Quantitative Evaluation and
Lining Concrete of NATM Tunnels
Tomoy
on and a Reducing Method of Bughole
Lining Concrete of NATM Tunnels
2017
3
Tomoyuki MAEDA
100 2012 2 2.1 2007 2 2 1 1960 1970 09 2009 2012
JSCE334 2012 Torrent 2013 2012 2014 2014 2012
18~24N/mm2
1999
17 2009 4
2013
18% 21% 21% 40% 0% 20% 40%
2011 Yoshitake
9
2011
2007 2.1 1 2 2007 1 60 61
2004
3
2008
NATM 18N/mm2 W/C 60% 270kg/m3 15cm 4.5% 9~12m 10.5m 30 40cm 45 60cm
1
2
12~20
12 2002
66
2006 2006
3
30 40cm
Torrent Torrent 1992 2 Cembureau Sanjuan 1995 20 20 Long 2001 2012 Torrent 1992 15~30mm 2012 Torrent 1992
Torrent 5mm Torrent 2013 Azari 2014 2011 2012 PDCA 10 30 1988
1988 2002 2004 2009 2011 2016 2010 1/2 20 60 95 28 50 13 3 2012 2014
1994 2009 0.5% 30% 2014 2011 2012
2012 AHP 2000 2004 2009 2012 2012
Reading 1972 1986 10dyne/cm 1997 1998 1999 2009 1.5 20cm W/C 2014 0~45°
10mm 30~45° 15~30° 2007 2014 2014 2014 2015 2015 2016 170°
2007
50% 75%
Lemaire 2005 CIB 1973 D65 Zhenhua 2008 2010 Peterson 2009 Ozkul 2010
Pressure differential method
Lamaire 2005
Valenca 2013 4 Cotic 2015 1997 2mm 2014 2005 1% 2006 2007 0.8mm/pixel 0.2mm 0.3mm/pixel 0.1mm 2011
2013 6mm 300mm 750mm 300mm 0° 15° 30° 45° 40cm 2 75cm 1
28mm 220 280Hz 5 3 15
18 20
300mm
W/C=60% 270kg/m3 21N/mm2 28 15cm 4.5 G1:G2:G3=4:3:3 50 30 60 120 240 W/C kg/m3 W C S1 S2 G1 G2 G3 WRA A 0.59 165 280 366 366 454 341 341 2.80 B 0.59 165 280 726 - 455 342 342 0.42~3.36 C 0.59 165 280 726 - 454 341 341 2.24 C B 3.04g/cm3 S1 2.60g/cm3 S2 2.64g/cm3 G1 4020 2.70g/cm3 ( B 2.72g/cm3) G2 2015 2.72g/cm3 ( B 2.72g/cm3) G3 1505 2.70g/cm3 ( B 2.72g/cm3) WRA AE
0° 15° 30° 45° 0°
2 50 m
12 20
No. 2 1 FS 0° A 5 3 / 15 2 15° 3 30° 4 45° 5 FC 0° 6 15° 7 30° 8 45°
1 75cm 60 1 7 420 30° 10 No. 1 9 30° B 1 60 7
1999 2000 2012 1 2 3 30° 2 30 40cm/ A B *1 5 3 / 15 / *2 1 60 / *3 1 30 / No. 3 FS 30° A *1 7 FC 10 FS 11 FC 12 *2 13 FS PS B *3 14 Gr-FC PS
2 FS FC 2 A 5 3 15 / 15 60 FC 2011 1988 2 JIS L 1096 8.26.1 JIS L 1096 8.26.2 B JIS L 1092 A 1.7sec/100cc 2.5kPa
2mm 2mm
15mm 30mm 2
No.1~8 10~12 A C C A A C C 1200×1700 27×20cm 1000×1300 22×16cm JPEG JPEG 1678 8bitBMP 256 BMP
2013 MS Visual Basic Application VBA
255
130
0 255
255
No.13 14 No.13 14 4000×3000 30cm 3500×2400 23×16cm 8bitBMP 0 255 255 254 255 254
JPEG
1mm2 8bitBMP CSV MS Excel 1 mm2 No.1~8 15° 30° 15°~30° 2 0.5~1.0m 15° 30° 20~30% 0° 1~50mm2 15° 1~50mm2 30° 1~100mm2 45° 1~200mm2 0° 15° 30° 45° 0° 15° 30° 4
