖ޔ⧷࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩታᣉ⁁ᴫߣ․ ᓽޔ߮ߘࠇߦኻᔕߒߡฦ࿖ળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮߇ⴕߞߡࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߦ㑐ㅪߒߚᬌᩏޔ⋙ᩏ ߮⹏ଔߩታᣉ⁁ᴫ╬ߦߟߡᢥ₂߿ࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻╬ߦࠃࠅᚒ߇࿖ߣኻᲧߒߟߟႎ๔ ࠍᢛℂಽᨆߒߚޕߘߩߢޔ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߦ㑐ㅪߔࠆળ⸘ᬌᩏߦ߅ߌࠆ⌕⌒ὐޔᚻᴺޔ ⺖㗴╬ߦߟߡᬌ⸛ࠍⴕߞߚޕ
ᧄ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥߩᚑᨐ߇ޔᓟߩળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߦ㑐ㅪߒߚᬌᩏߩṖ߆
ߟㆡಾߥታᣉߩߚߩ৻ഥߣߥࠇ߫ᐘߢࠆޕ
ᐔᚑ24ᐕ2
2
㧚⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥߩᣇᴺ
ᧄ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥߪޔળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮ോ✚㐳ቭᚱ⺞ᩏ⺖㧔⎇ⓥᜂᒰ㧕ࠃࠅޔਃ⪉ UFJ ࠨ࠴&
ࠦࡦࠨ࡞࠹ࠖࡦࠣᩣᑼળ␠߳ߩᆔ⸤ߦࠃࠅⴕࠊࠇޔቇ⼂⚻㛎⠪╬߆ࠄ᭴ᚑߐࠇࠆਅ⸥ߩ⺞ ᩏ⎇ⓥᆔຬળߩ⼏⺰ߦၮߠߡㅴࠄࠇߚޕ
㧨㧪 عᆔຬળᆔຬ
ᆔຬ㧦 ⨃ ╷⎇ⓥᄢቇ㒮ᄢቇ ․ᢎ㧔ᐳ㐳㧕
ᢅਯ 㑐ቇ㒮ᄢቇ ⚻ᷣቇㇱ ᢎ
⮮ ਥశ ৻ᯅᄢቇᄢቇ㒮 ⚻ᷣቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ᢎ
ᨋጊ ᵏਭ ᧲ർᄢቇᄢቇ㒮 ⚻ᷣቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ᢎ
ⷺፉ ᑇ ળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮 ോ✚㐳ቭᚱᏨડ↹⺞ᩏቭઃ ᬌᩏᖱႎಽᨆቭ
ᄢ㊁ ᵏ⾗ ਃ⪉UFJࠨ࠴㧒ࠦࡦࠨ࡞࠹ࠖࡦࠣ ਥછ⎇ⓥຬ
㧔ᢘ⒓⇛㧕 عോዪ
ળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮 ോ✚㐳ቭᚱ⺞ᩏ⺖㧔⎇ⓥᜂᒰ㧕
㋈ 㕏 ⺖㐳
ጟᧄ ༑ઍᔒ ⎇ⓥડ↹ቭ
㕍ᧁ ቁᶈ 㐳
ᴡේ ᥍ᐘ ⎇ⓥኾ㐷ቭ
ዊේ ఝ♿ ോቭ㧔㨪ᐔᚑ23ᐕ11㧕
ጊᧄ ਁ↱ሶ ോቭ㧔ᐔᚑ23ᐕ11㨪㧕
ਃ⪉UFJࠨ࠴㧒ࠦࡦࠨ࡞࠹ࠖࡦࠣᩣᑼળ␠
Ꮐㄭ 㕏ඳ ⚻༡ၞ╷ㇱ ਥછ⎇ⓥຬ
㜞ᧁ 㤗⟤ ⚻༡ၞ╷ㇱ ਥછ⎇ⓥຬ
↰ญ ჽテ ⚻༡ၞ╷ㇱ ⎇ⓥຬ
㧨ࠬࠤࠫࡘ࡞㧪
એਅߩߣ߅ࠅޔ⸘5࿁ߩᆔຬળࠍ㐿ߒߚޕ
╙1࿁ ᐔᚑ23ᐕ 8 10ᣣ㧔᳓㧕ታᣉ⸘↹ᦠޔ⥄↱⸛⼏
╙2࿁ ᐔᚑ23ᐕ 10 4ᣣ㧔Ἣ㧕ോዪႎ๔ޔ⸛⼏
╙3࿁ ᐔᚑ23ᐕ 10 28ᣣ㧔㊄㧕ോዪႎ๔ޔ⸛⼏
╙4࿁ ᐔᚑ23ᐕ 11 25ᣣ㧔㊄㧕ോዪႎ๔ޔ⸛⼏
⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥᆔຬળߩ⊒⿷ߦᒰߚࠅޔએਅߩ㗴ᗧ⼂╬߇ᆔຬ߆ࠄឭ␜ߐࠇߚޕ
Ԙᬺࠍਛᔃߦ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ߇ታᣉߐࠇߡࠆᚒ߇࿖ߣᲧߴޔ☨⧷ߦ߅ߡߪޔ╷ޔ ᣉ╷ޔᬺߩߤߩࡌ࡞ߢ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ߇ታᣉߐࠇߡࠆߩ߆
ԙࠊ߇࿖ߩᬌᩏኻ⽎ᯏ㑐ߢታᣉߐࠇߡࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩ⸘▚ࡊࡠࠬ߇ਇㅘߢࠆߣ ߩᛕ್ߦኻߒߡޔ⧷☨⻉࿖ߢߪ⸘▚ࡊࡠࠬ߿↪࠺࠲ߩ㐿␜߇ߤߩ⒟ᐲචಽߦⴕࠊ ࠇߡࠆߩ߆ޔ↪ߔߴ߈ᢙ୯߇ࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦ╬ߢ␜ߐࠇߡࠆߩ߆
Ԛ⧷☨ߩળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮ߢߪޔᬌᩏኻ⽎ᯏ㑐߇ታᣉߒߚ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߥⷞὐ߆ࠄᬌ ᩏኻ⽎ߣߒߡࠆߩ߆
ߎࠇࠄߩ㗴ᗧ⼂╬ࠍᔨ㗡ߦ⟎߈ޔౕ⊛ߦߪޔ☨࿖ޔ⧷࿖ߦ߅ߡਛᄩᐭᣇ ᐭ߇ᚑߒߡࠆಽ㊁⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦ߿ޔߘࠇߦၮߠߊ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆታᣉ ߩⷐߣ․ᓽޔ߮ߘࠇߦኻᔕߒߡฦ࿖ળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮߇ⴕ߁⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ㑐ㅪߩᬌᩏ ⋙ᩏ⹏ଔߩታᣉ⁁ᴫ╬ߦߟߡޔᢥ₂ࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻⺞ᩏࠍਛᔃߦಽᨆࠍⴕߞߚޕߥ ߅ޔᧄ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥߩㆊ⒟ߢಽᨆߦ↪ߚᢥ₂⾗ᢱ╬ߦߟߡߪᏎᧃߦ৻ⷩᢛℂߒߡࠆޕ
㧔1㧕☨⧷ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߦߟߡ
☨࿖⧷࿖ߩ╷ಽ㊁ߩ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦߣޔ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩታᣉߦߟ
ߡޔ⾌↪߿ଢ⋉ߩ㗄⋡ޔ߅ࠃ߮ߘߩ⸘᷹ᣇᴺޔ⸳ቯࡄࡔ࠲╬ࠍਛᔃߦಽᨆࠍⴕߞߚޕ ␠ળ⾗ᧄޔⅣႺޔ㒐ἴޔ㒐ⴡ⺞㆐ߩฦಽ㊁ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦ߹ߚߪࡑ࠾ ࡘࠕ࡞ࠍᚻߒޔߘࠇߙࠇߩోߣ․ᓽࠍᢛℂߒߚޕ
ߐࠄߦޔฦ࿖ߩਛᄩᐭᣇᐭߩࡎࡓࡍࠫ╬ࠍ❑ⷩߔࠆߎߣߢޔ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ
ߩታᣉࠍ㓸ޔᢛℂߒߚޕ
㧨ᧄ⺞ᩏߢขࠅߍߚฦ࿖ਛᄩᐭᣇᐭታᣉߩ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ㧪
☨ ࿖ ⧷ ࿖
ะಽᨆ 27 17
⚦ಽᨆ 5 3
㧔2㧕⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߦ㑐ㅪߒߚᬌᩏߦߟߡ
⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚᬌᩏߩޔߣߘࠇߙࠇߩ․ᓽࠍᢛℂߒߚޕ
߹ߕޔฦ࿖ߩળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮ߩࡎࡓࡍࠫ╬ࠍ❑ⷩߔࠆߎߣߢޔಽ㊁ᬌᩏߩ⁁ᴫߣ⾌↪
ଢ⋉ಽᨆ㑐ㅪߩᬌᩏ⁁ᴫࠍขࠅ߹ߣߚޕ
ᰴߦޔߎࠇࠄߩᬌᩏࠍࡌࠬߣߒߡขࠅ⚵߹ࠇߡࠆߩ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ㑐ㅪߩᬌ
㧨ᧄ⺞ᩏߢขࠅߍߚ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ㑐ㅪߩળ⸘ᬌᩏ㧪
☨ ࿖ ⧷ ࿖
ะಽᨆ 16
4
10
⚦ಽᨆ 4
5
3
㧔3㧕⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ╬ߩⷐߣᚻᴺ
ᧄႎ๔ᦠߩઃ㍳ߣߒߡޔ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩ⠨߃ᣇࠍ߿ᚻ㗅ࠍᮡḰ⊛ߥ⚻ᷣቇߩ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻╬
ࠍ↪ߡᢛℂߒߚޕ
3
㧚ᧄႎ๔ᦠߩ᭴ᚑ
ᧄ⺞ᩏႎ๔ᦠߩ᭴ᚑߪޔએਅߩߣ߅ࠅߢࠆޕ
╙I┨ ࠕࡔࠞ߮ࠗࠡࠬߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ
╙II┨ ࠕࡔࠞޔࠗࠡࠬ߮ᚒ߇࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ╬ߦ㑐ㅪߒߚળ⸘ᬌᩏ
╬ߩ⁁ᴫ
╙III┨ ߹ߣ
ઃ㍳ ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ╬ߩⷐߣᚻᴺ
ߥ߅ޔޟ╙Τ┨3. ᚒ߇࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ╬ߦ㑐ㅪߒߚળ⸘ᬌᩏޠߦߟߡߪޔᧄ
⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥᆔຬળߩⷺፉᆔຬߦߏၫ╩㗂ߚޕ߹ߚޔߎߩ▵ߩౝኈߪోߡၫ╩⠪ߩੱ⊛ ⸃ߢࠅޔળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮ߩᑼ⸃ࠍ␜ߔ߽ߩߢߪߥޕ
4 ߁ߜޔ5ߪ⋭ᐡߩ⋙ኤ✚⋙ߦࠃࠆ⋙ኤߢࠆޕ
Σ㧚ࠕࡔࠞ߮ࠗࠡࠬߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ
ᧄ┨ߢߪޔਥߦ␠ળ⾗ᧄޔⅣႺޔ㒐ἴޔ㒐ⴡ⺞㆐╬ߩฦಽ㊁ߢߩ☨⧷ਔ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦߦߟߡޔኻ⽎ᬺ߿ઍᦧ᩺ߩ⸳ቯᣇᴺޔଢ⋉㗄⋡ߣ⸘᷹ᣇᴺޔ ⹏ଔၮḰ╬ࠍᛠីߔࠆޕߐࠄߦޔߎࠇࠄߩ╷ಽ㊁ߦ߅ߌࠆ☨⧷ਔ࿖ߢߩ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩ ታᣉߩⷐࠍ⚫ߒޔ৻ㇱߩߦߟߡߪ⺞ᩏᚻᴺޔಽᨆᚻ㗅ޔ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐ╬ߦߟ ߡߩ⚦ಽᨆࠍⴕ߁ޕ
