ɂɇɀȿɇȿɊɇɈ-ȽȿɈɎɂɁɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɇɂə
ɄȺɊɋɌȺ ɇȺ ɌȿɊɊɂɌɈɊɂɂ ɆɈɋɄȼɕ ɂ ɆɈɋɄɈȼɋɄɈȽɈ
ɊȿȽɂɈɇȺ ɆȿɌɈȾɈɆ ɆɇɈȽɈȼɈɅɇɈȼɈɃ ɋȿɃɋɆɈɊȺɁȼȿȾɄɂ
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚ-ɛɨɬ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.Ɉɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɟɞɚɧɢ-ɹɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɚɥɚɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ – ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɨ-ɫɭɮɮɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (ɬ.ɟ.ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɢɡ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɨɜ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ).
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɚɹ ɫɟɣɫɦɨɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ Ɋ ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɟ S ɜɨɥɧɵ.ɉɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɥɧɚɦɢ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɍȽȼ – ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ,ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦɢ – ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ.
ȼɨɥɧɵ S ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɤ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɬɟɤ-ɫɬɭɪɟ (ɬɪɟɳɢɧɧɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ,ɩɭɫɬɨɬɚɦ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.).
ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɫɟɣɫɦɨɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɨɣ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɬ.ɟ.ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɫ-ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ), ɱɬɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ (ɡɨɧ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɧɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɪɫɬɨ-ɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɟɣ). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɟɣɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɭɮɮɨɡɢɢ.
ɇɢɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ Ɇɨɫɤɜɵ ɢ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ.
ɋɟɣɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɣ (ɆɈȽɌ); ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɚɤɟɬɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵ-ɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɜɪɟ-ɦɟɧɚ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɥɧ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ)ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ,ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢ-ɤɢ.Ɋɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɣɫɦɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɭɞɚɪɵ ɦɨɥɨɬɚ (ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ Z ɢ Y) ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɣ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ,ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɟɬ ɬɨɧɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ. ɗɬɨ – ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɨ-ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ,ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, 0,1 – 0,2ɦ (ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ). ȼ ɡɢɦɧɟɟ ɜɪɟ-ɦɹ ɩɨɞ ɧɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɣ ɦɟɪɡɥɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 1 – 2ɦ;ɷɬɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɩɪɢɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ (ɉȼɋ) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɚɫ-ɮɚɥɶɬɨ-ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ “ɩɨɞɭɲɤɢ”.Ɉɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɨɥɧ P ɢ S ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ [6]: Vr # 4000ɦ/c, Vs # 2000 ɦ/ɫ.
ɉȼɋ,ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɦɚɥɭɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ,ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɦɟɧɟɟ 5% ɨɬ ɦɨɳɧɨ-ɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɱɚɦɨɳɧɨ-ɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ,ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ,ɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ – ɢ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ. Ɍɚɤ,ɧɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɹɯ ɜɨɥɧ S ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ Ʌɹɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɫ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɦ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ.
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɉȼɋ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɥɧ Ʌɹɜɚ,ɬ.ɤ.ɜɫɟ ɥɭɱɢ ɫ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢ-ɟɦ ɨɬ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɉȼ ( ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-ɧɨɫɬɢ ) ɭɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɟ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ.ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ,ɱɬɨ ɬɨɥ-ɳɢɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ – ɞɨ 0,1 – 0,2ɦ.
Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɨɥɧ Ʌɹɜɚ,ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɜ “ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ” (ɥɟɬɧɢɯ)ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɨɛ-ɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ,ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɱɪɟɡɜɵ-ɱɚɣɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɉȼɋ ɫ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨ-ɪɨɞɚɦɢ:
n = V2 / V1 = 280 / 2000 = 0,14
(ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ Vs = 280-300ɦ/c – ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɟɪɪɢɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ).
Ʌɭɱɟɜɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ (ɪɢɫ.1). ɉɪɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɨɬ ɉȼ (ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ)ɭɝɨɥ ɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɭ ɉȼɋ ɥɭɱɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ i1 = 80 ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ; ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ sin i1 t 0,98. ɉɪɢ n = 0,14 sini2#0,135, ɭɝɨɥ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ i2 = 7 – 8 ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ. Ʌɭɱɟɜɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ “ɡɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ” ɜ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ (ɪɢɫ.1);ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɝɨɞɨɝɪɚɮɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ,ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜ-ɧɨɦ,ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɭɱɚ ɜ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ.Ⱥ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɉȼɋ ɧɚ-ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ, ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɝɨɞɨɝɪɚɮɚ 't = tx – t0 ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ 't, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɉȼɋ.Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɝɨɞɨɝɪɚɮɚ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.1 ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ:
ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɉȼɋ 't = 0,065c, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɉȼɋ't = 0,021, ɬ.ɟ.ɜ 3 ɪɚɡɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ.
Ɋɢɫ. 1. Ʌɭɱɟɜɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɥɢɱɢɢɩɪɢɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ (ɉɆɋ)
ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ - ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ.ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ: h = 30ɦ, Vs = 280ɦ/ɫ , Vs (ɩɦɫ) = 2000 ɦ/ɫ, i 1 = ɭɝɨɥ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɭ ɉɆɋ, i 2 = ɭɝɨɥ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ,ɱɬɨ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ 3-ɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɯ:ɚ) V=0 (ɬ.ɟ.ɛɟɡ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɩɪɚ-ɜɨɤ Ʉɧɉ), ɛ) V = 280 ɦ/ɫ ( ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ȼɋɉ – ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ ), ɜ) V = 530 ɦ/c (ɪɚɫ-ɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ't = 0,021c; ɷɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ,ɨɧɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ).
Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.2.Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ ɜɧɢɡɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɚɦɩɥɢ-ɬɭɞ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɬɪɚɫɫ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ 3-ɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ.
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɟɣ ɫɢɧɮɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ “ɚ”ɢ
“c”,ɬ.ɟ.ɩɪɢ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ (ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ – ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɜɜɨ-ɞɚ Ʉɧɉ ɜ ɝɪɚɮɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ) ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ V = 530 ɦ/c,ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜɞɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ.ɏɭɞɲɢɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ (ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ȼɋɉ),ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ:ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨ-ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ “ɩɟɪɟɫɩɪɹɦɥɟɧɢɟ” ɝɨɞɨɝɪɚɮɨɜ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ (ɪɢɫ.2,ɜɧɢɡɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ)ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ “ɚ”, “c” ɢ ɧɚ 28% ɧɢɠɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ “ɜ”, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɧɟɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɟ ɜɜɨɞɚ Ʉɧɉ.ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɝɨɞɨɝɪɚɮɚ (ɤɨ-ɝɞɚ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɜɜɨɞɚ Ʉɧɉ),ɚ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨ-ɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ,ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜɞɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ (ɬ.ɟ. ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ȼɋɉ). ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɵɣ.
Ɋɢɫ. 2. ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɵ ɆɈȽɌ ( ɜɨɥɧɵ S ) ɫ Ʉɧɉ ɩɪɢ: a) V = 0 ( ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ) b) V = 280 ɦ/ɫ; c) V =530 ɦ/ɫ
ȼɧɢɡɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɫɫɵ
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɫɟɣɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ (ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɨɣ ɜɨɥɧ,ɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ,ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ).ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ 3 ɬɢɩɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ [2].
I ɬɢɩ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ:ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɤɚɹ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɢ-ɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɜɨɥɧɚ,ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ.ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɛɭɪɟ-ɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɜɵ-ɫɨɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ.ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɨɜ I ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.3.
Ɋɢɫ. 3.Ɋɚɡɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ
IIɬɢɩ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ:ɷɬɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɨɝ I ɬɢɩɚ,ɧɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɚɛɟɟ,ɯɨɬɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɹ ɢɯ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ,ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ.
ɉɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɟɣɫɦɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚɯ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤ-ɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɥɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɨɜ,ɫ ɱɟɦ ɫɜɹ-ɡɚɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ,ɨɛɥɨɦɤɨɜ ɩɨɪɨɞ,ɩɪɨɫɥɨɟɜ ɳɟɛɧɹ.ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɨɜ II ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.4.