30° 45° 30° 30° 30° 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0 15 30 45 FC FS 12 5 11 10 46 23 19 31 3 3 2 10 10 11 15 5 1 1 1 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 FC FS FC FS FC FS FC FS (mm ) 150 200 100 150 50 100 10 50 1-10 2 0 15 30 45
2cm 60 1 7 420 420 30 30mm 60 16mm 180 6mm 10mm mm 30 60 10 5mm 6.0mm/sec 10~20mm 31.6mm/sec 5 180 180 400 ) 1mm 3 5 10
0 30 60 180
sec mm 30 30 60 16 180 6 300 6 420 6 1 2 3 30° 5mm 5 10 10 20mm mm/sec 6.0 18.9 31.6 10mm
1
10mm2
10mm3
1cm
1cm
30° 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
No.3 No.7 No.10 No.11 No.12 No.13 No.14
FS FC FS-P FS FC 5 15 60 30 FC-GP 23 38 46 21 14 10 11 10 14 5 5 5 1 2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
No.3 No.10 No.7 No.11 No.12
(mm ) 150 200 100 150 50 100 10 50 1-10 2 FS FC 60 5 15 FS PS Gr-FC PS
2
No.3 No.10 No.7 No.11
2 4
1~10mm2
30° 1mm2
No.7 No.11 No.12
No.12
2 30~40cm 1 60 0.8%
No.7 2 5 3 15
1.2 No.11 1.7%
1mm2
No.12 19 No.7 56 No.11 38
No.13 0.3 No.14 0.4
1/2~1/10 60 No.12 0.8%
1/12~1/10
2005
2.5kPa 18.8kP
2007
1 30° 0.5~1m 2 3 10mm mm 1mm 4 5 6
1mm 2017 300mm 750mm 300mm 6mm 28mm 220 280Hz 1 10cm 60 7 420 3264 2448 10 75mm 300mm×300mm
270kg/m3 21N/mm2 28 15cm 4.5 30 300 300mm CL 30
JPEG
JPEG RGB RGB
Red Green Blue 0~255
0 0 0 255 255 255 255 255 0 R G B 1 R G B 1 RGB
3264×2448 500mm JPEG 1 R 0 255 G 0 255 B 0 255 R,G,B 0,0,0 R,G,B 255,255,255 R,G,B 255,255,0
500mm
R G B
Rref Gref Bref
Ri<Rref Gi<GrefBi<Bref
1 YES NO NO START i (Ri,Gi,Bi) ? i END YES
5 RGB 5mm 0~255 100 30 180 30 5 20 180 5mm 30 20mm 1 RGB RGB 180 5mm
1mm 1mm 30 180 1~5mm 5~10mm 1 10mm~ 0 5~10mm 0 10mm~ 4 180 10mm 10mm 4 30 180 30 1.860% 2.725% 1.5 180 0.522% 2.633% 5 5mm 1mm
1.860 0.552 2.725 2.633 0 1 2 3 4 30 180 ( )
120 180 1mm 1mm 1~5mm 1~5mm 60 60 180 10mm 30 5 60 4 5~10mm 30 11 60 3 180 1 1~2 30 16.8mm 60 14.0mm 120 7.3mm 5~7mm 5mm 60 10mm 10mm 5mm 120 30 1.86% 180 0.54% 30% 420 180 2 1.21% 5mm 1~5mm 1mm
30 10mm 0.94% 50% 0~1mm 0.07% 3.5% 420 10mm 5~10mm 0.02% 1.6% 1~5mm 0.55 45% 0~1mm 0.64 120 30° 1mm
0 1000 2000 3000 0 60 0.07 0.41 0.44 0.94 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 30 1.86% 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480
( )
0.18 0.26 0.25 0.47 0.64 0.45 0.36 0.27 0.32 0.55 0.11 0.11 0.02 0.07 0.02 0.56 60 120 180 300 420( )
0~1mm 1~5mm 5~10mm 10mm~ 1.86% 1.30% 0.73% 0.86% 0.54% 1.21%30° 60 7 420 1 2 5mm 5mm 3 120 180 10mm 60 5~10mm 1 5mm 60 30 16.8mm 60 14.0mm 60 5~7mm 4 30% 0.54% 180 420 180 2 1.21% 5 30 10mm 50% 420 10mm 1~5mm 45% 1mm 50% 5mm 1mm 1~2mm
2014 2015
30° 2 1 1 270kg/m3 21N/mm2 28 15cm 4.5 B 2 40cm 20cm 28mm 220~280Hz 1 60 18~20 5 2 3 1 2 2mm 20mm 2mm 15mm 30mm 2 0.4mm 60mm 50mm 20mm 1 3 4