㧝㧚ࠕࡔࠞߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ╬ߩ↪⁁ᴫ
㧔1㧕╷⹏ଔᐲߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩ⟎ߠߌDepuit ߇ 1844 ᐕߦᶖ⾌⠪ࠍᔨൻߒߡએ㒠ޔ20 ♿ߦߥࠆߣޔ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߪᴡ
Ꮉ߿᷼ḧᛩ⾗ߢߩᬺࡌࠬߩᗧᕁቯߦ↪ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡߞߚޕߘߩᓟޔ☨࿖
ߢߪޔ1936ᐕߩᵩ᳓㒐ᓮᴺ㧔Flood Control Act of 1936㧕ߦ߅ߡޔᵩ᳓㒐ᓮߩଢ⋉ߪߘߩ
Ꮻዻవࠍࠊߕޔࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻⾌↪ߣኻᲧߔࠆߎߣ߇ቯࠄࠇޔᬺߩ⹏ଔߦ⾌↪ଢ ⋉ಽᨆࠍ↪ࠆේೣ߇ᛂߜ┙ߡࠄࠇߚޕ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߪޔ╙ੑᰴᄢᚢᓟߪ᳓⾗Ḯ㐿⊒ߛߌ ߢߥߊޔⓨ᷼߿〝᷼ḧ╬ߩ␠ળ⾗ᧄᢛޔක≮߿ᢎ⢒ޔⅣႺ╷╬ޔ╷ో⥸ߩ ⹏ଔߦ↪ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ
6 ޕ
1960 ᐕઍᓟඨߦߪޔ੍▚✬ᚑߦ߅ߌࠆ PPBS㧔Planning-Programming-Budgeting-System㧦
⸘↹ᬺ੍▚ᐲ㧕ߣߒߡޔฦ⋭ᐡߩ╷ߦߟߡ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆࠍታᣉߒޔߘߩ⚿ᨐߦ߽ ߣߠߡ੍▚✬ᚑߔࠆᚻᴺߩዉ߇⹜ߺࠄࠇߚޕߒ߆ߒޔⴕౝㇱߩᗧᕁቯࡊࡠࠬߦ ⚳ᆎߒ⼏ળߣߩวᗧᒻᚑࡊࡠࠬߦᄬᢌߒߚߎߣ߿ޔᬺߥߤ㒰߈ଢ⋉᷹ቯ߇࿎㔍ߢ ߞߚߎߣ߆ࠄޔߎߩ⹜ߺߪᢙᐕߢ⚳ੌߒޔએᓟߩ੍▚✬ᚑߦ߅ߡߪޔ㜞ᐲߥಽᨆᚻᴺ
߆ࠄන⚐ߥಽᨆᚻᴺ߳ߩᄌㆫ߇ߺࠄࠇࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚޕߚߛߒޔPPBS ߩ⹜ߺ߇ᄬᢌߒߚ
߆ࠄߣߞߡ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩലᕈ߇ᷫߓߚࠊߌߢߪߥߊޔฦಽ㊁ߢߩ╷ߩ⹏ଔߦ ߪޔᒁ߈⛯߈⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߪᵴ↪ߐࠇ⛯ߌߡ߈ߚޕ
ߘߩᓟޔࠟࡦᄢ⛔㗔ߪޟᄢ⛔㗔12291ޠ
7(1981
ᐕ217ᣣ)ߦࠃࠅޔ࿖ߩ╷⹏ଔ
ᐲ ߣ ߒ ߡ ⾌ ↪ ଢ ⋉ ಽ ᨆ ߩ ታ ᣉ ࠍ ᜰ ␜ ߒ ޔ ᓟ ߦ ࠢ ࡦ ࠻ ࡦ ᄢ ⛔ 㗔 ߇ ޟ ᄢ ⛔ 㗔 12893ޠ
8(1994
ᐕ 1 26 ᣣ)ߢޔోߡߩ␠ળ⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߦߟߡቯᕈ⊛ᚻᴺࠍߚ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆࠍ
ⴕ߁ߎߣࠍⷐ᳞ߔࠆߦ⥋ߞߚޕ
৻ᣇޔⷙᓇ㗀⹏ଔ㧔Regulatory Impact Analysis: RIA㧕ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߦߟߡߪޔ
1993 ᐕߩޟᄢ⛔㗔 12866㧙ⷙߩ┙᩺ߣ⹏ଔޠ 9
㧔ߚߛߒޔ2002 ᐕߩᄢ⛔㗔 13258
10
ߦࠃࠅᓸୃᱜߐࠇߡࠆ㧕߇ታᣉᩮߦߥߞߡࠆޕߎߩᄢ⛔㗔12866 ╙3 ᧦(㨒)(1)ߢ
6
߃߫1979ᐕߦ᳓⾗Ḯ⹏⼏ળ㧔Water Resource Council㧕ߪޔ᳓⾗Ḯ㐿⊒ߩ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆታᣉࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞
ߩਛߢޔ࠻ࡌ࡞ࠦࠬ࠻ᴺ߿CVMࠍⅣႺଢ⋉ߩ⹏ଔᚻᴺߣߒߡណ↪ߒߡࠆޕ
7
http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12291.html
8
http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/executive-orders/pdf/12893.pdf
9
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/inforeg/eo12866.pdf
10
ߪޔ⚻ᷣ⊛ߦ㊀ⷐߥⷙ㧔ᐕ㑆 1 ం࠼࡞એ㧕ߦߟߡޔⷙᓇ㗀ಽᨆߩታᣉ߇⟵ോઃߌ ࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅޔߎࠇߦߪޔᣂߚߥ⟵ോࠍ⺖ߔ┙ᴺߩߺߥࠄߕޔᣢሽߩⷙࠍᑄᱛ߹ߚߪୃᱜ
ߔࠆ┙ᴺߦ߽ㆡ↪ߐࠇࠆޕᐕ㑆ߢ⚂70ઙ⒟ᐲߩಽᨆ߇ታᣉߐࠇߡࠆޕ
ߩࠕࡔࠞߢߪޔᚒ߇࿖ߩ႐วߣห᭽ߦ✚ว⊛ߥᬺ⹏ଔ߇ታᣉߐࠇߡ߅ࠅޔ⾌↪
ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩ⚿ᨐߪޔᬺណᛯߦ߅ߌࠆ 1 ߟߩᜰᮡߦߣߤ߹ߞߡࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡޔ⾌↪ଢ
⋉ಽᨆߩ⚿ᨐߩߺߦࠃߞߡޔᬺណᛯ߇ቯߐࠇࠆࠊߌߢߪߥޕᛩ⾗ല₸ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄޔ
⾌↪ଢ⋉ᲧB/C㧪1.0߇ᦸ߹ߒߣߐࠇߡࠆ߇ޔB/C㧪1.0߇⛘ኻ⊛ߥᔅⷐ᧦ઙߦߥߞߡ
ࠆࠊߌߢߪߥޕ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩၮḰߣߒߡ߽ޔ⾌↪ଢ⋉Ყ B/C ࠃࠅ߽ޔ⚐ଢ⋉ߩଔ
୯ߢࠆ⚐ଔ୯NPVߩᄢ߈ߐߩᣇ߇㊀ⷞߐࠇࠆะߦࠆޕ
ߥ߅ޔㅪ㇌ᐭߣߒߡߪޔB/C㧪1.0 ߩࠃ߁ߥណᛯၮḰߪᜬߞߡߥ߇ޔޘߩᬺታ
ᣉ⋭ᐡߢߪ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩၮḰࠍ⸳ቯߒߡࠆ႐ว߽ࠆޔߣߩߎߣߢࠆ 11
ޕ
11
㧔2㧕╷ಽ㊁ᬺ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦߩⷐ
એਅߦޔᧄ⺞ᩏߢߩਥߚࠆಽᨆኻ⽎ߣߒߡޔޟ␠ળ⾗ᧄޠޔޟⅣႺޠޔޟ㒐ἴޠޔޟ㒐 ⴡ⺞㆐ޠߩฦ╷ᬺಽ㊁ߦޔࠕࡔࠞߦ߅ߌࠆਥߥ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦࡑ ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞
12
ࠍ␜ߔޕ
․ቯߩᬺࠍᗐቯߖߕޔㅪ㇌ࡊࡠࠣࡓోߦㆡ↪ߒᓧࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦ
ߣߒߡߪޔⴕ▤ℂ੍▚ዪ㧔Office of Management and Budget㧦OMB㧕߇1992ᐕߦ⊒ⴕߒ
ߚޟㅢ㆐A-94ᡷ⸓ ޠ㧔Circular No. A-94 Revised –Guidelines and Discount Rate for Benefit –
Cost Analysis of Federal Programs-㧕߇ࠆޕߎߩㅢ㆐ߪޔ␠ળ⊛ഀᒁ₸ࠍ7㧑ߦቯߡࠆ
એᄖޔౕ⊛ߥଢ⋉⾌↪㗄⋡߿ߘߩ⸘᷹ᣇᴺ╬ߦߟߡߪ⸅ࠇࠄࠇߡ߅ࠄߕޔࡊࡠࠫࠚ ࠢ࠻⹏ଔߩၮᧄ⊛ߥ⠨߃ᣇࠍ␜ߒߡࠆߦㆊ߉ߥޕߒߚ߇ߞߡޔޘߩ╷ಽ㊁ᬺ
ಽ㊁ߦߪޔᚲ▤⋭ᐡߦࠃࠆㅜߩࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞߇ᚑߐࠇߡ߅ࠅޔㅢ㆐
A-94 ߣޘߩᬺಽ㊁ߩ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ߣߩ㑆ߢߩ♽ᕈߪᒝߊ
ߥޕߎߩὐߪޔᓟᲑߢㅀߴࠆࠗࠡࠬߩਛᄩᐭోߩࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻⹏ଔߩࠟࠗ࠼ࠗ ࡦޟࠣࡦࡉ࠶ࠢޠߣޘߩ╷ᬺಽ㊁ߩ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ ߣߩ㑆ߢߩ♽ᕈቢᕈ߇㊀ⷞߐࠇߡࠆߩߣߪኻᾖ⊛ߢࠆޕߚߛߒޔߕࠇߩࠟࠗ
࠼ࠗࡦࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ߦ߅ߡ߽ޔ␠ળ⊛ഀᒁ₸ߣߒߡޔߎߩㅢ㆐ A-94 ߦ␜ߐࠇࠆ୯ࠍ
↪ࠆߎߣ߇ㅀߴࠄࠇߡࠆ╬ޔㅢ㆐ A-94 ߪޔઁߩࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦࠃࠅ߽ߩ⟎ߠߌ
ߦࠆޕ
ಽ㊁ ࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ฬߩ
ో⥸ ⴕ▤ℂ੍▚ዪ㧔Office of Management and Budget㧦OMB㧕
“Circular No. A-94 Revised –Guidelines and Discount Rate for Benefit –Cost Analysis of Federal Programs-”
␠ળ⾗ᧄ ㆇ ャ ⋭ ㅪ ㇌ 〝 ▤ ℂ ዪ ⾗ ↥ ▤ ℂ ⺖ 㧔Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration Office of Asset Management㧕
̌Economic Analysis Primer̍
ㆇャ⋭ㅪ㇌⥶ⓨዪ㧔Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration㧦DOT FAA㧕
“Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA) for the Airport Improvement Program”
ㆇャ⋭ㅪ㇌⥶ⓨዪ
“Economic Analysis of Investment and Regulatory Decisions”
ㆇャ⋭ㅪ㇌〝▤ℂዪ㧔Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration㧦 DOT FHWA㧕
“Freight Management and Operations Cost Benefit Analysis”
ࠞࡈࠜ࡞࠾ࠕᎺ
“Life-Cycle Benefit/Cost Analysis Model (Cal-B/C)”
ⅣႺ ⅣႺ⼔ᐡ㧔Environmental Protection Agency㧦EPA㧕, “Guidelines for Preparing Economic Analyses”
㒐ἴ ࿖ ో 㓚 ⋭ ㅪ ㇌ ✕ ᕆ ᘒ ▤ ℂ ᐡ 㧔Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency㧦FEMA㧕
12 ᧄႎ๔ᦠߦ߅ߡߪޔขࠅߍࠆ⾗ᢱߩฬ⒓߇ޟࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦޠޔޟࠟࠗ࠳ࡦࠬޠޔޟࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ޠ
“Guidelines for Benefit-Cost Analysis”
࿖ ో 㓚 ⋭ ㅪ ㇌ ✕ ᕆ ᘒ ▤ ℂ ᐡ 㧔Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency㧦FEMA㧕
“Benefit-Cost Analysis Tool”
ㆇャ⋭ㅪ㇌⥶ⓨዪ
“Revised Departmental Guidance: Treatment of the Value of Preventing Fatalities and Injuries in Preparing Economic Analyses”
㒐ⴡ⺞㆐ ࿖㒐✚⋭㧔Department of Defense 㧦DOD㧕
“Benefit Analysis Guidebook”㧔ਛዊડᬺ߆ࠄ⺞㆐ߔࠆ႐วߩࠟࠗ࠼㧕 㒽ァ㧔Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army㧕
̌U.S. Army Cost Benefit Analysis Guide̍
ⷙ ⴕ▤ℂ੍▚ዪ
“Circular A-4 -Regulatory Analysis-”
߁ߜޔᧄ⺞ᩏߦ߅ߡߪޔฦ╷ಽ㊁ᬺಽ㊁ߢߩઍ⊛ߥ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩࠟࠗ࠼ ࠗࡦࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ߣߒߡޔએਅߩࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ࠍขࠅߍࠆޕ
1㧕ⴕ▤ℂ੍▚ዪ㧔OMB㧕
“Circular No. A-94 Revised –Guidelines and Discount Rate for Benefit-Cost Analysis of Federal
Programs㧙”
2㧕ㆇャ⋭ㅪ㇌〝▤ℂዪ⾗↥▤ℂ⺖㧔DOT㧕
“Economic Analysis Primer”
3㧕ⅣႺ⼔ᐡ㧔EPA㧕
“Guidelines for Preparing Economic Analyses”
4㧕࿖ో㓚⋭ㅪ㇌✕ᕆᘒ▤ℂᐡ㧔FEMA㧕
“Guidelines for Benefit-Cost Analysis”
5㧕㒽ァ㧔U.S.Army㧕
1㧕 ࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦߩⷐԘ㧔ㅪ㇌ࡊࡠࠣࡓో㧕
ࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦฬ ㅢ㆐ A-94 ᡷ⸓ 㧔Circular No. A-94 Revised –Guidelines and
Discount Rate for Benefit –Cost Analysis of Federal Programs-”㧕
⊒ⴕ⠪ ⴕ▤ℂ੍▚ዪ㧔Office of Management and Budget㧦OMB㧕
⊒ⴕᐕ 1992ᐕ
㧝㧚ኻ⽎ᬺ ٤3 ᐕએߦࠊߚࠅ᷹ቯน⢻ߥଢ⋉߿⾌↪߇⊒↢ߔࠆㅪ㇌ߩ ╷ᣉ╷
٤ⷙࠗࡦࡄࠢ࠻ಽᨆ ٤ࠬ⾼ಽᨆ ٤⾗↥ߩ⹏ଔᄁළಽᨆ
ߥ ߅ ޔ ߦ ⷙ ቯ ᜰ ㊎ ߩ ࠆ ᳓ ⾗ Ḯ ࡊ ࡠ ࠫ ࠚ ࠢ ࠻ ޔ ↪ ᓎ ോ ⺞㆐ޔࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ▤ℂࡊࡠࠣࡓߦ㑐ߔࠆቯߪޔኻ⽎ᄖ 㧞㧚⹏ଔߩᤨᦼ ٤ ࡊ ࡠ ࠣ ࡓ ߹ ߚ ߪ ࡊ ࡠ ࠫ ࠚ ࠢ ࠻ ߩ ᣂ ⷙ ޔ ᦝ ᣂ ޔ ߹ ߚ ߪ ల
ߦଥࠆડ↹┙᩺Ბ㓏
㧟㧚ઍᦧ᩺ߩᬌ⸛ߩή ٤ᐭࡊࡠࠣࡓߩⷙᮨޔታᣉᣇᴺޔᐭ㑐ਈߩ⒟ᐲߩⷰὐ ߆ࠄઍᦧ᩺ࠍᬌ⸛ߔߴ߈ߢࠆޔߣ⸥ㅀߐࠇߡࠆޕ 㧠㧚ଢ⋉㗄⋡ ٤․ቯߩଢ⋉㗄⋡ߪ␜ߐࠇߡߥ
٤ ߚ ߛ ߒ ޔ ቯ ㊂ ൻ ߿ ㊄ ㌛ ឵ ▚ ൻ ߇ น ⢻ ߆ ุ ߆ ߦ ଥ ࠄ ߕ ޔ ଢ ⋉ ࠍ ᐢ ▸ ߦ ߔ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߪ ޔ ࡊ ࡠ ࠣ ࡓ ല ᨐ ࠍ ಽ ᨆ ߔ ࠆ ߢ ↪ߢࠆޔߣߒߡࠆޕ
4-1 ⅣႺ߳ߩᓇ㗀 ٤⸥タߥߒ
4-2 ↢ஜᐽ߳ߩᓇ㗀
㧔⛔⸘⊛↢ଔ୯㧕
٤⸥タߥߒ
4-3 ᱷሽଔ୯ ٤⸥タߥߒ
㧡㧚ଢ⋉ߩ⸘᷹ᚻᴺ ٤ᡰᛄᗧᕁ㗵㧔WTP㧕 13
ߦၮߠ߈ޔᶖ⾌⠪ࠍ↪ߡ⸘᷹ߔ ࠆߴ߈ߢࠆޔߣ߁ේೣ߇⸥ㅀߐࠇߡࠆޕ
٤߹ߚޔଔ߿⾓㊄ߩᄌേࠍㅢߓߡ߽ WTP ߪޔ㑆ធ⊛ߦផ⸘
ߒᓧࠆޔߣߒߡࠆޕ
٤ ৻ ᣇ ޔ ᐭ ᡰ ߩ ੑ ᰴ ⊛ ല ᨐ ߣ ߒ ߡ ߩ 㓹 ↪ ↥ ߦ 㑐 ߔ ࠆ ਸ਼ ᢙ ല ᨐ ߪ ޔ ⾌ ↪ ଢ ⋉ ಽ ᨆ ߦ ߪ ߹ ࠇ ࠆ ߴ ߈ ߢ ߪ ߥ ޔ ߣ ߩ⸥ㅀ߇ࠆޕ
㧢㧚⾌↪㗄⋡ ٤․ቯߩ⾌↪㗄⋡ߪ␜ߐࠇߡߥޕ
٤ ⾌ ↪ ߦ ߪ ޔ ᯏ ળ ⾌ ↪ ࠍ ᤋ ߐ ߖ ࠆ ߴ ߈ ߢ ࠆ ޔ ߣ ⸥ ㅀ ߐ ࠇ ߡࠆޕ
㧣㧚⹏ଔኻ⽎ᦼ㑆 ٤⸥タߥߒ
㧤㧚␠ળ⊛ഀᒁ₸ ٤ ታ ⾰ ࡌ ࠬ ߢ ߩ ⸘ ᷹ ߩ ႐ ว ޔ ੍ ᗐ ࠗ ࡦ ࡈ ₸ ࠍ 㒰 ᄖ ߒ ߚ ታ
13
⾰ ഀ ᒁ ₸ ࠍ 㧔 㧩 ฬ ⋡ ሶ ₸ 㧙 ࠗ ࡦ ࡈ ੍ ᗐ ₸ 㧕 ↪ ࠆ ߴ ߈ ߢ ࠅ ޔ ฬ ⋡ ࡌ ࠬ ߢ ߩ ⸘ ᷹ ୯ ߩ ႐ ว ߪ ޔ ੍ ᗐ ࠗ ࡦ ࡈ ₸ ࠍ ᤋ ߒ ߚ ฬ ⋡ ഀ ᒁ ₸ ࠍ ↪ ࠆ ޕ 㧔 ߚ ߛ ߒ ޔ ࠗ ࡦ ࡈ ₸ ߪ ᭂ ߡ ਇ ⏕ ታ ߥ ߩ ߢ ޔ ಽ ᨆ ⠪ ߪ น ⢻ ߥ 㒢 ࠅ ࠗ ࡦ ࡈ ₸ ߦ 㑐 ߔ ࠆ ቯ ࠍ ߒ ߥ ߊ ߡ ᷣ ࠃ ߁ ߦ ߔ ߴ ߈ ߢ ࠆ ޔ ߣ ߩ ⸥ ㅀ ߇ ࠆޕ㧕
٤ ᛩ ⾗ ߅ ࠃ ߮ ⷙ ࠗ ࡦ ࡄ ࠢ ࠻ ಽ ᨆ ߢ ታ ⾰ ࡌ ࠬ ߩ ⾌ ↪ ଢ
⋉ಽᨆࠍⴕ߁႐วߦߪޔ7㧑ࠍ↪ࠆޕߎߩ୯ߪޔㄭᐕߩ᳃
㑆 ㇱ 㐷 ߩ ᐔ ဋ ᛩ ⾗ 㗵 ߦ ኻ ߔ ࠆ ⺖ ⒢ ೨ 㒢 ⇇ ⋉ ₸ ߩ ㄭ ૃ ୯ ߢ ࠆޕ
㧥 㧚 ࠬ ࠢ ਇ ⏕ ታ ᕈ ߩ ᛒ㧔ᗵᐲಽᨆ㧕
٤ਇ⏕ታᕈߩࠆⷐ⚛ࠍࠄ߆ߦߒޔℂᗐ⊛ߦߪ⾌↪߿ଢ ⋉ޔ߅ࠃ߮⚐ଢ⋉ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⏕₸ಽᏓࠍ␜ߔߎߣ߇ᦸ߹ߒ ޔߣߒߡࠆޕ
٤ㆊߩ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥ߆ࠄޔᒰೋ੍᷹୯ࠍ߃ࠆ⾌↪Ⴧᄢߩะ ߇ࠄࠇࠆߎߣ߆ࠄޔଢ⋉߿⾌↪߇ᭉⷰ⊛ߦㆊ߉ߥ߆ߤ ߁߆ࠍีߔߴ߈ߢࠆޔߣᜰ៰ߒߡࠆޕ
٤ᒰࡊࡠࠣࡓߩਇ⏕ታᕈ߇㜞㗔ၞߦߟߡߪޔቯࠍ ᄌᦝߒߡ⚐ଢ⋉߿ࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓࠍౣ⸘▚ߔࠆᗵᐲಽᨆࠍታᣉ ߔߴ߈ߢࠆޔߣㅀߴߡࠆޕᗵᐲಽᨆߪޔ৻⥸ߦߪԘଢ ⋉⾌↪㗄⋡ޔԙഀᒁ₸ޔԚ৻⥸ࠗࡦࡈ₸ޔԛಽ㈩ߦ㑐 ߔࠆቯߦߟߡᬌ⸛ߔࠆޔߣߩ⸥ㅀ߇ࠆޕ
10㧚⹏ଔ⚿ᨐߩ␜ᣇᴺ ٤⚐ଢ⋉㧔NPV㧕ߩ▚ࠍၮᧄߣߒߡࠆޕ
٤ ߥ ߅ ޔNPV ߩ ▚ ߪ ޔ Ⴧ ಽ 㧔incremental㧕 ⾌ ↪ ଢ ⋉ ߢ ⴕ
߁ ߎ ߣ ࠍ ၮ ᧄ ߣ ߒ ޔ ၒ ᴚ ⾌ ↪ 㧔sunk cost㧕 ߿ ታ ଢ ⋉
㧔realized benefits㧕 ߪ ή ⷞ ߔ ߴ ߈ ߢ ࠆ ޔ ߣ ⸥ ㅀ ߐ ࠇ ߡ ࠆޕ
٤⚻ᷣ⊛ౝㇱ⋉₸㧔IRR㧕ߪޔ৻⥸ߦߪ್ᢿၮḰࠍ߽ߚࠄߔ
߽ ߩ ߢ ߪ ߥ ߇ ޔ ੍ ▚ ⚂ ߇ ࠆ ႐ ว ߿ ㆡ ಾ ߥ ഀ ᒁ ₸ ߇ ਇ ߥ႐วߦ↪ߥᖱႎḮߣߥࠆޔߣߒߡࠆޕ
11.ߘߩઁ 㧙
ㅪ㇌ࡊࡠࠣࡓߦ 7%ߩ␠ળ⊛ഀᒁ₸ࠍㆡ↪ߔࠆℂ↱ߣߒߡߪޔ☨࿖⚻ᷣߦ߅ߌࠆ᳃㑆
ㇱ㐷ߩᐔဋ⊛ߥᛩ⾗ߩ⺖⒢೨㒢⇇⋉₸ߩផ⸘୯߇ 1992 ᐕᒰᤨ߽߽⚂ 7%ߢࠆߎߣ
߇ߍࠄࠇߡࠆ㧔OMB(1992)ㅢ㆐A-94ᡷ⸓ 㧕ޕᎺᐭߩࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߦߟߡ↪ࠆ
␠ળ⊛ഀᒁ₸ߪ7㧑ߦ㒢ቯߐࠇߡߥޕ
৻ᣇޔⷙߦߟߡޔ3㧑ߩ␠ળ⊛ഀᒁ₸ࠍ૬↪ߔࠆߎߣ߇ផᅑߐࠇࠆᩮߣߒߡߪޔએ
ਅߩℂ↱߇ߍࠄࠇߡࠆޕⷙߪޔੱᶖ⾌ߦ⋥ធ⊛ߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆ႐ว߇ࠆߩߢޔ ᧪ߩᶖ⾌น⢻㗵ࠍଔ୯ߦഀࠅᒁߊޟ␠ળ⊛ᤨ㑆ㆬᅢ₸ޠࠍ↪ࠆߎߣ߇ᅢ߹ߒ႐
ว߇ࠆޕ㐳ᦼ࿖ௌߩታ⾰⋉₸߇ߘߩㄭૃ୯ߦߥߞߡ߅ࠅޔߎߩ୯ߪޔߎߎ30ᐕߩᐔဋ
ߢߺࠆߣታ⾰ 3%⒟ᐲ㧔⺖⒢೨ࡌࠬ㧕ߣߥߞߡࠆޕ߃߫ޔ1973 ᐕએ㒠ߩ 10 ᐕ‛ߩ
