英語 IB 1A5 (=E1R86), 1L1 (=E1R05), 英語 IIB E2R40, 2011 L6

2011-12-01 (木)

英語

IB 1A5 (=E1R86), 1L1 (=E1R05) ,

IIB ^E2R40 , 2011

L6

http://clsl.hi.h.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~kkuroda/lectures/11B-KU/KU-2011B-L06-slides.pdf

黒田 航 (非常勤) substituting for 出口雅也 (非常勤)

連絡

1/2

✤ 2011年11月24日(木)の講義を12月27日(火)に振替え

✤ 2012年1月12日(木)は休講

✤ 2012月1月9日(月)から13日(金)まで松江で開催される Global WordNet Associationに参加

✤ 2012年2月2日が最終日=ボーナス試験 (L=13に相当)

✤ 出席する時間帯は自主的に変更してよいです

✤ 1,2時限目: 西棟共同12

✤ 3時限目: 西棟共同03

連絡

2/2

✤ Fast Readingのため

✤ 12月8日,15日,22日,27日は

✤ 共同東棟 22教室

✤ その後の2回は元の教室に戻る

✤ 2Rのみ

✤ 1月19,26日は The Feynman Lectures on Physicsの聴き取り

講義資料

✤ 聴き取り用の教材は次の Web ページから入手可能

✤ http://clsl.hi.h.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~kkuroda/lectures/KU-11B.html

✤ 授業時間外での予習や復習に利用して下さい

✤ 特にボーナス試験対策には有効でしょう

✤ 速読に関して完全に同じことはできませんが，工夫 します

本日の予定

✤ 前半60分

✤ L5の結果の報告と正解の解説

✤ 後半30分

✤ TEDを使った聴き取り訓練

✤ Aditi Shankardass: A Second Opinion on Learning Disorder (6分50秒)

✤ インド人女性

✤ 主題

✤ 非侵入性の診断装置 (e.g., EEG) を使って，脳の状態を直接計測し，

✤ 自閉症などの発達障害 (developmental disorders) の原因を正しく診断する

Date

L5

採点法

✤ 点数

✤ 完全正解 1.0 (◯で表示)

✤ 不完全解 0.5 (△で表示)

✤ 評価基準

✤ 素得点 S = ◯の数 + (△の数)/2

✤ 正答率 P = ◯の数/S

✤ 成績評価用の得点: S* = 100 × S/問題の総数 (e.g., 30)

✤ 採点誤りがあるかも知れません

✤ たし算を時々間違うので，該当者は報告して下さい

出題への評価

Q1: Quantity Q1: Quantity Q1: Quantity

Q1: Quantity Q2: DifficultyQ2: DifficultyQ2: DifficultyQ2: Difficulty

Av. Stdev Max Min Av. Stdev Max Min

1A5 2.57 0.79 4 1 2.43 0.59 3 1

2R 2.68 0.54 4 2 2.35 0.61 3 1

1L1 2.52 0.63 4 1 2.68 0.60 4 2

調査の回答は表に書いて下さい

平均得点の変遷

(L5

)

L5

1A5, 2R, 1L1

✤ 参加者: 83人

✤ 平均: 63.71

✤ 標準偏差: 12.10

✤ 最高: 86.67; 最低: 15.00

✤ 得点グループ数=1

L5

1A5

✤ 受講者数: 23人

✤ 平均: 66.52 [14.09/n] 点

✤ 標準偏差: 12.17 [ 4.24] 点

✤ 最高: 86.67/n [22.00] 点

✤ 最低: 40.00/n [ 5.50] 点

✤ n = 30

✤ 得点グループ数=4?

L5

2R

✤ 受講者数: 30人

✤ 平均: 58.22 [17.47/n] 点

✤ 標準偏差: 13.39 [ 4.02] 点

✤ 最高: 76.67 [23.00/n] 点

✤ 最低: 15.33 [ 2.00/n] 点

✤ n = 30

✤ 得点グループ数=3?