A PTFE B C 1 2 3 JIS L 1096 8 .26.1 JIS L 1096 8.26 B sec/100cc JIS L 1092 A
2mm
2mm
20mm
2mm
2mm
15mm
30mm
25 25 25 25 25 2550
50
0.4mmmm
5mm 5mm A C 5mm 5mm
5mm
BB No. 1 N Gr-A 4 20cm 1 15 60 2 (4sec/100cc 30kPa) A BS-A 3 B 309sec/100cc 200kPa BS-B Fl-A 4 Gr-A 5 Sl-M 6 1.7sec/100cc 2.5kPa PS Fl-M 2 40 1 30 60 7 Gr-C
A C 2 No. kPa sec/100cc 8 PS Gr-C 2.5 1.7 9**) A BS-A Gr-A 200.0 10.0 10 11 12 100.0 12.0 13 30.0 4.0 14 7.0 0.6 15 C BS-C 10 1.6 16 17 Fl-M B 4 20cm No.9 A
230×180mm 3 Sample 1 3 1 2 3 4 1mm 1600×1200 5184×3456 2 750mm 950mm 5mm 1 mm2 mm2 mm 1mm 3200×2400 270×200mm 2700×2200 230×180mm 1 mm2 1 1100×900
8bit BMP 1mm 10 1mm 1 230×180 mm 10 5184×3456
Sample1 Sample3
0 5mm 1 5mm 5~10% 2mm 1 5mm
1 5mm 5 10mm 10mm -200 -100 0 100 200 300
sample1 sample2 sample3
180 82 77 A + B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D -2 -1 0 1 2
sample1
sample2
sample3
0
1
1
A + B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D -6 -4 -2 0 2sample1
sample2
sample3
4
2
0
A + B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D1mm No.1 2 4 7 No.5
No.1 0.983%
No.1 A B
No.6 0.048% No.7 0.064% No.1 1/20
A 0.197% No.1 1/5 2012 18.8kPa 2.5kPa 2005 No.5 0.703% No.5 1988 B No.3 4 No.6 7
B No.3 No.4 No.4
No.6 No.7
No.1
No.5 B No.3 4
No.6 7 No.1 1/10 A
No.1 N
No.3 BS-B Fl-A
No.6 PS
Gr-A No.2 BS-A Gr-A
No.4 BS-B Gr-A No.5 BS-C
Sl-Fl-M No.7 PS Gr-C
0.983
0.197
0.669
0.394
0.703
0.048
0.064
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
No.1
No.2
No.3
No.4
No.5
No.6
No.7
N Gr-A BS-A Gr-A BS-B Fl-A BS-B Gr-A BS-B Sl-M PS Fl-M PS Gr-C
297
88
257
179
313
25
38
4
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
No.1
No.2
No.3
No.4
No.5
No.6
No.7
1-5mm
5-10mm
1mm No.17 0.955% 10sec/100cc 0.977% 10sec/100cc 10sec/100cc 1mm 100kPa 200kPa No.17 1mm 100kPa 10sec/100cc 200kPa No.8 10 15 16 No.8 2.5kPa 18.8kPa No.15 16 10kPa No.10 200kPa No.10
No.8 No.11 A No.14 A No.17 No.9 A No.10 No.12 A No.13 No.15 C No.16 No. A A C
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
0
5
10
15
PS BS-A( ) BS-A( ) BS-A( ) BS-C( )0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
0
50
100
150
200
250
PS BS-A( ) BS-A( ) BS-A( ) BS-C( )1 5~10% 2 3 200kPa 4 10sec/100cc 100kPa 5 2.5kPa 10kPa 18.8kPa 6
50m
Torrent
Torrent 1992 Torrent
Maeda 2014
Torrent
Torrent
KT ×10-16m2
5 Torrent 2007
10-16m2 < 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.1 1.0 1.0 10 > 10 Maeda 2014 1 3 W/C 2012 5.5% 2012 6.0% 18 20 A B C A PTFE B C 2 B C
100mm 750
mm
300mm
1 2 3