⽷ോ⋭ਛᦼ⸽ߩᐔဋ࿁ߪ8.1㧑ߢߞߚ߇ޔหᦼ㑆ߩᶖ⾌⠪‛ଔᜰᢙߩᐔဋᐕ㑆ᄌേ₸
ߪ5.0㧑ߢࠅޔߎࠇߪ10ᐕ㑆ߩታ⾰㊄߇3.1㧑ߢߞߚߎߣࠍᗧߔࠆޕ㧔OMB(2003)
2㧕 ࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦߩⷐԙ㧔␠ળ⾗ᧄ㧦〝㧕
〝ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻⹏ଔߢߪޔ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩ⚿ᨐߪᬺណᛯߦ߅ߌࠆ 1 ߟߩᜰᮡߦߣߤ
߹ ߞ ߡ ߅ ࠅ ޔ ၮ ᧄ ⊛ ߦ ߪ ޔ ᳃ ⼏ ળ ⴕ ߣ ߞ ߚ ኂ 㑐 ଥ ⠪ ߘ ࠇ ߙ ࠇ ߇ ⚊ ᓧ ߒ ᓧ ࠆ ᭽ޘߥᜰᮡࠍ↪ߡ⹏ଔ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡࠆ㨫߹ߚޔ☨࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ〝ᢛߪޔਥߣߒߡᎺᐭ ߦࠃࠅⴕࠊࠇߡ߅ࠅޔ⹏ଔߩኻ⽎ߣߥࠆᬺ߿⹏ଔᚻᴺߪᎺߦࠃࠅ⇣ߥߞߡࠆ㨫
ㆇャ⋭ㅪ㇌〝▤ℂዪ⾗↥▤ℂ⺖ߢߪޔᐙ✢〝ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧᕁቯߦ߅ߌࠆ⚻ᷣ⊛ಽᨆ
ߩታᣉࠍଦߔߚ㑐ㅪߔࠆᖱႎ߿ಽᨆ࠷࡞ࠍ㐿⊒㓸㈩Ꮣߒߡࠆޕ߹ߚޔᎺ ᣇᐭߦኻߒߡޔ⚻ᷣ⊛ಽᨆߦ㑐ߔࠆࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ࠦࠬ࠻ಽᨆޔ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆޔㅢ ㊂੍᷹ޔࠬࠢಽᨆ╬ߣߞߚᐢ࠹ࡑࠍࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊࠍ㐿ߒߡࠆޕ
ㆇャ⋭ㅪ㇌〝▤ℂዪ⾗↥▤ℂ⺖߇ឭଏߒߡࠆਥߥࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦߣߒߡߪޔએਅߢ
ⷐࠍ⚫ߔࠆ”Economic Analysis Primer”߇ߍࠄࠇࠆ
14
ޕߥ߅GAOߩᐙ✢〝ߩ⾌↪ଢ⋉
ಽ ᨆ ╬ ߦ 㑐 ߔ ࠆ ᬌ ᩏ ႎ ๔ ᦠ 15
ߢ ߪ ޔ ᐙ ✢ 〝 ߩ ⚻ ᷣ ⊛ ಽ ᨆ ߩ ࠟ ࠗ ࠼ ࠗ ࡦ ߣ ߒ ߡ ޔ”Economic Analysis Primer”ߩ ઁ ߦ ޔ ☨ ㆇ ャ ㅢ ᜂ ᒰ ⠪ ද ળ 㧔American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials㧦AASHTO㧕 ߦ ࠃ ࠆ”User Benefit Analysis for
Highways”߇ขࠅߍࠄࠇߡࠆޕ
߹ߚޔㆇャ⋭ㅪ㇌〝▤ℂዪ⾗↥▤ℂ⺖߇ឭଏߒߡࠆਥߥಽᨆߩߚߩ࠷࡞ߣߒߡ
ߪ ޔ ㅪ ㇌ ᐭ ะ ߌ ߩ”HERS㧔Highway Economic Requirements System㧕”ߣ Ꮊ ᐭ ะ ߌ
ߩ”HERS-ST㧔Highway Economic Requirements System – State Version㧕”߇ߍࠄࠇࠆޕ
ࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦฬ Economic Analysis Primer
⊒ⴕ⠪ ㆇ ャ⋭ㅪ㇌ 〝▤ℂዪ⾗↥ ▤ℂ⺖㧔Department of
Transportation, Federal Highway Administration Office of Asset Management㧕
⊒ⴕᐕ 2003ᐕ8
㧝㧚ኻ⽎ᬺ ٤ Ꮊ ᣇ ᐭ ߩ ㅢ ዪ ߦ ߅ ߌ ࠆ ᐙ ✢ 〝 ᬺ ࠍ ኻ ⽎ ߣ ߔ ࠆ ߣߒߡࠆޕ
٤ ኻ ⽎ ᬺ ߣ ߒ ߡ ⋥ ロ ഥ ᬺ ߩ ߦ 㑐 ߔ ࠆ ⸥ ㅀ ߪ ߥ ޕ
㧞㧚⹏ଔߩᤨᦼ ٤ᬺታᣉߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧᕁቯࠍⴕ߁೨Ბ㓏ޕ
㧟㧚ઍᦧ᩺ߩᬌ⸛ߩή ٤ ⸳ ቯ ߒ ߚ ᐙ ✢ 〝 ᡷ ༀ ߩ ⋡ ⊛ ߦ ߁ ઍ ᦧ ᩺ ߩ ✚ ⷩ ࠍ ឭ ␜ ߔ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ࠍ ᳞ ߡ ࠆ ޕ ߘ ߩ 㓙 ߦ ߪ ޔ ߹ ߕ ࡌ ࠬ ࠤ ࠬ ߣ ߒ
ߡޔ⁁ߩㅢᣉ⸳㧔facility㧕ࠍㆡಾߦ⛽ᜬ▤ℂߔࠆߣ
߁ ᦨ ૐ 㒢 ߩ ╷”do minimal”ࠍ ⸳ ቯ ߔ ࠆ ߣ ߒ ߡ ࠆ 㧔”do
14
ߚߛߒޔᱫ߮⽶்ߩ៊ᄬ㗵ߦ㑐ߒߡߪޔ’Revision of Departmental Guidance on Treatment of the Value of Life and Injuries’ޔ’ The Economic Impact of Motor Vehicle Crashes’ࠍෳᾖߔࠆߎߣߣߥߞߡࠆޕ
15
nothing”ߢߪߥߎߣߦ⇐ᗧ㧕ޕ
٤ ઍ ᦧ ᩺ ߣ ߒ ߡ ߪ ޔ ⁁ ߩ ㅢ ᣉ ⸳ ߩ ୃ ❲ ߆ ࠄ ޔ ࠃ ࠅ ᄢ ⷙ ᮨ ߥ ㅢ ᣉ ⸳ ߦ ⟎ ߈ ឵ ߃ ࠆ ᡷ ▽ ߹ ߢ ᐢ ߊ ߹ ࠇ ࠆ ߣ ߒ ߡ ࠆ ޕ ߐ ࠄ ߦ ޔ ߎ ߁ ߒ ߚ Ꮏ ߦ 㑐 ߔ ࠆ ઍ ᦧ ᩺ ߩ ߺ ߢ ߥ ߊ ޔ ㆇ ↪ ᣇ ᴺ ߿ 㔛 ⷐ ߩ ▤ ℂ ᣇ ᴺ 㧔 㕖 ࡇ ࠢ ᤨ ߦ ࠗ ࡦ ࡦ ࠹ ࠖ ࡉ ࠍ ઃਈߔࠆ╬㧕ߩઍᦧ߽᩺߹ࠇࠆߣߒߡࠆޕ
٤ ߥ ߅ ో ߡ ߩ ઍ ᦧ ᩺ ߦ ߟ ߡ ⚦ ߥ ⾌ ↪ ଢ ⋉ ಽ ᨆ ࠍ ታ ᣉ ߔ ࠆ ᔅ ⷐ ߪ ߥ ߊ ޔ ⚦ ߥ ಽ ᨆ ߦ ߟ ߡ ߪ ޔ ࠃ ࠅ ᦸ ߥ ઍ ᦧ ᩺ ߦ ᵈജߔࠇ߫ࠃߣߒߡࠆޕ
㧠㧚ଢ⋉㗄⋡ ٤ ᐙ ✢ 〝 ᬺ ߦ ߅ ߡ ޔ ৻ ⥸ ⊛ ߦ ଢ ⋉ ߣ ߒ ߡ ߹ ࠇ ࠆ 㗄 ⋡ ߣ ߒ ߡ એ ਅ ࠍ ߍ ߡ ࠆ ޕ ߚ ߛ ߒ ޔ ࠆ 㗄 ⋡ ࠍ ଢ ⋉ ߣ ᝒ ߃ ࠆ ߆ ⾌ ↪ ߣ ᝒ ߃ ࠆ ߆ ߪ ޔ ߤ ߩ ࠃ ߁ ߥ ࡌ ࠬ ࠤ ࠬ ࠍ ⸳ ቯ ߔ ࠆ߆ߦଐሽߔࠆߣߒߡࠆޕ
٤ ᐭ ᯏ 㑐 ߮ ↪ ⠪ ߦ 㑐 ߔ ࠆ 㗄 ⋡ ߦ ߟ ߡ ߪ ޔ ో ߡ ⠨ ᘦ ߐ ࠇቯ㊂ൻߐࠇࠆߴ߈ߢࠆߣߒߡࠆޕ
㧨ᬺၞߩ↪⠪ߩ⾌↪㧛ଢ⋉㧪 ㆃᑧ
ゞਔㆇ↪⾌↪
㧨ᐙ✢〝ߩ↪⠪ߩ⾌↪㧛ଢ⋉㧪 ⒖േᤨ㑆㧛ㆃᑧ
ゞਔㆇ↪⾌↪ 㧨ᄖㇱᕈ
̪
㧔㕖↪⠪߳ߩᓇ㗀㧕㧪 ឃ᳇
㛍㖸
ߘߩઁߩᓇ㗀
٤ ᢱ ㊄ ╬ ߦ ߟ ߡ ߪ ↪ ⠪ ߣ ᐭ ᯏ 㑐 ߣ ߩ 㑆 ߢ ⒖ േ ߐ ࠇ ߡ ࠆߦߔ߉ߥߚ⾌↪㧛ଢ⋉㗄⋡ߦߥߣߒߡࠆޕ ̪ᄖㇱᕈߣߪޔ⚻ᷣቇߦ߅ߡߪޔࠆਥߩⴕേߩ╙ਃ⠪߳ߩ㕖ఘ
ߩᓇ㗀ߩߎ ߣ ࠍ⸒߁ޕ 〝 ᬺߦ߅ ߡ ߪޔ╙ਃ⠪ ߣ ߪ㕖↪⠪ ߣ ߁ߎߣߦߥ ࠆ ޕᱜߩᄖㇱ ᕈ ߣ⽶ߩᄖㇱ ᕈ ߣ߇ࠆ߇ ޔ ᐙ✢〝ߩ ᄖ ㇱ ᕈߦߟߡ ߩ ⼏⺰ߢߪޔ ᄢ ᳇ᳪᨴ߿㛍 㖸 ߥߤ⽶ߩᄖ ㇱ ᕈߩߺ߇⌕ ⋡ ߐ ࠇ߇ߜߢࠆޕ
4-1 ⅣႺ߳ߩᓇ㗀 ٤ ᄖ ㇱ ᕈ ߩ 㗄 ⋡ ߣ ߒ ߡ ޔ Ⅳ Ⴚ ߳ ߩ ᓇ 㗀 ߽ ⠨ ᘦ ߔ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ࠍ ᳞
ߡࠆޕ
٤߹ߚޔᄖㇱᕈߦߟߡߪޔNational Environmental Policy Act
㧔NEPA㧕ߦࠃߞߡⷐ⺧ߐࠇߡࠆⅣႺ⹏ଔߦ߅ߡขࠅᛒ
ࠊࠇࠆߣߒߡࠆޕNEPAߢߪޔⅣႺ߳ߩᖡᓇ㗀ࠍ․ቯߔࠆ
ߣ ߣ ߽ ߦ ޔ ߘ ࠇ ࠄ ࠍ シ ᷫ ߔ ࠆ ߚ ߩ ភ ⟎ ߇ ᳞ ࠄ ࠇ ߡ ߅ ࠅ ޔ ߐ ࠄ ߦ ߘ ߁ ߒ ߚ ភ ⟎ ߩ ࠦ ࠬ ࠻ ࠍ ⾌ ↪ ଢ ⋉ ಽ ᨆ ߦ ࠆ ᔅⷐ߇ࠆߣߒߡࠆޕ
4-2 ↢ஜᐽ߳ߩᓇ㗀
㧔⛔⸘⊛↢ଔ୯㧕
٤ ኻ ⽎ ߣ ߔ ߴ ߈ ⾌ ↪ 㧛 ଢ ⋉ 㗄 ⋡ ߩ ޟ ޠ ߦ ߅ ߡ ޔ ⽶ ் ⠪ ߿ ᱫ ߩ ᓇ 㗀 ࠍ ߍ ߡ ࠆ ߇ ޔ ౕ ⊛ ߥ ▚ ቯ ᣇ ᴺ ╬ ߦ 㑐 ߔ ࠆ⸥ㅀߪߥߊޔએਅߩ⾗ᢱࠍෳᾖߔࠆߎߣߣߒߡࠆޕ
of Life and Injuries
-The Economic Impact of Motor Vehicle Crashes
4-3 ᱷሽଔ୯ ٤⸥タߥߒ
㧡㧚ଢ⋉ߩ⸘᷹ᚻᴺ ٤ฦ⾌↪㧛ଢ⋉㗄⋡ߦߟߡޔ⸘᷹ᚻᴺࠍ⚫ߒߡࠆޕ ޟ ⒖ േ ᤨ 㑆 㧛 ㆃ ᑧ ޠ 㧦 ᒛ ߿ ᬺ ߦ ߅ ߌ ࠆ ⒖ േ ᤨ 㑆 ߦ ߟ
ߡ ߪ ޔ 㑆 ធ ⾌ ࠍ ߚ ᐔ ဋ ⾓ ㊄ 㧔 㓹 ↪ ⠪ ߦ ኻ ߔ ࠆ ⾌ ↪ 㧕 ߦ ࠃ ߞ ߡ ⸘ ᷹ ߐ ࠇ ࠆ ޕ ৻ ᣇ ߢ ޔ ㅢ ൕ ߿ ࠫ ࡖ ߣ ߞ ߚ ੱ ⊛ ߥ ⒖ േ ᤨ 㑆 ߦ ߟ ߡ ߪ ޔ ᐔ ဋ ⾓ ㊄ ߿ ⒖ േ ᤨ 㑆 ⍴ ❗ ߦ ኻ ߔ ࠆ ᡰ ᛄ ᗧ ᕁ 㗵 ߦ ࠃ ߞ ߡ ⸘ ᷹ ߐ ࠇ ࠆ 㧔 ਔ ᣇ ߇ ↪ ࠄ ࠇ ࠆ ႐ ว ߽ࠆ㧕ޕ
ޟ ޠ 㧦 ߦ ࠃ ࠆ ⽶ ் ߪ ᱫ ߩ ࠬ ࠢ ࠍ ࿁ ㆱ ߔ ࠆ ߚ ߩ ᡰ ᛄ ᗧ ᕁ 㗵 ߿ ޔ ක ≮ ޔ ‛ ៊ ╬ ߣ ߞ ߚ ߦ ߆ ߆ ࠆ ⾌ ↪ ߦ ࠃ ߞ ߡ ⸘ ᷹ ߐ ࠇ ࠆ ޕ ߎ ࠇ ࠄ ߦ 㑐 ߔ ࠆ ࠟ ࠗ ࠼ ࠗ ࡦ ߣ ߒ ߡ
ㆇャ⋭㧔DOT㧕ߢߪએਅࠍឭଏߒߡࠆޕ
-Revision of Departmental Guidance on Treatment of the Value of Life and Injuries
-The Economic Impact of Motor Vehicle Crashes
ޟ ゞ ਔ ㆇ ↪ ⾌ ޠ 㧦 ゞ ਔ ߦ ߆ ߆ ࠆ ⾌ ↪ ߪ ޔ ߤ ߩ ઍ ᦧ ᩺ ߇ ណ ↪ ߐ ࠇ ࠆ ߆ ߦ ࠃ ߞ ߡ ޔ 〝 ߩ ࠬ ࡇ ࠼ ᷦ ṛ ⁁ ᴫ ⥩ ⵝ ╬ ߇
ᄌࠊࠆߚޔᄌേߔࠆޕDOT ߢߪޔゞਔㆇ↪⾌ߩ⸘᷹ߦ㑐
ߔ ࠆ ᑼ ߥ ࠟ ࠗ ࠼ ࠗ ࡦ ߪ ឭ ଏ ߒ ߡ ߥ ߇ ޔ એ ਅ ߩ ⾗ ᢱ ߦ⋉ߥᖱႎ߇ឝタߐࠇߡࠆޕ
-Manual on User Benefit Analysis of Highway and Bus-Transit Improvements