Ɋɢɫ. 4. Ɋɚɡɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ
III ɬɢɩ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ,ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ, ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɨɜɚɥɨɜ, ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɪɨɧɨɤ.Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɧɟɡɚɩɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɨɥ-ɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ( ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɜɵɲɟɥɟ-ɠɚɳɢɯ ɸɪɫɤɢɯ ɝɥɢɧ,ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɟ ). ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɨɜ ɩɪɢ-ɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.5, 6, 7. ( ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɥɧ Ɋ ɢ S ɫɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɵ ɦɨɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɨɜ).
Ʉɚɪɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ:
- “ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɟ”ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ,ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɞ ɧɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜɨɞɨɭɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɥɨɣ ɸɪɫɤɢɯ ɝɥɢɧ); ɬɚɤɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ,ɩɨɤɚ ɩɨ ɬɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɧɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɚ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɨɭɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ,ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ,ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɪɚ ɢ ɞɪ.
- “ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ”ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ,ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɫ ɜɨ-ɞɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɇɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɭɮɮɨɡɢɢ ɭɤɚ-ɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ (ɍȽȼ)ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɢ –ɪɢɫ.5,6 (ɜɜɟɪɯɭ).ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɍȽȼ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɢ,ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞ ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɵɦ ɩɪɨɜɚɥɨɦ,ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɭɮɮɨɡɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ.Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɞɵ,ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɤɪɨɜɥɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ, ɨɛɥɚ-ɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɞɟɛɢɬɨɦ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɬɨɤɨɦ,ɱɬɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟ-ɪɢɚɥɚ.
Ɋɢɫ.5. Ɋɚɡɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɚɥɚ - ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɢ.ȼɧɢɡɭ ɪɚɡɪɟɡ ɧɚ ɜɨɥ-ɧɚɯ S, ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɸɪɵ ɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ,ɜɜɟɪɯɭ - ɪɚɡɪɟɡ ɧɚ ɜɨɥɧɚɯ Ɋ,
ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɍȽȼ
Ɋɢɫ. 5,ɚȽɪɚɮɢɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɨ-ɫɭɮɮɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɢ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ 3-ɟɣ ɏɨɪɨɲɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɭɥ.
Ɋɢɫ. 6.Ɋɚɡɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɤɚɪɫɬɚ,ɭɥ.Ɍɭɯɚɱɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, 17, ȼɧɢɡɭ ɪɚɡɪɟɡ ɧɚ ɜɨɥɧɚɯ S, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɸɪɵ ɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚ,ɜɜɟɪɯɭ - ɪɚɡɪɟɡ ɧɚ ɜɨɥɧɚɯ Ɋ,ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɍȽȼ
Ɋɢɫ. 7. Ɋɚɡɪɟɡ,ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɭɸ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɥɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ (ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ "ɋ"ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɩɤ 0 26). Ȼɨɥɨɬɧɚɹ ɭɥɢɰɚ
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.5 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɪɚɡɪɟɡ,ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ 3-ɟɣ ɏɨɪɨɲɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɭɥɢɰɟ,ɝɞɟ ɜ ɪɟ-ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɵ 2 ɞɨɦɚ (ɪɢɫ.5,ɚ). ȼ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫ.5 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɪɚɡɪɟɡ ɧɚ S ɜɨɥɧɚɯ,ɨɬɨɛɪɚɡɢɜɲɢɣ ɧɚɥɢ-ɱɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 35 – 40ɦ.;ɜɵɲɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɥɧɚɯ Ɋ,ɤɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ,ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɟɧ ɭɪɨ-ɜɟɧɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ ( ɍȽȼ ) ɫ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɨɣ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɜɚɥɨɦ.ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5,ɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɨ-ɫɭɮɮɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɞɨɦɨɜ
1,2. ɉɪɨɫɟɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɨ 2ɦ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ 2-ɯ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ, ɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 12 ɞɧɟɣ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.6. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɞ.17 ɩɨ ɭɥ.
Ɍɭɯɚɱɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ,ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɩɪɨɜɚɥ.ɇɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɢɤ-ɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ 3 ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɨ-ɫɭɮɮɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ:ɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɚ ɩɨ ɍȽȼ,ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɨɭɩɨɪɚ – ɸɪɫɤɢɯ ɝɥɢɧ,ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ (ɤɚɪ-ɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ)ɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɚɯ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚ.
ȿɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɨɜ III ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.7.Ɋɚɡɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɧɚ Ȼɨɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɭɥɢɰɟ; ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɢɞɧɚ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ “C” ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɚɯ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚ (ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɣ ɞɨɦ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɛɵɥ ɱɚɫ-ɬɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɧ).
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,ɩɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɍȽȼ,ɜɨɞɨɭɩɨɪɚ ɢ ɤɚɪɫɬɚ, ɩɪɨɫɥɟ-ɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɟ,ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɦ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɭɮɮɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ.
ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɭɮɮɨɡɢɢ,ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ,ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɚɦɩɥɢ-ɬɭɞɟ “ɩɪɨɝɢɛɚɧɢɹ”ɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɢ,ɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɩɨ ɫɟ-ɪɢɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ.
ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɨ-ɫɭɮɮɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ,ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ,ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ “ɱɢɫɬɨɣ”, ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɨɣ ɢɯ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɥɚɫ-ɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ,ɞɟɥɚɟɬ,ɩɨ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ,ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜ ɨɛɹɡɚ-ɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨ-ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɞ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1.Ȼɪɨɞɨɜ Ʌ.ɘ.,Ƚɢɧɨɞɦɚɧ Ⱥ.Ƚ.,ɏɭɞɨɛɢɧɚ Ʌ.ɇ Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɨɩɟ-ɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɟ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ.ȼɇɂɂȽɟɨɮɢɡɢɤɚ,1968.
2.Ƚɢɧɨɞɦɚɧ Ⱥ.Ƚ., Ƚɨɥɨɫɨɜ ȼ.ɉ., Ƚɪɚɧɢɬ Ȼ.Ⱥ.,Ƚɭɪɨɜɚ ȿ.Ⱥ. Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɪɫɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɹ-ɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɫɭɮɮɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ Ɇɨɫɤɜɵ ɢ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɫɟɣɫɦɨɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɢ.Ƚɟɨɮɢɡɢɤɚ,ȿȺȽɈ, 2009
3. Ƚɨɪɹɢɧɨɜ ɇ.ɇ, Ʌɹɯɨɜɢɰɤɢɣ Ɏ.Ɇ. ɋɟɣɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɜ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɣ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
Ɇ.,ɇɟɞɪɚ, 1979
4.Ʌɹɯɨɜɢɰɤɢɣ Ɏ.Ɇ., ɏɦɟɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ȼ.Ʉ.,əɳɟɧɤɨ Ɂ.Ƚ. ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɚɹ ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɤɚ //Ɇ. ɇɟɞɪɚ, 1967
5.ɉɭɡɵɪɟɜ ɇ.ɇ.ɉɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɜ ɫɟɣɫɦɨɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɟ.//Ɇ.,ɇɟɞɪɚ, 1967 6.ɋɟɞɨɜ Ȼ.Ɇ.ɋɟɣɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɵ.//Ɇ. ɇɚɭɤɚ, 1988
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ:ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɤɚ,ɫɟɣɫɦɨɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ,ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ,ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ, ɥɭɱɟ-ɜɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ,ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ,ɫɟɣɫɦɨɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɪɟɡ,ɤɚɪɫɬ,ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ.
Keywords: geophysics, seismic prospecting, the cross-section waves, the reflected waves, the beam scheme, kinematic amendments, a seismogeological cut, a karst, karstic cavities.
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜɢɱ Ƚɢɧɨɞɦɚɧ e-mail: [email protected],ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ: 8-915-145-76-77
Ȼɨɪɢɫ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɢɱ Ƚɪɚɧɢɬ e-mail: [email protected], ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ: 8-916-615-30-76 ɋɬɚɬɶɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ Ɋɟɞɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɋɨɜɟɬɨɦ «ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤɚ ɆȽɋɍ»
Ʉ ȼɈɉɊɈɋɍ ɈȻ ɈɐȿɇɄȿ ɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɆȿɏȺɇɂɁɆȺ ɈɏɊȺɇɕ ɈɄɊɍɀȺɘɓȿɃ ɋɊȿȾɕ
Ⱥ.Ⱦ. ɉɨɬɚɩɨɜ, ȿ.ȼ. ɒɭɛɢɧɚ, ɉ.Ɇ. ɀɭɤ
ɆȽɋɍ Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ.