No. *1) *2) *3) kPa sec/100cc 1 N Fl-M B 4 1 211 2 Fl-A 1 2 228 3 4 1 203 4 PS 2.5 0.73 Fl-M C 2 47 5 Gr-C 51 6 A Bs-A 200 10.0 Gr-A B 4 246 7 218 8 29 9 100 12.0 170 10 30 4.0 79 11 7.0 0.6 99 12 B Bs-B 200 309.0 Fl-A 139 13 Sl-M 180 14 Gr-A 152 15 2 34 16 1 61 17 4 3 40 18 C Bs-C 10 1.6 Gr-A 1 332 19 239 *1) A B C B C 2 *2) 1 75cm 2 40cm 4 20cm *3) 1 1 60 2 1 420 3 1 60 4 60
1.0 4.1% 2% Torrent 2007 2014 2010 18 20 300mm 300m 750mm 2%
*1) *1) *1) % % ×10-16m2 N Fl-M B 4 1 211 3.2 1.08 43.7 N Fl-A 1 2 228 2.4 1.00 6.8 4 1 203 1.8 4.78 21.2 PS Fl-M C 2 47 4.2 0.13 4.1 PS Gr-C 51 3.5 0.10 2.0 PS Fl-M B 4 246 3.4 0.64 3.6 Bs-A Gr-A 218 2.8 1.10 19.0 29 3.1 0.32 26.2 170 3.6 0.94 2.3 79 3.6 0.25 2.6 99 3.4 0.13 2.7 Bs-B Fl-A 139 1.0 1.15 38.7 Bs-B Sl-M 180 1.9 1.83 300.7 Bs-A Gr-A 152 1.1 0.92 33.0 2 34 2.2 1.12 9.4 1 61 1.7 0.46 4.8 4 3 40 2.1 0.58 6.0 Bs-C Gr-A 1 332 4.1 0.06 10.1 239 3.1 0.20 7.1 1 10 100 1000 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 % A B C
2014 2014 2 A B A A 38.5m 6 H150 350mm 250mm 60cm 2mm 20mm 0.73sec/100cc 2.5kPa 20 B 394m 50.0m2 37 350mm 300mm A 18
W/C % kg/m3 W C S G WRA A 18-15-20N 48.6 175 360 900 864 3.60 1 4BL 24-15-20BB 56.5 167 296 814 1021 3.14 5 6BL B 24-15-20BB 56.5 167 296 814 1021 3.14
S.L.
A 6 1 6 2 5 6 48cm 30cm 1280 800 5 42cm 78cm 27cm 27cm 710 720 1 97cm 133cm B 37 2 14 26 36 A 48cm 36cm 1280×960 1 3
A A B 3.2~5.0% 0.02 4.00% 0.04 2.07×10-16m2 0.01 0.1×10-16m2 1.0 10.0×10-16m2 1 2 2% 2 W/C48.6 W/C 2012 W/C48.6% 56.5% W/C48.6% A B A B 51~71 A 736 B 2%
No. % % ×10 -16m2 1 A 18-15-20N 71 5.0 0.021 0.04 2 65 3.8 0.047 0.06 3 61 4.2 0.505 0.25 4 57 4.8 0.028 0.29 5 24-15-20BB 54 4.6 0.086 0.10 6 51 4.4 0.339 0.16 7 18-15-20N 65 4.1 0.249 0.18 8 24-15-20BB 54 3.8 1.996 2.07 9 51 3.6 4.002 1.78 10 B 829 3.5 0.630 0.95 11 3.2 0.392 0.97 12 799 4.0 0.084 0.20 13 3.7 0.751 0.53 14 771 3.7 0.147 0.65 15 3.7 0.140 1.93 16 736 3.4 0.093 0.74 17 3.8 0.527 0.40
0.01 0.1 1 10 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 % W/C48.6% A W/C56.5% A W/C48.6% A W/C56.5% A W/C56.5% B
1 2% 2 2% 3 Torrent
3~6
30°
3 10mm 60 5 10mm 1 5mm 120 30 30% 180 420 180 2 3 4 5mm 1mm 1~2mm 1mm 10sec/100cc 100kPa
Azari, H., et al. : Assessing sensitivity of impact echo and ultrasonic surface waves methods for
nondestructive evaluation of concrete structures, Construction and Building Materials, Vol.71,
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destructive evaluation of the penetrability and thickness of the concrete cover RILEM Report 40 pp.45-51, 2007.