-Highway Economic Requirements System Volume Φ: Technical
Report
ޟ ᄖ ㇱ ᕈ ޠ 㧦 ⾌ ↪ ଢ ⋉ ಽ ᨆ ߩ ਛ ߢ ߽ ᄖ ㇱ ᕈ ߪ ࿎ 㔍 ߥ 㗔 ၞ ߢ ࠆ ߇ ޔ ᄖ ㇱ ᕈ ࠍ ⾌ ↪ ଢ ⋉ ߦ ࠆ ᣇ ᴺ ߣ ߒ ߡ ޔ ߃ ߫ ޔ ⑼ ቇ ⊛ ⚻ ᷣ ቇ ⊛ ⎇ ⓥ ߦ ࠃ ߞ ߡ ޔ ᄢ ᳇ ᳪ ᨴ ߩ ⾌ ↪ ߩ ේ න ߇⸘᷹ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅᵴ↪ߢ߈ࠆޕ
㧢㧚⾌↪㗄⋡ ٤ ᐙ ✢ 〝 ᬺ ߣ ߒ ߡ ޔ ৻ ⥸ ⊛ ߦ ⾌ ↪ ߣ ߒ ߡ ߹ ࠇ ࠆ 㗄 ⋡ ߣ ߒ ߡ એ ਅ ࠍ ߍ ߡ ࠆ ޕ ߚ ߛ ߒ ޔ ࠆ 㗄 ⋡ ࠍ ଢ ⋉ ߣ ᝒ ߃ ࠆ ߆ ⾌ ↪ ߣ ᝒ ߃ ࠆ ߆ ߪ ޔ ߤ ߩ ࠃ ߁ ߥ ࡌ ࠬ ࠤ ࠬ ࠍ ⸳ ቯ ߔ ࠆ ߆ߦଐሽߔࠆߚޔଢ⋉㗄⋡ߣ㊀ⶄߔࠆ㗄⋡߽ࠆޕ 㧨ᐭᯏ㑐ߩ⾌↪㧪
࠺ࠩࠗࡦ㧛ࠛࡦࠫ࠾ࠕࡦࠣ ↪⾈
ᑪ⸳ ᡷ▽㧛ୃ❲ ో㧛⛽ᜬ▤ℂ
シᷫ╷㧔㛍㖸ࡃࠕߩ⸳⟎╬㧕 㧨ᬺၞߩ↪⠪ߩ⾌↪㧛ଢ⋉㧪 ㆃᑧ
㧨ᐙ✢〝ߩ↪⠪ߩ⾌↪㧛ଢ⋉㧪 ⒖േᤨ㑆㧛ㆃᑧ
ゞਔㆇ↪⾌↪
㧨ᄖㇱᕈ㧔㕖↪⠪߳ߩᓇ㗀㧕㧪 ឃ᳇
㛍㖸
ߘߩઁߩᓇ㗀
㧣㧚⹏ଔኻ⽎ᦼ㑆 ٤ ઍ ᦧ ᩺ ࠍ ᐔ ߦ Ყ セ ߢ ߈ ࠆ ࠃ ߁ ߦ ߔ ࠆ ߚ ߦ ޔ ࠄ ࠁ ࠆ ଢ ⋉ ߿ ⾌ ↪ ߇ ߹ ࠇ ࠆ ࠃ ߁ ߥ ච ಽ 㐳 ᦼ 㑆 ࠍ ኻ ⽎ ߣ ߔ ߴ ߈ ߢ
ࠆߣߒߡࠆޕోߡߩઍᦧ᩺ߦ߅ߡޔዋߥߊߣ߽ 1 ࿁
ߩ ਥ ⷐ ߥ ୃ ❲ ߇ ߹ ࠇ ࠆ ࠃ ߁ ߦ ߔ ࠆ ᔅ ⷐ ߇ ࠆ ߣ ߒ ߡ ࠆޕ
৻ ⥸ ⊛ ߥ ࠗ ࡈ ࠨ ࠗ ࠢ ࡞ ࠦ ࠬ ࠻ ಽ ᨆ ߦ ߅ ߡ ߪ ޔ ኻ ⽎ ᦼ
㑆ߪ 30㨪40 ᐕ㑆ߣߥߞߡࠆޕߚߛߒޔᯅߦߟߡߪ߽
ߞߣ㐳ᦼ㑆ߣߥࠆޕ
㧤㧚␠ળ⊛ഀᒁ₸ ٤ ታ ⾰ ␠ ળ ⊛ ഀ ᒁ ₸ ߦ ߟ ߡ ߪ ޔ ᐭ ୫ ㊄ ߩ Ꮢ ႐ ㊄ 㧔 ฬ ⋡ 㧕 ߆ ࠄ ࠗ ࡦ ࡈ ₸ ࠍ 㒰 ᄖ ߔ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߢ ▚ ቯ ߢ ߈ ࠆ ߇ ޔ ߎ ߩ 㓙 ߦ ↪ ࠆ ᐭ ୫ ㊄ ߩ Ꮢ ႐ ㊄ ߪ ޔ ಽ ᨆ ߩ ኻ ⽎ ᦼ 㑆 ߣ ḩ ᦼ ߇ ৻ ⥌ ߔ ࠆ ࿖ ௌ ߦ ߽ ߣ ߠ ߊ ߽ ߩ ߢ ߥ ߌ ࠇ ߫ ߥ ࠄ ߥ ߣ ߒ ߡࠆޕ
٤⸥ߩᣇᴺߢ▚ቯߐࠇࠆታ⾰␠ળ⊛ഀᒁ₸ߪޔᱧผ⊛ߦ 3%
㨪5%ߩ㑆ߣߥߞߡࠆߣߒߡࠆޕ߹ߚ OMB ߢߪޔㅪ㇌
ᯏ 㑐 ߦ ኻ ߒ ߡ ޔ ᬺ ߿ ⷙ ߩ ⹏ ଔ ߦ ߚ ߞ ߡ ޔ ታ ⾰ ⊛
ഀᒁ₸ߣߒߡ7㧑ࠍណ↪ߔࠆߎߣࠍ᳞ߡࠆߣߒߡࠆޕ
٤ ߥ ߅ ㅜ ࠗ ࡦ ࡈ ₸ ߩ ᄌ ൻ ߦ ߟ ߡ ߽ ⠨ ᘦ ߔ ࠆ ᔅ ⷐ ߇ ࠆ ߣߒߡ߅ࠅޔߘߩ▚ቯᣇᴺߦߟߡ߽⸃⺑ߒߡࠆޕ 㧥 㧚 ࠬ ࠢ ਇ ⏕ ታ ᕈ ߩ
ᛒ㧔ᗵᐲಽᨆ㧕
٤ 〝 ᬺ ߩ ᛩ ⾗ ߦ 㑐 ࠊ ࠆ ਇ ⏕ ታ ᕈ ߩ ᄙ ߊ ߪ ᩏ ቯ ▤ ℂ ߢ ߈ ࠆ ߣ ߒ ߡ ޔ ਇ ⏕ ታ ᕈ ߩ ᛒ ࠬ ࠢ ಽ ᨆ ߩ ᣇ ᴺ ߦ ߟ ߡ ⸃ ⺑ߒߡࠆޕ
㧨ࠬࠢߩቯ⟵㧪
ਇ ⏕ ታ ᕈ ߪ ޔ ࠆ ⽎ ߇ ߎ ࠆ ⏕ ₸ ޔ ߘ ࠇ ߇ ߷ ߔ ᓇ 㗀 ߩ ᄢ ߈ ߐ ࠍ ቯ ㊂ ൻ ߔ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߦ ࠃ ߞ ߡ ⸘ ᷹ ߐ ࠇ ࠆ ޕ ߹ ߚ ޔ ߎ ߩ ࠃ߁ߦ⸘᷹ߐࠇߚਇ⏕ታᕈߪࠬࠢߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ
ࠬࠢߪޔએਅߩ 3 ߟߩ⇼ߦ࿁╵ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡޔ․
ቯℂ⸃ߐࠇࠆޕ
1㧕ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ⽎߇ࠅᓧࠆ߆
2㧕ߘߩ⽎ߪߤߩ⒟ᐲߎࠅ߿ߔ߆ޕ
3㧕ߘߩ⽎߇ߎࠆߎߣߦࠃࠆᓇ㗀ߪߢࠆ߆ޕ
㧨ᗵᐲಽᨆ㧪
વ ⛔ ⊛ ߦ ࠬ ࠢ ࠍ ᩏ ቯ ߔ ࠆ ߦ ߚ ߞ ߡ ↪ ࠄ ࠇ ࠆ ᣇ ᴺ ߣ ߒ ߡ ᗵ ᐲ ಽ ᨆ ߇ ࠆ ޕ ౖ ဳ ⊛ ߥ ᣇ ᴺ ߣ ߒ ߡ ߪ ޔ ਇ ⏕ ታ ᕈ ߩ ਥ ⷐ ߥ ࠗ ࡦ ࡊ ࠶ ࠻ ᄌ ᢙ ߩ ୯ ࠍ ޔ ߘ ࠇ ߙ ࠇ ߦ ৻ ቯ ߩ ▸ ࿐ ߢ ᄌ ൻ ߐ ߖ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߢ ޔ ฦ ࠗ ࡦ ࡊ ࠶ ࠻ ᄌ ᢙ ߩ ⾌ ↪ ଢ ⋉ ಽ ᨆ ⚿ ᨐ ో߳ߩᓇ㗀ࠍᛠីߔࠆߣ߁߽ߩ߇ࠆޕ
࡚ࡦ ̪
ࠍ↪ߚ⏕₸⊛ࠬࠢಽᨆ߽ࠆޕߘࠇߙࠇߩࠗࡦࡊ ࠶ ࠻ ᄌ ᢙ ߩ ⏕ ₸ ಽ Ꮣ ࠍ ⸳ ቯ ߒ ޔ ฦ ᄌ ᢙ ࠍ ߘ ߩ ⏕ ₸ ಽ Ꮣ ߦ ߽ ߣ ߠ ߈ ࡦ ࠳ ࡓ ߦ ᄌ ൻ ߐ ߖ ߡ ޔ ⾌ ↪ ଢ ⋉ ಽ ᨆ ⚿ ᨐ ో ߳ ߩ ᓇ 㗀 ࠍ ⺞ ߴ ࠆ ޕ ߎ ࠇ ߦ ࠃ ࠅ ޔ ⶄ ᢙ ߩ ࠗ ࡦ ࡊ ࠶ ࠻ ᄌ ᢙ ߩ ⶄ ว ⊛ߥᓇ㗀ࠍᛠីߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕ
̪ࡕࡦ࠹ࠞ࡞ࡠࠪࡒࡘ࡚ࠪࡦߣߪޔੂᢙࠍ↪ߚࠪࡒࡘ࡚ࠪ ࡦ ࠍ ᐲ ߽ ⴕ ߁ ߎ ߣ ߦ ࠃ ߞ ߡ ޔ ㄭ ૃ ⸃ ࠍ ᳞ ࠆ ⸘ ▚ ᚻ ᴺ ߩ ߎ ߣ ߢ ࠆޕ
٤ ߹ ߚ ޔ ࠬ ࠢ ಽ ᨆ ߦ ࠃ ࠅ ࠬ ࠢ ࠍ ․ ቯ ቯ ㊂ ൻ ߒ ߚ ᓟ ޔ ߘ ࠇ ࠄ ߩ ࠬ ࠢ ࠍ シ ᷫ ߔ ࠆ ߚ ߩ ភ ⟎ ߦ ߟ ߡ ⹏ ଔ ߔ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ࠍ ᳞ ߡ ࠆ ޕ ߘ ߩ 㓙 ߦ ߪ ޔ ߘ ࠇ ࠄ ߩ ភ ⟎ ߦ ଥ ࠆ ࠦ ࠬ ࠻ ߦ ߟߡ߽⠨ᘦߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆߣߒߡࠆޕ
10㧚⹏ଔ⚿ᨐߩ␜ᣇᴺ ٤⸥タߥߒ
11.ߘߩઁ ٤⚻ᷣ⊛ᓇ㗀ಽᨆ㧔Economic Impact Analysis㧕ߦߟߡ߽ㅜ
⸃⺑ߒߡࠆޕ
3㧕ࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦߩⷐԚ㧔ⅣႺ㧕
ࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦฬ Guidelines for Preparing Economic Analysis (pre-publication
edition)
⊒ⴕ⠪ ⅣႺ⼔ᐡ㧔Environmental Protection Agency㧕
⊒ⴕᐕ 2010ᐕ
㧝㧚ኻ⽎ᬺ ٤ⷙ߹ߚߪ㕖ⷙᚻᲑࠍⅣႺ╷
㧞㧚⹏ଔߩᤨᦼ ٤ ᤨ ᦼ ߦ ߟ ߡ ߪ ⸥ ߐ ࠇ ߡ ߥ ޕ ߚ ߛ ߒ ޔ ᧄ ࠟ ࠗ ࠼ ࠗ ࡦ ߢ ⚫ ߒߡ ࠆ 㑐 ㅪᴺ ߿ ᄢ ⛔㗔 ߦ ᓥ ޔ ╷ ߦ 㑐 ߔ ࠆ ᗧ ᕁ ቯࠍ ⴕ ߁ ೨ ߩᲑ 㓏 ߩ ታ ᣉࠍ ᳞ ߡ ࠆ ߣ ್ ᢿ ߢ ߈
ࠆޕ
㧟㧚ઍᦧ᩺ߩᬌ⸛ߩή ٤ Ⅳ Ⴚ ╷ ߩ ઍ ᦧ ᩺ ࠍ ᬌ ⸛ ߔ ࠆ ߢ ᔨ 㗡 ߦ ⟎ ߊ ߴ ߈ ⷙ 㕖 ⷙ ߩ ࠕ ࡊ ࡠ ࠴ ߮ ㊀ ⷐ ߥ ⷰ ὐ ߦ ߟ ߡ ޔ ᳪ ᨴ ‛ ⾰ ឃ ⷙࠍขࠅߍߡ⺑ߒߡࠆޕ
Ⅳ Ⴚ ╷ ߩ ⹏ ଔ ࠍ ⴕ ߁ 㓙 ߦ ㊀ ⷐ ߥ ⷰ ὐ 㧦 ല ₸ ᕈ ޔ ⾌ ↪ ኻ ല ᨐ
વ ⛔ ⊛ ߥ ᜰ ើ ⛔ ߹ ߚ ߪ ⷙ ▸ ⊛ ⷙ 㧦 ᛛ ⴚ ߹ ߚ ߪ ⸳ ⸘ ၮ Ḱޔᬺ❣ၮḰ
Ꮢ ႐ ᔒ ะ ࠕ ࡊ ࡠ ࠴ 㧦 ឃ 㒢 ᐲ ߮ ข ᒁ ᐲ ޔ ࡊ ࡠ ࠫ ࠚ ࠢ ࠻ ࡌ ࠬ ߩ ข ᒁ ᐲ ޔ ឃ ₸ ࡌ ࠬ ߩ ข ᒁ ᐲ ޔ ឃ ⒢ ޔ ഥ㊄ޔ⒢ഥ㊄ߩ⚵ߺวࠊߖ
ઁ ߩ Ꮢ ႐ ᔒ ะ ߹ ߚ ߪ ࡂ ࠗ ࡉ ࠶ ࠼ ࠕ ࡊ ࡠ ࠴ 㧦 ၮ Ḱ ߮ ଔ ᩰ ⸳ ቯ ᚻ ᴺ ߩ ⚵ ߺ ว ࠊ ߖ ޔ ᖱ ႎ 㐿 ⷐ ᳞ ޔ ᴺ ⊛ ⽿ છ ߦ 㑐 ߔࠆⷙೣ
㕖ⷙࠕࡊࡠ࠴㧦⥄ਥ⊛㧔⥄ਥⷙ㧕ࠕࡊࡠ࠴
㧠㧚ଢ⋉㗄⋡ ٤ Ⅳ Ⴚ ╷ ߦ ࠃ ࠆ ଢ ⋉ ߩ ಽ 㘃 ᣇ ᴺ ߪ ᭽ ޘ ࠆ ߣ ߒ ߚ ߢ ޔ ౖ ဳߣߒߡᰴߩࠃ߁ߥଢ⋉ࠞ࠹ࠧࠍ␜ߒߡࠆޕ ੱ㑆ߩஜᐽߩᡷༀ
¾ ᱫࠬࠢߩૐਅ
¾ ∔∛ࠬࠢߩૐਅ
ࠛࠦࡠࠫߩᡷༀ
¾ Ꮢ႐⽷
¾ ࡚ࠢࠛࠪࡦᵴേ߮⟤⊛ᗵⷡ
¾ ଔ୯ߩ㜞ࠛࠦࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩᯏ⢻
¾ 㕖↪ଔ୯
ઁߩଢ⋉
¾ ⟤⊛ᡷༀ
¾ ‛⊛៊ኂߩᷫዋ
4-1 ⅣႺ߳ߩᓇ㗀 ٤㧔⸥ෳᾖ㧕
4-2 ↢ஜᐽ߳ߩᓇ㗀
㧔⛔⸘⊛↢ଔ୯㧕
٤ੱ㑆ߩᱫࠬࠢߩᷫዋߦߟߡޔEPA ߢߪޔ⛔⸘⊛
↢ଔ୯ߣߒߡ 7.9 ⊖ਁ࠼࡞㧔2008 ᐕ࠼࡞ଔ୯㧕ࠍోߡߩ
ࡊ ࡠ ࠫ ࠚ ࠢ ࠻ ߮ ╷ ߦ ↪ ߔ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ࠍ ផ ᅑ ߒ ߡ ࠆ ޕ ߎ
ಽᢔߦၮߠߡ߅ࠅޔEPA㧔2000㧕ߩ4.8⊖ਁ࠼࡞㧔1990ᐕ ࠼ ࡞ ଔ ୯ 㧕 ߆ ࠄ ᶖ ⾌ ⠪ ‛ ଔ ᜰ ᢙ ࠍ ↪ ߡ ⺞ ᢛ ߒ ߚ ߽ ߩ ߢ ࠆޕ
٤ ሶ ଏ ߩ ᱫ ࠬ ࠢ ᷫ ዋ ߪ ․ ߦ ࿎ 㔍 ߢ ࠆ ߣ ߒ ޔ ᖱ ႎ Ḯ ߣ ߒ
ߡ EPA㧔2003㧕 ޟ ሶ ଏ ߩ ஜ ᐽ ࠬ ࠢ ⹏ ଔ ߩ ࡂ ࡦ ࠼ ࡉ ࠶ ࠢ
㧔Handbook for Valuing Children’s Health Risks㧕ޠ╬ࠍ␜ߒߡ ࠆޕ
4-3 ᱷሽଔ୯ ٤⸥タߥߒ
㧡㧚ଢ⋉ߩ⸘᷹ᚻᴺ ٤ ⸥ߩଢ⋉ࠞ࠹ࠧᲤߦ⸘᷹ᚻᴺࠍ⚫ߒߡࠆޕ ੱ㑆ߩஜᐽᡷༀ
¾ ᱫ ₸ 㧦 ⛔ ⸘ ⊛ ↢ ଔ ୯ ࠍ ␜ ߒ ߡ ࠆ ޕ ৻ ᣇ ޔ ৻ ⥸
⺰ ߣ ߒ ߡ ޔ ࠬ ࠢ ߿ ᓇ 㗀 ࠍ ฃ ߌ ࠆ ኻ ⽎ ߦ ߟ ߡ ߪ ቯ ᕈ ⊛ ߥ ⺑ ߇ ᔅ ⷐ ߣ ߒ ߡ ࠆ ޕ ߹ ߚ ޔ ቯ ㊂ ⊛ ᗵ ᐲ ಽ ᨆ ࠍ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߿ ޔ ẜ ફ ᦼ 㑆 ╬ ࠍ ⠨ ᘦ ߔ ߴ ߈ ߣ ߒ ߡ ࠆޕ