Economic principles of approaches to an estimation of a state of environment are considered. Various ways of use of economic methods are shown at estimations of ecological risks of various manufactures. Directions «ecolosition» of manufactures in Russia are resulted.
ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɨɬ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.ɋɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɨɬ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨɛ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ «ɤɧɭɬɚ» ɛɟɡ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ. ɇɚɡɪɟɜɲɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɢɭɦɚ Ƚɨɫɫɨɜɟɬɚ ɊɎ 27 ɦɚɹ 2010 ɝɨɞɚ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɨɦ ɊɎ Ⱦ.Ⱥ. Ɇɟɞɜɟɞɟɜɵɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ [1]:
- ɤɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɨɤ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ;
- ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɢɡɵ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ;
- ɜɨɫɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ;
- ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɭɠɞ.
Ɋɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɘ.ɉ.Ɍɪɭɬɧɟɜɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ [1]:
1. ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɫ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɜɟɞɟɧ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨ ɫɚɦɵɦ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ ɢ ɜɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.
2. ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɫ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ,ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɨɬɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɫɜɟɪɯɥɢɦɢɬɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ,ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɨɦ,ɧɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɦɢɬɚ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ.
3. Ɉɫɨɛɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ.
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɧɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨɣ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɲɬɪɚɮɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɪɭɲɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ.ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ «ɉɨɪɹɞɤɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɡɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ», ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ 28 ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1992 ɝ. ʋ 632, ɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɟɪɯɥɢɦɢɬɧɨɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɡɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɦɢɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ,ɫɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɞ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɦɢɬɚɦɢ, ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɭɦɦ ɧɚ ɩɹɬɢɤɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ.ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭ Ɇɢɧɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɨɬ 16 ɮɟɜɪɚɥɹ 2010 ɝɨɞɚ ʋ 30 «Ɉɛ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɉɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɨɛɟɡɜɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ)»
(ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɜ Ɇɢɧɸɫɬɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ 20 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 2010 ɝɨɞɚ,ʋ16938 ɢ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ 04 ɦɚɹ 2010 ɝɨɞɚ) ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ, ɫɛɪɨɫ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɜɫɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɥɢɦɢɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɫɱɟɬɚ,ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ.ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ,ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ,ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ [2]. Ɋɚɧɟɟ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ. ȿɳɟ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 1990-ɵɯ ɝɝ.
ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɨɬ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ (ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ) ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ (ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɭ ɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ) [3].
ɗij = D·ǻGij·ɉj/ Xi·V·IJ·ɉȾɄi,
ɝɞɟ ǻGij–ɝɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ i-ɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɢɡ j-ɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ-ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ (ɉȾɄ); ɉj – ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ i-ɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɤ ɉȾɄ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ;ɏi – ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɡɨɧɵ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ (ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɤ ɟɟ ɉȾɄ); IJ – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɞɭ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ; V – ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ,ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɡɚ ɫɭɬɤɢ (ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ 15 ɦ3); D – ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ (ɜ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ), ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɦ,ɬɵɫ.ɪɭɛ./ɝɨɞ.
ɂɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ,ɫɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ.ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ,ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ.Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,ɭɱɟɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɟɧ ɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ, ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ. Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɦɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ,ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ,ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɤɫɵ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ,ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ,ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
ɉɨɞ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ, ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɭɱɟɬ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ,ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ.Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɢɫɤ – ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ (ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ)ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ [4]. ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ.
Ɋɢɫ. 1.ɋɯɟɦɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɨɬ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ.Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ: 1) ɛɢɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɝɚɭɫɫɨɜɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ; 2) ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ (ɧɟɝɚɭɫɫɨɜɵ) ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ Ȼɚɣɟɫɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɜɫɟ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɵ ɢ ɪɢɫɤɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ [5]. ɉɨɞɫɩɨɪɶɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɬ ɒɭɯɚɪɬɚ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬ,ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,ɩɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ,ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɭ). ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 2 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɚɬɵ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɳɟɪɛ ɨɬ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ.ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɭɱɟɬ ɮɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɚɡɨɬɚ,ɫɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɚɧɝɢɞɪɢɞ,ɡɨɥɚ, ɩɵɥɶ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ,ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ.