L5

1L1

✤ 受講者数: 30人

✤ 平均: 67.06 [20.12/n] 点

✤ 標準偏差: 8.54 [ 2.56] 点

✤ 最高: 83.33/n [25.00/n] 点

✤ 最低: 48.33/n [14.50/n] 点

✤ n = 30

✤ 得点グループ数=1

平均正答率の変遷

(L5

)

L5

1A5, 2R, 1L1

✤ 参加者: 83人

✤ 平均値: 0.64

✤ 標準偏差: 0.12

✤ 最高値: 0.85; 最低値: 0.20

✤ 正答率のグループ数=2

L5

1A5

✤ 参加者: 23人

✤ 平均: 0.69; 標準偏差: 0.11

✤ 最高: 0.85; 最低: 0.42

✤ 正答率のグループ数=3?

L5

2R

✤ 参加者: 30人

✤ 平均: 0.57; 標準偏差: 0.13

✤ 最高: 0.78; 最低: 0.20

✤ 正答率のグループ数=5?

L5

1L1

✤ 参加者: 30人

✤ 平均: 0.66; 標準偏差: 0.09

✤ 最高: 0.84; 最低: 0.51

✤ 正答率のグループ数=4?

L5

誤りの傾向

✤ 1. imagining => about, imagine, amazing

✤ 2. poisoning => poising, posing, poisning

✤ 3. plastics => plastic

✤ 4. toxic => tax, top(s), total (ly), talk

✤ 5. trash => trush, trach

✤ 6. finds => find

✤ 7. compatible =>

comparable

✤ 8. benzene => benzine, benjin, benzyn, bengine, venzine

✤ 9. power

✤ 10. talking => talk

✤ 11. packaging => package

✤ 12. molecular => molaculer, moluculate, moracular

✤ 13. mushrooms =>

mashrooms

✤ 14. grow => glow

✤ 15. biomass => biomas, biomath

✤ 16. vapor-resistant => __- resistant, vaper-resistant, paper-resistant

✤ 17. materials

✤ 18. organism => all, organizing, order

✤ 19. by-products => bio- product(s), biproducts, biopronics

✤ 20. share => show

✤ 21. pasteurizes => pastrizes, pasturizes

✤ 22. process

✤ 23. cycle => like, cicle, I go, I got

✤ 24. digest => adjust, against, guess

✤ 25. uses => used

✤ 26. improve => prove, proof

✤ 27. spread => spoil, spend, spent, spare(s)

✤ 28. incredible => incredibly, credible

✤ 29. ecosystems =>

ecosystem, systems

✤ 30. some => so, seen, saw, swell, sweet, soon, swell

語彙が足りないと思う人に

✤ TED講演に専門的な語が数多く出てきて，語彙を増やしたいと 思う人は多いはず

✤ でも

✤ 非専門の講演を一度聴いただけで全部理解したいというのはムリな希 望

✤ 講演を繰り返し聴いて講演を丸暗記するのが近道です

✤ 5回ぐらい聴けば，だいだいのことは暗記できます

✤ 言語を使いこなす力の本質は “理解” じゃなくて “暗記” です

✤ 重要単語集を見て，それを覚えても，皆さんが期待するほどの効果はな い

01/20

✤ So, I’d like to spend uh a few minutes with you folks today [1. imagining] what our planet might look like in a

thousand years.

✤ But before I do that, I need to talk to you about synthetic materials like plastics, which require huge amounts of

energy to create and, because of their disposal issues, are slowly [2. poisoning] our planet.

✤ I also want to tell you, and share with you, how my team and I have been using mushrooms over the last three years.

02/20

✤ Huh, not like that. (Laughter) We’re using mushrooms to create an entirely new class of materials, which perform a lot like [3. plastics] during their use, but are made from crop waste and are totally compostable at the end of

their lives.

✤ But first, I need to talk to you about what I consider one of the most egregious offenders in the disposable plastics category. This is a material you all know as Styrofoam, but I like to think of it as [4. toxic] white stuff.