¾ ∔ ∛ ₸ 㧦 ᭽ ޘ ߥ ⸘ ᷹ ᚻ ᴺ ߇ ࠆ ߣ ߒ ߚ ߢ ޔ ᡰ ᛄ ᗧ
ᕁ㗵ࠍ↪ࠆߎߣ߇ᦸ߹ߒߣߒߡࠆޕ
ࠛ ࠦ ࡠ ࠫ ߩ ᡷ ༀ 㧦 ផ ⸘ ߦ ߪ ᡰ ᛄ ᗧ ᕁ 㗵 ࠍ ↪ ࠆ ߩ ߇ ৻ ⥸ ⊛ ߣ ߒ ߡ ࠆ ޕ ߘ ߩ ઁ ޔ ⚻ ᷣ ⊛ ⹏ ଔ ߩ ᔕ ↪ ߣ ߒ ߡ ޔ ↢ ↥ 㑐 ᢙ ޔ ࡋ ࠼ ࠾ ࠶ ࠢ ᴺ ޔ ࠻ ࡌ ࡞ ࠦ ࠬ ࠻ ᴺ ޔ ㆬ ᅢ ᴺ ࠍ ⚫ ߒߡࠆޕ
㧢㧚⾌↪㗄⋡ ٤ ߩ ⾌ ↪ 㗄 ⋡ ࠍ ߒ ߡ ߪ ߅ ࠄ ߕ ޔ ⾌ ↪ ଢ ⋉ ಽ ᨆ ࠍ ⴕ ߁ ߢ ߪ ޔ ޟ ␠ ળ ⊛ ⾌ ↪ ޠ ߇ ㆡ ಾ ߥ ᜰ ᮡ ߢ ࠆ ߣ ߒ ߡ ࠆ ޕ ␠ ળ ⊛ ⾌ ↪ ߪ ޔ ⷙ ߦ ࠃ ߞ ߡ ⚻ ᷣ ߦ ߽ ߚ ࠄ ߐ ࠇ ࠆ ⽶ ⩄ ో ߩ ߎ ߣ ߢ ࠅ ޔ ⷙ ߩ ⚿ ᨐ ߣ ߒ ߡ ↢ ߓ ࠆ ో ߡ ߩ ᯏ ળ ⾌ ↪ ߩ ✚⸘ߣቯ⟵ߒߡࠆޕ
٤ ⾌ ↪ ߩ ផ ⸘ ߦ ߟ ߡ ߪ ޔ ⷙ ߹ ߚ ߪ ╷ ߩ ࠬ ࠦ ࡊ ߦ ࠃ ߞ ߡ ޔ ㇱ ಽ ဋ ⴧ ಽ ᨆ ࠆ ߪ ৻ ⥸ ဋ ⴧ ಽ ᨆ ߇ ណ ↪ ߐ ࠇ ࠆ ߣ ߒ ߡࠆޕ
㧣㧚⹏ଔኻ⽎ᦼ㑆 ٤ ⸥ タ ߥ ߒ ޕ ߚ ߛ ߒ ޔ ࡌ ࠬ ࠗ ࡦ ߩ ⸳ ቯ ߦ 㑐 ߔ ࠆ ⺑ ߩ ৻ Ⅳ ߣ ߒ ߡ ޔ ৻ ⥸ ߦ ޔ ╷ ߩ ㊀ ⷐ ߥ ല ᨐ ߇ ⛮ ⛯ ߔ ࠆ ᦼ 㑆 ߦ ࠃ ߞߡ⹏ଔ߿ࡌࠬࠗࡦߩᦼ㑆߇ቯߐࠇࠆߣߒߡࠆޕ 㧤㧚␠ળ⊛ഀᒁ₸ ٤ ␠ ળ ⊛ ഀ ᒁ ߦ ߟ ߡ ޔ ઍ ౝ ഀ ᒁ 㧔intragenerational
discounting㧕ߣ ઍ 㑆ഀᒁ 㧔intergenerational discounting㧕ߦ
ಽߌߡ⸃⺑ߒߡࠆޕ
٤ ᷷ ᥦ ൻ ࠟ ࠬ ឃ ߿ ᕈ ‛ ⾰ ߩ ಣ ಽ ߩ ࠃ ߁ ߥ 㐳 ᦼ ߦ ࠊ ߚ ࠆ ╷ ߩ ⹏ ଔ ߦ ↪ ࠄ ࠇ ࠆ ઍ 㑆 ഀ ᒁ ߩ ᣇ ᴺ ߦ ߟ ߡ ߪ ޔ ⚻ ᷣ ቇ ⠪ ߢ ߽ ว ᗧ ߇ ข ࠇ ߡ ߥ ߣ ߒ ߥ ߇ ࠄ ޔ ᰴ ߩ ࠃ ߁ ߥ ផ ᅑࠬ࠹࠶ࡊࠍߍߡࠆޕ
╷ߦࠃߞߡ⾌↪߮ଢ⋉߇↢ߓࠆᦼ㑆ࠍឭ␜ߔࠆޕ ഀ ᒁ ߦ ߅ ߡ ߪ ޔ ⾗ ᧄ ߩ ࠪ ࡖ ࠼ ࡊ ࠗ ࠬ ࠍ ↪ ࠆ ࠕ ࡊ ࡠ
࠴߇ᦸ߹ߒޕߚߛߒޔEPAߩⷙߦࠃߞߡ᳃㑆⾗ᧄ߇ߤ
¾ ో ߡ ߩ ⾌ ↪ ଢ ⋉ ߇ ᶖ ⾌ ߩ ࡈ ࡠ ߦ ᓇ 㗀 ߔ ࠆ ႐ ว ߦ
ߪޔᶖ⾌ሶ₸㧔consumption rate of interest㧕ࠍ↪
ߡNPVࠍ ⸘ ▚ ߔ ࠆ ޕ ߎ ࠇ ߪ ޔ ᐭ ⸽ ⸽ ߩ ㄭ ᐕ ߩ
ሶ₸ߦၮߠߊߣޔ3㧑ߦㄭޕ
¾ ో ߡ ߩ ⾌ ↪ ଢ ⋉ ߇ ⾗ ᧄ ࠬ ࠻ ࠶ ࠢ ߩ ᄌ ൻ ߩ ᒻ ߢ ߈
ࠆ ߩ ߢ ࠇ ߫ ޔ ᳃ 㑆 ⾗ ᧄ ߩ ⋉ ₸ ࠍ ↪ ߡNPVࠍ ⸘
▚ߔࠆޕOMBߢߪޔ᳃㑆⾗ᧄߩᯏળ⾌↪ࠍ7㧑ߣផ⸘
ߒߡࠆޕ
¾ EPAߢߪޔ⸥ߩ₸ࠍቯᦼ⊛ߦࡆࡘߔࠆޕ
╷ ߇50ᐕ ࠍ ߃ ࠆ ࠃ ߁ ߥ 㐳 ᦼ ߦ ࠊ ߚ ࠆ ႐ ว ޔ ⚐ ଢ ⋉ ߪ ᤨ
㑆 ߣ ߣ ߽ ߦ ᄢ ߈ ߊ ᄌ ൻ ߔ ࠆ ޕ ߎ ߩ ࠃ ߁ ߥ ႐ ว ߦ ߪ ޔ ሶ ₸ ߮ ㅊ ട ⊛ ࠕ ࡊ ࡠ ࠴ ࠍ ↪ ࠆ ߴ ߈ ߢ ࠆ ޕ ㅊ ട ⊛ ࠕ ࡊ ࡠ ࠴ ߦ ߪ ޔ ഀ ᒁ ࿃ ሶ ߩ ᤨ 㑆 ⊛ ૐ ᷫ ੍ ቯ ߩ ផ ⸘ ࠍ ↪ ߚ ޔ ⚐ ଢ⋉ߩᦼᓙଔ୯ߩផ⸘߇߹ࠇࠆޕ
ߤ ߩ ࠃ ߁ ߥ ႐ ว ߢ ߽ ޔ ␠ ળ ⊛ ଢ ⋉ ߮ ⾌ ↪ ߪ ห ߓ ᣇ ᴺ ߢ ഀ ᒁߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥޕ
ഀ ᒁ ₸ ߪ ⇣ ߥ ࠆ ᤨ ὐ 㑆 ߢ ߩ ᶖ ⾌ ߩ ઍ ᦧ ₸ ࠍ ᤋ ߒ ߥ ߌ ࠇ ߫ ߥ ࠄ ߥ ޕ ৻ ᣇ ޔ ഀ ᒁ ₸ ߪ ޔ ⾌ ↪ ߮ ଢ ⋉ ޔ Ⅳ Ⴚ ߘ ߩ ઁ ߩ ⽷ ߩ ᧪ ߦ ߅ ߌ ࠆ ଔ ୯ ߩ ਇ ⏕ ታ ᕈ ߦ ࠃ ߞ ߡ ᷙ ੂ ߒ ߡ ߪ ߥ ࠄߥޕ
ⷙ ߩ ᄌ ൻ ߣ ߘ ࠇ ߦ ࠃ ࠆ ෘ ↢ ᳓ Ḱ ߩ ᄌ ൻ ߇ ࠇ ࠆ ࠲ ࠗ ࡒ ࡦ ࠣߩᏅࠍ⠨ᘦߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥޕ
㧥 㧚 ࠬ ࠢ ਇ ⏕ ታ ᕈ ߩ ᛒ㧔ᗵᐲಽᨆ㧕
٤ ࠬ ࠢ ਇ ⏕ ታ ᕈ ߩ ᛒ ߦ ߟ ߡ ߪ ޔ ߹ ߣ ߹ ߞ ߚ ⺑ ߪ ߥ ߐ ࠇ ߡ ߥ ޕ ߚ ߛ ߒ ޔ ࠟ ࠗ ࠼ ࠗ ࡦ ߩ 㓐 ᚲ ߢ ᗵ ᐲ ಽ ᨆ ࠍ ታᣉߔߴ߈ߢࠆᣦ߇ㅀߴࠄࠇߡࠆޕ
10㧚⹏ଔ⚿ᨐߩ␜ᣇᴺ ٤ ⚻ ᷣ ಽ ᨆ ߩ ⚿ ᨐ ߩ ឭ ␜ ᣇ ᴺ ߦ 㑐 ߒ ޔ ৻ ⥸ ේ ೣ ߣ ߒ ߡ ޔ ⺒ ⠪
߇ᰴߩὐࠍℂ⸃ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߔߴ߈ߣߒߡࠆޕ ⚻ᷣಽᨆ߆ࠄߩਥߥ⚿⺰ߪ߆
ଢ⋉߮⾌↪ࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦផ⸘ߒߚ߆ ㊀ⷐߥ㕖ቯ㊂⊛ޔ㕖㊄㌛⊛ലᨐߪ߆ ಽᨆߩਥⷐߥ೨ឭ᧦ઙߪ߆
ಽᨆߦ߅ߡਥⷐߥਇ⏕ታᕈߩⷐ࿃ߪ߆
ߎ ࠇ ࠄ ߩ ਇ ⏕ ታ ᕈ ߩ ⷐ ࿃ ߪ ߤ ߩ ࠃ ߁ ߦ ಽ ᨆ ߦ ᓇ 㗀 ࠍ ਈ ߃ ࠆ ߆
٤߹ߚޔ⚻ᷣಽᨆߩ⚿ᨐߪᰴߩ 3 ߟߩ㗄⋡ߢ␜ߔߩ߇৻⥸⊛
ߣߒߡࠆޕ
⾌ ↪ ଢ ⋉ ಽ ᨆ ߩ ⚿ ᨐ 㧦 ㊄ ㌛ ଔ ୯ ൻ ߐ ࠇ ߚ ⾌ ↪ ߮ ଢ ⋉ ߦ ၮ ߠߊ⚐ଢ⋉
⾌↪ലᨐಽᨆߩ⚿ᨐ㧦OMBㅢ㆐A-4ߩਅߢߪޔ╷ߩਥߥല
ᨐ ߇ ੱ 㑆 ߩ ஜ ᐽ ߹ ߚ ߪ ో ߦ 㑐 ߔ ࠆ ߽ ߩ ߢ ࠆ ႐ ว ߦ ↪ ࠆ ޕ ⾌ ↪ ല ᨐ ಽ ᨆ ߇ ߥ ߐ ࠇ ߚ ႐ ว ߦ ߪ ߘ ߩ ⚿ ᨐ ࠍ ឭ ␜ ߔ ࠆޕ
11.ߘߩઁ ٤ᣥ ߆ࠄߩਥߥᄌᦝὐߩ ߟ߇ࡌࠬࠗࡦߩ⸳ቯߦ㑐ߔ
ࠆ⺑ߩ⚦ൻߢࠅޔࡌࠬࠗࡦߦߟߡߪ 1 ┨ࠍ⸳
4㧕ࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦߩⷐԛ㧔㒐ἴ㧕
ࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦฬ Guidelines for Benefit –Cost Analysis
⊒ⴕ⠪ ㅪ㇌✕ᕆᘒ▤ℂᐡ㧔Federal Emergency Management Agency㧕
⊒ⴕᐕ 2006ᐕ
㧝㧚ኻ⽎ᬺ ٤ 㔡 ޔ Ἣ ἴ ޔ ᵩ ᳓ ޔ ࡂ ࠤ ࡦ ߥ ߤ ޔ ਥ ⷐ ߥ ⥄ ὼ ἴ ኂ ኻ ╷ ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻
㧞㧚⹏ଔߩᤨᦼ ٤⥄ὼἴኂኻ╷ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩታᣉ೨
㧟㧚ઍᦧ᩺ߩᬌ⸛ߩή ٤ ࠟ ࠗ ࠼ ࠗ ࡦ ో ࠍ ㅢ ߒ ߚ ਛ ߢ ߪ ⸥ タ ߪ ߥ ߇ ޔ ࡂ ࠤ ࡦ ኻ ╷ ࡊ ࡠࠫ ࠚ ࠢ ࠻ ߦ߅ ߌ ࠆ ࠴ ࠚ࠶ ࠢ ࠬ ࠻ߦ ߅ ߡ ޔ
↪ น ⢻ ߥ ઍ ᦧ ᩺ 㧔available options㧕 ࠍ ↪ ߥ ߇ ࠄ ޔ ࡊ ࡠ ࠫ
ࠚ ࠢ ࠻ ೨ ߣࡊ ࡠ ࠫ ࠚ ࠢ࠻ ᓟ ߩ ៊ უ₸ ࠍ ᳞ ࠆߎ ߣ ߣ ߥ ߞ ߡ ࠆޕ
㧠㧚ଢ⋉㗄⋡ ٤ ᧪ ⊛ ߦ ࿁ ㆱ ߐ ࠇ ࠆ ᬺ ታ ᣉ ೨ ߩ ἴ ኂ ࠬ ࠢ ߣ ߐ ࠇ ߡ ࠆޕ
٤ ἴ ኂ ࠬ ࠢ ࠍ ᭴ ᚑ ߔ ࠆ ⾗ ↥ ߪ ޔ ᑪ ‛ ߩ ⒳ 㘃 ޔ ᑪ ‛ ߩ ᚲ ߔ ࠆ ࠛ ࠕ ޔᑪ ‛ ଔ ୯ ޔᐥ 㕙 Ⓧ ޔ 㓏ᢙ ޔ 㧝 㓏 ㇱಽ ߩ ᮡ 㜞 ޔ ࠨ ࡆ ࠬߩ ଔ ୯ ޔ භ ₸ ޔ ᨋߩ ଔ ୯ ޔ ࡊࡠ ࠫ ࠚ ࠢ ࠻ ၞ ߢ ߩ ઁ ߩ⾗ ↥ ޔ ߅ ࠃ߮ ៊ ᄬ ⾗ ↥ᯏ ⢻ ࠍ ၮ ߦ᳞ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߣ ߐࠇߡࠆޕ
٤ ฦ ⾗ ↥ ߦ ߟ ߡ ߪ ޔFEMA߇ ឭ ଏ ߔ ࠆCDߦ ࠃ ࠅ ޔ ା 㗬 ᕈ ߩ
ࠆᮡḰ⊛ߥⷙቯ୯߇⸳ቯߐࠇߡࠆޕ
4-1 ⅣႺ߳ߩᓇ㗀 ٤ ⏕ ߥ ⸥ タ ߪ ߥ ߇ ޔ ࿁ ㆱ ߐ ࠇ ࠆ ἴ ኂ ࠬ ࠢ ߩ ৻ 㗄 ⋡ ߩ ਛ
ߦޟᨋߩଔ୯ޠ߇ߍࠄࠇߡࠆޕ 4-2 ↢ஜᐽ߳ߩᓇ㗀
㧔⛔⸘⊛↢ଔ୯㧕
٤ᱫ࿁ㆱߪ271ਁ࠼࡞ޔ㊀்࿁ㆱߪ1ਁ5,600࠼࡞ޔシ்࿁
ㆱߪ1,560 ࠼࡞㧔ߕࠇ߽ 2001 ᐕଔᩰ㧕߇␜ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅޔ ߎࠇߦࠗࡦࡈᜰᢙࠍ߆ߌߡಽᨆᐕߩଔ୯ࠍ▚ߔࠆޕ ٤ ߚ ߛ ߒ ޔ ↢ ߩ ో ࠍ ଢ ⋉ ߦ ട ߃ ࠆ ႐ ว ߪ ޔ ᒰ ࡊ ࡠ ࠫ ࠚ
ࠢ ࠻ ߣ ᧪⊛ ߦ 㒐 ߇ ࠇࠆ ᱫ ⽶் ߣ ߩ 㑆 ߩ⋥ ធ ⊛ ߥ 㑐 ଥ ࠍ ⏕ ߦ ⸥ㅀ ߒ ߥ ߌ ࠇ߫ ߥ ࠄ ߥ ޕ ޟ ㋕ ⎔ ᳓߿ ࠳ ࡓ ᚻ ߩ ៊ უ ࠍ 㒐ᓮ ߔ ࠆ ⒟ ᐲߩ ࡊ ࡠ ࠫ ࠚࠢ ࠻ ߢ ߪ ޔ↢ ߩ ో ߇ ⏕ ߐ ࠇ ࠆ ଢ ⋉ ߪ ޔ ή ⷞ ߢ ߈ ࠆ ߆ ሽ ߒ ߥ ࡌ ࡞ ߢ ࠆޠߣߒߡࠆ
16 ޕ
4-3 ᱷሽଔ୯ ٤⸥タߥߒ
㧡㧚ଢ⋉ߩ⸘᷹ᚻᴺ ٤ἴኂࠬࠢߪᰴᑼߦࠃࠅ࠼࡞ࡌࠬߢᝒ߃ࠆޕ ἴኂࡌ࡞⊒↢⏕₸ἴኂߦᤴߐࠇࠆ⾗↥
٤ᵩ᳓ߩ႐วޔἴኂࡌ࡞⊒↢⏕₸ߪޔޟ1-10ᐕߦ৻ᐲޠޔ
ޟ10-50ᐕߦ৻ᐲޠޔޟ50-100ᐕߦ৻ᐲޠಽߌࠄࠇߡࠆޕ ٤ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߦࠃߞߡ࿁ㆱߢ߈ࠆἴኂࠬࠢࠍ․ቯߔࠆޕ ٤ ᔅ ⷐ ߦ ᔕ ߓ ߡ ᱫ ⽶ ் ࿁ ㆱ ଢ ⋉ ߿ ޔ ⊛ ࠨ ࡆ ࠬ ᱛ ߦ
ࠃࠆ៊ᄬޔ⻉ᯏ⢻ਇోߦࠃࠆ៊ᄬࠍട߃ࠆޕ
16
㧢㧚⾌↪㗄⋡ ٤ ࡊ ࡠ ࠫ ࠚ ࠢ ࠻ ⾌ ↪ ߦ ߟ ߡ ߪ ޔ ✚ ⾌ ↪ ࠍ ⸘ ߔ ࠆ ᔅ ⷐ ߇
ࠅޔFEMA ߿ㅪ㇌⽶ᜂಽߩߺࠍ⸘ߔࠆߩߢߪߥޔߣㅀ
ߴࠄࠇߡࠆޕ