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Yoshitake, I., Komure, H., et al. : Questionnaire investigation of surface deterioration of lining concrete in NATM tunnel, Proceedings of ASEA-SEC-1, pp.221-225, 2012.
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66 V-275 pp.549-550 2011 69 V-065 pp.129-130 2014 Vol.31 No.1 pp.1693-1698 2009 Vol.29 No.2 pp.271-276 2007 Vol.5 No.2 pp.95-102 1994 A-1 pp.189-192 2006 No.78 V-67 pp.195-200 2005. AHP 67 VI-013 pp.25-26 2012. CG pp.29-44 No.76 pp.1-6 2012 Vol.21 No.2 pp.943-948 1999
64 VI-070 pp.139-140 2009 Vol.33 No.1 pp.1847-1852 2011 Vol.93 pp.47-56 2016. URL http://www.krcnet.co.jp/topics/topics76.html 2016.10. 28 7 2016 27 12 2015 28 5 2016. 26 29 45 2014. 64 V-283 pp.565-566 2009. Vol.47 No.8 pp.19-26 2016. Vol.10 No.2 pp.97-102 1988.
70 V-283 pp.565-566 2015. 27 12 2015. Vol.50 No.7 pp.601-606 2012. WG 2013. 69 V-064 pp.127-128 2014. Vol.26 No.4 1988. Vol.32 No.1 pp.1313-1318 2010. 69 VI-014 pp.27-28 2012. Vol.31 No.1 pp.955-960 2009. Vol.29 No.1 pp.771-776 2007. 20 4 pp.100-101 2008
RRR Vol.70 No.10 pp.28-31 2013.10. 2012 2013 2012 2013 JSCE334 2012. Vol.33 No.1 2011. 09 2009. 15 11 pp.121-124 2003. pp.5-68-5-72 2006.1. 2012. Vol.34 No.1 pp.1738-1743 2012 8 10 p.251 p.317 1996. E2 Vol.69 No.1 pp.82-97 2013. E2 Vol.68 No.4 pp.385-398 2012.
67 VI-012 pp.23-24 2012. 69 V-067 pp.133-134 2014. F1 Vol.71 No.2 pp.95-105 2015. 69 -066 pp.131-132 2014. Vol.67 No.1 pp.252-258 2013. 55 V-426 2000. Vol.34 No.1 pp.345-360 2002. Vol.36 No.1 pp.1612-1617 2014. Vol.66 No.3 2017. 29 3 70 V-227 pp.453-454 2015
Vol.29 No.2 pp.691-696 2007. 64 V-451 pp.899-900 2009. 70 V-282 pp.563-564 2015. 2015 1066 pp.131-132 2015. Vol.34 No.1 pp.1354-1359 2012 No.8 pp.253-256 1986
1 F1 Vol.71 No.2 pp.95-105 2015.10. 3 2 Vol.66 No.3 2017.3. 4 3 F1 Vol.72 No.2 pp.76-81 2016.11. 5
4 Sari HARADA, Tomoyuki MAEDA, Masayuki HIRANO and Isamu YOSHITAKE Reducing Bug-Holes on Tunnel Lining Concrete by Using Covering Sheets Proceedings of ISEC-8 pp.689-694 2015.11.
5
5 Tomoyuki MAEDA, Sari HARADA, Mai MORIUCHI and Isamu YOSHITAKE Reevaluation of the Effect of Covering Sheets for Reducing Bugholes on Tunnel Lining Concrete Proceedings of EURO-MED-SEC-1 pp.117-122 2016.5.
5
6 Tomoyuki MAEDA, Hiroki HONMA, Masayuki HIRANO and Isamu YOSHITAKE Permeability of Tunnel Lining with Air/Water Bubbles on Concrete Surface Proceedings of ASEA-SEC-2 pp.321-325 2014.11. 6 7 Vol.36 No.1 pp.1612-1617 2014.7. 6
NPO
4 1 2
2 4