03/20

✤ And in a single cubic foot of this material —about what would come around your computer or large television — you have the same energy content of about a liter and a half of petrol. Yet, after just a few weeks of use, you’ll throw this material in the [5. trash]. And this isn’t just found in packaging. 20 billion dollars of this material is produced every year, in everything from building

materials to surfboards to coffee cups to table tops. And that’s not the only place it’s found.

04/20

✤ The EPA estimates, in the United States, by volume, this material occupies 25 percent of our landfills. Even worse is when it [6. finds] its way into our natural environment —on the side of the road or next to a river. If it’s not picked up by a human, like me and you, it’ll stay there for thousands and thousands of years.

✤ Perhaps even worse is when it finds its way into our oceans, like in the great plastic gyre, where these materials are

being mechanically broken into smaller and smaller bits, but they’re not really going away.

05/20

✤ They’re not biologically [7. compatible]. They’re

basically fouling up Earth’s respiratory and circulatory systems.

✤ And because these materials are so prolific, because

they’re found in so many places, there’s one other place you’ll find this material, styrene, which is made from [8.

benzene], a known carcinogen. You’ll find it inside of you.

06/20

✤ So, for all these reasons, I think we need better materials, and there are three key principles we can use to guide

these materials.

✤ The first is feed-stocks. Today, we use a single feed-stock, petroleum, to heat our homes, [9. power] our cars and make most of the materials you see around you. We

recognize this is a finite resource, and it’s simply crazy to do this, to put a liter and a half of petrol in the trash

every time you get a package.

07/20

✤ Second of all, we should really strive to use far less energy in creating these materials. I say far less, because 10 percent isn’t gonna cut it. We should be [10. talking] about half, a quarter, one-tenth the energy content.

✤ And lastly, and I think perhaps most importantly, we should be creating materials that fit into what I call nature’s recycling system. This recycling system has been in place for the last billion years. I fit into it, you fit into it, and a hundred years tops, my body can return to the Earth with no

preprocessing.

08/20

✤ Yet that [11. packaging] I got in the mail yesterday is going to last for thousands of years, right? This is crazy.

✤ But nature provides us with a really good model here.

When a tree’s done using its leaves —its solar collectors,

these amazing [12 .molecular] photon capturing devices — at the end of a season, it doesn’t pack them up, take them to the leaf reprocessing center and have them melted down to form new leaves. It just drops them, the shortest distance possible, to the forest floor, where they’re actually upcycled into next year’s topsoil.

09/20

✤ And this gets us back to the mushrooms. Because in

nature, [13. mushrooms] are the recycling system. And what we’ve discovered is, by using a part of the

mushroom you’ve probably never seen —analogous to its root structure; it’s called mycelium —we can actually [14. grow] materials with many of the same properties of conventional synthetics.

10/20

✤ Now, mycelium is an amazing material, because it’s a self-assembling material. It actually takes things we

would consider waste —things like seed husks or woody [15. biomass] —and can transform them into a chitinous polymer, which you can form into almost any shape. In our process, we basically use it as a glue.

11/20

✤ And by using mycelium as a glue, you can mold things just like you do in the plastic industry, and you can create

materials with many different properties: materials that are insulating, fire-resistant, moisture-resistant, [16. vapor-

resistant] —materials that can absorb impacts, that can absorb acoustical impacts.

✤ But these materials are grown from agricultural by-

products, not made out of petroleum. And because they’re made of natural materials, they are 100 percent

compostable in you own backyard.

12/20

✤ So I’d like to share with you the four basic steps required to make these [17. materials]. The first is selecting a feed-stock, preferably something that’s regional, that’s in your area,

right —local manufacturing. The next is actually taking this feed-stock and putting in a tool, physically filling an

enclosure, a mold, in whatever shape you want to get. Then you actually grow the mycelium through these particles, and that’s where the magic happens, ’cause the [18. organism] is doing the work in this process, not the equipment. The final step is, of course, the product, whether it’s a packaging

material, a table top, or a building block.