㧣㧚⹏ଔኻ⽎ᦼ㑆 ٤ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻߇ലജࠍ⊒ើߔࠆᦼ㑆㧔Project Useful Life㧕 ٤ ౕ ⊛ ߥ ᦼ 㑆 ߪ ޔ ࡊ ࡠ ࠫ ࠚ ࠢ ࠻ ࠲ ࠗ ࡊ ߦ ᧄ ࠟ ࠗ ࠼ ࠗ ࡦ
ᧃ የ ߩ ࠴ ࠚ࠶ ࠢ ࠬ ࠻ߦ ␜ ߐ ࠇ ߡ ࠆ ޕ ߃߫ ޔ ዬ ᡷ ㅧ
ߪ30ᐕޔ࠳ࡓߪ50ᐕޔ឴᳓ᯏߪ50ᐕߥߤ㧔ේ࠺࠲ߪޔ
FEMA(1996) ’How to Determine Cost-Effectiveness of Hazard Projects’ޔ⇛⒓”FEMA Yellow Book”㧕ޕ
㧤㧚␠ળ⊛ഀᒁ₸ ٤OMB߇⟵ോઃߌߡࠆ㧑ߩ␠ળ⊛ഀᒁ₸ࠍ↪ߥߌࠇ߫ߥ ࠄߥޕ
㧥 㧚 ࠬ ࠢ ਇ ⏕ ታ ᕈ ߩ ᛒ㧔ᗵᐲಽᨆ㧕
٤⸥タߥߒ
10㧚⹏ଔ⚿ᨐߩ␜ᣇᴺ ٤ ⾌ ↪ ଢ ⋉ ಽ ᨆ ߩ ᦨ ⚳ ⋡ ᮡ ߪ ⾌ ↪ ଢ ⋉ Ყ ࠍ ▚ ߔ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߢ
ࠅޔB/C҈1.0ߢࠆߎߣ߇ല₸ᕈߩၮḰߣߥߞߡࠆޕ
٤FEMAߢߪޔ⚻㛎B/Cߩ୯߇10ࠍ߃ࠆ႐วߪޔ࠺࠲߿
ಽᨆᣇᴺߦ⺋ࠅ߇ࠆน⢻ᕈ߇㜞ޔߣߒߡࠆޕ
11.ߘߩઁ ٤ ㅪ㇌ 㒐ἴኻ ᔕ ᬺߩ⾌ ↪ ଢ⋉ಽᨆ ࠍⴕ ߁႐ว ޔFEMA ߇ ᛚ
ߒ ߚ ᣇ ᴺ⺰ ߅ ࠃ ߮ ࠰ࡈ ࠻ ࠙ ࠚ ࠕࠍ ↪ ߡ ⸘▚ ࠍ ⴕ ࠊ ߥ ߌ
ࠇ߫ߥࠄߥޕ⾌↪ଢ⋉ࠍታᣉߔࠆߦ㓙ߒߡޔFEMA ߪ
㔡 ޔ Ἣ ἴ ޔᵩ ᳓ ߥ ߤ ਥⷐ ߥ ⥄ ὼ ἴኂ ኻ ╷ ࡊ ࡠࠫ ࠚ ࠢ ࠻ ߦ ኻ
ᔕߒߚ࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕ”FEMA Mitigation BCA Toolkit CD”ࠍ↪
ᗧ ߒ ߡ ࠆޕ ⾌ ↪ ଢ ⋉ಽ ᨆ ߪ ޔ ߎߩ ࠰ ࡈ ࠻ ࠙ࠚ ࠕ ࠍ ↪ ߡ ⸘ ▚ ߔ ࠆ ࠃ߁ ߦ ᅑ ബ ߐࠇ ߡ ߅ ࠅ ޔߘ ࠇ એ ᄖ ߩ࠰ ࡈ ࠻ ࠙ ࠚ ࠕ
ࠍ↪ࠆ႐วߦߪFEMAߩᛚ߇ᔅⷐߣߥࠆޕ
٤FEMA ߩ ࡕ ࠫࡘ ࡞ߢ ߪޔ ฦ ⾗↥ ߦߟ ߡޔ ା㗬 ᕈߩ ࠆ
ᮡ Ḱ ⊛ ߥ ⷙቯ ୯ ߇ ⸳ ቯߐ ࠇ ߡ ࠆޕ ߹ ߚ ޔ ⥄ὼ ἴ ኂ ߩ ⒳ 㘃 Ფ ߦ ⇣ ߥ ࠆࡕ ࠫ ࡘ ࡞ޔ ࠺ ࠲ ߇↪ ᗧ ߐ ࠇ ߡ߅ ࠅ ޔ ᵩ ᳓ ኻ ╷ ࡊ ࡠ ࠫ ࠚࠢ ࠻ ߩ ࠺ ࠲ ࠍ 㔡 ኻ╷ ࡊ ࡠ ࠫ ࠚࠢ ࠻ ߿ ࡂ ࠤ ࡦኻ╷ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߦㆡ↪ߒߡߪߥࠄߥޕ
٤ ⹏ ଔ ᜂ ᒰ ⠪ ߪ ޔFEMA ߩ ᣇ ㇱ ዪ ߿ ࡋ ࡞ ࡊ ࠗ ࡦ ࠍ ㅢ ߓ
ߡޔߎߩCDࠍᚻߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕ
٤FEMA ߢ ߪ ޔㅊ ട⊛ߥ ⺑ ߥ ߒߦ ޔ⾌ ↪ଢ⋉ ಽᨆ ᜂᒰ ⠪ ߇
ឭ ߒ ߚ ᦠ㘃 ߿ ࠕ ࡊ ࠤ ࠪ ࡚ ࡦࠍ ߞ ߡ ⸘▚ ⚿ ᨐ ࠍ ౣ ߢ ߈ ࠆ ࡌ࡞ ࠍ ᳞ ߡ߅ ࠅ ޔ ߘ ߩߚ ߦ ߪ ޔᦠ 㘃 ߪ 㔚 ሶ ᇦ ߢ ߩ ឭ ߇ ᒝ ߊ ផ ᅑߐ ࠇ ߡ ࠆޕ ߥ ߅ ޔ ⚿ᨐ ߩ ⷐ ⚂ ࡐ ࠻ߛߌߢߪਇቢోߢࠆޔߣߐࠇߡࠆޕ
5㧕ࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦߩⷐԜ㧔㒐ⴡ⺞㆐㧕
ࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦฬ U.S. Army Cost Benefit Analysis Guide
⊒ⴕ⠪ ☨ ࿖ 㒽 ァ 㧔Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the
Army㧕
⊒ⴕᐕ 2011ᐕ
㧝㧚ኻ⽎ᬺ ٤ ․ ቯ ߩ ᬺ ࠍ ኻ ⽎ ߦ ߒ ߚ ࠟ ࠗ ࠼ ࠗ ࡦ ߪ ߥ ޕ ᬺోߡࠍኻ⽎ߦ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߦߟߡ⸃⺑ߒߡࠆޕ
㧞㧚⹏ଔߩᤨᦼ ٤ᬺታᣉߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧᕁቯࠍⴕ߁೨Ბ㓏
㧟㧚ઍᦧ᩺ߩᬌ⸛ߩή ٤ઍᦧ᩺ߦߟߡߪޔ⁁㧔Status Quo㧕ߩઁޔ⚵❱ߩ ⋡ᮡߦᾖࠄߒߡⶄᢙ⸳ቯߔࠆߎߣࠍ᳞ߡࠆޕઍ ᦧ᩺ߩ⸳ቯᢙߦߟߡ⏕ߥᜰቯߪߥ߇ޔ᩺ߦ߅ߡ ㊀ⶄ߇ߥߎߣ߇᳞ࠄࠇߡࠆޕ
㧠㧚ଢ⋉㗄⋡ ٤ᧄࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦߢߪଢ⋉㗄⋡ࠍએਅߩࠃ߁ߦ␜ߒߡࠆޕ 㧨㊂⊛ᛠី㧪
⽷ോ㧦 ⾌↪ߩᷫޔ▵⚂ޔᱦߩჇടޔ↢↥ᕈߩะ
㕖 ⽷ ോ 㧦 ↢ ↥ ‛ ޔ 㘧 ⴕ ᤨ 㑆 ㆇ ㅍ ᤨ 㑆 ޔ ₸ 㧔 ࠪ ࠬ
࠹ ࡓ ߩ ା 㗬 ᕈ 㧕 ޔ ࠛ ⊒ ↢ ₸ ޔ ࡔ ࡦ ࠹ ࠽ ࡦ ࠬ ᤨ 㑆 ޔ ᱜ ⏕ᕈᤨቱᕈޔᬺ❣ലᕈ
㧨⾰⊛ᛠី㧪
ࡕ࡞ޔ឵ᕈޔ⾰ޔోޔḰኻᔕ⁁ᴫ 4-1 ⅣႺ߳ߩᓇ㗀 ٤⸥タߥߒ
4-2 ↢ஜᐽ߳ߩᓇ㗀
㧔⛔⸘⊛↢ଔ୯㧕
٤⸥タߥߒ
4-3 ᱷሽଔ୯ ٤⸥タߥߒ
㧡㧚ଢ⋉ߩ⸘᷹ᚻᴺ ٤ ଢ ⋉ ߩ ᷹ ቯ ᣇ ᴺ ߦ 㑐 ߔ ࠆ ᛛ ⴚ ⊛ ߥ ⸥ タ ߪ ߥ ߊ એ ਅ ߩ ࠃ ߁ ߦᣇᴺ⺰߇⸥タߐࠇߡࠆޕ
㧨㊂⊛ᛠី㧪
㊄ ㌛ ␜ ޔ ᢙ ㊂ ␜ ޔ ࡄ ࡦ ࠻ ␜ ߇ ࠆ ޕ ㊂ ⊛ ߦ ᛠ ី น ⢻ ߥ ଢ ⋉ ߪ ⾌ ↪ ▚ ቯ ߩ ࡊ ࡠ ࠬ ߣ ห ᭽ ߦ ޔ ࠺ ࠲ ߩ ᚲ ᩮ ߇ ․ ቯ ⏕ ߢ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߇ ᳞ ࠄ ࠇ ࠆ ޕ ߹ ߚ ࠺ ࠲ ߪ ࠗ ࡦ ࡈ ₸ ࠍ ប 㒰 ߒ ߚ ഀ ᒁ ₸ ࠍ ㆡ ↪ ߒ ߚ ታ ⾰ ࡌ ࠬ ߢ ߩ ଔ ୯ ߳ ߩ ឵ ▚ ߦ ࠃ ߞ ߡ ␜ ߐ ࠇ ࠆ ߴ ߈ ߢ ࠆ ޕ ଢ ⋉ ߩ ╷ ቯ ߦ ߪ ቯ ߣ ್ ᢿ ߇ ߁ ޕ ߘ ࠇ ࠄ ߪ ᗧ ᕁ ቯ ⠪ ߦ ኻ ߒ ߡ ␜ ߐ ࠇ ߥ ߌ ࠇ ߫ ߥ ࠄ ߥ ޕ ߹ ߚ ޔ ଢ ⋉ ߩ ੑ ㊀⸘▚ߦߪ⇐ᗧߔࠆߎߣ
㧨⾰⊛ᛠី㧪
㊂ ⊛ ߦ ᛠ ី ߇ ᧪ ߥ ⾰ ⊛ ߥ ଢ ⋉ ߦ ߟ ߡ ߪ ޔ ߹ ߕ ઍ ᦧ ᩺ Ფ ߦ ߘ ࠇ ࠄ ࠍ ࠬ ࠻ ൻ ߔ ࠆ ޕ ᰴ ߦ ޔ ⋡ ᮡ ߦ ᾖ ࠄ ߒ ߡ ㊀ ⷐ ᐲ ߦ ᔕ ߓ ߡ ଢ ⋉ ࠍ 㗅 ઃ ߌ ߔ ࠆ ޕ ߘ ࠇ ࠄ ߩ ଢ ⋉ ߦ ߟ ߡ⋡ᮡ߳ߩ⽸₂ᐲวߩⷞὐ߆ࠄᢛℂߔࠆޕ
߇ ࠆ ޕ ઁ ߦ ⾌ ↪ ಽ ᨆ ߦ ߅ ߡ ߪ ޔ ࿕ ቯ ⾌ ↪ ߣ น ᄌ ⾌ ↪ ߿ ޔ ৻ ᐲ ߈ ࠅ ߩ ⾌ ↪ ߣ ⶄ ᢙ ࿁ ⊒ ↢ ߔ ࠆ ⾌ ↪ ޔ ߣ ߞ ߚ ಽ 㘃 ߇ ࠆ ޕ ߕ ࠇ ߦ ߖ ࠃ ޔ ో ߡ ߩ ⾌ ↪ ࠍ ߒ ߡ ା 㗬 ߢ ߈ࠆ࠺࠲ߦࠃߞߡಽᨆߔࠆߎߣ߇㊀ⷐߣߥࠆޕ
٤߹ߚޔ⾌↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆ࠺࠲ߪ GAO ߩࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦߦࠃࠆ
ߣ ޟ ᢥ ᦠ ൻ ޠ ޔ ޟ ✚ ว ൻ ޠ ޔ ޟ ᱜ ⏕ ᕈ ޠ ޔ ޟ ା 㗬 ᕈ ޠ ߇ ᳞ ࠄ ࠇ ߡ ߅ ࠅ ߎ ࠇ ࠄ ࠍ 〯 ߹ ߃ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߇ ㊀ ⷐ ߣ ᜰ ៰ ߐ ࠇ ߡࠆޕ
ޟ ᢥ ᦠ ൻ ޠ 㧦 ⾌ ↪ ផ ⸘ ߦ 㑐 ࠊ ࠆ ࠺ ࠲ ߩ ᚲ ޔ ផ ⸘ ᣇ ᴺ ޔ ߘ ࠇ ࠄ ߩ ㆬ ቯ ℂ ↱ ߦ ߟ ߡ ߪ ᢥ ᦠ ߦ ࠃ ࠅ ␜ ߐ ࠇ ࠆ ߎߣ
ޟ ✚ ว ൻ ޠ 㧦 ⾌ ↪ ߦ 㑐 ߔ ࠆ ࠺ ࠲ ߪ ࡕ ޔ ࠳ ࡉ ߇ ߥ ߎߣ
ޟ ᱜ ⏕ ᕈ ޠ 㧦 ࠺ ࠲ ߪ ㆊ ᐲ ߦ ᘕ ㊀ ߔ ߉ ߕ ޔ ߆ ߟ ᭉ ⷰ ⊛ ㆊ ߉ߥޔᱜ⏕ߥ࠺࠲ߣߔࠆߎߣ
ޟ ା 㗬 ᕈ ޠ 㧦 ࠺ ࠲ ಽ ᨆ ߩ ೨ ឭ ߿ ਇ ⏕ ታ ᕈ ޔ ࡃ ࠗ ࠕ ࠬ ╬ ࠍឭ␜ߔࠆߎߣ
㧣㧚⹏ଔኻ⽎ᦼ㑆 ٤⸥タߥߒ
㧤㧚␠ળ⊛ഀᒁ₸ ٤ㆡಾߥഀᒁ₸ࠍ↪ߔࠆߎߣޔߣ⸥タߐࠇޔᾖળవߣߒ ߡOMBㅢ㆐A-94㧔Circular A-94㧕߇␜ߐࠇߡࠆޕ 㧥 㧚 ࠬ ࠢ ਇ ⏕ ታ ᕈ ߩ
ᛒ㧔ᗵᐲಽᨆ㧕
٤ ࠬ ࠢ ಽ ᨆ 㧔Sensitivity Analysis㧕 ߪ ޔ ⾌ ↪ ଢ ⋉ ޔ ಽ ᨆ
ߩ ቯ ╬ ޔ ⾌ ↪ ଢ ⋉ ಽ ᨆ ߩ ⚿ ᨐ ߦ ਈ ߃ ࠆ ᓇ 㗀 ߩ ᄌ ൻ ᐲ ว ࠍ ಽ ᨆ ߒ ߡ ޔ ↢ ߓ ᓧ ࠆ ᄌ ൻ ࠍ ੍ ᷹ ߔ ࠆ ߽ ߩ ߢ ࠆ ޕ ಽ ᨆ ⚿ ᨐ ߪ ᦨ ߽ ᗐ ቯ ߐ ࠇ ࠆ ⾌ ↪ ޔ ଢ ⋉ ޔ ቯ ߩ ߺ ࠍ ␜ ߔ ߩ ߢ ߪ ߥ ߊ ޔ ߘ ࠇ ࠄ ߩ ᓇ 㗀 ᐲ ว ߦ ᔕ ߓ ߡ ⶄ ᢙ ␜ ߐ ࠇ ࠆ ߴ ߈ߢࠆޕ
٤ ᬌ ⸛ ߦ ߅ ߡ ߪ ޔ ⚵ ❱ ౝ ㇱ ߢ ↢ ߓ ࠆ ᄌ ൻ ߣ ⚵ ❱ ᄖ ߆ ࠄ ߩ ᓇ 㗀 ߦ ࠃ ࠆ ᄌ ൻ ߦ ಽ ߌ ߡ ޔ ᗐ ቯ ߐ ࠇ ࠆ ࠪ ࠽ ࠝ ࠍ ᬌ ⸛ ߔ ࠆߎߣ
٤ ታ ᣉ ߩ ৻ ⥸ ⊛ ߥ ࡊ ࡠ ࠬ ߪ ޔ Ԙ ᗐ ቯ ߐ ࠇ ࠆ ᓇ 㗀 ߦ 㑐 ߔ ࠆ ⷐ ⚛ ࠍ ᢛ ℂ ߔ ࠆ ޔ ԙ ߘ ࠇ ߙ ࠇ ߩ ⷐ ⚛ ࠍ ઁ ߩ ⷐ ⚛ ࠍ ৻ ቯ ߦ ߒ ߚ ߢ ᄌ ൻ ߐ ߖ ޔ ߘ ߩ ᓇ 㗀 ᐲ ว ࠍ ផ ⸘ ߔ ࠆ ޔ Ԛ ᓇ 㗀 ߩ ᐲ ว ࠍ 〯 ߹ ߃ ߡ ઍ ᦧ ᩺ Ფ ߦ ౣ ᐲ 㗅 ઃ ߌ ࠍ ⴕ ߁ޕ
10㧚⹏ଔ⚿ᨐߩ␜ᣇᴺ ٤⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩ⚿ᨐߪޔᧄࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦߦ␜ߐࠇߡࠆ 8
ߟߩࠬ࠹࠶ࡊߦᓥߞߡ⸥タߔࠆߎߣ߇᳞ࠄࠇߡࠆޕ Ԙ㗴⺖㗴
ԙಽᨆኻ⽎ޔ⸘▚ߩᩮㆊ⒟ Ԛઍᦧ᩺ߩ⸳ቯ
ԛઍᦧ᩺Ფߩ⾌↪ߩផ⸘
Ԝቯ㊂⊛ޔ㕖ቯ㊂⊛ߥଢ⋉ߩ․ቯ ԝઍᦧ᩺ߩㆬቯၮḰ
Ԟઍᦧ᩺ߩᲧセ ԟ⚿ᨐߣ൘๔