ɍɳɟɪɛ ɨɬ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɳɟɪɛɨɜ ɨɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ.ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɩɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚɦ. ɍɳɟɪɛ ɨɬ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɟɣ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɋɯɨɠɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ,ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɦɚɫɫɭ,ɨɛɴɟɦ, ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɤɥɚɫɫ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɹɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 2.Ʉɚɪɬɚ ɒɭɯɚɪɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɚɬɵ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɭ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɛɨɝɚɬɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ.ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ,ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 1 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɨɬ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ
Ƚɪɚɞɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɰɢɨ-ɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɝɪɚɞɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ,ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ.Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨ-ɜɚɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ
Ɉɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɤ ɪɚɡ-ɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣ-ɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ
ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɪɚɧɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ
ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɣ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ
ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ
ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɭɠɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ,ɩɨɱɜɭ,
ɜɨɞɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɸ ɭɳɟɪɛɨɜ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ.Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ ɭɳɟɪɛɨɜ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ,ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ 9 Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɵ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ ɨɬ 12 ɢɸɧɹ 1989 ɝ. ɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɪ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ (89/391/ȿȿɋ). ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ ɭɳɟɪɛɨɜ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2 Ƚɪɚɞɚɰɢɹ ɭɳɟɪɛɨɜ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ
ɍɦɟɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ Ʉɪɚɣɧɹɹ
Ʉɪɚɣɧɟ
ɧɟɜɟɪɨɹɬɟɧ ɇɟɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ 1 ɇɟɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ 1 ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ 2
ȼɟɪɨɹɬɟɧ ɇɟɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ 1 ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ 2 ȼɵɫɨɤɢɣ 3
ȼɵɫɨɤɨ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɟɧ ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ 2 ȼɵɫɨɤɢɣ 3 ȼɵɫɨɤɢɣ 3 ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɟ, ɬ.ɟ. ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛ.
ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡɭɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ,ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨ ɬɨɦ,ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɨɞɭ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɬɪɟɯ ɥɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɣ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɥɟɤɭɳɢɣ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɢɛɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɛɥɢɡɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ȼ.ɉɚɪɟɬɨ: «20 % ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɞɚɸɬ 80 % ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ,ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ 80 % ɭɫɢɥɢɣ — ɥɢɲɶ 20 % ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ».
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ,ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɯɪɚɧɭ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶ 100% ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ, ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɪ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 3 ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɡɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
Ɋɢɫ. 3.Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ «ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ – ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ»ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɉɚɪɟɬɨ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:
1. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
2. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ:
1. «Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɝɚɡɟɬɚ» – Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ʋ5194 (115) ɨɬ 28 ɦɚɹ 2010 ɝ.
2. Ȼɨɛɵɥɟɜ ɋ.ɇ., ɏɨɞɠɚɟɜ Ⱥ.ɒ. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. – Ɇ.: Ɍȿɂɋ, 1997
3. Ʌɭɤɟɪɱɟɧɤɨ ȼ.ɇ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɨɬ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ // ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ ɢ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ. ɗɤɫɩɪɟɫɫ-ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ (ɆȽɐɇɌɂ). ȼɵɩ. 12 – Ɇ., 1991
4.ȽɈɋɌ Ɋ 51898-02 Ⱥɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ.ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ 5. ɏɚɭɫɬɨɜ Ⱥ.ɉ., Ɋɟɞɢɧɚ Ɇ.Ɇ., ɇɟɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɉ., ɋɢɥɚɟɜ Ⱥ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɌɗɄ// ɗɧɟɪɝɨɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɚɯ,ʋ6, 2005
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ, ɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɹ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ,ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ
Keywords: the economic mechanism, ecological risks, gradation of a damage, influence on environment
ɋɨɚɜɬɨɪ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɱɥɟɧ Ɋɟɞɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɚ «ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤɚ ɆȽɋɍ»ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɞ.ɬ.ɧ.
ɉɨɬɚɩɨɜ Ⱥ.Ⱦ. e-mail: [email protected]