13/20

✤ Our vision is local manufacturing, like the local food

movement, for production. So we’ve created formulations for all around the world using regional [19. by-products].

✤ If you’re in China, you might use a rice husk or a

cottonseed hull. If you’re in Northern Europe or North America, you can use things like buckwheat husks or oat hulls. We then process these husks with some basic

equipment. And I wanna [20. share] with you a quick video from our facility that gives you a sense of how this looks at scale.

14/20

✤ So what you’re seeing here is actually cotton hulls from Texas, in this case. So [it’s] a waste product. And what they’re doing in our equipment is going through a

continuous system, which cleans, cooks, cools and [21.

pasteurizes] these materials, while also continuously inoculating them with our mycelium. This gives us a continuous stream of material that we can put into

almost any shape, though. Today we’re making corner blocks. And it’s when this lid goes on the part, that the magic really starts.

15/20

✤ Because the main manufacturing [22. process] is our

organism. It’ll actually begin to digest these ag— wastes and, over the next five days, assemble them into

biocomposites. Our entire facility is comprised of

thousands and thousands and thousands of these tools sitting indoors in the dark, quietly self-assembling

materials —and everything from building materials to, in this case, a packaging corner block.

16/20

✤ So I’ve said a number of times that we grow materials. And it’s kind of hard to picture how that happens. So my team has taken five days-worth of growth, a typical growth [23.

cycle] for us, and condensed it into a 15-second time lapse.

✤ And I want you to really watch closely these little white

dots on the screen, because, over the five-day period, what they do is extend out and through this material, using the energy that’s contained in these seed husks to build this chitinous polymer matrix.

17/20

✤ This matrix self-assembles, growing through and around the particles, making millions and millions of tiny fibers. And what parts of the seed husk we don’t [24. digest], actually become part of the final, physical composite. So in front of your eyes, this part just self-assembled. It actually takes a lot —a little longer. It takes five days. Uh but it’s much faster than conventional farming.

✤ The last step, of course, is application. In this case, we’ve grown a corner block. A major Fortune 500 furniture —a maker [25. uses]

these corner blocks to protect their tables in shipment. They used to use a plastic packaging buffer, but we were able to give them the exact same physical performance with our grown material.

18/20

✤ Best of all, when it gets to the customer, it’s not trash, right? They can actually put this in their natural

ecosystem without any processing, and it’s goinna [26.

improve] the local soil.

✤ So, why mycelium? The first reason is local open feed- stocks. You wanna be able to do this anywhere in the world and not worry about peak rice hull or peak

cottonseed hulls, because you have multiple choices.

19/20

✤ The next is self-assembly, because the organism is actually doing most of the work in this process. You don’t need a lot of equipment to set up a production facility. So you can have lots of small facilities [27.

spread] all across the world.

✤ Biological yield is really important. And because 100

percent of what we have put in the tool become the final product, even the parts that aren’t digested become part of the structure, we’re getting [28. incredible] yield rates.

20/20

✤ Natural polymers —well, I think that’s what’s most important, because these polymers have been tried and tested in our

ecosystem for the last billion years, in everything from

mushrooms to crustaceans. They’re not going to clog up Earth’s [29. ecosystems]. They work great. And while, today, we can

practically guarantee that yesterday’s packaging is going to be here in 10,000 years, and what I wanna guarantee is that in 10,000 years, our descendants, our children’s children, will be living happily and in harmony with the healthy Earth.

✤ And I think that can be [30. some] really good news. Thank you.

(Applause)

Date

TED

Aditi Shankardass: A Second Opinion on Learning Disorder

✤ TEDの講演

✤ 約6分50秒

✤ 講演者

✤ Aditi Shakardass はインド人の女性で

✤ ほとんど訛りのない英語を話す

✤ テーマ

✤ 非侵入性の診断装置 (e.g., EEG) を使って，脳の状態を直接計測し，自 閉症などの発達障害 (developmental disorders) の原因を正しく診断する