㧔3㧕╷ಽ㊁⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩታᣉ
એਅߩ࿑ߢߪޔ☨࿖ߩਛᄩᐭᣇᐭ߇ታᣉߒߚ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩߩⷐࠍ⚫ߔࠆޕ
࿑ ☨࿖ᐭߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ ࠲ࠗ࠻࡞ ㅪ ⇟ ᐕ ේᢥ ㇌⸶
ಽᨆߩ⋡⊛ ಽᨆ⚿ᨐ ಽ㘃
1 2010
EPA(2010)
’Cost and Benefit Changes Since Proposal for Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources and Emission Guidelines for Existing Sources: Sewage Sludge Incineration Units’
ᣂⷙළ႐ߩᕈ⢻߮ ᣢሽළ႐ߩឃࠟࠗ ࠼ࠗࡦᄌൻએ㒠ߩ⾌ ↪ଢ⋉ߩᄌൻ㧦ਅ᳓ ᳪᵆߩළ࡙࠾࠶࠻
ᄢ᳇ᵺൻᴺ╙129᧦ߪޔ࿕ᒻᑄ᫈‛ߩ⒳
㘃Ფߦޔᣂⷙߩළ႐ߩᕈ⢻ၮḰ߮ᣢ ሽߩළ႐ߩឃࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦࠍ╷ቯߔ
ࠆߎߣࠍ᳞ߡࠆޕEPAߢߪޔߎࠇ߹
ߢߦක≮ᑄ᫈‛߿ᗵᨴᕈᑄ᫈‛╬ޔⶄᢙ ߩᑄ᫈‛ߦኻߔࠆၮḰࠍ╷ቯߒߚ߇ޔᳪ ᵆߦ㑐ߔࠆၮḰߪ⥸ߪߓߡ╷ቯߔࠆ
ߎߣߣߥߞߚޕEPAߢߪޔၮḰឭ᩺ߦ
߁RIAࠍ2010ᐕ9ߦߒߚ߇ޔ⊒
ᏓߦߚߞߡRIAࠍᦝᣂߔࠆߎߣߦߥ
ࠅޔ⾌↪߮ଢ⋉ߦߟߡ߽ᦝᣂߒߚޕ
EPAߪ3ઙߩઍᦧ᩺ࠍಽᨆߒޔߘߩ߁ߜ1ઙ ࠍផᅑ᩺ߣߒߡࠆޕ⾌↪ߪޔᛛⴚ⊛⾌↪ ߮␠ળ⊛⾌↪ߦߟߡಽᨆߒߡࠆޕଢ⋉ ߪޔኂ‛⾰ߩឃᷫߦࠃࠆஜᐽᡷༀߢ
ࠆޕⷙ߇ቢోታᣉߐࠇࠆ2015ᐕߩ⚐ଢ⋉ࠍ
2008ᐕߩ࠼࡞ଔ୯ߢ឵▚ߔࠆߣޔഀᒁ₸3㧑 ߢߪ37⊖ਁ㨪220⊖ਁ࠼࡞ޔ7㧑ߢߪ26⊖ਁ 㨪190⊖ਁ࠼࡞ߦߥࠆޕ
ԚⅣႺ
2 1987
EPA㧔1987) ’EPA's Use of Benefit-Cost Analysis: 1981-1986’
ޣ☨࿖㧝ޤ
EPAߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ ಽᨆߩ↪⁁ᴫ
GAO߇EPAߦࠃࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩᵴ↪ ߦߟߡᬌᩏߒޔ1984ᐕߦߒߚႎ๔ ᦠ
㧖
ߩ൘๔ࠍฃߌߡታᣉߐࠇߚ⺞ᩏޕ
EPAߦ߅ߌࠆ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩᵴ↪ߦᓇ㗀
ࠍਈ߃ࠆฦ⒳ᴺᐲ߮1981ᐕ㨪1986
ᐕߦታᣉߐࠇߚ15ઙߩ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆࠍ
ࡆࡘߒޔ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߩ⽸₂ߣ㒢⇇ ࠍ␜ߒߡࠆޕ
㧖Cost Benefit Analysis Can Be Useful in Assessing Environmental Regulations, Despite Limitations (GAO/RCED-84-62)"
EPAߢߪ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ߇ᰴߩࠃ߁ߥὐߦ⽸₂
ߒߡ߈ߚߣߒߡࠆ㧦Ԙⷙ╷ቯߦ߅ߌࠆᜰ ㊎ޔԙᣂߒઍᦧ᩺ߩㅊടޔԚ⾌↪ኻലᨐ߇ ૐઍᦧ᩺ߩ㒰ᄖޔԛ↥ᬺ㑆ߩᏅ⇣ࠍ〯߹߃ ߚઍᦧ᩺ߩ⺞ᢛޔԜᗧᕁቯߩᡰេޕ৻ᣇޔ ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߦߪޔ৻⥸ߦᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ㗴ߦ ࠃࠅޔ㒢⇇߇↢ߓࠆ㧦Ԙ⚻ᷣಽᨆ৻⥸ߦ↱᧪ ߔࠆ㗴ޔԙᖱႎਇ⿷ߣಽᨆᛛⴚߩਇߦࠃ ࠆ㗴ޔԚಽᨆߦ߅ߌࠆ⺋ࠅ߿⋭⇛ߦࠃࠆ 㗴ޕ߹ߚޔಽᨆ⾌↪߽㜞㗵ߦߥࠆޕಽᨆޔኻ
⽎ߣߒߚRIAߩ߁ߜޔ⾌↪ᖱႎ߇ᱷߞߡࠆ
12ઙߩᐔဋಽᨆ⾌↪ߪ675ජ࠼࡞ߢߞߚޕ
EPAߢߪޔߎߩࠃ߁ߥ㒢⇇߿⺖㗴ࠍ⼂ߒߥ
߇ࠄ߽ޔ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆߪଢߥ࠷࡞ߢࠆ ߣߒߡᒁ߈⛯߈ᵴ↪ߒߡߊᣇ㊎ߢࠆޕ
ԚⅣႺ
17
࠲ࠗ࠻࡞
ㅪ ⇟
ᐕ
ේᢥ ㇌⸶
ಽᨆߩ⋡⊛ ಽᨆ⚿ᨐ ಽ㘃
3 2009
FAA(2009)
’A Cost-Benefit Analysis for the Installation of Fire Suppression Systems in Cargo Compartments of Cargo Airplanes’
⽻ ‛ 㘧 ⴕ ᯏ ߦ ᶖ Ἣ ࠪ ࠬ ࠹ ࡓ ࠍ ᢛ ߔ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߩ ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ
(R.G.W. Cherry & Associates Limited ߳ߩ ᆔ⸤⺞ᩏ)
࿖ኅㅢోᆔຬળߪోߡߩ⽻‛㘧ⴕᯏ ߦᶖἫࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍᢛߔࠆࠃ߁ߦ൘๔ߒ ߡࠆޕ☨࿖ߩ⽻‛ᯏߩ᳢↪ᩰ⚊ᐶߢߪ
⸳⟎ߩ⟵ോઃߌߪߥޕFAAߢߪߎߩ൘
๔ࠍ〯߹߃ޔ⽻‛ᯏ߳ߩᶖἫࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ ዉࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆߚ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆࠍታᣉ ߒߡࠆޕ
⾌ ↪ ଢ ⋉ ಽ ᨆ ߩ ⚿ ᨐ ߪ ᶖ Ἣ ࠪ ࠬ ࠹ ࡓ ߩ ⸳ ⟎ ߇ ല ߢ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ࠍ ␜ ߒ ߡ ࠆ ޕ ᶖ Ἣ ࠪ ࠬ ࠹ ࡓ ⸳ ⟎ ߩ ଢ ⋉ ߣ ߒ ߡ ߪ ਸ਼ ോ ຬ ߩ ᱫ ߿ ㊀ ◊ ߥ ᕋ ᚒ ࠍ シ ᷫ ߢ ߈ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ޔ ⽻ ‛ ᯏ ߿ ⽻ ‛ ߳ ߩ ៊ ் ࠍ ૐ ਅ ߐ ߖ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߇ ߢ ߈ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ޔ ߩ ᑪ ‛ ╬ ߳ ߩ ⵍ ኂ ࠍ シ ᷫ ߢ ߈ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߥ ߤ ࠍ ข ࠅ ߍ ߡ ࠆ ޕ ⾌ ↪ ߣ ߒ ߡ ߪ ࡂ ࡠ ࡦ ဳ ᶖ Ἣ ࠪ ࠬ ࠹ ࡓ ߩ ⸳ ⟎ ߣ ㆇ ↪ ߩ ⾌ ↪ ߥ ߤ ߢ ࠆ ޕ ಽ ᨆ ߢ ߪ ⛔ ⸘ ⊛ ↢ ଔ ୯ 㧔VSL)ߩ ᔨ ࠍ ዉ ߒ ߡ ଢ ⋉ ࠍ ▚ߒߡࠆޕㆇャ⋭㧔DOT)ߪ5 ߟߩవⴕ⎇
ⓥߩ⚿ᨐࠍ2007 ᐕ୯ߦୃᱜߒޔߎࠇࠍᐔဋߒ
ߚ 580 ਁ࠼࡞ࠍᱫߒߚ႐วߩଔ୯ߣߒߡࠟ
ࠗ ࠼ ࠗ ࡦ ൻ
18
ߒ ߡ ߅ ࠅ ޔFAA ߽ ߎ ߩ ୯ ࠍ ↪ ߒ ߡ ࠆ ޕ ᬌ ⸛ ⚿ ᨐ ߪ ޔ ਸ਼ ോ ຬ ߣ ⽻ ‛ ᯏ ߥ ߤ ߦ ኻ ߔ ࠆ ଢ ⋉ ߇ ㊀ ⷐ ߥ ⷐ ⚛ ߣ ߥ ߞ ߚ ߎ ߣ ࠍ ႎ๔ߒߡࠆޕ
ԙ㒐ἴ
4 2008
DOT(2008)
’Vehicle-Infrastructure Integration (VII) Initiative Benefit-Cost Analysis’
〝ゞ⛔วࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ 㧔VII㧕ߩ⾌↪ଢ⋉ಽᨆ
ゞ ਔ - ࠗ ࡦ ࡈ ࠬ ࠻ ࠢ ࠴ ࡖ ߩ ⛔ ว 㧔VII㧕 ࠗ ࠾ ࠪ ࠕ ࠹ ࠖ ࡉ ߪ ޔ ゞ ਔ ߦ タ ߒߚㅢାᯏེߣ〝ߩறฃࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ ㅢ ߓ ߚ ࠼ ࠗ ࡃ ߳ ߩ ᖱ ႎ ⊒ ା ࠍ ㅢ ߓ ߡޔ㜞ㅦ〝ߩోᕈߣ࠻࠶ࡊ࠲ࠗࡓ ߩᄢߥᡷༀࠍ߽ߚࠄߔᣉ╷ߢࠆޕᧄ ⹏ଔᦠߪޔߎߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩᛩ⾗ߣߘࠇߦ ࠃߞߡᓧࠄࠇࠆଢ⋉ࠍ▚ቯߒߡޔᛩ⾗ߩ ᗧᕁቯߩ್ᢿߦᵴ↪ߔࠆߎߣࠍᗧ࿑ߒ ߡࠆޕߥ߅ޔߎߩᣉ╷ߪㅪ㇌ᐭޔ ᣇᐭޔ⥄േゞࡔࠞ╬ߩ᳃㑆ડᬺߦ
ࠃࠆPPPߩᨒ⚵ߺߦࠃߞߡታᣉߐࠇࠆข
⚵ߢࠆޕ
ゞਔ - ࠗࡦࡈࠬ࠻ࠢ࠴ࡖߩ⛔ว㧔VII㧕ࠗ ࠾ ࠪ ࠕ ࠹ ࠖ ࡉ ዉ ߦ ࠃ ࠆ ଢ ⋉ ߪ ޔ ߩ ᷫ ዋ ޔ ㅢ ⴕ ㊂ ߩ Ⴧ ᄢ ޔ ߘ ߩ ઁ ᳃ 㑆 ␠ ળ ߦ ኻ ߔ
ࠆࡐࠫ࠹ࠖࡉߥࠗࡦࡄࠢ࠻ࠍ឵▚ߒޔ442ం࠼
࡞ ޕ ઁ ᣇ ޔ ⾌ ↪ ߪ ࠗ ࡦ ࡈ ⾌ ↪ ޔ ゞ ਔ ߦ タ ߔ ࠆ ㅢ ା ᯏ ེ ޔ ࠪ ࠬ ࠹ ࡓ ߩ ࡔ ࡦ ࠹ ࠽ ࡦ ࠬ ⾌ ↪ ࠍߡ 273 ం࠼࡞ޔߔߥࠊߜ⚐ଢ⋉ߪ 169 ం ࠼ ࡞ ߢ ߞ ߚ ޕ ߹ ߚ ޔ ᗵ ᐲ ಽ ᨆ ߦ ߅ ߡ ߽
ᗐቯߒߚ 8 ߟߩࠪ࠽ࠝߩߕࠇ߽ଢ⋉߇⾌
↪ ࠍ ࿁ ࠆ ⚿ ᨐ ߢ ߞ ߚ ޕ ߥ ߅ ޔ ㅢ ⴕ ㊂ Ⴧ ᄢ ߦࠃࠆᤨ㑆ଔ୯ߪᣇߢ 1 ੱᒰߚࠅᤨ㑆 11.2
࠼࡞ޔㇺᏒㇱߢห 15.6 ࠼࡞߇ㆡ↪ߐࠇޔ⛔⸘
⊛↢ଔ୯ߪ৻ੱᒰߚࠅ 580 ਁ࠼࡞ߢ⸘▚ߐ
ࠇߡࠆޕ
Ԙ␠ળ ⾗ᧄ ԙ㒐ἴ
18
DOT(2008) ‘Revised Departmental Guidance:Treatment of the Value of Preventing Fatalities and Injuries in Preparing Economic Analyses’
